Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1718 105483 58211 2026-06-28T13:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q897882}} Ghana be multilingual country wey get like eighty languages dem dey talk.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GH "Ghana," in: Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2014. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', 17th ed.Murica Texas: SIL International].</ref> Of dese, English, wey dem inherit from de colonial era, be de official language den lingua franca.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion "The Bureau Of Ghana Languages-BGL"]. Ghana Embassy Washington DC, USA. 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref><ref>Bernd Kortmann Walter de Gruyter, 2004 (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC&pg=PA847 A handbook of varieties of English. 1. Phonology, Volume 2]''. Oxford University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783110175325|9783110175325]]</bdi>. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref> Of de languages indigenous to Ghana, Akan be de most widely spoken for de south insyd.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085659/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf "Introduction To The Verbal and Multi-Verbal system of Akan"] (PDF). ''ling.hf.ntnu.no''. 2013. Archived from [http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/tross/osam.pdf the original] (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref> Dagbani, Dagare, Sisaala, Waale, den Gonja dey among de most widely spoken insyd de northern part of de country. Ghana get more dan seventy ethnic groups, each plus ein own distinct language.<ref>Alhaji Ibrahim Abdulai; John M. Chernoff (1992). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922184412/http://www.johnchernoff.com/Master%20Drummers%20of%20Dagbon%20notes.html "Master Drummers of Dagbon, Volumes 1 and 2"]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. Retrieved 8 December 2013.</ref> Languages wey dey belong to de same ethnic group be usually mutually intelligible. De Dagbanli, Nanumba den Mamprusi languages for [[Northern Region]], be almost de same den, be mutually intelligible plus de Frafra den Waali languages for de [[Upper East Region|Upper East]] den [[Upper West Region|Upper West]] Regions for Ghana.<ref>R. S. Rattray Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. 30, No. 118 (Jan.,1931), pp. 40-57 (1931). "The Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland" (1932)". ''Journal of the Royal African Society''. Oxford University Press. '''30''' (118): 40-57. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/716938 716938].</ref> More dan 20% of de population dey speak de Mole-Dagbani languages. Eleven languages get de status of government-sponsored languages: three Akan ethnic languages (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi den Fante) den two Mole-Dagbani ethnic languages (Dagaare den Dagbanli). De odas be Ewe, Dangme, Ga, Nzema, Gonja, den Kasem.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001558/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 "The Bureau Of Ghana Languages-BGL"]. National Commission on Culture. 2006. Archived from [http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=331&page=2&sectionid=602 the original] on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref> For April 2019 insyd, de Ghanaian government declare ein intention make e make French one of Ghana ein official languages secof Francophone countries ([[Burkina Faso]], de [[Ivory Coast]] den [[Togo]]) surround de country wey de presence of French speaking minority for de country insyd.<ref>[https://qz.com/africa/1588566/ghanas-president-wants-french-as-a-second-language "Ghana's president wants to make French a formal language, but it's not a popular plan"]. 7 April 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210802174130/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/strategy/ghana-adopts-french-as-its-second-official-language/eg77s29 "Ghana adopts French as its second official language"]. 21 March 2019.</ref> == Government-sponsored languages == De number of government-sponsored languages be either eleven anaa nine, dey depend for weda dem consider Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, den Fante single language anaa not.<ref name=":0" /> De Bureau of Ghana Languages dey support dem, wey dem establish for 1951 insyd wey edey publish materials for de languages insyd; during de periods wen dem use Ghanaian languages for primary education insyd, na dis be de languages wey dem dey use. All dis languages dey belong to de Niger–Congo language family, though to chaw different branches. === Akan (Fante, Asante Twi den Akuapem Twi) === Akan, part of de Kwa branch of de Niger–Congo family, be dialect continuum,<ref>[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/akan.htm "The Online Encyclopaedia of Written Systems Languages"]. Omniglot. 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref> buh plus regard to official status, dem dey recognise only few out of de chaw varieties of Akan: Fante, Asante Twi, Akuapem Twi. Dem take as whole, Akan be de most-widely spoken language for Ghana insyd.<ref name=":1" /> === Ewe === Ewe be Gbe language, part of de Volta–Niger branch for de Niger–Congo family. Dem dey speak de Ewe Language for Ghana, [[Togo]] den [[Benin]] insyd plus trace of de language for [[Nigeria|West Nigeria]] insyd.<ref>[http://verbafricana.org/ewe/c-ewe-language.htm "Verba Africana — Ewe background materials — The Ewe language"]. ''verbafricana.org''. Retrieved 2019-05-18.</ref> Out of de chaw dialects of Ewe dem dey speak for Ghana insyd, de major ones be Anlo, Tongu, Vedome, Gbi, den Krepi. === Dagbani === Dagbani be one of de Gur languages. Ebe de language dem mostly dey speak for Northern Ghana insyd. De number of native speakers numbers be more dan three million. Dis number go reach six million if dem add dialects such as Nanumba, Mamprusi den Kamara. Edey belong to de bolla Mole-Dagbani ethnic group dem find for Ghana insyd wey dey make up about 18.5% of de population.<ref>Richard Asante & E.Gyimah-Boadi (2004). [https://www.unrisd.org/en/library/publications/ethnic-structure-inequality-and-governance-of-the-public-sector-in-ghana "Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector in Ghana"] (PDF). United Nations Research Institute For Social Development (UNRISD). Retrieved 11 November 2013.</ref> Dagombas wey dey speak am for de Northern Region for Ghana insyd. === Dangme === Dangme be one of de Ga–Dangme languages wey dey de Kwa branch insyd. Dem dey speak am for [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]] insyd, south-east Ghana den Togo insyd. === Dagaare === Dagaare be anoda of de Gur languages. Dem dey speak am for de Upper West Region for Ghana insyd. Dem sanso dey speak am for Burkina Faso insyd. === Ga === Ga be de oda Ga–Dangme language wey dey de Kwa branch insyd. Dem dey speak Ga for south-eastern Ghana insyd, for den around de capital [[Accra]] insyd. === Nzema === Nzema be one of de Bia languages, closely dem relate to Akan. De Nzema people for de [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]] for Ghana insyd wey dey speak am. Dem sanso dey speak am de Ivory Coast insyd. === Kasem === Kasem be Gurunsi language, for de Gur branch insyd. Dem dey speak am for de Upper Eastern Region for Ghana insyd. Dem sanso dey speak am for Burkina Faso insyd. === Gonja === Gonja be one of de Guang languages, part of de Tano languages wey dey de Kwa branch along plus Akan den Bia. Dem dey speak am for Northern Region for Ghana den Wa insyd. == Languages dem dey speak for Ghana insyd by number of speakers == Dis chart dey reflect data ''Ethnologue'' provide.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GH/#languages "Ghana"]. ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 2019-08-04.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Rank !Language !Speakers |- |1 |English |9,800,001 |- |2 |Akan (Fante/Twi) |9,100,000 |- |3 |Ghanaian Pidgin English |5,000,000 |- |4 |Ewe Dialects of Ɛve wey dey include Aŋlo, Tɔŋu, Vɛdomɛ,Gbi, Krepi, among odas) |3,820,000 |- |5 |Abron |1,170,000 |- |6 |Dagbani (dey include Mamprusi, den Nanumba dialects) |6,160,000 |- |7 |Dangme |1,020,000 |- |8 |Dagaare |924,000 |- |9 |Konkomba |831,000 |- |10 |Ga |745,000 |- |11 |Kusaal |696,000 |- |12 |Farefare |638,000 |- |13 |Mampruli |414,000 |- |14 |Gonja |310,000 |- |15 |Sehwi |305,000 |- |16 |Nzema |299,000 |- |17 |Wasa |273,000 |- |18 |Sisaala, Tumulung |219,000 |- |19 |Sisaala, Western |219,000 |- |20 |Bimoba |176,000 |- |21 |Ahanta |175,000 |- |22 |Ntcham |169,000 |- |23 |Buli |168,000 |- |24 |Bisa |166,000 |- |25 |Kasem |149,000 |- |26 |Tem |134,000 |- |27 |Cherepon |132,000 |- |28 |Birifor, Southern |125,000 |- |29 |Anufo |91,300 |- |30 |Wali |84,800 |- |31 |Larteh |74,000 |- |32 |Siwu |71,900 |- |33 |Chumburung |69,000 |- |34 |Anyin |66,400 |- |35 |Nafaanra |61,000 |- |36 |Krache |58,000 |- |37 |Lelemi |48,900 |- |38 |Deg |42,900 |- |39 |Paasaal |36,000 |- |40 |Kabre, (language kabre) |35,642 |- |41 |Avatime |27,200 |- |42 |Kulango, Bondoukou |27,000 |- |43 |Sekpele |23,000 |- |44 |Delo |18,400 |- |45 |Jwira-Pepesa |18,000 |- |46 |Gua |17,600 |- |47 |Tampulma |16,000 |- |48 |Kulango, Bouna |15,500 |- |49 |Ligbi |15,000 |- |50 |Nawuri |14,000 |- |51 |Vagla |13,900 |- |52 |Tuwuli |11,400 |- |53 |Selee |11,300 |- |54 |Adele |11,000 |- |55 |Nkonya |11,000 |- |56 |Gikyode |10,400 |- |57 |Dwang |8,200 |- |58 |Akposo |7,500 |- |59 |Logba |7,500 |- |60 |Nkami |7,000 |- |61 |Hanga |6,800 |- |62 |Nyangbo |6,400 |- |63 |Chakali |6,000 |- |64 |Ghanaian Sign Language |6,000 |- |65 |Safaliba |5,000 |- |66 |Tafi |4,400 |- |67 |Fulfulde, Maasina |4,240 |- |68 |Adangbe/Dangbe |4,000 |- |69 |Konni |3,800 |- |70 |Adamorobe Sigh Language |3,500 |- |71 |Chala |3,000 |- |72 |Kamara |3,000 |- |73 |Kantosi |2,300 |- |74 |Kusuntu |2,100 |- |75 |Nchumbulu |1,800 |- |76 |Kplang |1,600 |- |77 |Dompo |970 |- |78 |Animere |700 |- |79 |French |Unclear |- |80 |Hausa |Unclear |- |81 |Lama |Unclear |- |82 |Nawdm |Unclear |} == Language classification == De language of Ghana dey belong to de following branches wey dey de Niger–Congo language family insyd: * Kwa languages (Akan, Bia, Guang for Tano insyd; Ga den Adangme) * Gbe languages (Ewe) * Gur languages (Gurunsi, Dagbani, Mossi, Dagaare, den Frafra for Oti–Volta insyd) * Senufo languages (Nafaanra) * Kulango languages * Mande languages (Wangara, Ligbi) Older classifications fi instead group dem as Kwa, Gur, den Mande. == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Languages_of_Ghana|Languages of Ghana]]'''''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120828183503/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Ghana Ethnologue listing for Ghana] * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=GH&seq=10 Ethnologue map of languages in Ghana] * [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/paper1298.pdf Owu-Ewie, Charles. 2006. The Language Policy of Education in Ghana: A Critical Look at the English-Only Language Policy of Education. In Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. John Mugane et al., 76-85. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120904072946/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Ghana PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Ghana] * [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/ghana.htm ''L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde'' page on Ghana] * [http://www.Ghanaweb.com GhanaWeb] [[Category:Languages wey dey Ghana]] [[Category:Ghana]] 5z8nfzj6q50tjcjlsq8ttfsftyss7u8 0 4184 105666 84291 2026-06-29T04:15:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''37 Military Hospital''' be specialist hospital wey dey insyd Accra,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240426173418/http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/14/37-military-hospital-commended-for-dedication-during-doctors-strike/ "37 Military Hospital commended for dedication during doctors strike"]. vibeghana.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</ref> wey dey de main road afta de Kotoka International Airport den de central Accra.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301174813/http://www.electives.net/hospital/5617 "37 Military Hospital Accra, Ghana"]. ''The Electives Network''. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</ref> Ebe de largest military hospital insyd Ghana after Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Dem name am 37 secof ebe de 37th military hospital wey dem build insyd de British colony of West Africa. De hospital sanso get sam popular story about sam bats wey neva left dema chief ein syd till he die. Dis bats still dey insyd de trees wey dey de road top around de hospital. == History == Dem build de hospital somewhere 1941 by one British military officer. Ein name be General George Giffard. He build de military hospital so say ego provide treatment for dema solja pipo wey go get wound for de Second World War insyd. Wey dis same man, Giffard sanso arrange de creation of de 52 Military Hospital insyd [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Takoradi]] wey de move am go India.<ref>Addae, S. Kojo (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJyAAAAMAAJ The Gold Coast And Achimota In The Second World War]''. Sedco. p.&nbsp;74. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9964-72-249-4|978-9964-72-249-4]]</bdi>.</ref> De hospital ein name at dis time na ebe No. 37 General Hospital; wey dem change am go 37 Military Hospital of de Gold Coast for 1956 insyd.<ref>Addae, S. Kojo (1997). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R5oeAQAAIAAJ The Evolution of Modern Medicine in a Developing Country: Ghana 1880-1960]''. Durham Academic Press. p.&nbsp;111. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-900838-05-4|978-1-900838-05-4]]</bdi>.</ref> De hospital get chaw expansion wey dem open am for de public, but de main pipo wey dey job for der be soja men plus women.<ref name=":0" /> == Facilities == De hospital get about 500 bed capa wey e sanso get 24-hour accident den emergency department plus pharmacy. x-ray machines too dey job 24 hours a day.<ref name=":1">Briggs, Philip (2010). ''[[iarchive:ghanabradttravel0000brig|Ghana]]''. Bradt Travel Guides. p.&nbsp;132. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-325-2|978-1-84162-325-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Oda departments get divisions wey dey see dental, gynecology, pediatrics cases.<ref name=":0" /> Ein trauma-surgical department get hype by one influencer say "ebe de best for de whole Accra insyd".<ref name=":1" /> De hospital sanso dey serve as teaching hospital give undergraduate, post-graduate, EMT ,nurses plus medical students.<ref name=":0" /> Dem build de hospital for July 4, 1941, as de 37th facility by de allied forces.<ref>Addo, Christabel (4 August 2016). [http://www.ghananewsagency.org/health/37-military-hospital-launches-75th-anniversary-celebrations-106428 "37 Military Hospital launches 75th anniversary celebrations"]. Ghana News Agency.</ref> From 1991 till today, de German company Hospital Engineering GmbH get chaw work e dey do in de phased development of de 37 Military Hospital wey e sanso be responsible for de maintenance of dema equipment:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250515000110/http://hospital-engineering.de/ "Hospital Engineering GmbH"]. ''www.hospital-engineering.de''.</ref> * Medical Oxygen Production den Distribution (1991/1992) * Operating Theatre Block, wey dey include Central Sterilisation Department (1992/1993) * Mortuary and Department of Morbid Anatomy (1995) * Pharmacy (1998-2001) * Laboratories, including Blood Bank (1998-2001) * Functional Diagnostics Department (1998-2001) * Burns Unit (1998-2001) * Intensive Care Unit (1998-2001) * VIP/Officers Ward (1998-2001) * Rank Wards (1998-2001) * Satellite Maternity Unit (1998-2001) * Out-Patient-Department Planning Design, Architectural Drawings, Turnkey Construction (2004) De departments wey de hospital get be:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301174813/http://www.electives.net/hospital/5617 "37 Military Hospital − Hospital description"]. ''Electives.net''. Retrieved 2014-04-30.</ref> * Supermarkets/marts * Accident & Emergency * Dental Division * Public Health Division * Medical Division * Obstetrics & Gynaecology * Paediatric Division * Pathology Division * Pharmacy Division * Radio Diagnosis, Radiography & X-ray * Surgical Division * Health Training Schools (NMTC, Anaesthesia, EMT) * Renal Dialysis Unit<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240426220508/https://citifmonline.com/2018/03/20/gcb-bank-commissions-dialysis-unit-at-37-military-hospital/ "GCB Bank commissions dialysis unit at 37 Military Hospital - citifmonline.com"]. ''citifmonline.com''. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2018-04-12.</ref> * Ophthalmology Division * Ear, Nose, and Throat Division * Dermatology == References == <references /> [[Category:Hospitals insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Accra]] [[Category:Military installations of Ghana]] [[Category:Hospitals dem establish insyd 1941]] [[Category:1941 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Military hospitals insyd Africa]] f67zh4yd33hsvm17043l8gwn6kuhfyh 0 5893 105650 78592 2026-06-29T01:45:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Unamt.jpg|right|thumb|UNAM main campus]] De '''University of Namibia''' ('''UNAM''') be multi-campus public research university insyd [[Namibia]], den de largest university insyd de country.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201215210150/https://www.unam.edu.na/about-unam "About UNAM"]. ''University of Namibia''. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</ref> Na dem establish am by act of Parliament for 31 August 1992. == Background == UNAM dey comprise de faculties den schools wey dey follow: * Faculty of Agriculture den Natural Resources * Faculty of Economics & Management Science ** Department of Political Science * Faculty of Education * Faculty of Humanities den Social Sciences * Faculty of Law * School of Medicine * Faculty of Engineering den Information * Faculty of Science * School of Nursing * School of Pharmacy * School of Public Health * School of Military Science * Centre for Postgraduate Studies Dem rank am insyd de top 30 of tertiary institutions for de continent top for de past 10 years insyd, UNAM be one of de best universities insyd Africa.<ref>[https://www.unirank.org/africa/top-200/ "Top 200 Universities in Africa | 2016 University Rankings"]. ''unirank.org''. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</ref> De University of Namibia be de institution per for de world insyd wey dey offer doctorate insyd de study of de Khoekhoe language. Insyd 2023, na dem co-rank UNAM 16th among de Top 100 Universities insyd Africa, by de 2023 Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings.<ref>[https://economist.com.na/78837/education/unam-ranked-16th-among-top-100-universities-in-africa/ "UNAM ranked 16th among top 100 Universities in Africa | Namibia Economist"]. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</ref> == Faculty of Engineering den Information Technology == Na dem found Faculty of Engineering den Information Technology for 1 January 2008 wey dey follow de dissolution of de Department of Engineering den Technology, wey na exist under de Faculty of Science since 2000. Sam Nujoma, de first presido of Namibia den then-chancellor of de university conduct de groundbreaking ceremony for Ongwediva for 17 November 2007. De ceremony take place for 13-hectare plot of land top wey na dem donate to UNAM by de Ongwediva town council. Insyd January 2008, de National Planning Commission approve funding give de construction of phase 1 of de fresh Faculty of Engineering den Information Technology (FOET) insyd Ongwediva. Construction work begin insyd April 2008 plus emphasis for lecture rooms, staff offices, laboratories, IT facilities, student hostels, staff houses den oda support facilities. De completion of dese facilities (phase 1A) enable de first batch of students make dem admit insyd de FOET.<ref>[http://www.unam.na/faculties/engineering/engineering_index.html "Unam.na"]. ''www.unam.na''. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref> == Academics == Notable academics for de University of Namibia dey include Bience Gawanas, former ombudsperson, professor Nico Horn,<ref>"Dr. Nico Horn – Professor and Human Rights Leader". ''www.ijnetwork.org''. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</ref> André du Pisani, Lazarus Hangula, Dorian Haarhoff, Elizabeth Amukugo, Erold Naomab, Job Amupanda den Günter Heimbeck. == Marks scandal == Insyd 2011, reports claim say UNAM lecturers dey exchange marks for sexual favours from students, den dem dey exchange assignments dem plete for money. Na dem claim say dis result for serious academic degradation. Make dem investigate den combate such illegal practices since cam turn priority give de Namibian government den UNAM management.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603172413/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/september/article/unam-turned-into-academic-brothel/ "Unam turned into 'academic brothel'"]. ''The Namibian''. Archived from [http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2011/september/article/unam-turned-into-academic-brothel/ the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com.na/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24108:rdp-responds-to-unams-sex-trade-saga&catid=591:speak-your-mind/ "RDP responds to UNAM's sex trade saga"]. economist.com.na. Retrieved 9 September 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Insight/-/688338/1233818/-/rnk4nh/-/ "Namibian lecturers prey on students sexually"]. monitor. Retrieved 11 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603172439/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/september/article/unam-knew-about-sex-for-marks-claims/ "UNAM knew about sex-for-marks claims"]. ''The Namibian''. Archived from [http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/september/article/unam-knew-about-sex-for-marks-claims/ the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</ref> == Notable alumni == De University of Namibia produced several notable den famous public individuals since ein founding, wey dey include: * Sebastian Ignatius ǃGobs, Namibian politician – Class of 1995 * Fransina Kahungu, former mayor of Windhoek<ref>Ikela, Selma (18 December 2019). [https://neweralive.na/posts/fransina-kahungu-from-classroom-to-mayor "Fransina Kahungu: From classroom to mayor"]. ''New Era Live''. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</ref> * Theo-Ben Gurirab, he receive Doctorate of Law ''honoris causa'' – Class of 1999<ref>Liswaniso, Mwaka (18 July 2014). "Theo-Ben Gurirab (1938 ...) An educator, politician and diplomat". ''New Era''. p. 6.</ref> * Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana she receive Bachelor of Laws and B.Juris degrees – class of 1998 den 1999<ref>Mongudhi, Tileni (April 2012). "Last Woman Standing". ''Insight Namibia''. pp. 22–23.</ref> * Alfredo Tjiurimo Hengari, political scientist den presidential spokesperson to Hage Geingob – Class of 2001 * Monica Geingos, First Lady of de Republic of Namibia den businesswoman – Class of 2002 * Petrina Haingura, Namibian politician – Class of 2002 * Sacky Shanghala, former Namibian minister of justice – Class of 2003 * Sisa Namandje, Namibian lawyer – Class of 2003 * Bernadus Swartbooi, Namibian politician den presido of de Landless People's Movement (Namibia) – Class of 2003 * Peya Mushelenga, Minister of Urban den Rural Development – Class of 2003<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035531/http://www.parliament.na/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=1053:p-mushekenga&catid=104&Itemid=1479 "Mushelenga, Peya"]. Parliament of Namibia. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</ref> * Tangeni Amupadhi – journalist den editor of The Namibian newspaper – Class of 2005 * Sam Nujoma, Namibian politician den former Presido of Namibia – Class of 2007 * Lucia Iipumbu, Deputy Minister of Industrialisation, Trade den SME development – Class of 2008<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035521/http://www.parliament.na/index.php?option=com_contact&view=contact&id=996:liipumbu-a&catid=104&Itemid=1479 "Iipumbu, Lucia Magano"]. Parliament of Namibia. Retrieved 11 April 2018.</ref> * Job Amupanda, Namibian politician den leader of de Affirmative Repositioning den current mayor of Windhoek – Class of 2010 * Francine Muyumba, Congolese Senator, Former Presido of de Panafrican Youth Union – Class of 2012<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/about/usgmeetings/20150814.shtml "USG Abdelaziz meeting with Ms. Francine Muyumba | Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, OSAA"]. ''www.un.org''. Retrieved 6 December 2016.</ref> * Joseph Kalimbwe, youth activist den author – Class of 2017<ref>[https://neweralive.na/posts/young-author-set-to-release-4th-book-on-world-economy "Young author set to release 4th book on world economy"]. ''Truth, for its own sake''. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref> * Henny Seibeb, Namibian politician den deputy presido of de Landless People's Movement (Namibia) – Class of 2019 * Inna Hengari, member of Parliament, youth politician den student leader – Class of 2019 * Utaata Mootu, member of Parliament, youth politician – Class of 2019 * Emma Theofelus, member of Parliament, youth politician – Class of 2019 * Patience Masua, member of Parliament, youth politician - Class of 2020 == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.unam.na/ Official website] {{Authority control}} [[Category:University of Namibia]] [[Category:Universities insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1992]] [[Category:1992 establishments insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1992]] [[Category:Education insyd Windhoek]] m6todmf4ya0b2hw8c096p68ppizqkc2 0 27262 105639 105119 2026-06-28T21:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ruvu River''' be river wey dey eastern [[Tanzania]]. De Ruvu River dey originate insyd de southern Uluguru Mountains den dey flow eastwards to empty into de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Ein chief tributary be de Ngerengere River, wich dey rise insyd de northern Ulugurus den dey flow thru de city of Morogoro before joining de Ruvu. De Ruvu dey drain a catchment of 11,789&nbsp;km²,<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> wich dey include portions of Morogoro den Pwani regions. De Wami River catchment dey lie to de north den west, den de [[Rufiji River]] catchment dey lie to de south. De Ruvu River be an important source of water give households, irrigated farms, den industries in communities along de river. E sanso be de principal source of water give Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ein largest city, wich dey lie on de coast east of de Ruvu catchment.<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220502052419/https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> E dey suffer increasing levels of pollution from de release of untreated households den industrial wastewater into de river.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geography of Morogoro Region]] [[Category:Geography of Pwani Region]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] lfvyb7567a58zsu1rbtzjkmgdw9g804 0 27651 105467 105466 2026-06-28T12:55:47Z DaSupremo 9 /* Transhumance towards de gorge */ Make sum corrections 105467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} De '''Kidane Mihret''' be a river of de [[Nile]] basin. E dey rise insyd de mountains of Dogu’a Tembien insyd northern [[Ethiopia]], e dey flow northward to empty finally insyd de Wari den Tekezé River.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|De river insyd de radial drainage network of Dogu’a Tembien]] == Characteristics == E be a confined bedrock river, plus an average slope gradient of 102 metres per kilometre. Plus ein tributaries, de river cut a deep gorge.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Flash floods den flood buffering == Runoff mostly dey happen insyd de form of high runoff discharge events wey dey occur insyd a very short period (dem call flash floods). Dese be related to de steep topography, often little vegetation cover den intense convective rainfall. De peaks of such flash floods often get a 50 to 100 times larger discharge dan de preceding baseflow.<ref name="chapriver"/> De magnitude of floods in to a certain extent wey be buffered by de presence of de large Awhi Dur forest insyd ein catchment. Also, exclosures be established; de dense vegetation largely dey contribute to enhanced infiltration, less flooding den better baseflow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> den check dams sanso intercept runoff.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Transhumance towards de gorge == Transhumance dey take place insyd de summer rainy season, wen de lands near de villages wey be occupied by crops. Young shepherds go take de village cattle down to de lower valley den overnight insyd small caves. De valley bottom particularly be attractive as a transhumance destination zone, secof der be water den good growth of semi-natural vegetation.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed == Boulders and pebbles wey you go see for di riva bed fit come from any place wey dey higher up inside di catchment. For di uppermost part of di riva, na only rock fragments from di upper lithological units go dey inside di riva bed. But as you go downstream, you go begin see mix of all di lithologies wey di riva don cross. From upstream go downstream, na di following lithological units dey inside di catchment.<ref>Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). [https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546 ''Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District''.] SpringerNature. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-030-04954-6|978-3-030-04954-6]]</bdi>.</ref> == References == s66ts23ksb59nktc8g41l3sf7rufpir 105468 105467 2026-06-28T12:58:54Z DaSupremo 9 /* Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed */ Make sum corrections 105468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} De '''Kidane Mihret''' be a river of de [[Nile]] basin. E dey rise insyd de mountains of Dogu’a Tembien insyd northern [[Ethiopia]], e dey flow northward to empty finally insyd de Wari den Tekezé River.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|De river insyd de radial drainage network of Dogu’a Tembien]] == Characteristics == E be a confined bedrock river, plus an average slope gradient of 102 metres per kilometre. Plus ein tributaries, de river cut a deep gorge.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Flash floods den flood buffering == Runoff mostly dey happen insyd de form of high runoff discharge events wey dey occur insyd a very short period (dem call flash floods). Dese be related to de steep topography, often little vegetation cover den intense convective rainfall. De peaks of such flash floods often get a 50 to 100 times larger discharge dan de preceding baseflow.<ref name="chapriver"/> De magnitude of floods in to a certain extent wey be buffered by de presence of de large Awhi Dur forest insyd ein catchment. Also, exclosures be established; de dense vegetation largely dey contribute to enhanced infiltration, less flooding den better baseflow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> den check dams sanso intercept runoff.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Transhumance towards de gorge == Transhumance dey take place insyd de summer rainy season, wen de lands near de villages wey be occupied by crops. Young shepherds go take de village cattle down to de lower valley den overnight insyd small caves. De valley bottom particularly be attractive as a transhumance destination zone, secof der be water den good growth of semi-natural vegetation.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed == Boulders den pebbles dem encounter insyd de river bed fi originate from any location higher up insyd de catchment. Insyd de uppermost stretches of de river, only rock fragments of de upper lithological units go be present insyd de river bed, whereas more downstream one fi find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies wey de river cross. From upstream to downstream, de following lithological units dey occur insyd de catchment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Upper basalt * Interbedded lacustrine deposits * Lower basalt * Amba Aradam Formation * Antalo Limestone * Adigrat Sandstone == References == 8ke4bzf3dsyaky19uvl2o6yvq0fvtzb 105469 105468 2026-06-28T13:00:21Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 105469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} De '''Kidane Mihret''' be a river of de [[Nile]] basin. E dey rise insyd de mountains of Dogu’a Tembien insyd northern [[Ethiopia]], e dey flow northward to empty finally insyd de Wari den Tekezé River.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|De river insyd de radial drainage network of Dogu’a Tembien]] == Characteristics == E be a confined bedrock river, plus an average slope gradient of 102 metres per kilometre. Plus ein tributaries, de river cut a deep gorge.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Flash floods den flood buffering == Runoff mostly dey happen insyd de form of high runoff discharge events wey dey occur insyd a very short period (dem call flash floods). Dese be related to de steep topography, often little vegetation cover den intense convective rainfall. De peaks of such flash floods often get a 50 to 100 times larger discharge dan de preceding baseflow.<ref name="chapriver"/> De magnitude of floods in to a certain extent wey be buffered by de presence of de large Awhi Dur forest insyd ein catchment. Also, exclosures be established; de dense vegetation largely dey contribute to enhanced infiltration, less flooding den better baseflow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> den check dams sanso intercept runoff.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Transhumance towards de gorge == Transhumance dey take place insyd de summer rainy season, wen de lands near de villages wey be occupied by crops. Young shepherds go take de village cattle down to de lower valley den overnight insyd small caves. De valley bottom particularly be attractive as a transhumance destination zone, secof der be water den good growth of semi-natural vegetation.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Boulders den pebbles insyd de river bed == Boulders den pebbles dem encounter insyd de river bed fi originate from any location higher up insyd de catchment. Insyd de uppermost stretches of de river, only rock fragments of de upper lithological units go be present insyd de river bed, whereas more downstream one fi find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies wey de river cross. From upstream to downstream, de following lithological units dey occur insyd de catchment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Upper basalt * Interbedded lacustrine deposits * Lower basalt * Amba Aradam Formation * Antalo Limestone * Adigrat Sandstone == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Dogu'a Tembien]] [[Category:Rivers of Tigray Region]] [[Category:Nile basin]] 2xtlb6evdby1gas1qk1l5ssqqpwru8p 0 27707 105504 103994 2026-06-28T14:18:46Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Adar River''' (anaa '''Khor Adar'''), known to de Dinka as de '''Yal''',<ref>{{cite web|author=P.P. Howell and Mahmoud Eff. Abu Sineina|title=Game in the Machar Marshes|year=c. 1951|url=http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&d=Dunepd77&dl=1|accessdate=2011-07-22|archive-date=2019-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215030713/https://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&d=Dunepd77&dl=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> be a tributary of de [[White Nile]] insyd de state of Upper Nile, [[South Sudan]]. E dey flow north west from de Machar Marshes<ref>{{cite book|last=Sutcliffe |first=J.V. |last2=Parks |first2=Y.P. |title=The Hydrology of the Nile |year=1999 |chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes |url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf |accessdate=2011-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132235/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} page 108</ref> den dey enter de White Nile just upstream of de town of Melut. == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] [[Category:Upper Nile (state)]] drtvqhxxdkq1bm6wm5b8l14ug4cfwxt 0 27708 105501 104007 2026-06-28T14:15:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Abanga River''' be a river of [[Gabon]]. E be one of de right tributaries of de Ogooué. E rises insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu. E be about 160km long. E joins de Ogooué river near de town of Bifoun. == Course == De river dey spring from de Cristal Mountains (Monts de Cristal), near de town of Médouneu, insyd de Woleu-Ntem Province of Northern Gabon. == References == * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14–15. Paris, France: Edicef. * Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 10–13. Paris, France: Edicef. [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] aftcdtt6d5a833avegiat501rr37cn4 0 27709 105492 104014 2026-06-28T14:04:52Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Abara River''', dem sanso know as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] [[Category:Greater Upper Nile]] [[Category:Nile basin]] bo7bd4ft80lsfm0ndg7y6xo1uslloa6 0 27710 105470 104039 2026-06-28T13:15:55Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E dey flow thru de northern central part of de country, wey dey drain much of Uganda einnorthern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e dey join de [[White Nile]]. Insyd South Sudan e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along ein path thru wey dey offer fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite e be under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich dey flow northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey dem dey bell de Aswa River wey e dey join de [[White Nile]]. De river dey begin insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den dey flow thru Lira Province wey e cam be de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu wer de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River dey form most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before e dey cross into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den dey join de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa dey drain much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa ein headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river dey flow thru East Sudanian savanna wich dey encompass much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass be adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species be reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], wey dey cover over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda dey drain about 27,677 km2 den dey contain extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, wey dey include fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River dey support run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope dey include access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin face degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda link basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin include catchment management activities wey focus on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International dema “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] ily1rlil7khl13c4da0gabfhhqwbphx 105486 105470 2026-06-28T13:59:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E dey flow thru de northern central part of de country, wey dey drain much of Uganda einnorthern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e dey join de [[White Nile]]. Insyd South Sudan e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along ein path thru wey dey offer fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite e be under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich dey flow northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey dem dey bell de Aswa River wey e dey join de [[White Nile]]. De river dey begin insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den dey flow thru Lira Province wey e cam be de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu wer de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River dey form most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before e dey cross into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den dey join de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa dey drain much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa ein headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river dey flow thru East Sudanian savanna wich dey encompass much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass be adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species be reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achwa River {{!}} Lakes And Rivers {{!}} www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/ |url=http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com}}</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], wey dey cover over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda dey drain about 27,677 km2 den dey contain extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, wey dey include fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River dey support run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope dey include access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin face degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda link basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin include catchment management activities wey focus on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International dema “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://nilebasin.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/NileHydrology.pdf Hydrology Regime in the Nile Basin] (Nile Basin Initiative): * [https://waterwaymap.org/river/region/UG-Amuru/ WaterwayMap.org river listings] (OpenStreetMap-derived): [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] ibo9pdd6xex94af41s192ncelxnuwjq 0 27733 105574 104134 2026-06-28T18:50:11Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cross River State''' be a state insyd de South-South geopolitical zone of [[Nigeria]]. Dem name give de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]], na dem form de state from de eastern part of de Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. De state get ein capital as Calabar wey be bordered tode north by Benue State, to de west by Ebonyi State den Abia State, den to de southwest by Akwa Ibom State while ein eastern border dey form part of de national border plus [[Cameroon]]. Dem originally know as de '''South-Eastern State''' before dem rename am insyd 1976, na Cross River state formerly include de area wey now be Akwa Ibom State, wich cam be a distinct state insyd 1987.<ref name="pulse.ng">{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Of de 36 states, Cross River be de nineteenth largest insyd area den 27th most populous plus an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> Geographically, de state mainly be divided between de [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic]] insyd de far north den de Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests insyd de majority of de interior of de state. De smaller ecoregions be de Central African mangroves insyd de coastal far south den a part of de montane Cameroonian Highlands forests insyd de extreme northeast. De most major geographical feature be de state ein namesake, de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] wich dey bisect Cross River State ein interior before forming much of de state ein western border den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary. Oda important rivers be de Calabar den Great Kwa rivers wich dey flow from de inland Oban Hills before flanking de city of Calabar den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary as well. Insyd de forested interior of de state be several biodiverse protected areas wey dey include de Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, den Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Dese wildlife reserves dey contain populations of Preuss's red colobus, African forest buffalo, bat hawk, tree pangolin, grey-necked rockfowl, den West African slender-snouted crocodile along plus sam of Nigeria ein last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill, African forest elephant, den Cross River gorilla populations.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Oban Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Oban.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Okwangwo.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mbe Mountains |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbe-Mountains.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Demographically, Cross River State be inhabited by several ethnic groups, primarily de Efik of de riverside south den Calabar; de Ekoi (Ejagham) of de inland south; de Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, den Yakö (Yakurr) of de central region; den de Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, de Mbube people den Ukelle (Kukele) of de northern region. Insyd de pre-colonial period, wat now be Cross River State be divided between ein ethnic groups wey sam dey join de Aro Confederacy while de Efik found de Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state. De latter cam be a British protectorate insyd 1884 as de capital of de Oil Rivers Protectorate buh na e no be til de early 1900s wey de British actually gain formal control of de entire area. Around de same time, de protectorate (dem now rename de Niger Coast Protectorate) be incorporated into de Southern Nigeria Protectorate wich dem later merge into British Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calabar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calabar |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> After de merger, much of modern-day Cross River cam be a centre of anti-colonial resistance during de Women's War den trade thru de international seaport at Calabar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calabar |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Calabar |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> After independence insyd 1960, na de area of now-Cross River be a part of de post-independence Eastern Region til 1967 wen de region be split wey de area cam be part of de South-Eastern State. Less dan two months afterwards, de Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempt to secede as de state of Biafra; insyd de three-year long Nigerian Civil War, na Calabar den ein port be hard fought over insyd Operation Tiger Claw while na dem persecute people from Cross River by Biafran forces as dem mainly be non-Igbo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Omaka |first1=Arua Oko |title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970 |journal=Journal of Retracing Africa |date=17 February 2014 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/ |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> At de war ein end den de reunification of Nigeria, na dem reform de South-Eastern State til 1976 wen na dem rename am Cross River State. Eleven years later, na dem divide Cross River State wey dem break off western Cross River to form de new Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> De state formerly contain de oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula, buh na e be ceded to [[Cameroon]] under de terms of de Greentree Agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|title=Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon|date=14 August 2006|access-date=15 December 2021|work=BBC News|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106005117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> As an agricultural state, de Cross River ein economy partially dey rely on crops, such as cocoyam, rubber, oil palm, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], cocoa, cashews, den plantain crops, along plus fishing. Key minor industries dey involve tourism insyd den around de wildlife reserves along plus de historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival, den Obudu Mountain Resort. Cross River state get de joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index insyd de country den numerous institutions of tertiary education.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Resources Of Cross River State – Cross River Investment Promotion Bureau (CRIPB) |url=https://ipb.cr.gov.ng/the-resources-of-cross-river-state/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> ==Local Government Areas== Cross River State dey consist of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. Dem be: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * Abi * Akamkpa * Akpabuyo * Bekwarra * Bakassi * Biase * Boki * Calabar Municipal * Calabar South * Etung * Ikom * Obanliku * Obubra * Obudu * Odukpani * Ogoja * Yakurr * Yala {{div col end}} ==Languages== Languages of Cross River State dem list by LGA dey include:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Abi ||Agwagwune; Igbo; Humono |- | Akamkpa ||Agoi; Bakpinka; Doko-Uyanga; Efik; Lubila; Nkukoli; Ukpet-Ehom; Ejagham; Kiong; Korop; Ubaghara; Ukwa; Umon |- | Bekwarra ||Bekwarra; Tiv; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike |- | Biase ||Agwagwune; Efik; Ubaghara; Ukwa;Umon |- | Boki ||Bete-Bendi; Bokyi |- | Calabar ||Efik; Ejagham |- | Ikom || Ejagham; Abanyom; Bukpe; Efutop; Mbembe,; Nde-Nsele-Nta; Ndoe; Nkukoli; Nnam; Olulumo-Ikom; Yala |- | Obanliku ||Bete-Bendi; Evant; Iceve-Maci; Obanliku; Otank; Tiv |- | Obubra || Agoi; Hohumono; Lenyima; Leyigha; Igbo; Lokaa; Mbembe; Nkukoli; Yala |- | Obudu || Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; Bumaji; Elege; Tiv; Ubang; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; |- | Odukpani || Efik; Ejagham; Kiong; |- | Ogoja || Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe; |- | Yakurr || Lokaah, Lokoi, Loseka, Loyima |- | Yala || Tiv; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle |- | Akpabuyo || Efik; Ekoi |- | Bakassi || Efik |} Oda languages dem dey speak insyd Cross State be Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, den Okobo.<ref name=e22/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williamson|first=Kay|title=Languages of Niger Delta|year=1968|pages=124–130}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == d0dwwmd2mv5bjjz2wspq3mxkimvihup 105575 105574 2026-06-28T19:02:45Z DaSupremo 9 /* Festivals */ Improve article 105575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cross River State''' be a state insyd de South-South geopolitical zone of [[Nigeria]]. Dem name give de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]], na dem form de state from de eastern part of de Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. De state get ein capital as Calabar wey be bordered tode north by Benue State, to de west by Ebonyi State den Abia State, den to de southwest by Akwa Ibom State while ein eastern border dey form part of de national border plus [[Cameroon]]. Dem originally know as de '''South-Eastern State''' before dem rename am insyd 1976, na Cross River state formerly include de area wey now be Akwa Ibom State, wich cam be a distinct state insyd 1987.<ref name="pulse.ng">{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Of de 36 states, Cross River be de nineteenth largest insyd area den 27th most populous plus an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> Geographically, de state mainly be divided between de [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic]] insyd de far north den de Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests insyd de majority of de interior of de state. De smaller ecoregions be de Central African mangroves insyd de coastal far south den a part of de montane Cameroonian Highlands forests insyd de extreme northeast. De most major geographical feature be de state ein namesake, de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] wich dey bisect Cross River State ein interior before forming much of de state ein western border den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary. Oda important rivers be de Calabar den Great Kwa rivers wich dey flow from de inland Oban Hills before flanking de city of Calabar den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary as well. Insyd de forested interior of de state be several biodiverse protected areas wey dey include de Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, den Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Dese wildlife reserves dey contain populations of Preuss's red colobus, African forest buffalo, bat hawk, tree pangolin, grey-necked rockfowl, den West African slender-snouted crocodile along plus sam of Nigeria ein last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill, African forest elephant, den Cross River gorilla populations.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Oban Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Oban.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Okwangwo.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mbe Mountains |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbe-Mountains.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Demographically, Cross River State be inhabited by several ethnic groups, primarily de Efik of de riverside south den Calabar; de Ekoi (Ejagham) of de inland south; de Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, den Yakö (Yakurr) of de central region; den de Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, de Mbube people den Ukelle (Kukele) of de northern region. Insyd de pre-colonial period, wat now be Cross River State be divided between ein ethnic groups wey sam dey join de Aro Confederacy while de Efik found de Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state. De latter cam be a British protectorate insyd 1884 as de capital of de Oil Rivers Protectorate buh na e no be til de early 1900s wey de British actually gain formal control of de entire area. Around de same time, de protectorate (dem now rename de Niger Coast Protectorate) be incorporated into de Southern Nigeria Protectorate wich dem later merge into British Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calabar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calabar |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> After de merger, much of modern-day Cross River cam be a centre of anti-colonial resistance during de Women's War den trade thru de international seaport at Calabar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calabar |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Calabar |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> After independence insyd 1960, na de area of now-Cross River be a part of de post-independence Eastern Region til 1967 wen de region be split wey de area cam be part of de South-Eastern State. Less dan two months afterwards, de Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempt to secede as de state of Biafra; insyd de three-year long Nigerian Civil War, na Calabar den ein port be hard fought over insyd Operation Tiger Claw while na dem persecute people from Cross River by Biafran forces as dem mainly be non-Igbo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Omaka |first1=Arua Oko |title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970 |journal=Journal of Retracing Africa |date=17 February 2014 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/ |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> At de war ein end den de reunification of Nigeria, na dem reform de South-Eastern State til 1976 wen na dem rename am Cross River State. Eleven years later, na dem divide Cross River State wey dem break off western Cross River to form de new Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> De state formerly contain de oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula, buh na e be ceded to [[Cameroon]] under de terms of de Greentree Agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|title=Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon|date=14 August 2006|access-date=15 December 2021|work=BBC News|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106005117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> As an agricultural state, de Cross River ein economy partially dey rely on crops, such as cocoyam, rubber, oil palm, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], cocoa, cashews, den plantain crops, along plus fishing. Key minor industries dey involve tourism insyd den around de wildlife reserves along plus de historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival, den Obudu Mountain Resort. Cross River state get de joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index insyd de country den numerous institutions of tertiary education.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Resources Of Cross River State – Cross River Investment Promotion Bureau (CRIPB) |url=https://ipb.cr.gov.ng/the-resources-of-cross-river-state/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> ==Local Government Areas== Cross River State dey consist of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. Dem be: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * Abi * Akamkpa * Akpabuyo * Bekwarra * Bakassi * Biase * Boki * Calabar Municipal * Calabar South * Etung * Ikom * Obanliku * Obubra * Obudu * Odukpani * Ogoja * Yakurr * Yala {{div col end}} ==Languages== Languages of Cross River State dem list by LGA dey include:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Abi ||Agwagwune; Igbo; Humono |- | Akamkpa ||Agoi; Bakpinka; Doko-Uyanga; Efik; Lubila; Nkukoli; Ukpet-Ehom; Ejagham; Kiong; Korop; Ubaghara; Ukwa; Umon |- | Bekwarra ||Bekwarra; Tiv; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike |- | Biase ||Agwagwune; Efik; Ubaghara; Ukwa;Umon |- | Boki ||Bete-Bendi; Bokyi |- | Calabar ||Efik; Ejagham |- | Ikom || Ejagham; Abanyom; Bukpe; Efutop; Mbembe,; Nde-Nsele-Nta; Ndoe; Nkukoli; Nnam; Olulumo-Ikom; Yala |- | Obanliku ||Bete-Bendi; Evant; Iceve-Maci; Obanliku; Otank; Tiv |- | Obubra || Agoi; Hohumono; Lenyima; Leyigha; Igbo; Lokaa; Mbembe; Nkukoli; Yala |- | Obudu || Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; Bumaji; Elege; Tiv; Ubang; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; |- | Odukpani || Efik; Ejagham; Kiong; |- | Ogoja || Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe; |- | Yakurr || Lokaah, Lokoi, Loseka, Loyima |- | Yala || Tiv; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle |- | Akpabuyo || Efik; Ekoi |- | Bakassi || Efik |} Oda languages dem dey speak insyd Cross State be Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, den Okobo.<ref name=e22/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williamson|first=Kay|title=Languages of Niger Delta|year=1968|pages=124–130}}</ref> ==Festivals== [[File:Dance Troupe from Cross River State.jpg|thumb|Dance Troupe at Cross River State]] Festivals dem hold insyd Cross River state dey include: *De Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually<ref>{{Cite web|title=Be part of the famous Cross River State Christmas Festival - Nigeria|url=http://www.nigeria-direct.com/activity/be-part-of-the-famous-cross-river-state-christmas-festival#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20spectacular%20occasion,and%20celebrate%20its%20African%20heritage.|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.nigeria-direct.com}}</ref> *De Cross River State Carnival Float – 26 den 27 December yearly *De Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually *De Calabar Boat Regata *Anong Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Anong Village, during wich different cultural dances be showcased, wey dey include Ikpobin (dem acclaim to be de most entertaining dance insyd de state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei den Eta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals and Carnivals in Rivers State:: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Festivals-Carnivals-Rivers-State.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> *Ediba Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Ediba Village every last [[Saturday]] insyd de month of July *Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wich dem dey hold every 1st Saturday of September every year. == References == <references /> == External links == hihulpaoh8tho1etmh6ajrztwu2le59 105576 105575 2026-06-28T19:10:08Z DaSupremo 9 /* Education */ Improve article 105576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cross River State''' be a state insyd de South-South geopolitical zone of [[Nigeria]]. Dem name give de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]], na dem form de state from de eastern part of de Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. De state get ein capital as Calabar wey be bordered tode north by Benue State, to de west by Ebonyi State den Abia State, den to de southwest by Akwa Ibom State while ein eastern border dey form part of de national border plus [[Cameroon]]. Dem originally know as de '''South-Eastern State''' before dem rename am insyd 1976, na Cross River state formerly include de area wey now be Akwa Ibom State, wich cam be a distinct state insyd 1987.<ref name="pulse.ng">{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Of de 36 states, Cross River be de nineteenth largest insyd area den 27th most populous plus an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> Geographically, de state mainly be divided between de [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic]] insyd de far north den de Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests insyd de majority of de interior of de state. De smaller ecoregions be de Central African mangroves insyd de coastal far south den a part of de montane Cameroonian Highlands forests insyd de extreme northeast. De most major geographical feature be de state ein namesake, de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] wich dey bisect Cross River State ein interior before forming much of de state ein western border den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary. Oda important rivers be de Calabar den Great Kwa rivers wich dey flow from de inland Oban Hills before flanking de city of Calabar den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary as well. Insyd de forested interior of de state be several biodiverse protected areas wey dey include de Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, den Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Dese wildlife reserves dey contain populations of Preuss's red colobus, African forest buffalo, bat hawk, tree pangolin, grey-necked rockfowl, den West African slender-snouted crocodile along plus sam of Nigeria ein last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill, African forest elephant, den Cross River gorilla populations.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Oban Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Oban.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Okwangwo.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mbe Mountains |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbe-Mountains.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Demographically, Cross River State be inhabited by several ethnic groups, primarily de Efik of de riverside south den Calabar; de Ekoi (Ejagham) of de inland south; de Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, den Yakö (Yakurr) of de central region; den de Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, de Mbube people den Ukelle (Kukele) of de northern region. Insyd de pre-colonial period, wat now be Cross River State be divided between ein ethnic groups wey sam dey join de Aro Confederacy while de Efik found de Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state. De latter cam be a British protectorate insyd 1884 as de capital of de Oil Rivers Protectorate buh na e no be til de early 1900s wey de British actually gain formal control of de entire area. Around de same time, de protectorate (dem now rename de Niger Coast Protectorate) be incorporated into de Southern Nigeria Protectorate wich dem later merge into British Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calabar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calabar |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> After de merger, much of modern-day Cross River cam be a centre of anti-colonial resistance during de Women's War den trade thru de international seaport at Calabar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calabar |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Calabar |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> After independence insyd 1960, na de area of now-Cross River be a part of de post-independence Eastern Region til 1967 wen de region be split wey de area cam be part of de South-Eastern State. Less dan two months afterwards, de Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempt to secede as de state of Biafra; insyd de three-year long Nigerian Civil War, na Calabar den ein port be hard fought over insyd Operation Tiger Claw while na dem persecute people from Cross River by Biafran forces as dem mainly be non-Igbo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Omaka |first1=Arua Oko |title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970 |journal=Journal of Retracing Africa |date=17 February 2014 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/ |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> At de war ein end den de reunification of Nigeria, na dem reform de South-Eastern State til 1976 wen na dem rename am Cross River State. Eleven years later, na dem divide Cross River State wey dem break off western Cross River to form de new Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> De state formerly contain de oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula, buh na e be ceded to [[Cameroon]] under de terms of de Greentree Agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|title=Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon|date=14 August 2006|access-date=15 December 2021|work=BBC News|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106005117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> As an agricultural state, de Cross River ein economy partially dey rely on crops, such as cocoyam, rubber, oil palm, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], cocoa, cashews, den plantain crops, along plus fishing. Key minor industries dey involve tourism insyd den around de wildlife reserves along plus de historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival, den Obudu Mountain Resort. Cross River state get de joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index insyd de country den numerous institutions of tertiary education.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Resources Of Cross River State – Cross River Investment Promotion Bureau (CRIPB) |url=https://ipb.cr.gov.ng/the-resources-of-cross-river-state/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> ==Local Government Areas== Cross River State dey consist of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. Dem be: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * Abi * Akamkpa * Akpabuyo * Bekwarra * Bakassi * Biase * Boki * Calabar Municipal * Calabar South * Etung * Ikom * Obanliku * Obubra * Obudu * Odukpani * Ogoja * Yakurr * Yala {{div col end}} ==Languages== Languages of Cross River State dem list by LGA dey include:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Abi ||Agwagwune; Igbo; Humono |- | Akamkpa ||Agoi; Bakpinka; Doko-Uyanga; Efik; Lubila; Nkukoli; Ukpet-Ehom; Ejagham; Kiong; Korop; Ubaghara; Ukwa; Umon |- | Bekwarra ||Bekwarra; Tiv; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike |- | Biase ||Agwagwune; Efik; Ubaghara; Ukwa;Umon |- | Boki ||Bete-Bendi; Bokyi |- | Calabar ||Efik; Ejagham |- | Ikom || Ejagham; Abanyom; Bukpe; Efutop; Mbembe,; Nde-Nsele-Nta; Ndoe; Nkukoli; Nnam; Olulumo-Ikom; Yala |- | Obanliku ||Bete-Bendi; Evant; Iceve-Maci; Obanliku; Otank; Tiv |- | Obubra || Agoi; Hohumono; Lenyima; Leyigha; Igbo; Lokaa; Mbembe; Nkukoli; Yala |- | Obudu || Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; Bumaji; Elege; Tiv; Ubang; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; |- | Odukpani || Efik; Ejagham; Kiong; |- | Ogoja || Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe; |- | Yakurr || Lokaah, Lokoi, Loseka, Loyima |- | Yala || Tiv; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle |- | Akpabuyo || Efik; Ekoi |- | Bakassi || Efik |} Oda languages dem dey speak insyd Cross State be Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, den Okobo.<ref name=e22/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williamson|first=Kay|title=Languages of Niger Delta|year=1968|pages=124–130}}</ref> ==Festivals== [[File:Dance Troupe from Cross River State.jpg|thumb|Dance Troupe at Cross River State]] Festivals dem hold insyd Cross River state dey include: *De Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually<ref>{{Cite web|title=Be part of the famous Cross River State Christmas Festival - Nigeria|url=http://www.nigeria-direct.com/activity/be-part-of-the-famous-cross-river-state-christmas-festival#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20spectacular%20occasion,and%20celebrate%20its%20African%20heritage.|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.nigeria-direct.com}}</ref> *De Cross River State Carnival Float – 26 den 27 December yearly *De Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually *De Calabar Boat Regata *Anong Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Anong Village, during wich different cultural dances be showcased, wey dey include Ikpobin (dem acclaim to be de most entertaining dance insyd de state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei den Eta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals and Carnivals in Rivers State:: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Festivals-Carnivals-Rivers-State.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> *Ediba Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Ediba Village every last [[Saturday]] insyd de month of July *Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wich dem dey hold every 1st Saturday of September every year. ==Education== De tertiary educational institutions insyd de State dey include: * University of Calabar * [[University of Cross River State]] (UNICROSS) * College of Health Technology, Calabar * CRS College of Nursing Sciences, Calabar * Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture, Obubra * University of Education and Entrepreneurial Studies, Cross River State located, Akamkpa * Federal College of Education, Obudu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fceobudu.edu.ng/ |title=Home |website=fceobudu.edu.ng}}</ref> * Polytechnic Ugep, Yakurr * Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |title=Institutions |publisher=National Board for Technical Education |access-date=2010-03-20 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044312/http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == dz95sbzp0r90s6mlfluvrrmtzuie6sa 105577 105576 2026-06-28T19:21:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cross River State''' be a state insyd de South-South geopolitical zone of [[Nigeria]]. Dem name give de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]], na dem form de state from de eastern part of de Eastern Region on 27 May 1967. De state get ein capital as Calabar wey be bordered tode north by Benue State, to de west by Ebonyi State den Abia State, den to de southwest by Akwa Ibom State while ein eastern border dey form part of de national border plus [[Cameroon]]. Dem originally know as de '''South-Eastern State''' before dem rename am insyd 1976, na Cross River state formerly include de area wey now be Akwa Ibom State, wich cam be a distinct state insyd 1987.<ref name="pulse.ng">{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|date=24 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Of de 36 states, Cross River be de nineteenth largest insyd area den 27th most populous plus an estimated population of over 3.8 million as of 2016.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> Geographically, de state mainly be divided between de [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic]] insyd de far north den de Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests insyd de majority of de interior of de state. De smaller ecoregions be de Central African mangroves insyd de coastal far south den a part of de montane Cameroonian Highlands forests insyd de extreme northeast. De most major geographical feature be de state ein namesake, de [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] wich dey bisect Cross River State ein interior before forming much of de state ein western border den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary. Oda important rivers be de Calabar den Great Kwa rivers wich dey flow from de inland Oban Hills before flanking de city of Calabar den dey flow into de Cross River Estuary as well. Insyd de forested interior of de state be several biodiverse protected areas wey dey include de Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, den Mbe Mountains Community Forest. Dese wildlife reserves dey contain populations of Preuss's red colobus, African forest buffalo, bat hawk, tree pangolin, grey-necked rockfowl, den West African slender-snouted crocodile along plus sam of Nigeria ein last remaining Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, drill, African forest elephant, den Cross River gorilla populations.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Oban Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Oban.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division) |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Cross-River-NP-Okwangwo.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Afi-Mountain-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mbe Mountains |url=https://nigeria.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Mbe-Mountains.aspx |website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] Nigeria |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Demographically, Cross River State be inhabited by several ethnic groups, primarily de Efik of de riverside south den Calabar; de Ekoi (Ejagham) of de inland south; de Akunakuna, Boki, Bahumono, den Yakö (Yakurr) of de central region; den de Bekwarra, Bette, Igede, de Mbube people den Ukelle (Kukele) of de northern region. Insyd de pre-colonial period, wat now be Cross River State be divided between ein ethnic groups wey sam dey join de Aro Confederacy while de Efik found de Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar) city-state. De latter cam be a British protectorate insyd 1884 as de capital of de Oil Rivers Protectorate buh na e no be til de early 1900s wey de British actually gain formal control of de entire area. Around de same time, de protectorate (dem now rename de Niger Coast Protectorate) be incorporated into de Southern Nigeria Protectorate wich dem later merge into British Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calabar - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Calabar |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> After de merger, much of modern-day Cross River cam be a centre of anti-colonial resistance during de Women's War den trade thru de international seaport at Calabar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calabar |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Calabar |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=16 December 2021}}</ref> After independence insyd 1960, na de area of now-Cross River be a part of de post-independence Eastern Region til 1967 wen de region be split wey de area cam be part of de South-Eastern State. Less dan two months afterwards, de Igbo-majority former Eastern Region attempt to secede as de state of Biafra; insyd de three-year long Nigerian Civil War, na Calabar den ein port be hard fought over insyd Operation Tiger Claw while na dem persecute people from Cross River by Biafran forces as dem mainly be non-Igbo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Omaka |first1=Arua Oko |title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970 |journal=Journal of Retracing Africa |date=17 February 2014 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–40 |url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/ |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> At de war ein end den de reunification of Nigeria, na dem reform de South-Eastern State til 1976 wen na dem rename am Cross River State. Eleven years later, na dem divide Cross River State wey dem break off western Cross River to form de new Akwa Ibom State.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> De state formerly contain de oil-producing Bakassi Peninsula, buh na e be ceded to [[Cameroon]] under de terms of de Greentree Agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|title=Nigeria hands Bakassi to Cameroon|date=14 August 2006|access-date=15 December 2021|work=BBC News|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106005117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4789647.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> As an agricultural state, de Cross River ein economy partially dey rely on crops, such as cocoyam, rubber, oil palm, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], cocoa, cashews, den plantain crops, along plus fishing. Key minor industries dey involve tourism insyd den around de wildlife reserves along plus de historic Ikom Monoliths site, Calabar Carnival, den Obudu Mountain Resort. Cross River state get de joint-thirteenth highest Human Development Index insyd de country den numerous institutions of tertiary education.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=The Resources Of Cross River State – Cross River Investment Promotion Bureau (CRIPB) |url=https://ipb.cr.gov.ng/the-resources-of-cross-river-state/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> ==Local Government Areas== Cross River State dey consist of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. Dem be: {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * Abi * Akamkpa * Akpabuyo * Bekwarra * Bakassi * Biase * Boki * Calabar Municipal * Calabar South * Etung * Ikom * Obanliku * Obubra * Obudu * Odukpani * Ogoja * Yakurr * Yala {{div col end}} ==Languages== Languages of Cross River State dem list by LGA dey include:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Abi ||Agwagwune; Igbo; Humono |- | Akamkpa ||Agoi; Bakpinka; Doko-Uyanga; Efik; Lubila; Nkukoli; Ukpet-Ehom; Ejagham; Kiong; Korop; Ubaghara; Ukwa; Umon |- | Bekwarra ||Bekwarra; Tiv; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike |- | Biase ||Agwagwune; Efik; Ubaghara; Ukwa;Umon |- | Boki ||Bete-Bendi; Bokyi |- | Calabar ||Efik; Ejagham |- | Ikom || Ejagham; Abanyom; Bukpe; Efutop; Mbembe,; Nde-Nsele-Nta; Ndoe; Nkukoli; Nnam; Olulumo-Ikom; Yala |- | Obanliku ||Bete-Bendi; Evant; Iceve-Maci; Obanliku; Otank; Tiv |- | Obubra || Agoi; Hohumono; Lenyima; Leyigha; Igbo; Lokaa; Mbembe; Nkukoli; Yala |- | Obudu || Bete-Bendi; Bukpe; Bumaji; Elege; Tiv; Ubang; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; |- | Odukpani || Efik; Ejagham; Kiong; |- | Ogoja || Ekajuk; Igede; Kukele; Mbe; Nkem-Nkum; Nnam; Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike; Uzekwe; |- | Yakurr || Lokaah, Lokoi, Loseka, Loyima |- | Yala || Tiv; Mbembe; Igede; Yace; Yala; Kukelle |- | Akpabuyo || Efik; Ekoi |- | Bakassi || Efik |} Oda languages dem dey speak insyd Cross State be Eki, Ibibio, Ilue, Ito, den Okobo.<ref name=e22/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Williamson|first=Kay|title=Languages of Niger Delta|year=1968|pages=124–130}}</ref> ==Festivals== [[File:Dance Troupe from Cross River State.jpg|thumb|Dance Troupe at Cross River State]] Festivals dem hold insyd Cross River state dey include: *De Cross River State Christmas Festival – 1 December to 31 December annually<ref>{{Cite web|title=Be part of the famous Cross River State Christmas Festival - Nigeria|url=http://www.nigeria-direct.com/activity/be-part-of-the-famous-cross-river-state-christmas-festival#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20spectacular%20occasion,and%20celebrate%20its%20African%20heritage.|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.nigeria-direct.com}}</ref> *De Cross River State Carnival Float – 26 den 27 December yearly *De Yakurr Leboku Yam festival – 28 August annually *De Calabar Boat Regata *Anong Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Anong Village, during wich different cultural dances be showcased, wey dey include Ikpobin (dem acclaim to be de most entertaining dance insyd de state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei den Eta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals and Carnivals in Rivers State:: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Festivals-Carnivals-Rivers-State.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> *Ediba Bahumono Festival wich dem dey hold insyd Ediba Village every last [[Saturday]] insyd de month of July *Bekwarra, Obudu, Obanliku, Igede New yam festival wich dem dey hold every 1st Saturday of September every year. ==Education== De tertiary educational institutions insyd de State dey include: * University of Calabar * [[University of Cross River State]] (UNICROSS) * College of Health Technology, Calabar * CRS College of Nursing Sciences, Calabar * Ibrahim Babangida College of Agriculture, Obubra * University of Education and Entrepreneurial Studies, Cross River State located, Akamkpa * Federal College of Education, Obudu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fceobudu.edu.ng/ |title=Home |website=fceobudu.edu.ng}}</ref> * Polytechnic Ugep, Yakurr * Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |title=Institutions |publisher=National Board for Technical Education |access-date=2010-03-20 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044312/http://www.nbte.gov.ng/institutions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q739676|c=Category:Cross River State|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Cross River State|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.crossriverstate.gov.ng/ Official website] * [http://crossriverwatch.com/?p=25473 Cross River State Ministry Of Health Reviews Strategic Health Plan] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Cross River State| ]] [[Category:States of Nigeria]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1967]] 0ac0seusilfkk0m1hbj5ds3egpnj96n 0 27734 105556 104159 2026-06-28T16:52:04Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station''' be a {{convert|15|MW}} hydroelectric power station wey dey sit across de Luombe River insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station, dem first commission insyd 1959, na e be rehabilitated den expanded insyd 1971 wey dem san expand den modernize am insyd de 2020s. Dis power station be owned by de Government of Zambia wey e be operated den maintained by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility company. De energy dem generate hie be distributed to de city of Kasama den oda parts of Kasama District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |work=Afrik21.africa |date=18 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=17 May 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |date=15 August 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |author=Teresia Njoroge |access-date=17 May 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate for [[Chisimba Falls|Chishimba Falls]], across de Luombe River, insyd Kasama District, in de Northern Province of Zambia. Dis be approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi), by road, northwest for de city of Kasama, de district den provincial capital. De geographical coordinates for Chishimba HPP be: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444). ==History== De power station dey first commissioned insyd 1959 with generation capacity of 0.9 MW. De power station go throu rehabilitation den expansion, concluding insyd 1971, with new generating capacity of 6 MW.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==Rehabilitation den expansion insyd de 2020s== In November 2020, ZESCO, who own den operate de power station advertised for qualified consulting engineering firms to bid for de job for ''Owner dema Engineer'' on de project of rehabilitation for de 6 MW power station den expansion to a new 15 MW powerhouse.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}</ref> Work dey involve converting part of de old power station into a tourist museum. Three new electric turbines, each rated at 5 MW go be installed, for a generation capacity calculated at 73 GWh annually. Two new switchyards one of 66 kV and de other of 33 kV go be constructed next to de powerhouse. High voltage transmission lines go connect de switchyards to de existing Kasama substation, where de power will integrate in de Zambian national grid.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJournal_On_Hydropower_and_Dams2020">Journal On Hydropower and Dams (5 November 2020). [https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ "Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia"]. ''The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams''. Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Funding for dis work reported to amount to US$46 million dey sourced from KfW Development Bank.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==  References == 6lz9ig44h4fp6ivje61aehyvzrimq8y 105557 105556 2026-06-28T16:59:13Z DaSupremo 9 /* Location */ Make sum corrections 105557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station''' be a {{convert|15|MW}} hydroelectric power station wey dey sit across de Luombe River insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station, dem first commission insyd 1959, na e be rehabilitated den expanded insyd 1971 wey dem san expand den modernize am insyd de 2020s. Dis power station be owned by de Government of Zambia wey e be operated den maintained by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility company. De energy dem generate hie be distributed to de city of Kasama den oda parts of Kasama District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |work=Afrik21.africa |date=18 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=17 May 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |date=15 August 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |author=Teresia Njoroge |access-date=17 May 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate at Chishimba Falls, across de Luombe River, insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Dis approximately be {{convert|40|km|mi}}, by road, northwest of de city of Kasama, de district den provincial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Chishimba Falls, Zambia And Kasama, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1629804,31.0645068,11.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba HPP be: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B007'08.0%22S+30%C2%B054'52.0%22E/@-10.1188889,30.9144444,97m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x57b88ff5cf26ed99!8m2!3d-10.1188889!4d30.9144444 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==History== De power station dey first commissioned insyd 1959 with generation capacity of 0.9 MW. De power station go throu rehabilitation den expansion, concluding insyd 1971, with new generating capacity of 6 MW.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==Rehabilitation den expansion insyd de 2020s== In November 2020, ZESCO, who own den operate de power station advertised for qualified consulting engineering firms to bid for de job for ''Owner dema Engineer'' on de project of rehabilitation for de 6 MW power station den expansion to a new 15 MW powerhouse.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}</ref> Work dey involve converting part of de old power station into a tourist museum. Three new electric turbines, each rated at 5 MW go be installed, for a generation capacity calculated at 73 GWh annually. Two new switchyards one of 66 kV and de other of 33 kV go be constructed next to de powerhouse. High voltage transmission lines go connect de switchyards to de existing Kasama substation, where de power will integrate in de Zambian national grid.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJournal_On_Hydropower_and_Dams2020">Journal On Hydropower and Dams (5 November 2020). [https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ "Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia"]. ''The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams''. Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Funding for dis work reported to amount to US$46 million dey sourced from KfW Development Bank.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==  References == tp7lktjv1p2yibgan9zm5l6yskp13kp 105558 105557 2026-06-28T17:08:34Z DaSupremo 9 /* History */ Make sum corrections 105558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station''' be a {{convert|15|MW}} hydroelectric power station wey dey sit across de Luombe River insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station, dem first commission insyd 1959, na e be rehabilitated den expanded insyd 1971 wey dem san expand den modernize am insyd de 2020s. Dis power station be owned by de Government of Zambia wey e be operated den maintained by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility company. De energy dem generate hie be distributed to de city of Kasama den oda parts of Kasama District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |work=Afrik21.africa |date=18 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=17 May 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |date=15 August 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |author=Teresia Njoroge |access-date=17 May 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate at Chishimba Falls, across de Luombe River, insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Dis approximately be {{convert|40|km|mi}}, by road, northwest of de city of Kasama, de district den provincial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Chishimba Falls, Zambia And Kasama, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1629804,31.0645068,11.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba HPP be: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B007'08.0%22S+30%C2%B054'52.0%22E/@-10.1188889,30.9144444,97m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x57b88ff5cf26ed99!8m2!3d-10.1188889!4d30.9144444 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==History== Na dem first commission de power station insyd 1959 plus generation capacity of 0.9 MW. De power station go thru rehabilitation den expansion, wey dem conclude insyd 1971, plus new generating capacity of 6 MW.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==Rehabilitation den expansion insyd de 2020s== In November 2020, ZESCO, who own den operate de power station advertised for qualified consulting engineering firms to bid for de job for ''Owner dema Engineer'' on de project of rehabilitation for de 6 MW power station den expansion to a new 15 MW powerhouse.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}</ref> Work dey involve converting part of de old power station into a tourist museum. Three new electric turbines, each rated at 5 MW go be installed, for a generation capacity calculated at 73 GWh annually. Two new switchyards one of 66 kV and de other of 33 kV go be constructed next to de powerhouse. High voltage transmission lines go connect de switchyards to de existing Kasama substation, where de power will integrate in de Zambian national grid.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJournal_On_Hydropower_and_Dams2020">Journal On Hydropower and Dams (5 November 2020). [https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ "Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia"]. ''The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams''. Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Funding for dis work reported to amount to US$46 million dey sourced from KfW Development Bank.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=18 September 2019 |title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Afrik21.africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJean_Marie_Takouleu2019">Jean Marie Takouleu (18 September 2019). [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/ "Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant"]. ''Afrik21.africa''. Paris, France<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Construction Review Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTeresia_Njoroge2021">Teresia Njoroge (15 August 2021). [https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ "Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station"]. ''Construction Review Online''. Nairobi, Kenya<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> ==  References == nx6tq8snbt5wfws0chcrxofczh5w10p 105559 105558 2026-06-28T17:19:07Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station''' be a {{convert|15|MW}} hydroelectric power station wey dey sit across de Luombe River insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station, dem first commission insyd 1959, na e be rehabilitated den expanded insyd 1971 wey dem san expand den modernize am insyd de 2020s. Dis power station be owned by de Government of Zambia wey e be operated den maintained by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility company. De energy dem generate hie be distributed to de city of Kasama den oda parts of Kasama District.<ref name="1R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/|title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant|work=Afrik21.africa|date=18 September 2019|author=Jean Marie Takouleu|access-date=17 May 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R2">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/|title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station|date=15 August 2021|work=Construction Review Online|author=Teresia Njoroge|access-date=17 May 2022|location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate at Chishimba Falls, across de Luombe River, insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Dis approximately be {{convert|40|km|mi}}, by road, northwest of de city of Kasama, de district den provincial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Chishimba Falls, Zambia And Kasama, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1629804,31.0645068,11.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba HPP be: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B007'08.0%22S+30%C2%B054'52.0%22E/@-10.1188889,30.9144444,97m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x57b88ff5cf26ed99!8m2!3d-10.1188889!4d30.9144444 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==History== Na dem first commission de power station insyd 1959 plus generation capacity of 0.9 MW. De power station go thru rehabilitation den expansion, wey dem conclude insyd 1971, plus new generating capacity of 6 MW.<ref name="1R2" /><ref name="2R2" /> ==Rehabilitation den expansion insyd de 2020s== Insyd November 2020, ZESCO, wey dey own den operate de power station advertise for qualified consulting engineering firms to bid for de job of ''Owner's Engineer'' on de project of rehabilitation of de 6 MW power station den expansion to a new 15 MW powerhouse.<ref name="5R2">{{cite web |author=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams |location=Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom}}</ref> Work dey involve converting part of de old power station into a tourist museum. Three new electric turbines, each dem rate at 5 MW go be installed, for a generation capacity dem calculate at 73 GWh annually. Two new switchyards one of 66 kV den de oda of 33 kV go be constructed next to de powerhouse. High voltage transmission lines go connect dese switchyards to de existing Kasama substation, wer de power go integrate into de Zambian national grid.<ref name="5R2" /> Funding for dis work dem report to amount to US$46 million be sourced from KfW Development Bank.<ref name="1R2" /><ref name="2R2" /> ==  References == <references /> == External links == iujrmswhj1spw573eknvait1rp6pqyb 105560 105559 2026-06-28T17:23:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station''' be a {{convert|15|MW}} hydroelectric power station wey dey sit across de Luombe River insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station, dem first commission insyd 1959, na e be rehabilitated den expanded insyd 1971 wey dem san expand den modernize am insyd de 2020s. Dis power station be owned by de Government of Zambia wey e be operated den maintained by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility company. De energy dem generate hie be distributed to de city of Kasama den oda parts of Kasama District.<ref name="1R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-46-million-from-kfw-to-renovate-chishimba-hydroelectric-power-plant/|title=Zambia: $46 million from KfW to renovate Chishimba hydroelectric power plant|work=Afrik21.africa|date=18 September 2019|author=Jean Marie Takouleu|access-date=17 May 2022|location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R2">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/|title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station|date=15 August 2021|work=Construction Review Online|author=Teresia Njoroge|access-date=17 May 2022|location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate at Chishimba Falls, across de Luombe River, insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Dis approximately be {{convert|40|km|mi}}, by road, northwest of de city of Kasama, de district den provincial capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Chishimba Falls, Zambia And Kasama, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1629804,31.0645068,11.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba HPP be: 10°07'08.0"S, 30°54'52.0"E (Latitude:-10.118889; Longitude:30.914444).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B007'08.0%22S+30%C2%B054'52.0%22E/@-10.1188889,30.9144444,97m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x57b88ff5cf26ed99!8m2!3d-10.1188889!4d30.9144444 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==History== Na dem first commission de power station insyd 1959 plus generation capacity of 0.9 MW. De power station go thru rehabilitation den expansion, wey dem conclude insyd 1971, plus new generating capacity of 6 MW.<ref name="1R2" /><ref name="2R2" /> ==Rehabilitation den expansion insyd de 2020s== Insyd November 2020, ZESCO, wey dey own den operate de power station advertise for qualified consulting engineering firms to bid for de job of ''Owner's Engineer'' on de project of rehabilitation of de 6 MW power station den expansion to a new 15 MW powerhouse.<ref name="5R2">{{cite web |author=Journal On Hydropower and Dams |date=5 November 2020 |title=Owner's engineer sought for Chishimba Falls hydro project in Zambia |url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/owners-engineer-sought-for-chishimba-falls-hydro-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=The International Journal On Hydropower and Dams |location=Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom}}</ref> Work dey involve converting part of de old power station into a tourist museum. Three new electric turbines, each dem rate at 5 MW go be installed, for a generation capacity dem calculate at 73 GWh annually. Two new switchyards one of 66 kV den de oda of 33 kV go be constructed next to de powerhouse. High voltage transmission lines go connect dese switchyards to de existing Kasama substation, wer de power go integrate into de Zambian national grid.<ref name="5R2" /> Funding for dis work dem report to amount to US$46 million be sourced from KfW Development Bank.<ref name="1R2" /><ref name="2R2" /> ==  References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/576893183#map=7/-10.445/31.937 OpenStreetMap Showing Location of Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station] [[Category:Power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1959]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia]] [[Category:Energy infrastructure dem plete insyd 1959]] go6g15h7hik9k6xoud3u8fsmpc2x2bg 0 27735 105516 104358 2026-06-28T14:28:35Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station''' ('''KGL'''), be a {{convert|750|MW}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=US $2bn Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower station nears completion |date=4 April 2019 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/01/us-2bn-kafue-gorge-lower-hydropower-station-nears-completion/ |author=Teresia Njoroge |publisher=Construction Review Online |access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Background == As of 2017, according to USAID, Zambia had installed generating capacity of 2,800 megawatts. Of these, 2,380 megawatts (85 percent) was hydroelectricity.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=USAID |date=16 April 2020 |title=Zambia Energy Sector Overview |url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230135/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=15 May 2020 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)}}</ref> Peak electricity demand ein Zambia has been recorded at 1,960 megawatts, with growth ein electricity demand estimated at between 150 MW den 200 MW every year. Approximately 70 percent of national electricity output is consumed by the country's mines ein de Copperbelt Province.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=GET.invest |date=2019 |title=Zambia Energy Sector |url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zambia/energy-sector/ |publisher=GET.invest}}</ref> Ein October 2015, after de requisite feasibility den environmental studies, de engineering, procurement den construction contract was awarded to Sinohydro, a [[China|Chinese]], state-owned hydropower engineering and construction company. De contract price wey reported as US$2 billion, with 85 percent borrowed from de Exim Bank of China, den de Industrial de Commercial Bank of China. De government of Zambia was to invest de remaining 15 percent ein de project.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=20 October 2015 |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> De power station wey dey located along de [[Kafue River]], between de Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station upstream den de confluence of de Kafue River with de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] downstream. De power station wey dey located approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi), by road, south of Lusaka, Zambia's capital city.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=PGZambia |date=2018 |title=Kafue Gorge Hydro-power Station Benefiting Zambians |url=https://pgzambia.com/news/kafue-gorge-hydro-power-station-benefiting-zambians |access-date=15 May 2020 |publisher=Partners Group Zambia Limited}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station are:15°53'46.0"S, 28°33'33.0"E (Latitude:-15.896111; Longitude:28.559167). Construction of de power station began ein November 2015.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Judith Namutowe |date=2 October 2015 |title=Zambia: Works On Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station to Begin Soon |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510021530.html |access-date=15 May 2020 |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> As of July 2019, de contractor expected to conclude during de fourth quarter of 2020. During construction, over 3,000 jobs were created.<ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=15 July 2019 |title=Chinese firm expects to complete power plant by 2020 in Zambia |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154646/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> ein September 2019, construction of de dam den power station were halted due to financial difficulties.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=23 September 2019 |title=Zambia: Sinohydro Halts Work At Kafue Gorge Dam Site |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-halts-work-at-kafue-gorge-dam-site/ |access-date=16 May 2020 |publisher=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Ein July 2021, one of de five turbines (Turbine Number 2) was commercially commissioned to supply 150 megawatts to de Zambian national grid.<ref name="OnR">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=30 July 2021 |title=Zambia: Sinohydro commissions Unit I of the Kafue hydroelectric power station |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-commissions-unit-i-of-the-kafue-hydroelectric-power-station/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa}}</ref> Ein March 2023, last of the five turbines was started. President Hakainde Hichilema officially commissioned de power station. Throughout its construction, de project has created 15,000 local jobs and has significantly contributed to de growth of de local construction, trade, den transportation sectors. Additionally, it has spurred de development of infrastructure surrounding de hydropower station. After construction, de hydropower plant will boost Zambia's power capacity by nearly 38%.<ref name="unknown">{{Cite journal |last=unknown |date=2023 |title=中国电建承建的赞比亚下凯富峡水电站所有机组全部投产发电 |journal=水泵技术 |volume=2}}</ref> == Funding == De below table summarizes de funding sources for de power station alone, without de related power line, road den other infrastructure.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=20 October 2015 |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |access-date=15 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLusaka_Times2015">Lusaka Times (20 October 2015). </cite></ref><ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Jimmy Chibuye |date=12 October 2017 |title=Kafue Gorge Lower: Power Surplus Dream |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kafue-gorge-lower-power-surplus-dream/ |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> De power generated dey be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, measuring approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=20 October 2015 |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |access-date=15 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLusaka_Times2015">Lusaka Times (20 October 2015). </cite></ref> == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 1oww0jkjq6hpw9nvi8k8bm4c28jrvfq 105546 105516 2026-06-28T16:06:33Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 105546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station''' ('''KGL'''), be a {{convert|750|MW}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=US $2bn Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower station nears completion |date=4 April 2019 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/01/us-2bn-kafue-gorge-lower-hydropower-station-nears-completion/ |author=Teresia Njoroge |publisher=Construction Review Online |access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Background == As of 2017, according to USAID, Zambia install generating capacity of 2,800 megawatts. Of dese, 2,380 megawatts (85 percent) be hydroelectricity.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230135/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2015 |title=Zambia Energy Sector Overview |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |author=USAID | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Peak electricity demand insyd Zambia be recorded at 1,960 megawatts, plus growth insyd electricity demand dem estimate at between 150 MW den 200 MW every year. Approximately 70 percent of national electricity output be consumed by de country ein mines insyd de Copperbelt Province.<ref name="5R">{{cite web| url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zambia/energy-sector/ |title=Zambia Energy Sector |publisher=GET.invest | date=2019 |author=GET.invest |location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> Insyd October 2015, after de requisite feasibility den environmental studies, na dem award de engineering, procurement den construction contract to Sinohydro, a [[China|Chinese]], state-owned hydropower engineering den construction company. De contract price be reported as US$2 billion, plus 85 percent dem borrow from de Exim Bank of China, den de Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Na de government of Zambia be to invest de remaining 15 percent insyd de project.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|date=20 October 2015 | url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |newspaper=Lusaka Times |access-date=15 May 2020 |author=Lusaka Times}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate along de [[Kafue River]], between de Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station upstream den de confluence of de Kafue River plus de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] downstream. De power station dey locate approximately {{convert|90|km|0}}, by road, south of Lusaka, Zambia ein capital city.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|publisher=Partners Group Zambia Limited| url=https://pgzambia.com/news/kafue-gorge-hydro-power-station-benefiting-zambians |title=Kafue Gorge Hydro-power Station Benefiting Zambians |date=2018 |author=PGZambia | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station be:15°53'46.0"S, 28°33'33.0"E (Latitude:-15.896111; Longitude:28.559167).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/15%C2%B053'46.0%22S+28%C2%B033'33.0%22E/@-15.8276034,28.5984507,59164m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-15.8961111!4d28.5591667 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Construction== Construction of de power station begin insyd November 2015.<ref name="7R">{{cite web|title=Zambia: Works On Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station to Begin Soon |newspaper=[[Times of Zambia]] | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510021530.html |date=2 October 2015 |author=Judith Namutowe |access-date=15 May 2020 | format=via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Ndola}}</ref> As of July 2019, na dem expect de contractor to conclude during de fourth quarter of 2020. During construction, na dem create over 3,000 jobs.<ref name="8R">{{cite web|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154646/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2019 |title=Chinese firm expects to complete power plant by 2020 in Zambia |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020 |author=Xinhua |location=Beijing}}</ref> Insyd September 2019, na dem halt de construction of de dam den power station secof financial difficulties.<ref name="9R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-halts-work-at-kafue-gorge-dam-site/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro Halts Work At Kafue Gorge Dam Site |publisher=Afrik21.africa |date=23 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=16 May 2020 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd July 2021, one of de five turbines (Turbine Number 2) commercially be commissioned to supply 150 megawatts to de Zambian national grid.<ref name="OnR">{{cite web| date=30 July 2021 | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-commissions-unit-i-of-the-kafue-hydroelectric-power-station/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro commissions Unit I of the Kafue hydroelectric power station |work=Afrik21.africa |access-date=31 July 2021 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd March 2023, na dem start last of de five turbines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Замбия ввела в эксплуатацию построенную Китаем ГЭС |url=https://russian.news.cn/20230326/ac2281ff760a4aa2a7fd4e23aa0da89e/c.html |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=russian.news.cn}}</ref> Presido Hakainde Hichilema officially commission de power station.<ref name=":0" /> Thru out ein construction, de project create 15,000 local jobs wey e significantly contribute to de growth of de local construction, trade, den transportation sectors. Additionally, e spur de development of infrastructure wey dey surround de hydropower station. After construction, de hydropower plant go boost Zambia ein power capacity by nearly 38%.<ref name="unknown">{{cite journal |last1=unknown |title=中国电建承建的赞比亚下凯富峡水电站所有机组全部投产发电 |journal=水泵技术 |date=2023 |volume=2}}</ref> ==Funding== De below table dey summarize de funding sources for de power station alone, widout de related power line, road den oda infrastructure.<ref name="6R"/><ref name="10R">{{cite web| url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kafue-gorge-lower-power-surplus-dream/ |title=Kafue Gorge Lower: Power Surplus Dream | newspaper=[[Zambia Daily Mail]] |date=12 October 2017 | author=Jimmy Chibuye |access-date=16 May 2020 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Sources of Funding for Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station ! Rank !!Name of Development Partner!!Funding insyd USD (Millions) !! Percentage |- | 1 || '''Exim Bank of China''' den '''Industrial and Commercial Bank of China'''||1,700 || 85.0 |- | 2 || '''Government of Zambia''' ||300 || 15.0 |- | ||'''Total'''||'''2,000'''||'''100.00''' |- |} ==Operations== De power generated go be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, wey dey measure approximately {{convert|100|km|0}} to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R"/> == Funding == De below table summarizes de funding sources for de power station alone, without de related power line, road den other infrastructure.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=20 October 2015 |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |access-date=15 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLusaka_Times2015">Lusaka Times (20 October 2015). </cite></ref><ref name="10R">{{Cite web |last=Jimmy Chibuye |date=12 October 2017 |title=Kafue Gorge Lower: Power Surplus Dream |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kafue-gorge-lower-power-surplus-dream/ |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> De power generated dey be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, measuring approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times |date=20 October 2015 |title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/ |access-date=15 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLusaka_Times2015">Lusaka Times (20 October 2015). </cite></ref> == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <references /> == External links == 6ahrp2aw6gj4eqjtt9uwqvmqvey6j9b 105547 105546 2026-06-28T16:10:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fix references 105547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station''' ('''KGL'''), be a {{convert|750|MW}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=US $2bn Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower station nears completion |date=4 April 2019 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/01/us-2bn-kafue-gorge-lower-hydropower-station-nears-completion/ |author=Teresia Njoroge |publisher=Construction Review Online |access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Background == As of 2017, according to USAID, Zambia install generating capacity of 2,800 megawatts. Of dese, 2,380 megawatts (85 percent) be hydroelectricity.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230135/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2015 |title=Zambia Energy Sector Overview |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |author=USAID | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Peak electricity demand insyd Zambia be recorded at 1,960 megawatts, plus growth insyd electricity demand dem estimate at between 150 MW den 200 MW every year. Approximately 70 percent of national electricity output be consumed by de country ein mines insyd de Copperbelt Province.<ref name="5R">{{cite web| url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zambia/energy-sector/ |title=Zambia Energy Sector |publisher=GET.invest | date=2019 |author=GET.invest |location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> Insyd October 2015, after de requisite feasibility den environmental studies, na dem award de engineering, procurement den construction contract to Sinohydro, a [[China|Chinese]], state-owned hydropower engineering den construction company. De contract price be reported as US$2 billion, plus 85 percent dem borrow from de Exim Bank of China, den de Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Na de government of Zambia be to invest de remaining 15 percent insyd de project.<ref name="6R2">{{cite web|date=20 October 2015|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/|title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=15 May 2020|author=Lusaka Times}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate along de [[Kafue River]], between de Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station upstream den de confluence of de Kafue River plus de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] downstream. De power station dey locate approximately {{convert|90|km|0}}, by road, south of Lusaka, Zambia ein capital city.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|publisher=Partners Group Zambia Limited| url=https://pgzambia.com/news/kafue-gorge-hydro-power-station-benefiting-zambians |title=Kafue Gorge Hydro-power Station Benefiting Zambians |date=2018 |author=PGZambia | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station be:15°53'46.0"S, 28°33'33.0"E (Latitude:-15.896111; Longitude:28.559167).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/15%C2%B053'46.0%22S+28%C2%B033'33.0%22E/@-15.8276034,28.5984507,59164m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-15.8961111!4d28.5591667 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Construction== Construction of de power station begin insyd November 2015.<ref name="7R">{{cite web|title=Zambia: Works On Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station to Begin Soon |newspaper=[[Times of Zambia]] | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510021530.html |date=2 October 2015 |author=Judith Namutowe |access-date=15 May 2020 | format=via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Ndola}}</ref> As of July 2019, na dem expect de contractor to conclude during de fourth quarter of 2020. During construction, na dem create over 3,000 jobs.<ref name="8R">{{cite web|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154646/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2019 |title=Chinese firm expects to complete power plant by 2020 in Zambia |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020 |author=Xinhua |location=Beijing}}</ref> Insyd September 2019, na dem halt de construction of de dam den power station secof financial difficulties.<ref name="9R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-halts-work-at-kafue-gorge-dam-site/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro Halts Work At Kafue Gorge Dam Site |publisher=Afrik21.africa |date=23 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=16 May 2020 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd July 2021, one of de five turbines (Turbine Number 2) commercially be commissioned to supply 150 megawatts to de Zambian national grid.<ref name="OnR">{{cite web| date=30 July 2021 | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-commissions-unit-i-of-the-kafue-hydroelectric-power-station/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro commissions Unit I of the Kafue hydroelectric power station |work=Afrik21.africa |access-date=31 July 2021 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd March 2023, na dem start last of de five turbines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Замбия ввела в эксплуатацию построенную Китаем ГЭС |url=https://russian.news.cn/20230326/ac2281ff760a4aa2a7fd4e23aa0da89e/c.html |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=russian.news.cn}}</ref> Presido Hakainde Hichilema officially commission de power station.<ref name=":0" /> Thru out ein construction, de project create 15,000 local jobs wey e significantly contribute to de growth of de local construction, trade, den transportation sectors. Additionally, e spur de development of infrastructure wey dey surround de hydropower station. After construction, de hydropower plant go boost Zambia ein power capacity by nearly 38%.<ref name="unknown">{{cite journal |last1=unknown |title=中国电建承建的赞比亚下凯富峡水电站所有机组全部投产发电 |journal=水泵技术 |date=2023 |volume=2}}</ref> ==Funding== De below table dey summarize de funding sources for de power station alone, widout de related power line, road den oda infrastructure.<ref name="6R2" /><ref name="10R2">{{cite web |author=Jimmy Chibuye |date=12 October 2017 |title=Kafue Gorge Lower: Power Surplus Dream |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kafue-gorge-lower-power-surplus-dream/ |access-date=16 May 2020 |newspaper=[[Zambia Daily Mail]] |location=Lusaka}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Sources of Funding for Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station ! Rank !!Name of Development Partner!!Funding insyd USD (Millions) !! Percentage |- | 1 || '''Exim Bank of China''' den '''Industrial and Commercial Bank of China'''||1,700 || 85.0 |- | 2 || '''Government of Zambia''' ||300 || 15.0 |- | ||'''Total'''||'''2,000'''||'''100.00''' |- |} ==Operations== De power generated go be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, wey dey measure approximately {{convert|100|km|0}} to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R2" /> == Funding == De below table summarizes de funding sources for de power station alone, without de related power line, road den other infrastructure.<ref name="6R2" /><ref name="10R2" /> De power generated dey be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, measuring approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R2" /> == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <references /> == External links == t7p5a2uyplhtn3jwkg4s2sltyyavnrj 105549 105547 2026-06-28T16:15:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 105549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station''' ('''KGL'''), be a {{convert|750|MW}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=US $2bn Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower station nears completion |date=4 April 2019 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/01/us-2bn-kafue-gorge-lower-hydropower-station-nears-completion/ |author=Teresia Njoroge |publisher=Construction Review Online |access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Nairobi}}</ref> == Background == As of 2017, according to USAID, Zambia install generating capacity of 2,800 megawatts. Of dese, 2,380 megawatts (85 percent) be hydroelectricity.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230135/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/zambia | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2015 |title=Zambia Energy Sector Overview |date=16 April 2020 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |author=USAID | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Peak electricity demand insyd Zambia be recorded at 1,960 megawatts, plus growth insyd electricity demand dem estimate at between 150 MW den 200 MW every year. Approximately 70 percent of national electricity output be consumed by de country ein mines insyd de Copperbelt Province.<ref name="5R">{{cite web| url=https://www.get-invest.eu/market-information/zambia/energy-sector/ |title=Zambia Energy Sector |publisher=GET.invest | date=2019 |author=GET.invest |location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> Insyd October 2015, after de requisite feasibility den environmental studies, na dem award de engineering, procurement den construction contract to Sinohydro, a [[China|Chinese]], state-owned hydropower engineering den construction company. De contract price be reported as US$2 billion, plus 85 percent dem borrow from de Exim Bank of China, den de Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. Na de government of Zambia be to invest de remaining 15 percent insyd de project.<ref name="6R2">{{cite web|date=20 October 2015|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/10/20/zesco-signs-deal-to-construct-the-kafue-gorge-power-project/|title=ZESCO signs deal to construct the Kafue Gorge Power Project|newspaper=Lusaka Times|access-date=15 May 2020|author=Lusaka Times}}</ref> ==Location== De power station dey locate along de [[Kafue River]], between de Kafue Gorge Upper Power Station upstream den de confluence of de Kafue River plus de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] downstream. De power station dey locate approximately {{convert|90|km|0}}, by road, south of Lusaka, Zambia ein capital city.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|publisher=Partners Group Zambia Limited| url=https://pgzambia.com/news/kafue-gorge-hydro-power-station-benefiting-zambians |title=Kafue Gorge Hydro-power Station Benefiting Zambians |date=2018 |author=PGZambia | access-date=15 May 2020 |location=Lusaka}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station be:15°53'46.0"S, 28°33'33.0"E (Latitude:-15.896111; Longitude:28.559167).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/15%C2%B053'46.0%22S+28%C2%B033'33.0%22E/@-15.8276034,28.5984507,59164m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-15.8961111!4d28.5591667 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Construction== Construction of de power station begin insyd November 2015.<ref name="7R">{{cite web|title=Zambia: Works On Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station to Begin Soon |newspaper=[[Times of Zambia]] | url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510021530.html |date=2 October 2015 |author=Judith Namutowe |access-date=15 May 2020 | format=via [[AllAfrica.com]] |location=Ndola}}</ref> As of July 2019, na dem expect de contractor to conclude during de fourth quarter of 2020. During construction, na dem create over 3,000 jobs.<ref name="8R">{{cite web|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154646/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138229193.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2019 |title=Chinese firm expects to complete power plant by 2020 in Zambia |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020 |author=Xinhua |location=Beijing}}</ref> Insyd September 2019, na dem halt de construction of de dam den power station secof financial difficulties.<ref name="9R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-halts-work-at-kafue-gorge-dam-site/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro Halts Work At Kafue Gorge Dam Site |publisher=Afrik21.africa |date=23 September 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=16 May 2020 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd July 2021, one of de five turbines (Turbine Number 2) commercially be commissioned to supply 150 megawatts to de Zambian national grid.<ref name="OnR">{{cite web| date=30 July 2021 | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-sinohydro-commissions-unit-i-of-the-kafue-hydroelectric-power-station/ |title=Zambia: Sinohydro commissions Unit I of the Kafue hydroelectric power station |work=Afrik21.africa |access-date=31 July 2021 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref> Insyd March 2023, na dem start last of de five turbines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Замбия ввела в эксплуатацию построенную Китаем ГЭС |url=https://russian.news.cn/20230326/ac2281ff760a4aa2a7fd4e23aa0da89e/c.html |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=russian.news.cn}}</ref> Presido Hakainde Hichilema officially commission de power station.<ref name=":0" /> Thru out ein construction, de project create 15,000 local jobs wey e significantly contribute to de growth of de local construction, trade, den transportation sectors. Additionally, e spur de development of infrastructure wey dey surround de hydropower station. After construction, de hydropower plant go boost Zambia ein power capacity by nearly 38%.<ref name="unknown">{{cite journal |last1=unknown |title=中国电建承建的赞比亚下凯富峡水电站所有机组全部投产发电 |journal=水泵技术 |date=2023 |volume=2}}</ref> ==Funding== De below table dey summarize de funding sources for de power station alone, widout de related power line, road den oda infrastructure.<ref name="6R2" /><ref name="10R2">{{cite web |author=Jimmy Chibuye |date=12 October 2017 |title=Kafue Gorge Lower: Power Surplus Dream |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/kafue-gorge-lower-power-surplus-dream/ |access-date=16 May 2020 |newspaper=[[Zambia Daily Mail]] |location=Lusaka}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Sources of Funding for Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station ! Rank !!Name of Development Partner!!Funding insyd USD (Millions) !! Percentage |- | 1 || '''Exim Bank of China''' den '''Industrial and Commercial Bank of China'''||1,700 || 85.0 |- | 2 || '''Government of Zambia''' ||300 || 15.0 |- | ||'''Total'''||'''2,000'''||'''100.00''' |- |} ==Operations== De power generated go be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, wey dey measure approximately {{convert|100|km|0}} to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R2" /> == Funding == De below table summarizes de funding sources for de power station alone, without de related power line, road den other infrastructure.<ref name="6R2" /><ref name="10R2" /> De power generated dey be evacuated via a 330-kilovolt transmission line, measuring approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) to Lusaka, for integration into de national power grid.<ref name="6R2" /> == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190913014742/https://www.zambiawatchdog.com/construction-of-hydro-power-station-at-kafue-gorge-suspended/ Construction of hydro power station at Kafue Gorge suspended] As of 11 September 2019. * [https://www.esi-africa.com/wp-content/uploads/Janus_Basson.pdf Feasibility Study of the Kafue Gorge Lower Hydroelectric Project] As at 18 August 2010. [[Category:Power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Chikankata District]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Kafue River]] 41r1wl3idwzlnrcuqq7u7hlm1lj2zpn 0 27753 105649 104779 2026-06-28T23:53:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tana River County''' be a county insyd de former Coast Province of [[Kenya]]. E be named after de [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]], de longest river insyd Kenya. E get an area of {{convert|38437|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} wey e get a population of 315,943 as of de 2019 census. De county borders Kitui County to de west, Garissa County to de northeast, Isiolo County to de north, Lamu County to de southeast, Kilifi County to de south den de Indian ocean<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=County Government of Tana River |language=en-US}}</ref> De administrative headquarters of de county be Hola dem sanso know as Galole. De County get five sub Counties; Tana Delta, Tana River, Tana North, Galedyertu, den Bangal. Apart from de River Tana, der be several seasonal rivers insyd de county dem popularly know as Galan, wich dey flow insyd a west–east direction from Kitui den Makueni Counties, wey dey drain into de River Tana den eventually into de Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Citation |title=Makueni County |date=2022-09-15 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makueni_County&oldid=1110379335 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tanariver.go.ke/about-us-2/ |website=County Government of Tana River |access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> == De historic town of Ungwana == De historic town of Ungwana, near de mouth of de [[Tana_River_(Kenya)|Tana River]], be home to two important mosques wey dey share a curious relationship plus de great mosques of Gedi. === De Friday mosque: expansion den transformation === De city ein Friday mosque, originally 17 metres long, feature an ogee arch wey dey frame de mihrab (prayer niche). Decorative coral bosses den de imprint of a lost square plaque (possibly ceramic anaa marble) adorn de lintel. Archaeological excavations unearth ceramic fragments wey dey date to de 14th century, wey dey give an indication of de possible date of de mosque ein construction.<ref>Abungu, Islam on the Kenyan coast: an archaeological study of mosques (1986).</ref> A significant extension to de east mark de early 15th century for de Friday mosque. Dis new rectangular section mirror de length of de original structure buh e offer slightly more width. Dem divide de prayer hall into four bays wey three rows of six square columns separate. De extension include additional entrances: four to de west provide access to de older section, while two plus ogee arches to de east lead to an antechamber den rooms wey dey flank de mihrab. A notable feature of dis extension be de addition of an octagonal pillar directly opposite de mihrab den a substantial seven-step minbar dem build against de qibla wall.<ref>Kirkman, Ungwana on the Tana (1966): 78–79.</ref> De back of de minbar get intricate plaster mouldings, wey small holes indicate de presence of a former wooden balustrade. Dese changes, dem estimate to occur between 1400 den 1450, raise intriguing questions about de motivations behind such a significant transformation. === Interesting parallels plus Gedi === De timing of dis expansion of de Friday mosque dey coincide plus de construction of de new Grand Mosque insyd Gedi. Dis synchronicity dey suggest a possible connection, possibly relate to a wider religious anaa political shift insyd de region around de mouth of de Tana River den Mida Bay. In particular, de addition of de third column opposite de mihrab no fi be purely functional buh fi reflect de influence of another Muslim sect within de community. === De second mosque === Ungwana dey boast a second mosque plus a collection of intriguing architectural elements. De northern section of dis mosque dey retain ein original teak lintels dem import from India, dem intricately carve plus alveolar motifs. De mihrab arch get a unique design, wey be combine an ogee shape plus a semicircle at de apex. De structure dey display a rich array of decorative elements, wey dey include inlaid ceramics on de lintel den tympanum, an architrave dem decorate plus fish bone motifs, den single-block coral columns plus inlaid panels. De apse plan dey deviate from de norm, plus triangular shapes den mouldings. In particular, de mihrab be surmounted by a bulbous dome topped plus a ceramic celadon bottle, similar to dat of de Fakhr al-Din mosque, instead of a semi-dome. Dis borrowing of de bulbous dome concept dey suggest a diffusion of styles across de region. However, ein widespread adoption fi be limited by de complex construction techniques dem require. ==District subdivisions== Despite de large area of de Tana River district, ein only local authority be Tana River County Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tana River District second-order administrative division, Coast Province, Kenya |url=https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241215035816/https://ke.geoview.info/tana_river_district,179585 |archive-date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ke.geoview.info |language=en}}</ref> De district get three constituencies: Garsen, Galole den Bura, 15 wards, 54 locations, den 109 sub-Locations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tana River |url=https://girlchildnetwork.org/where-we-work/tana/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=girlchildnetwork.org |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="6"| '''Administrative divisions''' |- |colspan="6"| |- !Division !Population* !Urban<br> population* !population<br> density !Area (km²) !Headquarters |- | Bangale|| 14,853 || 0 || 2 || x || Murarandia |- | Bura || 28,848 || 0 || 6 || x || Bura |- | Galole || 34,948 || 9,383 || 4 || x || Hola |- | Garsen || 51,592 || 4,885 || 4 || x || Garsen |- | Kipini || 16,243 || 0 || 19 || x || Kipini |- | Madogo || 21,731 || 0 || 12 || x || Kamwangi |- | Wenje || 12,686 || 0 || 23 || x || Wenje |- | ''Total'' || ''180,901'' || ''14,268'' ||''5 (average)'' || x || |- |colspan="6"| {{smaller|* 1999 census. Sources:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071129070001/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf Communications Commission of Kenya – Status of Coverage of Communications Services] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616215050/http://www.cck.go.ke/html/final_annex1_cover_status.pdf |date=16 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls International Livestock Research Institute – Urban Poverty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |date=18 July 2011 }} (.xls)</ref>}} |} === Religion === De county dey consist of 81% Muslims, 18% Christians den 1% of people insyd oda religions (wey dey include Atheism).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |url=https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/VOLUME-IV-KPHC-2019.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=23 June 2026 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> == Population == {{Historical populations|1979|92,401|1989|128,426|1999|180,901|2009|240,075|2019|315,943|align=none|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/kenya-admin.php Kenya: Administrative Division population statistics]</ref>}} === Religion === Religion insyd Tana River County<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width:100px;" |Religion (2019 Census) ! style="width:80px;" |Number |- |[[Islam]] |256,422 |- |Protestant |22,866 |- |Catholicism |11,306 |- |Oda Christian |11,148 |- |Evangelical Churches |6,791 |- |African Instituted Churches |4,015 |- |No Religion / Atheists |1,044 |- |Oda |453 |- |Traditionists |226 |- |Orthodox |176 |- |Hindu |115 |- |Dem no know |80 |- |Dem no state |68 |- |} ==Villages den settlements== {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * Ariti * Balguda * Bangale, Kenya * Baomo * Baomo * Borobini * Bohoni * Bongonoko *Chathoro * Chewani * Chiffiri * Laini * Fitina * Furaha * Handarako * Idsowe * Ingile * Irangi * Wacha Kone * Wenje * Maziwa * Ngao, Kenya * Wema {{div col end}} == References == <references> </references> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=1086876 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Kenya AdminLevels 1-4] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093302/http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana Tana River District: a showcase of conflict over natural resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093302/http://www.itdg.org/?id=peace5_tana |date=28 September 2007 }} at ITDG *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191014/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/4403328CFC88B82085256D2C006CE5D5/$File/ocha_kenTana200503.PDF?OpenElement Map of the District] *Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project *[http://www.mambolook.com/tana-river Article title] [[Category:Tana River County| ]] [[Category:Counties of Kenya]] [[Category:Tana River (Kenya)]] m45wruyuq7wy1emiv2ppd8guzw30gch 0 27812 105621 104774 2026-06-28T21:02:33Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361364233|Tano River]]" 105621 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] fhf45lwupvh9jpyp16v8dmo4wkyyztb 105623 105621 2026-06-28T21:03:23Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105623 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] iabjh943nf6f28amjxnatxwp772edf7 105624 105623 2026-06-28T21:04:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105624 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 0a6vmi88u108aax3a0womuh4n863i81 105625 105624 2026-06-28T21:04:43Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105625 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] k511vc41b2f7penw2nkom0phpd2o8s1 105626 105625 2026-06-28T21:05:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105626 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 6iacahgp3rf4q9b6qy6jkkqwplxib9o 105627 105626 2026-06-28T21:05:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105627 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 3yu5wdqqkcughru0xyu0lb8smlkjgf7 105628 105627 2026-06-28T21:06:27Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105628 wikitext text/x-wiki The Tano or Tanoé River (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] h9gli6sgs65e211zeoo0be3lpbbbu6h 105629 105628 2026-06-28T21:08:12Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added bold text 105629 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' (French: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ihf78xc6xoxt84tj4riubbbuo6x8vu6 105630 105629 2026-06-28T21:09:29Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105630 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na river for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] rl2yfpef0swlrqsiqbtd5f9edt8d89u 105631 105630 2026-06-28T21:10:09Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105631 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for Ghana. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 14jdswvbis7bagswyymrtj2k2em7mze 105632 105631 2026-06-28T21:10:42Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105632 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 kilometres from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 5kglho58tfv1ks8tugf81zsqqhkkvg1 105633 105632 2026-06-28T21:11:21Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105633 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of Techiman, the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] at8qc90eof3sn6g354zv1ke9kt48s2y 105634 105633 2026-06-28T21:11:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105634 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of Bono East Region for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 6u8llpir5x02esood53g7y7h24ld59i 105635 105634 2026-06-28T21:12:26Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105635 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of Ghana, reach Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] brf9nzhger69b74l0jzlyfryyl8akus 105636 105635 2026-06-28T21:14:07Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105636 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] lu0ttm7mcmeps8o4ead7wbswim0iipx 105637 105636 2026-06-28T21:15:21Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105637 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally Aby Lagoon for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] fb738mrtczpkmqo13g17673769bp0cv 105638 105637 2026-06-28T21:16:00Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105638 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for Ivory Coast where e dey enter the Atlantic Ocean.The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] av91xj8njkvnfcca101em0ow46krz9y 105640 105638 2026-06-28T21:16:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105640 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] g1clk7mx200kle0m79u5nh7l2u7bwg4 105641 105640 2026-06-28T21:18:08Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105641 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ha7oeuz8fgzh1veiew6y6ktw2g0t77d 105642 105641 2026-06-28T21:19:57Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105642 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 3yvdm5s3vql4eku17jq9531vpzj3azz 105643 105642 2026-06-28T21:22:59Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105643 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ain5ween6haovxsvwzscj5ev4k1pggi 105644 105643 2026-06-28T21:24:56Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105644 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ghuq0f6pewefx007n0yr3ekglsdxqbf 105645 105644 2026-06-28T21:27:48Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105645 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Indigenous local beliefs of the Bono people hold say Taakora, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] l42ibhw1goznl1sgpz3iwc6wzp9mery 105646 105645 2026-06-28T21:28:20Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105646 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Indigenous local beliefs of the Bono people hold say Taakora,the highest of the Bono gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] kq5e2rquoe1drxsj9edy1np1x50y0ku 105647 105646 2026-06-28T21:29:15Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105647 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Indigenous local beliefs of the Bono people hold say Taakora,the highest of the Bono gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] f6gmoechnbqi422ckfp8kcfi90ilowy 105648 105647 2026-06-28T21:30:08Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105648 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the Bono people hold say Taakora,the highest of the Bono gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] p5svizzfkubjrpo8fyzyhu68sjtu0ke 105685 105648 2026-06-29T09:14:22Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added link 105685 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 8sg3myftpsl3i3wwznr5s8pvgt6lfdh 105686 105685 2026-06-29T09:18:48Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105686 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 19zaxhf2vdf7oia8oefhovu3wa0tewm 105688 105686 2026-06-29T09:19:28Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105688 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] p2l23ujifvz8ypa5plc3p0rb2raz16f 105689 105688 2026-06-29T09:19:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105689 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates,dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] kvs0tf944sfof043qtiks49gzt0t6gm 105691 105689 2026-06-29T09:20:36Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105691 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates,dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.As of mid-2008, dem don plan to use this area for logging by Unilever, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] l3zhz9iltuf0v9xhhbn9k40su6d1pnl 105693 105691 2026-06-29T09:21:12Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105693 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates,dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.As of mid-2008, dem don plan to use this area for logging by Unilever,with the aim to replace e with oil palm plantations. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] qj96xraotasptecvhhxglq30jkm5vr0 105696 105693 2026-06-29T09:22:02Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105696 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few individuals of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates,dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.As of mid-2008, dem don plan to use this area for logging by Unilever,with the aim to replace e with oil palm plantations. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] jxa4dw1msf6yb7zd7v3dspzp9t4q71z 105702 105696 2026-06-29T09:24:22Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105702 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.As of mid-2008, dem don plan to use this area for logging by Unilever,with the aim to replace e with oil palm plantations. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 8te3s7zfioe131jxrnolk285w7l6rrk 105705 105702 2026-06-29T09:25:30Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105705 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-2008, dem don plan to use this area for logging by Unilever,with the aim to replace e with oil palm plantations. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] g155atrwu8bqbv4dex1s05gywfhl2ie 105709 105705 2026-06-29T09:26:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105709 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by Unilever,with the aim to replace e with oil palm plantations. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] brx0qyqxvvxm9z9tnqwymv36mww68df 105714 105709 2026-06-29T09:28:40Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105714 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4mdkg66chef1r89f1s1ymxjwiiyukc8 105716 105714 2026-06-29T09:30:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citations 105716 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] paybjw772yquhv65k8ptm2ii6len6mi 105718 105716 2026-06-29T09:32:11Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105718 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For January 2020, one truck wey carry plenty sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ep2s79z8128xpq22tgcsr0if1bu0axy 105721 105718 2026-06-29T09:34:15Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105721 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For January 2020, one truck wey carry plenty sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ev6876vj205u3o6yqobwzbitzwqilyi 105722 105721 2026-06-29T09:35:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105722 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For January 2020, one truck wey carry plenty sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] d8ry188i6vwa36163eb0w26rqr4w084 105723 105722 2026-06-29T09:36:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105723 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For January 2020, one truck wey carry plenty sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] l2o6xzonbyqggqnmm7v8s9bk13cu9xf 105725 105723 2026-06-29T09:37:24Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105725 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty sulfuric acid fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] gse1watik8ao22pojt8mtf1dj2vrqff 105726 105725 2026-06-29T09:38:26Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105726 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] a19rb9275reut3jqqedjjnzqgq5pjfk 105727 105726 2026-06-29T09:39:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105727 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] bsky2x9nylg62dl4tus4v9lwp4a8c5w 105728 105727 2026-06-29T09:40:21Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105728 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 0e3u6d5hekmambf9vb93jis2v2itz4h 105729 105728 2026-06-29T09:41:06Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105729 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] krffeaom7wasrp1l5wd2abhhvsgoa96 105730 105729 2026-06-29T09:41:45Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105730 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] gcrx5gggxfkiwt03bzm4es6yzxu365k 105731 105730 2026-06-29T09:42:26Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105731 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] jb4oguczrcym972w8rxbzi9w62tqbcv 105732 105731 2026-06-29T09:44:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105732 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4cs2o9wvhrc4htw0d2usei4gr96x7uc 105733 105732 2026-06-29T09:45:44Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105733 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ha8nufy70ktygwbi8f6umawx01wbqzb 105734 105733 2026-06-29T09:47:15Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105734 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] d9gilml4f7na6mh6vs5ixn3s0zgq62i 105735 105734 2026-06-29T09:48:19Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105735 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 1hqjkc59cckoefngni2oz8xq7s44cyr 105736 105735 2026-06-29T09:49:01Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105736 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] k2h3ecw1bsan3j99kgsiw214c8pxtck 105737 105736 2026-06-29T09:50:45Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105737 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and domestic water supply [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4rn7tnx1s2jh4f3rrjxnnnttbd5bkaa 105738 105737 2026-06-29T09:51:09Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105738 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 1ltyu8b7ev09konoy62ptrznk5qko4r 105739 105738 2026-06-29T09:51:55Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105739 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support agriculture, forestry, mining, and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] tty48nbwtvlw1hm48waxo9gzidgjte3 105740 105739 2026-06-29T09:54:51Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105740 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] lvq6sjp3dl2s247lqq2t4jix3jxw5p7 105741 105740 2026-06-29T09:57:39Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105741 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] kqooq0r4vedjfmc7kenfzi41904g72z 105742 105741 2026-06-29T09:58:18Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105742 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] is6j6omjws9vpm6ddiqd7s4qyhjh4zj 105743 105742 2026-06-29T09:59:59Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105743 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 5390wtnm27oeljjvr0nsp7g5jpawmpi 105744 105743 2026-06-29T10:01:17Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105744 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems, == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] hbmtrb9kh0rfdpelvqt46r54d17qn87 105745 105744 2026-06-29T10:02:04Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105745 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex. == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] mub27wz08jnh0etf33cs5aq42wbfjqc 105746 105745 2026-06-29T10:02:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105746 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese habitats dey contain significant biodiversity and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 1fuh1xb7ytqy5ioq8jw3p5bua9fivu9 105748 105746 2026-06-29T10:04:07Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105748 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4tu37j9lj5av2nmn3d361wda2spn95m 105750 105748 2026-06-29T10:05:20Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105750 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 2qs6r3bgqo344l5zmvrcuz8lnnfe1wr 105752 105750 2026-06-29T10:06:36Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105752 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] eq9ryih0g8lkqwswuw9yh77d1c7wo4l 105753 105752 2026-06-29T10:07:27Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105753 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten. == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] qmi52n85ejt1vw8rlb1p3rcbwkkwcdq 105754 105753 2026-06-29T10:08:10Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105754 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] pngmiaj67r19868pe0dotf27duf2sy3 105755 105754 2026-06-29T10:09:31Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105755 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing environmental pressures from deforestation, [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] b5ds6k83hvsvp80mgaplam9i20few03 105756 105755 2026-06-29T10:10:20Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105756 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing environmental pressures from deforestation,pollution, illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] jo2n8yg3t9paqarqrezurf2k80tbwe7 105757 105756 2026-06-29T10:11:38Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105757 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing environmental pressures from deforestation,pollution, illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ij8vw53qalbnmjwkidxwefe229gw2y8 105758 105757 2026-06-29T10:14:08Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105758 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing environmental pressures from deforestation,pollution, illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] s1hfspjcg7lq7at711mcdnmxgqeuaf8 105760 105758 2026-06-29T10:16:41Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105760 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing environmental pressures from deforestation,pollution, illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ojigqiuj1eggv4iylty1rgqhvpty9ds 105761 105760 2026-06-29T10:18:37Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105761 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],pollution, illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 7zwo7hcfkepbm04t960jral7trk3crq 105762 105761 2026-06-29T10:20:02Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added link 105762 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], illegal small-scale mining (wey dem dey call galamsey for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 6j94ni0r5bkroqgd29vs95sv9de7cji 105763 105762 2026-06-29T10:21:44Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added a bold text and link 105763 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and agricultural expansion. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 4o2uk1lltm1jhgktn8fc8bozdgy71nv 105764 105763 2026-06-29T10:22:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105764 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] ohlybxaleoy4kl99cq7aw8hnn665s8u 105765 105764 2026-06-29T10:23:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105765 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and ecosystems.<ref name=":2" /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] i2kf513zzs8yz67nmmgt8eq0jxgah70 105766 105765 2026-06-29T10:26:30Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105766 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost. Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]. [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 7ue6uuh43s066o9wlolddtsfbw15lgy 105777 105766 2026-06-29T10:49:15Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citations 105777 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] quv4u608ounhkn5w1bufvoc1617c3x1 105781 105777 2026-06-29T10:54:47Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105781 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] dvazlnq530kaf8br2zezsc7njqnf8gf 105788 105781 2026-06-29T10:58:38Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added hyperlink 105788 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IB1GNP8Prw Tano River] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 37ju46rvlumvb7ti4ax16cgkvtpl1j4 105791 105788 2026-06-29T10:59:36Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added hyperlink 105791 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IB1GNP8Prw Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXCcgllSV5A Drying up of the Tano River] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] hzf9cgmjn2jh18925xn76rev4q45xdm 105794 105791 2026-06-29T11:00:49Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added hyperlinks 105794 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IB1GNP8Prw Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXCcgllSV5A Drying up of the Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6QKc0Mz2DA Human Activities Dries up Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQcfaRn9dbE&t=333s Tanoso Residents do not eat fish in the Tano River] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] hnmewambewj7ukk5z494k1vh44xiszo 105797 105794 2026-06-29T11:02:57Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105797 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IB1GNP8Prw Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXCcgllSV5A Drying up of the Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6QKc0Mz2DA Human Activities Dries up Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQcfaRn9dbE&t=333s Tanoso Residents do not eat fish in the Tano River] == Footnotes == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] r0dyjopp6w3c0l06n4ez77lu0y5qg79 105803 105797 2026-06-29T11:06:49Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added databox 105803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Tano''' or '''Tanoé River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: Rivière Tano) na [[:en:River|river]] for [[Ghana]]. E dey flow for 400 [[:en:Kilometre|kilometres]] from a town wey dem call Traa, a suburb of [[Techiman]], the capital town of [[Bono East Region]] for the Republic of [[Ghana]], reach [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[:en:Tendo_Lagoon|Tendo Lagoon]] and finally [[:en:Aby_Lagoon|Aby Lagoon]] for [[Ivory Coast]] where e dey enter the [[Atlantic Ocean]].The river Tano dey form the last few kilometres of the [[:en:Ghana–Ivory_Coast_border|international land boundary]] between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tano {{!}} Water Resources Commission of Ghana |url=http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033636/http://wrc-gh.org/en/basins/20/tano |archive-date=2014-01-04 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=wrc-gh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |title="Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana" (PDF). Environmental Systems Research.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=2026-06-30 |title=Ghana’s Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> [[:en:Traditional_religion|Indigenous local beliefs]] of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] people hold say Taakora,the highest of the [[Bono Region|Bono]] gods on Earth, dey live for the source of the river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wayback Machine |date=2026-06-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&oldid=1361564831 |access-date=2026-06-28 |language=en}}</ref> Dem believe say the last few people of [[:en:Miss_Waldron's_red_colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened [[:en:Primate|primates]],dey live for the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>As of mid-[[:en:2008|2008]], dem don plan to use this area for [[:en:Logging|logging]] by [[:en:Unilever|Unilever]],with the aim to replace e with [[:en:Oil_palm|oil palm]] [[:en:Plantation|plantations.]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> For [[January]] [[:en:2020|2020]], one truck wey carry plenty [[:en:Sulfuric_acid|sulfuric acid]] fall inside the Tano river.On January 13, dem advise the people no to drink the water because e dey contaminated. Since then, the river don return to its natural state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Drainage Basin and Hydrology == The Tano River na the principal watercourse of the Tano Basin, one of the four major river basins for southwestern Ghana,alongside the Ankobra, Bia, and Pra basins.The basin dey cover approximately 16,060 square kilometres,and out of that, about 92.6% dey fall inside Ghana while 7.4% dey extend reach Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tano – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |archive-date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin dey extend between latitudes 5°00′ N and 7°40′ N and longitudes 1°48′ W and 3°05′ W. Major tributaries of the Tano River include the Boin, Disue, Amama, Abu, Gaw, Suraw, Samre, Totua, and Disri rivers.<ref name=":1" /> The Tano Basin dey support [[Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union|agriculture]], [[:en:Forestry|forestry]], [[:en:Mining|mining]], and domestic water supply across southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast.The river system dey drain a region wey rich for mineral resources, including gold and bauxite deposits.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tano River |date=2026-06-27 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tano_River&oldid=1361364233 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref> == Ecology and Biodiversity == The Tano River and its associated wetlands dey support important ecosystems,particularly for the lower basin around the Tanoé-Ehy swamp forests and the Aby Lagoon complex.hese [[:en:Habitat|habitats]] dey contain significant [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] and dem dey provide ecological connectivity between Ghana and Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US}}</ref> The basin also dey support numerous fish species, wetland birds, and tropical forest ecosystems wey deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal mining activities dey increasingly threaten.<ref name=":2" /> == Environmental Challenges == The Tano River Basin dey face increasing [[Environmental issues in Africa|environmental]] pressures from [[:en:Deforestation|deforestation]],[[:en:Pollution|pollution]], '''illegal small-scale mining''' (wey dem dey call [[galamsey]] for local language), and [[:en:Agricultural_expansion|agricultural expansion]]. These activities dey contribute to water quality going bad, sedimentation, and habitat dey lost.<ref name=":1" /> Transboundary cooperation between Ghana and [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] dey become more and more important to ensure sustainable management of the river's water resources and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]].<ref name=":2" /> == See also == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IB1GNP8Prw Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXCcgllSV5A Drying up of the Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6QKc0Mz2DA Human Activities Dries up Tano River] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQcfaRn9dbE&t=333s Tanoso Residents do not eat fish in the Tano River] == Footnotes == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] fplhoeo5npu440hurivk11txw1qabhl 0 27836 105471 105455 2026-06-28T13:16:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. == References == paxwmzy6l9k79vyin58577iqc03980v 105472 105471 2026-06-28T13:17:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons. == References == q67wfkfl3ibqy85a3iqj751bep7ayhr 105473 105472 2026-06-28T13:18:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons. De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. == References == qq2rvcpz3c96msanbqa2cwgff26ufit 105474 105473 2026-06-28T13:19:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons. De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd". == References == fvxknkbb2g5qshe5wbcabbx8r1g9owc 105476 105474 2026-06-28T13:25:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd". == References == fgadyfi1blphef8yhw5wq793y1ke8ds 105477 105476 2026-06-28T13:25:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd". == References == nfobmip2snr3dnkhijjd9g29yh54k7o 105478 105477 2026-06-28T13:26:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> == References == gneyfc6aqtdsuy13hnx6nebq1uojbuy 105484 105478 2026-06-28T13:59:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam. == References == l1prfyaltif79ivps8j2hs90m2y2cp7 105485 105484 2026-06-28T13:59:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> == References == fm792w33bqv2hh6i1snxhfsdop2vetz 105487 105485 2026-06-28T13:59:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. == References == 60t24dksdlips0npj43zqcz7z0itxzh 105488 105487 2026-06-28T14:00:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. == References == 6o2ktv0hzhz1kzl8jhemzmwqheglyvn 105489 105488 2026-06-28T14:00:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again. == References == c0i7ue2ramhe72586f6m7xkgisuuvrx 105490 105489 2026-06-28T14:04:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> == References == s3pbbwa7io9vv0b55xwbn7ppdd56wg3 105491 105490 2026-06-28T14:04:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top. == References == jyra9cd58tmg6555gn9hcznhbf99g1n 105493 105491 2026-06-28T14:05:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> == References == a0wl08rbjaoxwoi9dfz6dcnx9w98yqk 105494 105493 2026-06-28T14:06:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top. == References == 6hcdbyj9hi24luo2xgkvx01vdwt8rrv 105495 105494 2026-06-28T14:06:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> == References == g56p11niv64najd4mp4ar7bjeedcz6w 105497 105495 2026-06-28T14:13:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. == References == sffnqfkjpwum6d379xfl3v95ooe82nh 105498 105497 2026-06-28T14:13:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. == References == g7oad9giwt5f0hjtfu51ycoyp4ib4mr 105500 105498 2026-06-28T14:15:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd. == References == lcblwjmcned9l9ahfs9s0o1d5vr3emf 105502 105500 2026-06-28T14:15:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd. Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. == References == 37o0a352dp04mjxf9nf3xy26nyjs52p 105505 105502 2026-06-28T14:19:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd. Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power. == References == 7lkw088yxa8l2pvy2angnsp37lx8lyl 105506 105505 2026-06-28T14:20:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd. Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> == References == elk8fxispxww9g663k6kp3klrss6tgh 105507 105506 2026-06-28T14:21:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site. Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> == References == j9z96bzbtjz1kc3dq2e2fics3k689rk 105509 105507 2026-06-28T14:21:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> == References == aux9jk2t9vokob164vno0mj23wgo23g 105513 105509 2026-06-28T14:27:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top. == References == 0acqqfv4s9jmkpxwpax4z4ypywky1wo 105515 105513 2026-06-28T14:28:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> == References == 5dnqyj42x4omsn5q9ijiu9kwamfhuqe 105517 105515 2026-06-28T14:28:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an [[:en:Environmental_impact_assessment|environmental impact assessment]] give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project." == References == a478761w53qchm273ggafctprgf4l9b 105518 105517 2026-06-28T14:29:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an [[:en:Environmental_impact_assessment|environmental impact assessment]] give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> == References == d31tzrwkpe8oab35v0nmwgqonov68h2 105525 105518 2026-06-28T15:14:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. == References == koek0mxqwxizbhz8tokpwmj49yhzt2x 105526 105525 2026-06-28T15:17:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd. == References == il7j06eck08df97rth17lhuhxw12kng 105527 105526 2026-06-28T15:17:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> == References == 8rpclg127zolykuauyipjcw8r6omgo6 105528 105527 2026-06-28T15:18:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". == References == oxgz6hji5ar5tn7jor1yw3arlnjpbyx 105529 105528 2026-06-28T15:19:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. == References == pa8wllimh429wsa6vdyucdm5amd4v0a 105530 105529 2026-06-28T15:21:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. == References == 24g4cph0zjfbnhrobb1lv7btugbbjn0 105531 105530 2026-06-28T15:21:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. == References == arjurx69n9b0neh41b0jyj7xdjnudvc 105532 105531 2026-06-28T15:22:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. == References == b99zyjfaz88gsfna7j1w8jybsurfabo 105533 105532 2026-06-28T15:22:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. == References == cte99d5k7o0x00sl1qcf0f91arg0cme 105534 105533 2026-06-28T15:24:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. == References == 3d40c247mx3jc3v86wlvr5r0udlz69k 105535 105534 2026-06-28T15:25:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. == References == f4lhklisw5g0qq27k9xtqx9oo16d9xy 105536 105535 2026-06-28T15:26:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. == References == tnzozi6kgu71oc3vs0v6y2i4950ydg6 105537 105536 2026-06-28T15:27:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. == References == gzlkmqzoe5p16vurd6n7gh0occ251fz 105538 105537 2026-06-28T15:28:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations". According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == 8ozpj65nd98dyo3qkvede46hpfwu13j 105539 105538 2026-06-28T15:29:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments. Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == n8t7p3sgy2b7rgme23utekhyzbthls3 105540 105539 2026-06-28T15:38:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment. De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == 7hjgv1x9a9wum37ialyimn5gks14ru9 105541 105540 2026-06-28T15:39:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd. De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == pnug8pj4qmxfeum22c6pcegeqlbz3uq 105542 105541 2026-06-28T15:41:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009, apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == sz54e6fwyfbgxn9ypnkz53yio2vt193 105543 105542 2026-06-28T15:41:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd. Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == s53dzoibz23ckt06uvhts86bb4futfw 105544 105543 2026-06-28T15:43:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam. == References == gno2420jbqx78zdt00p3t5s5x9zl0yd 105545 105544 2026-06-28T15:44:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == References == avg0cc2zvgyaljtrs7pgstsmrydh7zo 105563 105545 2026-06-28T17:33:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. == References == aunq2szykfyvb66nglhcxhae77fjxd0 105564 105563 2026-06-28T17:34:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli == References == jhqjbedc3z0dtr2oes9mcowhvr70s21 105565 105564 2026-06-28T17:34:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> == References == llkwvj74uw0onmlanpp0k4sa5h71o23 105566 105565 2026-06-28T17:34:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. == References == mhttzbzefg0o4uogfsnsuuao6qwa61l 105567 105566 2026-06-28T17:35:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. == References == t5ype8eo4zn6m7le085iwnkvhykx931 105568 105567 2026-06-28T17:35:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem. == References == 8nb2fdzhwz03zg5vuvaj6hpc9yg1p7c 105569 105568 2026-06-28T17:36:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem. General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power. == References == 945pe4d0zckyln2jadl7rwncy29ej0z 105570 105569 2026-06-28T17:36:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem. General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power. For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work. == References == 13sbdzjyau2dyqd35fljerpiojs5iqk 105571 105570 2026-06-28T17:38:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem. General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power. For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == References == p45yvxaxqsi5fbjtffh98f69o8ziylb 105572 105571 2026-06-28T17:38:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power. For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == References == 2r19nbib7lxr7xykcjikko6z6hzblwd 105573 105572 2026-06-28T17:39:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == References == 1o4k429eov3x3m6ciqrqs5m1g0302ou 105580 105573 2026-06-28T19:40:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. == References == hqqs6eew6tv50ugiqawepov9109cbyq 105581 105580 2026-06-28T19:41:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. == References == aa03v1jgwai11cejci9vt6zeby06ao9 105582 105581 2026-06-28T19:42:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. == References == kidc3fv9ze6tnerfjdqsnljb6b8kn1o 105583 105582 2026-06-28T19:42:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. == References == 3jf23ybjv2padymtvcikly4vkhkkrt5 105584 105583 2026-06-28T19:43:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. == References == j1ga5l6h0yuxozd28qnh5ye6p5btraa 105585 105584 2026-06-28T19:44:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. == References == 8bxpe7855symmp6to1sf4lnojbmyht9 105586 105585 2026-06-28T19:44:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. == References == 553g6frk45vx0gwqrvv6twzb9j8wwyt 105587 105586 2026-06-28T19:45:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. == References == hacw08r093cqey173768818zb28bx22 105588 105587 2026-06-28T19:45:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. == References == e0i5rrz0ju7ncv236nj9wfj38hiim6r 105589 105588 2026-06-28T19:46:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. == References == itdhahzmf6goryjzvd7ycvdixkf6ynr 105590 105589 2026-06-28T19:47:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. == References == isef83b6oypl7tbxaqgwnliuxhzjw0i 105591 105590 2026-06-28T19:47:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. == References == o8t4apx66bzz4fu3lmkeref9shw12un 105592 105591 2026-06-28T19:48:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. == References == 7n5letbcgyewt6u2zcxk5xoosga1bwk 105593 105592 2026-06-28T19:49:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. == References == 6umj7chza112rpz6jaehw69wh9g1byh 105594 105593 2026-06-28T19:49:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". == References == 93ppwyzzd7y7a3f4jwrrrxxypwnmntv 105595 105594 2026-06-28T19:50:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. == References == iznxtzs5w7b91p0npwfi09wi5zfvhfs 105596 105595 2026-06-28T19:51:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. == References == 2qh58lrnhk3gah4n2iikn7u37frij0p 105597 105596 2026-06-28T19:51:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. == References == nobxomwpsk174aje97ifaisph0em9pu 105598 105597 2026-06-28T19:52:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. == References == srnpjl7un600hy7kfmce7ceg4zrqkve 105599 105598 2026-06-28T20:03:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. == References == kwvc00uey4iddr9lj78g0o0r19yf6i5 105600 105599 2026-06-28T20:04:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. == References == h65xu8bhe7yx8s85gs4tf7ao1m4g4t0 105601 105600 2026-06-28T20:05:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd. According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == kdxghprlr0sbtdmqsnpgjdzn2ewmef0 105602 105601 2026-06-28T20:06:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora. De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == ll943ucbroldv7go6yc1wcw5fqatb75 105603 105602 2026-06-28T20:06:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds. Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == ms96b7n8wluqu1w8azz63wix5niwseo 105604 105603 2026-06-28T20:07:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost. International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == l2l6mo1gxwph2zstn21olhpr6l7vf0e 105605 105604 2026-06-28T20:09:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == fz4149uz9z2dlv5vfusxi6jzv2fqv2c 105606 105605 2026-06-28T20:09:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == ko0jp5qzfcrl6mxach5ojkn0kr4s2ij 105607 105606 2026-06-28T20:10:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy. Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == 640140xqzaufj4t5a6o5wln8ivev8jm 105608 105607 2026-06-28T20:10:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam. For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == fnv8pzp3361qe8rjkqx04j2ymbf137o 105609 105608 2026-06-28T20:11:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == pycpt9lejqa2z0apm7tn4j1329z6jx7 105610 105609 2026-06-28T20:12:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing". De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == eppklihzra32fimdjtkh7ceen7drsro 105611 105610 2026-06-28T20:12:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor. De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == dzn3km0aorddllmrlo0g2y7w5xcmvrk 105612 105611 2026-06-28T20:13:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top. For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == 8rq62aippycafu837blvc1e8oidkvc7 105613 105612 2026-06-28T20:14:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd. Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == 7h96fdna7e9xo35azljdmktzbtoga1c 105614 105613 2026-06-28T20:15:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor. == References == bvpm0uk0v8ii9fiym6pkb5yedj8dffh 105615 105614 2026-06-28T20:15:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == References == mlhr0nvzy2mfiu7mmznjv7r26g9fyrn 105616 105615 2026-06-28T20:40:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. == References == k6hha7uqb9ia0gxf1oysbwomu68rx1h 105617 105616 2026-06-28T20:41:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts. == References == p8lvbqwlnxgx6l22qglg4og94xds84i 105618 105617 2026-06-28T20:41:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts.<ref>[http://www.ecoseed.org/index.php/general-news/green-politics/green-policies/africa-a-the-middle-east/3390 "China, Ethiopia strike $ 1.9-B hydroelectric deal"], Ecoseed Portal website, published 17 July 2009 (accessed 19 August 2009)</ref> == References == 0gw5y62cdvs14u12j8yt7pt9yplqsv8 105619 105618 2026-06-28T21:00:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts.<ref>[http://www.ecoseed.org/index.php/general-news/green-politics/green-policies/africa-a-the-middle-east/3390 "China, Ethiopia strike $ 1.9-B hydroelectric deal"], Ecoseed Portal website, published 17 July 2009 (accessed 19 August 2009)</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 De "white oil" of Ethiopia] == References == enciozqxa25kziawsgehhw7o60o5ot0 105620 105619 2026-06-28T21:01:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts.<ref>[http://www.ecoseed.org/index.php/general-news/green-politics/green-policies/africa-a-the-middle-east/3390 "China, Ethiopia strike $ 1.9-B hydroelectric deal"], Ecoseed Portal website, published 17 July 2009 (accessed 19 August 2009)</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 De "white oil" of Ethiopia] * [http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Commentary] [http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ for Gibe III Dam top] == References == 0as787y047fbz0624xey8l2f621sw9n 105622 105620 2026-06-28T21:02:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts.<ref>[http://www.ecoseed.org/index.php/general-news/green-politics/green-policies/africa-a-the-middle-east/3390 "China, Ethiopia strike $ 1.9-B hydroelectric deal"], Ecoseed Portal website, published 17 July 2009 (accessed 19 August 2009)</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 De "white oil" of Ethiopia] * [http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Commentary for Gibe III Dam top] * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7959444.stm De dam dat dey divide Ethiopians] March 2009 BBC News report == References == 2vpxfj5p7jkif6dq416qz9ezzpwu9ju 0 27845 105475 105213 2026-06-28T13:22:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105475 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}</nowiki> {{Use British English|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]] De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}</ref> De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.<ref name="FAO 2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.<ref name=":2" /> Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Geology == De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deposits throughout de Jurassic suggest de presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat insyd de basin, den dis continued into de Early Cretaceous. By de start of de Late Cretaceous, a connection plus de Trans-Saharan seaway wey lead to a significant marine incursion into de basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion be disputed), causing am to serve as a connection between de southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] den de Tethys Ocean. Many of de formations deposited by these freshwater den marine habitats are rich insyd pollen, invertebrate, den vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils. Kimberlite pipes dat are thought to have formed during de Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease insyd de rate of seafloor spreading of de southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are de source of de region's famous diamonds.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X17301838 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19301414 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == References == axavrvyc6nr2np0xxi0un9fyphuvhmu 105479 105475 2026-06-28T13:37:18Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105479 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}</nowiki> {{Use British English|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]] De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}</ref> De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.<ref name="FAO 2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.<ref name=":2" /> Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Geology == De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deposits throughout de Jurassic suggest de presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat insyd de basin, den dis continued into de Early Cretaceous. By de start of de Late Cretaceous, a connection plus de Trans-Saharan seaway wey lead to a significant marine incursion into de basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion be disputed), causing am to serve as a connection between de southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] den de Tethys Ocean. Many of de formations deposited by these freshwater den marine habitats are rich insyd pollen, invertebrate, den vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils. Kimberlite pipes dat are thought to have formed during de Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease insyd de rate of seafloor spreading of de southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are de source of de region's famous diamonds.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X17301838 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19301414 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By de Cenozoic, an uplift insyd de borders of de Cuvette Centrale had blocked any further marine connections. During de Paleogene, high rainfall turned de basin into a series of marshy ponds den swamps. A shift to more arid conditions plus seasonal droughts occurred plus de start of de Neogene. Later insyd de Neogene, a sudden shift to fluvial deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.<ref name=":3" /> == References == dnnvwn2pb5bsuf0dgmf779iqj6mbf3k 105480 105479 2026-06-28T13:38:34Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 105480 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}</nowiki> {{Use British English|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]] De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}</ref> De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.<ref name="FAO 2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.<ref name=":2" /> Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Geology == De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deposits throughout de Jurassic suggest de presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat insyd de basin, den dis continued into de Early Cretaceous. By de start of de Late Cretaceous, a connection plus de Trans-Saharan seaway wey lead to a significant marine incursion into de basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion be disputed), causing am to serve as a connection between de southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] den de Tethys Ocean. Many of de formations deposited by these freshwater den marine habitats are rich insyd pollen, invertebrate, den vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils. Kimberlite pipes dat are thought to have formed during de Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease insyd de rate of seafloor spreading of de southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are de source of de region's famous diamonds.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X17301838 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19301414 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By de Cenozoic, an uplift insyd de borders of de Cuvette Centrale had blocked any further marine connections. During de Paleogene, high rainfall turned de basin into a series of marshy ponds den swamps. A shift to more arid conditions plus seasonal droughts occurred plus de start of de Neogene. Later insyd de Neogene, a sudden shift to fluvial deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.<ref name=":3" /> De following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited insyd de basin:<ref name=":3" /> == References == ouxrrj312acr3xe4aj5jny85y8e99fd 105481 105480 2026-06-28T13:45:43Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105481 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}</nowiki> {{Use British English|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]] De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}</ref> De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.<ref name="FAO 2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.<ref name=":2" /> Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Geology == De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deposits throughout de Jurassic suggest de presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat insyd de basin, den dis continued into de Early Cretaceous. By de start of de Late Cretaceous, a connection plus de Trans-Saharan seaway wey lead to a significant marine incursion into de basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion be disputed), causing am to serve as a connection between de southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] den de Tethys Ocean. Many of de formations deposited by these freshwater den marine habitats are rich insyd pollen, invertebrate, den vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils. Kimberlite pipes dat are thought to have formed during de Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease insyd de rate of seafloor spreading of de southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are de source of de region's famous diamonds.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X17301838 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19301414 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By de Cenozoic, an uplift insyd de borders of de Cuvette Centrale had blocked any further marine connections. During de Paleogene, high rainfall turned de basin into a series of marshy ponds den swamps. A shift to more arid conditions plus seasonal droughts occurred plus de start of de Neogene. Later insyd de Neogene, a sudden shift to fluvial deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.<ref name=":3" /> De following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited insyd de basin:<ref name=":3" /> * Late Carboniferous /Permian - Lukuga Formation (part of de Lower Karoo) * Early Triassic to Early Jurassic - Haute Lueki Formation (part of Upper karoo) * Late Jurassic - Stanleyville Formation * Early Cretaceous - Loia Formation, Kamina Series * Late Cretaceous - Bokungu Formation, Kwango Series (Nsele Group, Inzia Group) * Paleogene - Kwango Formation, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series * Neogene - Limons Series, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series == References == b7kax1r4s77oqsga2sc5q006gwsj9tg 105482 105481 2026-06-28T13:46:29Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 105482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <nowiki>{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}</nowiki> {{Use British English|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}} [[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]] De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}</ref> De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.<ref name="FAO 2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}</ref> However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.<ref name=":2" /> Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Geology == De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic & onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deposits throughout de Jurassic suggest de presence of a freshwater, lacustrine habitat insyd de basin, den dis continued into de Early Cretaceous. By de start of de Late Cretaceous, a connection plus de Trans-Saharan seaway wey lead to a significant marine incursion into de basin (evidence of an earlier, Late Jurassic marine intrusion be disputed), causing am to serve as a connection between de southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] den de Tethys Ocean. Many of de formations deposited by these freshwater den marine habitats are rich insyd pollen, invertebrate, den vertebrate (primarily fish) fossils. Kimberlite pipes dat are thought to have formed during de Cretaceous, possibly due to a shock from a sudden decrease insyd de rate of seafloor spreading of de southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are de source of de region's famous diamonds.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caillaud |first=Alexis |last2=Blanpied |first2=Christian |last3=Delvaux |first3=Damien |date=2017-08-01 |title=The Upper Jurassic Stanleyville Group of the eastern Congo Basin: An example of perennial lacustrine system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X17301838 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=132 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.002 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkere |first=Buliba J. |last2=Griffin |first2=William L. |last3=Janney |first3=Philip E. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Emplacement age of the Tshibwe kimberlite, Democratic Republic of Congo, by in-situ LAM-ICPMS U/Pb dating of groundmass perovskite |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19301414 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=157 |pages=103502 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.05.010 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By de Cenozoic, an uplift insyd de borders of de Cuvette Centrale had blocked any further marine connections. During de Paleogene, high rainfall turned de basin into a series of marshy ponds den swamps. A shift to more arid conditions plus seasonal droughts occurred plus de start of de Neogene. Later insyd de Neogene, a sudden shift to fluvial deposits suggests a dramatic return to wetter conditions.<ref name=":3" /> De following sedimentary geological formations have been deposited insyd de basin:<ref name=":3" /> * Late Carboniferous /Permian - Lukuga Formation (part of de Lower Karoo) * Early Triassic to Early Jurassic - Haute Lueki Formation (part of Upper karoo) * Late Jurassic - Stanleyville Formation * Early Cretaceous - Loia Formation, Kamina Series * Late Cretaceous - Bokungu Formation, Kwango Series (Nsele Group, Inzia Group) * Paleogene - Kwango Formation, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series * Neogene - Limons Series, Kalahari System, Sables Bateke Series == References == ogedjewpufx5uqspc0fkjhqirhocqls 0 27901 105496 2026-06-28T14:08:01Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 105496 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. == References == d6of00p4y3hi70wdnxfj2raxi5kszzv 105499 105496 2026-06-28T14:13:56Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 105499 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== == References == kx9d4xv2kc8kvcvgfzy69yvgy7xsepx 105503 105499 2026-06-28T14:17:14Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105503 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> == References == abisn3aa9hy63suhkdnrqsgddl5fvbr 105508 105503 2026-06-28T14:21:13Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105508 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. == References == q1zo8lp4haszk112pfs7765bur5h24g 105510 105508 2026-06-28T14:23:14Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105510 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} == References == 1jx81kbh1ktxe8z02x5jy8buevzck28 105511 105510 2026-06-28T14:25:11Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105511 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. == References == 4fhet05qw82ygfyh2yu7xw2q8xsceov 105512 105511 2026-06-28T14:27:15Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105512 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. == References == alfxchnowk19g7a8a3k02cfrneuw6uh 105514 105512 2026-06-28T14:27:55Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 105514 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== == References == rahqqzo18c7ndla2mkbu0juf3oftcul 105519 105514 2026-06-28T14:30:15Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105519 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> == References == 6patjqb00mt1onw4rpnxs7gn7mi135o 105520 105519 2026-06-28T14:31:07Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 105520 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> ==Spy sanso== == References == lkedjwwthc4ph363fyeb7pz7meu5k09 105521 105520 2026-06-28T14:32:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 105521 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> ==Spy sanso== * Idriss I (dam) == References == djrk24w5qkb37xxmdexu05leujbuj5q 105522 105521 2026-06-28T14:33:40Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 105522 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> ==Spy sanso== * Idriss I (dam) == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] 2o23yc3uqglvegv7uq57e534w3qv6mn 105523 105522 2026-06-28T14:34:09Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 105523 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> ==Spy sanso== * Idriss I (dam) == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] [[Category:AWC2026]] kyh2d1grbqjt3lkop9rw3bg6hwndxnr 105524 105523 2026-06-28T14:34:57Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 105524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) be a river insyd northern Morocco. At its source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains it be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long den has an average water flow of 137 m³/s, which makes am de largest North African river by volume. E passes near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den discharges to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich has de only river port insyd Morocco. Its most important tributaries are de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river supports [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco's most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou was known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder states dat e was "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), flowing near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> There be scant historical reference to de Sebou being used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, its river mouth was an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid built a bridge over de river near Fes wich has been preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou was renowned for its Twait shad wich was highly prized by de people of Fex, but due to pollution de shad became extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigated de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably including pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> ==Spy sanso== * Idriss I (dam) == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] [[Category:AWC2026]] gnkcxbstft8g048kdmhcu9bk8lcw8rp 0 27902 105548 2026-06-28T16:13:20Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 105548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Process that improves the quality of water}} {{About|treatment of various waters|treatment of wastewater|Wastewater treatment|medical water treatment|Water cure (therapy)}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve the quality of water make e fit for a particular use. That use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, or plenty other purposes, including returning the water safely back into the environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants and other unwanted substances, or reduce the amount inside the water, so the water go fit for the purpose wey dem want use am for. This treatment be very important for human health and e help people use water safely for drinking and irrigation. In recent decades, scientists don develop more advanced water treatment methods because of growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These methods include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials and activated carbon. Besides that, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, and sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce and environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === {{Main|Water purification|Drinking water|water supply}} Water contamination mostly happen because industries and commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds and amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers and other water sources. The wastewater fit contain plenty organic and inorganic contaminants from the beginning. Industries produce wastewater through manufacturing processes, paper and pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, and systems like cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants and making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so the final water go pure enough for human consumption without causing any short-term or long-term health problems. The biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated with human or animal (including bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Removing or destroying these disease-causing microorganisms be very important. This usually involve using chemical agents together with treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals like iron and manganese. Research, including the work of Professor Linda Lawton and her team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve the detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> These harmful substances still dey affect many developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems.{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}} Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E also include how the treated water dey transported and distributed. Because of this, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution and keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house through tap water or other domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. These additional treatments fit include water softening or ion exchange. {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} === Wastewater treatment === {{excerpt|wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1-3}} === Industrial water treatment === {{excerpt|Industrial water treatment#Overview|file=no}} [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial groundwater plant, the pretreated raw water from the Kokemäki River dey soak through the basins enter the Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling and filtration, chemical methods like disinfection and coagulation, and biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around the world choose one or more of these processes depending on the season and the type of contaminants and chemicals inside the raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms or remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth and stop biological growth. * Aeration together with pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron when small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light. svgaec0yzwh24stb56dvzoff2ho6kqz 105553 105548 2026-06-28T16:28:42Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Process that improves the quality of water}} {{About|treatment of various waters|treatment of wastewater|Wastewater treatment|medical water treatment|Water cure (therapy)}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve the quality of water make e fit for a particular use. That use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, or plenty other purposes, including returning the water safely back into the environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants and other unwanted substances, or reduce the amount inside the water, so the water go fit for the purpose wey dem want use am for. This treatment be very important for human health and e help people use water safely for drinking and irrigation. In recent decades, scientists don develop more advanced water treatment methods because of growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These methods include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials and activated carbon. Besides that, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, and sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce and environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === {{Main|Water purification|Drinking water|water supply}} Water contamination mostly happen because industries and commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds and amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers and other water sources. The wastewater fit contain plenty organic and inorganic contaminants from the beginning. Industries produce wastewater through manufacturing processes, paper and pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, and systems like cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants and making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so the final water go pure enough for human consumption without causing any short-term or long-term health problems. The biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated with human or animal (including bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Removing or destroying these disease-causing microorganisms be very important. This usually involve using chemical agents together with treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals like iron and manganese. Research, including the work of Professor Linda Lawton and her team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve the detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> These harmful substances still dey affect many developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems.{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}} Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E also include how the treated water dey transported and distributed. Because of this, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution and keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house through tap water or other domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. These additional treatments fit include water softening or ion exchange. {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} === Wastewater treatment === {{excerpt|wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1-3}} === Industrial water treatment === {{excerpt|Industrial water treatment#Overview|file=no}} [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial groundwater plant, the pretreated raw water from the Kokemäki River dey soak through the basins enter the Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling and filtration, chemical methods like disinfection and coagulation, and biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around the world choose one or more of these processes depending on the season and the type of contaminants and chemicals inside the raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms or remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth and stop biological growth. * Aeration together with pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron when small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks wey get sand filters to remove iron wey don settle (dem no dey work for dat time)]] Different chemical methods dey help convert substances into final products or remove pollutants so dem fit safely remove contaminants.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-[[Water chlorination|chlorination]] to control algae and stop biological growth. * [[Aeration]] plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron, especially if small amount of manganese dey inside. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses and other pathogens by using chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light. === Physical === Physical water and wastewater treatment methods dey depend on physical processes instead of biological or chemical changes to remove contaminants.<ref name=":4" /> The most common physical methods be: * [[Sedimentation]] be one of the main wastewater treatment processes. [[Gravity separation|Gravity settling]] separate particles from liquid. As water speed reduce during treatment, suspended particles begin settle down because of gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gottfried|first1=A.|last2=Shepard|first2=A. D.|last3=Hardiman|first3=K.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. E.|date=2008-11-01|title=Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003291|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=4683–4691|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011|pmid=18789473 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42.4683G |issn=0043-1354|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Sneha|date=2020-04-15|title=Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591020301613|journal=Powder Technology|language=en|volume=366|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054|s2cid=213499533 |issn=0032-5910|url-access=subscription}}</ref> E dey mainly remove [[suspended solids]] wey trap inside floc. * [[Filtration]] dey remove pollutants based on particle size. Removing pollutants from wastewater make e possible to reuse the water for different purposes. The type of filter wey dem go use depend on the contaminants inside the water. Particle filtration and [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] be the two main filtration methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Arslan|last2=Rutten|first2=Sam|last3=de Waal|first3=Luuk|last4=Vollaard|first4=Peter|last5=van Genuchten|first5=Case|last6=Bruning|first6=Harry|last7=Cornelissen|first7=Emile|last8=van der Wal|first8=Albert|date=2020-06-15|title=Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=241|article-number=116644|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644|s2cid=214445348 |issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-8699161|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * [[Dissolved air flotation]] ([[Degasification]]) na process wey dey remove dissolved gases from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. According to [[Henry's law]], the amount of gas wey dissolve inside liquid depend on the gas pressure. Degasification be low-cost way to remove [[carbon dioxide]] gas from wastewater, wey dey increase the water [[pH]] by removing the gas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Deaerator]] dey reduce oxygen and nitrogen for boiler feed water applications. === Physico-chemical === Also dem dey call am "Conventional" Treatment. * Coagulation for [[flocculation]]. Adding coagulants dey destabilize colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, wey make the smaller particles join together during coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyström|first1=Fredrik|last2=Nordqvist|first2=Kerstin|last3=Herrmann|first3=Inga|last4=Hedström|first4=Annelie|last5=Viklander|first5=Maria|date=2020-09-01|title=Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=182|article-number=115919|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919|pmid=32622122 |s2cid=219414366 |issn=0043-1354|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020WatRe.18215919N }}</ref> * Coagulant aids, wey dem also dey call [[polyelectrolyte]]s, dey improve coagulation and help create stronger flocs. * Polyelectrolytes or [[polymer]]s normally get either positive or negative charge. The type wey dem go choose depend on the characteristics of the source water. * Most times dem dey use these together with primary coagulants like ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or alum. [[Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation]] be common process wey dey reduce [[heavy metals]] concentration for wastewater. Dissolved metal ions dey change into insoluble form through chemical reaction with precipitating agents like lime. For industrial work, dem fit use stronger alkalis to make the precipitation complete. For drinking water treatment, the [[common-ion effect]] dey help reduce water hardness.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Chemical Precipitation|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=141–197|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Vaccari|first2=David A.|last3=Li|first3=Yan|last4=Shammas|first4=Nazih K.|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref> Flotation dey use bubbles attach to solids or dispersed liquids so dem fit separate dem from liquid phase.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Dissolved Air Flotation|date=2005|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=431–500|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Lawrence K.|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|language=en|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|isbn=978-1-58829-165-3|access-date=2021-11-12|last2=Fahey|first2=Edward M.|last3=Wu|first3=Zucheng|editor2-last=Hung|editor2-first=Yung-Tse|editor3-last=Shammas|editor3-first=Nazih K.|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> lj1eyt67x5gqey5kss1c6s1nt5ng0dt 105554 105553 2026-06-28T16:31:09Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Process that improves the quality of water}} {{About|treatment of various waters|treatment of wastewater|Wastewater treatment|medical water treatment|Water cure (therapy)}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve the quality of water make e fit for a particular use. That use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, or plenty other purposes, including returning the water safely back into the environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants and other unwanted substances, or reduce the amount inside the water, so the water go fit for the purpose wey dem want use am for. This treatment be very important for human health and e help people use water safely for drinking and irrigation. In recent decades, scientists don develop more advanced water treatment methods because of growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These methods include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials and activated carbon. Besides that, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, and sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce and environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === {{Main|Water purification|Drinking water|water supply}} Water contamination mostly happen because industries and commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds and amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers and other water sources. The wastewater fit contain plenty organic and inorganic contaminants from the beginning. Industries produce wastewater through manufacturing processes, paper and pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, and systems like cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants and making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so the final water go pure enough for human consumption without causing any short-term or long-term health problems. The biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated with human or animal (including bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Removing or destroying these disease-causing microorganisms be very important. This usually involve using chemical agents together with treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals like iron and manganese. Research, including the work of Professor Linda Lawton and her team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve the detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> These harmful substances still dey affect many developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems.{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}} Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E also include how the treated water dey transported and distributed. Because of this, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution and keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house through tap water or other domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. These additional treatments fit include water softening or ion exchange. {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} === Wastewater treatment === {{excerpt|wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1-3}} === Industrial water treatment === {{excerpt|Industrial water treatment#Overview|file=no}} [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial groundwater plant, the pretreated raw water from the Kokemäki River dey soak through the basins enter the Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling and filtration, chemical methods like disinfection and coagulation, and biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around the world choose one or more of these processes depending on the season and the type of contaminants and chemicals inside the raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms or remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth and stop biological growth. * Aeration together with pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron when small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks wey get sand filters to remove iron wey don settle (dem no dey work for dat time)]] Different chemical methods dey help convert substances into final products or remove pollutants so dem fit safely remove contaminants.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-[[Water chlorination|chlorination]] to control algae and stop biological growth. * [[Aeration]] plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron, especially if small amount of manganese dey inside. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses and other pathogens by using chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light. === Physical === Physical water and wastewater treatment methods dey depend on physical processes instead of biological or chemical changes to remove contaminants.<ref name=":4" /> The most common physical methods be: * [[Sedimentation]] be one of the main wastewater treatment processes. [[Gravity separation|Gravity settling]] separate particles from liquid. As water speed reduce during treatment, suspended particles begin settle down because of gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gottfried|first1=A.|last2=Shepard|first2=A. D.|last3=Hardiman|first3=K.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. E.|date=2008-11-01|title=Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003291|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=4683–4691|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011|pmid=18789473 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42.4683G |issn=0043-1354|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Sneha|date=2020-04-15|title=Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591020301613|journal=Powder Technology|language=en|volume=366|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054|s2cid=213499533 |issn=0032-5910|url-access=subscription}}</ref> E dey mainly remove [[suspended solids]] wey trap inside floc. * [[Filtration]] dey remove pollutants based on particle size. Removing pollutants from wastewater make e possible to reuse the water for different purposes. The type of filter wey dem go use depend on the contaminants inside the water. Particle filtration and [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] be the two main filtration methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Arslan|last2=Rutten|first2=Sam|last3=de Waal|first3=Luuk|last4=Vollaard|first4=Peter|last5=van Genuchten|first5=Case|last6=Bruning|first6=Harry|last7=Cornelissen|first7=Emile|last8=van der Wal|first8=Albert|date=2020-06-15|title=Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=241|article-number=116644|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644|s2cid=214445348 |issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-8699161|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * [[Dissolved air flotation]] ([[Degasification]]) na process wey dey remove dissolved gases from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. According to [[Henry's law]], the amount of gas wey dissolve inside liquid depend on the gas pressure. Degasification be low-cost way to remove [[carbon dioxide]] gas from wastewater, wey dey increase the water [[pH]] by removing the gas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Deaerator]] dey reduce oxygen and nitrogen for boiler feed water applications. === Physico-chemical === Also dem dey call am "Conventional" Treatment. * Coagulation for [[flocculation]]. Adding coagulants dey destabilize colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, wey make the smaller particles join together during coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyström|first1=Fredrik|last2=Nordqvist|first2=Kerstin|last3=Herrmann|first3=Inga|last4=Hedström|first4=Annelie|last5=Viklander|first5=Maria|date=2020-09-01|title=Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=182|article-number=115919|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919|pmid=32622122 |s2cid=219414366 |issn=0043-1354|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020WatRe.18215919N }}</ref> * Coagulant aids, wey dem also dey call [[polyelectrolyte]]s, dey improve coagulation and help create stronger flocs. * Polyelectrolytes or [[polymer]]s normally get either positive or negative charge. The type wey dem go choose depend on the characteristics of the source water. * Most times dem dey use these together with primary coagulants like ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or alum. [[Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation]] be common process wey dey reduce [[heavy metals]] concentration for wastewater. Dissolved metal ions dey change into insoluble form through chemical reaction with precipitating agents like lime. For industrial work, dem fit use stronger alkalis to make the precipitation complete. For drinking water treatment, the [[common-ion effect]] dey help reduce water hardness.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Chemical Precipitation|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=141–197|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Vaccari|first2=David A.|last3=Li|first3=Yan|last4=Shammas|first4=Nazih K.|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref> Flotation dey use bubbles attach to solids or dispersed liquids so dem fit separate dem from liquid phase.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Dissolved Air Flotation|date=2005|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=431–500|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Lawrence K.|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|language=en|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|isbn=978-1-58829-165-3|access-date=2021-11-12|last2=Fahey|first2=Edward M.|last3=Wu|first3=Zucheng|editor2-last=Hung|editor2-first=Yung-Tse|editor3-last=Shammas|editor3-first=Nazih K.|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Membrane filtration ==== Membrane filtration fit remove suspended solids, organic substances, plus inorganic pollutants like heavy metals. To remove heavy metals, dem fit use different types of [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] like [[ultrafiltration]], [[nanofiltration]], and [[reverse osmosis]], depending on the particle size wey the membrane fit hold back.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Selvaraj |first2=Senthil Kumaran |last3=Vishak Thanu |first3=S. |last4=Cholapadath |first4=Vishnu |last5=Abraham |first5=Ashesh Mathew |last6=Zaiyan |first6=Mohammed |last7=Manikandan |first7=M |last8=Paramasivam |first8=Velmurugan |title=A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater |journal=Materials Research Express |date=6 January 2022 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=012003 |doi=10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8|bibcode=2022MRE.....9a2003C |s2cid=245810763 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kurniawan|first1=Tonni Agustiono|last2=Chan|first2=Gilbert Y. S.|last3=Lo|first3=Wai-Hung|last4=Babel|first4=Sandhya|date=2006-05-01|title=Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894706000362|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015|bibcode=2006ChEnJ.118...83K |issn=1385-8947|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Antiscalant]]s fit help maintain membrane filtration system.<ref name="f467">{{cite journal | last1=Armbruster | first1=Dominic | last2=Müller | first2=Uwe | last3=Happel | first3=Oliver | title=Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | journal=Journal of Chromatography A | volume=1601 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014 | pages=189–204| pmid=31130225 }}</ref> Some very small molecules fit still [[Permeation|permeate]] pass through some [[membrane]]s.<ref name="f467"/> ==== Ion exchange ==== Ion exchange be reversible process wey one insoluble substance ([[resin]]) take ions from electrolytic solution and release other ions wey get the same charge in almost equal amount, without changing the structure of the resin.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Vigneswaran|first1=Saravanamuthu|chapter=Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=635–676|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Ngo|first2=Huu Hao|last3=Chaudhary|first3=Durgananda Singh|last4=Hung|first4=Yung-Tse|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rengaraj|first1=S|last2=Yeon|first2=Kyeong-Ho|last3=Moon|first3=Seung-Hyeon|date=October 2001|title=Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=87|issue=1–3|pages=273–287|doi=10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6|pmid=11566415|bibcode=2001JHzM...87..273R|issn=0304-3894}}</ref> ==== Electrochemical treatment techniques ==== * Electrodialysis (ED) * Membrane electrolysis (ME) * Electrochemical precipitation (EP)<ref name=":12" /> ==== Adsorption ==== Adsorption be mass transfer process wey one substance move from liquid phase go the surface of solid or liquid adsorbent, then e attach there physically or chemically as adsorbate. Dem dey divide adsorption into two types based on the attraction between the adsorbent and adsorbate: physical adsorption (physisorption) and chemical adsorption (chemisorption).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=N. B.|last2=Nagpal|first2=Garima|last3=Agrawal|first3=Sonal|last4=Rachna|date=2018-08-01|title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663|journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation|language=en|volume=11|pages=187–240|doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006|bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |s2cid=103693107 |issn=2352-1864|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BABEL|first1=Sandhya|last2=KURNIAWAN|first2=Tonni Agustiono|date=2003|title=A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite|journal=Journal of Ion Exchange|volume=14|issue=Supplement|pages=289–292|doi=10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289|bibcode=2003JIEx...14S.289B |issn=1884-3360|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===== Activated carbon ===== [[Activated carbon]]s (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00029-X|title=The BAC-process for treatment of waste water Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants |year=2001 |last1=Sirotkin |first1=A. |last2=Koshkina |first2=L. Yu. |last3=Ippolitov |first3=K. G. |journal=Water Research |volume=35 |issue=13 |pages=3265–3271 |pmid=11487125 |bibcode=2001WatRe..35.3265S }}</ref> be very effective adsorbents for many different contaminants. One of the industrial uses be removing colour, smell, taste and other harmful organic and inorganic substances from drinking water and wastewater through adsorption.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164">{{Cite journal|last1=Mezohegyi|first1=Gergo|last2=van der Zee|first2=Frank P.|last3=Font|first3=Josep|last4=Fortuny|first4=Agustí|last5=Fabregat|first5=Azael|date=2012-07-15|title=Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000904|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=102|pages=148–164|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021|pmid=22459012 |bibcode=2012JEnvM.102..148M |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription}}</ref> If activated carbon get high surface area plus plenty pores, e dey work better. Plenty studies don use activated carbon remove heavy metals and other contaminants from wastewater. But commercial activated carbon (AC) don become expensive because e no dey enough. Because of the high surface area, porosity and flexibility, activated carbon still get plenty potential for wastewater treatment.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164"/> 8sdpf5v7iwnuviqav9h7i2u8lfyvhi8 105555 105554 2026-06-28T16:34:21Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Process that improves the quality of water}} {{About|treatment of various waters|treatment of wastewater|Wastewater treatment|medical water treatment|Water cure (therapy)}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve the quality of water make e fit for a particular use. That use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, or plenty other purposes, including returning the water safely back into the environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants and other unwanted substances, or reduce the amount inside the water, so the water go fit for the purpose wey dem want use am for. This treatment be very important for human health and e help people use water safely for drinking and irrigation. In recent decades, scientists don develop more advanced water treatment methods because of growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These methods include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials and activated carbon. Besides that, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, and sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce and environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === {{Main|Water purification|Drinking water|water supply}} Water contamination mostly happen because industries and commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds and amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers and other water sources. The wastewater fit contain plenty organic and inorganic contaminants from the beginning. Industries produce wastewater through manufacturing processes, paper and pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, and systems like cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants and making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so the final water go pure enough for human consumption without causing any short-term or long-term health problems. The biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated with human or animal (including bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Removing or destroying these disease-causing microorganisms be very important. This usually involve using chemical agents together with treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals like iron and manganese. Research, including the work of Professor Linda Lawton and her team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve the detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> These harmful substances still dey affect many developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems.{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}} Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E also include how the treated water dey transported and distributed. Because of this, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution and keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house through tap water or other domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. These additional treatments fit include water softening or ion exchange. {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} === Wastewater treatment === {{excerpt|wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1-3}} === Industrial water treatment === {{excerpt|Industrial water treatment#Overview|file=no}} [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial groundwater plant, the pretreated raw water from the Kokemäki River dey soak through the basins enter the Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling and filtration, chemical methods like disinfection and coagulation, and biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around the world choose one or more of these processes depending on the season and the type of contaminants and chemicals inside the raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms or remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth and stop biological growth. * Aeration together with pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron when small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks wey get sand filters to remove iron wey don settle (dem no dey work for dat time)]] Different chemical methods dey help convert substances into final products or remove pollutants so dem fit safely remove contaminants.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-[[Water chlorination|chlorination]] to control algae and stop biological growth. * [[Aeration]] plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron, especially if small amount of manganese dey inside. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses and other pathogens by using chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light. === Physical === Physical water and wastewater treatment methods dey depend on physical processes instead of biological or chemical changes to remove contaminants.<ref name=":4" /> The most common physical methods be: * [[Sedimentation]] be one of the main wastewater treatment processes. [[Gravity separation|Gravity settling]] separate particles from liquid. As water speed reduce during treatment, suspended particles begin settle down because of gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gottfried|first1=A.|last2=Shepard|first2=A. D.|last3=Hardiman|first3=K.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. E.|date=2008-11-01|title=Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003291|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=4683–4691|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011|pmid=18789473 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42.4683G |issn=0043-1354|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Sneha|date=2020-04-15|title=Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591020301613|journal=Powder Technology|language=en|volume=366|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054|s2cid=213499533 |issn=0032-5910|url-access=subscription}}</ref> E dey mainly remove [[suspended solids]] wey trap inside floc. * [[Filtration]] dey remove pollutants based on particle size. Removing pollutants from wastewater make e possible to reuse the water for different purposes. The type of filter wey dem go use depend on the contaminants inside the water. Particle filtration and [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] be the two main filtration methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Arslan|last2=Rutten|first2=Sam|last3=de Waal|first3=Luuk|last4=Vollaard|first4=Peter|last5=van Genuchten|first5=Case|last6=Bruning|first6=Harry|last7=Cornelissen|first7=Emile|last8=van der Wal|first8=Albert|date=2020-06-15|title=Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=241|article-number=116644|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644|s2cid=214445348 |issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-8699161|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * [[Dissolved air flotation]] ([[Degasification]]) na process wey dey remove dissolved gases from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. According to [[Henry's law]], the amount of gas wey dissolve inside liquid depend on the gas pressure. Degasification be low-cost way to remove [[carbon dioxide]] gas from wastewater, wey dey increase the water [[pH]] by removing the gas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Deaerator]] dey reduce oxygen and nitrogen for boiler feed water applications. === Physico-chemical === Also dem dey call am "Conventional" Treatment. * Coagulation for [[flocculation]]. Adding coagulants dey destabilize colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, wey make the smaller particles join together during coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyström|first1=Fredrik|last2=Nordqvist|first2=Kerstin|last3=Herrmann|first3=Inga|last4=Hedström|first4=Annelie|last5=Viklander|first5=Maria|date=2020-09-01|title=Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=182|article-number=115919|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919|pmid=32622122 |s2cid=219414366 |issn=0043-1354|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020WatRe.18215919N }}</ref> * Coagulant aids, wey dem also dey call [[polyelectrolyte]]s, dey improve coagulation and help create stronger flocs. * Polyelectrolytes or [[polymer]]s normally get either positive or negative charge. The type wey dem go choose depend on the characteristics of the source water. * Most times dem dey use these together with primary coagulants like ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or alum. [[Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation]] be common process wey dey reduce [[heavy metals]] concentration for wastewater. Dissolved metal ions dey change into insoluble form through chemical reaction with precipitating agents like lime. For industrial work, dem fit use stronger alkalis to make the precipitation complete. For drinking water treatment, the [[common-ion effect]] dey help reduce water hardness.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Chemical Precipitation|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=141–197|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Vaccari|first2=David A.|last3=Li|first3=Yan|last4=Shammas|first4=Nazih K.|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref> Flotation dey use bubbles attach to solids or dispersed liquids so dem fit separate dem from liquid phase.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Dissolved Air Flotation|date=2005|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=431–500|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Lawrence K.|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|language=en|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|isbn=978-1-58829-165-3|access-date=2021-11-12|last2=Fahey|first2=Edward M.|last3=Wu|first3=Zucheng|editor2-last=Hung|editor2-first=Yung-Tse|editor3-last=Shammas|editor3-first=Nazih K.|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Membrane filtration ==== Membrane filtration fit remove suspended solids, organic substances, plus inorganic pollutants like heavy metals. To remove heavy metals, dem fit use different types of [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] like [[ultrafiltration]], [[nanofiltration]], and [[reverse osmosis]], depending on the particle size wey the membrane fit hold back.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Selvaraj |first2=Senthil Kumaran |last3=Vishak Thanu |first3=S. |last4=Cholapadath |first4=Vishnu |last5=Abraham |first5=Ashesh Mathew |last6=Zaiyan |first6=Mohammed |last7=Manikandan |first7=M |last8=Paramasivam |first8=Velmurugan |title=A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater |journal=Materials Research Express |date=6 January 2022 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=012003 |doi=10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8|bibcode=2022MRE.....9a2003C |s2cid=245810763 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kurniawan|first1=Tonni Agustiono|last2=Chan|first2=Gilbert Y. S.|last3=Lo|first3=Wai-Hung|last4=Babel|first4=Sandhya|date=2006-05-01|title=Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894706000362|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015|bibcode=2006ChEnJ.118...83K |issn=1385-8947|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Antiscalant]]s fit help maintain membrane filtration system.<ref name="f467">{{cite journal | last1=Armbruster | first1=Dominic | last2=Müller | first2=Uwe | last3=Happel | first3=Oliver | title=Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | journal=Journal of Chromatography A | volume=1601 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014 | pages=189–204| pmid=31130225 }}</ref> Some very small molecules fit still [[Permeation|permeate]] pass through some [[membrane]]s.<ref name="f467"/> ==== Ion exchange ==== Ion exchange be reversible process wey one insoluble substance ([[resin]]) take ions from electrolytic solution and release other ions wey get the same charge in almost equal amount, without changing the structure of the resin.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Vigneswaran|first1=Saravanamuthu|chapter=Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=635–676|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Ngo|first2=Huu Hao|last3=Chaudhary|first3=Durgananda Singh|last4=Hung|first4=Yung-Tse|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rengaraj|first1=S|last2=Yeon|first2=Kyeong-Ho|last3=Moon|first3=Seung-Hyeon|date=October 2001|title=Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=87|issue=1–3|pages=273–287|doi=10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6|pmid=11566415|bibcode=2001JHzM...87..273R|issn=0304-3894}}</ref> ==== Electrochemical treatment techniques ==== * Electrodialysis (ED) * Membrane electrolysis (ME) * Electrochemical precipitation (EP)<ref name=":12" /> ==== Adsorption ==== Adsorption be mass transfer process wey one substance move from liquid phase go the surface of solid or liquid adsorbent, then e attach there physically or chemically as adsorbate. Dem dey divide adsorption into two types based on the attraction between the adsorbent and adsorbate: physical adsorption (physisorption) and chemical adsorption (chemisorption).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=N. B.|last2=Nagpal|first2=Garima|last3=Agrawal|first3=Sonal|last4=Rachna|date=2018-08-01|title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663|journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation|language=en|volume=11|pages=187–240|doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006|bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |s2cid=103693107 |issn=2352-1864|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BABEL|first1=Sandhya|last2=KURNIAWAN|first2=Tonni Agustiono|date=2003|title=A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite|journal=Journal of Ion Exchange|volume=14|issue=Supplement|pages=289–292|doi=10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289|bibcode=2003JIEx...14S.289B |issn=1884-3360|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===== Activated carbon ===== [[Activated carbon]]s (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00029-X|title=The BAC-process for treatment of waste water Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants |year=2001 |last1=Sirotkin |first1=A. |last2=Koshkina |first2=L. Yu. |last3=Ippolitov |first3=K. G. |journal=Water Research |volume=35 |issue=13 |pages=3265–3271 |pmid=11487125 |bibcode=2001WatRe..35.3265S }}</ref> be very effective adsorbents for many different contaminants. One of the industrial uses be removing colour, smell, taste and other harmful organic and inorganic substances from drinking water and wastewater through adsorption.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164">{{Cite journal|last1=Mezohegyi|first1=Gergo|last2=van der Zee|first2=Frank P.|last3=Font|first3=Josep|last4=Fortuny|first4=Agustí|last5=Fabregat|first5=Azael|date=2012-07-15|title=Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000904|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=102|pages=148–164|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021|pmid=22459012 |bibcode=2012JEnvM.102..148M |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription}}</ref> If activated carbon get high surface area plus plenty pores, e dey work better. Plenty studies don use activated carbon remove heavy metals and other contaminants from wastewater. But commercial activated carbon (AC) don become expensive because e no dey enough. Because of the high surface area, porosity and flexibility, activated carbon still get plenty potential for wastewater treatment.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164"/> === Biological === This method na where dem dey remove dissolved and suspended organic chemical substances through [[biodegradation]], where dem add correct amount of [[microorganism]] so dem fit continue the same natural self-purification process wey dey happen for nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GracePavithra|first1=Kirubanandam|last2=Jaikumar|first2=V.|last3=Kumar|first3=P. Senthil|last4=SundarRajan|first4=PanneerSelvam|date=2019-08-10|title=A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619311965|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=228|pages=580–593|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.117|bibcode=2019JCPro.228..580G |s2cid=159345994 |issn=0959-6526|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Microorganisms fit break down organic matter for wastewater through two main biological processes: biological oxidation and biosynthesis. For biological oxidation, microorganisms dey convert organic materials inside wastewater into end products like [[mineral]]s, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. These products remain inside the wastewater and later dey discharge with the effluent. For biosynthesis, microorganisms dey use organic materials inside wastewater to create new microbial cells. This new biomass go become dense and later dem remove am through [[sedimentation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Nick|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315276106/water-technology-nick-gray|title=Water Technology|date=2017-01-31|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-315-27610-6|edition=3|location=London|doi=10.1201/9781315276106}}</ref> == Standards == [[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Countries where tap water dey safe to drink (blue)]] {{main|Drinking water quality standards}} Many developed countries get their own standards wey dem dey apply locally. For Europe, this include the [[Drinking water directive|European Drinking Water Directive]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislation: The Directive overview |url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/legislation_en.html |date=2019-12-31 |publisher=European Commission |location=Brussels |website=Environment}}</ref>, while for United States, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) set standards under the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]]. For countries wey no get strong legal framework, the [[World Health Organization]] provide guidelines wey dem fit follow.<ref>Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2011</ref> China also get their own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) under the [[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Environmental Protection]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm|title=Environmental quality standards for surface water|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=2018-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803083322/http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm}}</ref> Even where standards dey exist, most of them be guidelines or targets instead of strict laws, and only few get real enforcement power.<ref>{{cite book | title = What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations? | url = http://www.safewater.org/resources/fact-sheets.html | publisher = Safe Drinking Water Foundation | location = Canada }} [http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006230543/http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf |date=2011-10-06 }}</ref> Only exceptions be the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act for United States, wey require legal compliance. == Developing countries == {{Further|Self-supply of water and sanitation}} Appropriate technology for water treatment for developing countries include both community-scale systems and household-level point-of-use (POU) or self-supply systems.<ref name="cawstHWT">{{cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Household Water Treatment Guide |url=http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809090835/https://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2011-03-09 |publisher=[[Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology]], Canada}}</ref> Some of these systems dey use solar water disinfection (SODIS), where sunlight, especially UV-A rays, dey kill harmful microorganisms for water directly or indirectly with photocatalysts like titanium dioxide (TiO₂).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand as a low-cost support for titanium dioxide photocatalysts |url=http://www.materialsviews.com/sand-as-a-low-cost-support-for-titanium-dioxide-photocatalysts/ |work=Materials Views |publisher=Wiley VCH }}</ref> Even though SODIS technology don improve, military surplus water treatment units like ERDLator still dey used for some developing areas. New portable Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) also dey become more available for civilian use.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lindsten, Don C. |title=Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community |journal=The Journal of Technology Transfer |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=September 1984 |pages=57–59 |doi=10.1007/BF02189057 |s2cid=154344107 }}</ref> For waterborne disease control to last long, treatment programs wey research groups start for developing countries must be sustainable by local people, so that when external teams leave, the system go still continue working well. == Energy Consumption == Water treatment plants fit consume plenty energy. For example, for California, more than 4% of electricity consumption dey go into moving and treating water over long distances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/spearrin1/|title=Energy Costs of Water in California|website=large.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref> For areas where clean water dey flow by gravity, energy cost dey low. But pumping water dey consume most of the energy in many systems. Some low-energy water treatment methods include trickling filters, slow sand filters, and gravity aqueduct systems. == Materials == Stainless steels like Type 304L and 316L dey widely use for building water treatment plants because dem resist corrosion from water and chlorine used for disinfection.<ref>{{cite web |last1=R.E. Avery, S. Lamb, C.A. Powell and A.H. Tuthill |title=Stainless Steels for Potable Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/stainless-steel-for-potable-water-treatment-plants-10087/ |website=Nickel Institute |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=A.H. Tuthill and S. Lamb |title=Guidelines for the use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/guidelines-for-the-use-of-stainless-steel-in-municipal-waste-water-treatment-plants-10076/ |website=Nickel Institute}}</ref> == See also == * {{annotated link|Water pollution#Control and reduction|Control of water pollution}} * {{annotated link|Clean Water Act}} * {{annotated link|Peak water}} * {{annotated link|Pulsed-power water treatment}} * {{annotated link|Solar water disinfection}} * {{annotated link|Raw water#Treatment}} * {{annotated link|Water purification}} * {{annotated link|Water quality}} * {{annotated link|Water softening}} * {{annotated link|Water supply}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.iwahq.org International Water Association] Professional / research organization * [https://www.nsf.org NSF International] – Independent non-profit standards organization * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621162202/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html WHO.int], WHO Guidelines * [http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater/ Safe and Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University] * [https://waterpurifierinsights.in/guides/compare-scmt-ro-uv-mf-and-uf-water-purifiers/ Different types of water purification systems compared] {{Water}} {{Euthenics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Water treatment| ]] l4yyyuizjgx1wooaus7giz1fpcqxgsz 105651 105555 2026-06-29T02:42:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 105651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Process that improves the quality of water}} {{About|treatment of various waters|treatment of wastewater|Wastewater treatment|medical water treatment|Water cure (therapy)}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve the quality of water make e fit for a particular use. That use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, or plenty other purposes, including returning the water safely back into the environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants and other unwanted substances, or reduce the amount inside the water, so the water go fit for the purpose wey dem want use am for. This treatment be very important for human health and e help people use water safely for drinking and irrigation. In recent decades, scientists don develop more advanced water treatment methods because of growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These methods include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials and activated carbon. Besides that, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, and sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce and environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === {{Main|Water purification|Drinking water|water supply}} Water contamination mostly happen because industries and commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds and amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers and other water sources. The wastewater fit contain plenty organic and inorganic contaminants from the beginning. Industries produce wastewater through manufacturing processes, paper and pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, and systems like cooling towers, boilers, and production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants and making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so the final water go pure enough for human consumption without causing any short-term or long-term health problems. The biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated with human or animal (including bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Removing or destroying these disease-causing microorganisms be very important. This usually involve using chemical agents together with treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals like iron and manganese. Research, including the work of Professor Linda Lawton and her team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve the detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> These harmful substances still dey affect many developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems.{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}} Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E also include how the treated water dey transported and distributed. Because of this, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution and keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house through tap water or other domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. These additional treatments fit include water softening or ion exchange. {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} === Wastewater treatment === {{excerpt|wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1-3}} === Industrial water treatment === {{excerpt|Industrial water treatment#Overview|file=no}} [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy's artificial groundwater plant, the pretreated raw water from the Kokemäki River dey soak through the basins enter the Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling and filtration, chemical methods like disinfection and coagulation, and biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around the world choose one or more of these processes depending on the season and the type of contaminants and chemicals inside the raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks with sand filters to remove precipitated iron (not working at the time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms or remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth and stop biological growth. * Aeration together with pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron when small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks wey get sand filters to remove iron wey don settle (dem no dey work for dat time)]] Different chemical methods dey help convert substances into final products or remove pollutants so dem fit safely remove contaminants.<ref name=":4"/> * Pre-[[Water chlorination|chlorination]] to control algae and stop biological growth. * [[Aeration]] plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron, especially if small amount of manganese dey inside. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses and other pathogens by using chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light. === Physical === Physical water and wastewater treatment methods dey depend on physical processes instead of biological or chemical changes to remove contaminants.<ref name=":4" /> The most common physical methods be: * [[Sedimentation]] be one of the main wastewater treatment processes. [[Gravity separation|Gravity settling]] separate particles from liquid. As water speed reduce during treatment, suspended particles begin settle down because of gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gottfried|first1=A.|last2=Shepard|first2=A. D.|last3=Hardiman|first3=K.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. E.|date=2008-11-01|title=Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003291|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=4683–4691|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011|pmid=18789473 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42.4683G |issn=0043-1354|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Sneha|date=2020-04-15|title=Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591020301613|journal=Powder Technology|language=en|volume=366|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054|s2cid=213499533 |issn=0032-5910|url-access=subscription}}</ref> E dey mainly remove [[suspended solids]] wey trap inside floc. * [[Filtration]] dey remove pollutants based on particle size. Removing pollutants from wastewater make e possible to reuse the water for different purposes. The type of filter wey dem go use depend on the contaminants inside the water. Particle filtration and [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] be the two main filtration methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Arslan|last2=Rutten|first2=Sam|last3=de Waal|first3=Luuk|last4=Vollaard|first4=Peter|last5=van Genuchten|first5=Case|last6=Bruning|first6=Harry|last7=Cornelissen|first7=Emile|last8=van der Wal|first8=Albert|date=2020-06-15|title=Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=241|article-number=116644|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644|s2cid=214445348 |issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-8699161|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * [[Dissolved air flotation]] ([[Degasification]]) na process wey dey remove dissolved gases from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. According to [[Henry's law]], the amount of gas wey dissolve inside liquid depend on the gas pressure. Degasification be low-cost way to remove [[carbon dioxide]] gas from wastewater, wey dey increase the water [[pH]] by removing the gas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Deaerator]] dey reduce oxygen and nitrogen for boiler feed water applications. === Physico-chemical === Also dem dey call am "Conventional" Treatment. * Coagulation for [[flocculation]]. Adding coagulants dey destabilize colloidal suspensions by neutralizing their charges, wey make the smaller particles join together during coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyström|first1=Fredrik|last2=Nordqvist|first2=Kerstin|last3=Herrmann|first3=Inga|last4=Hedström|first4=Annelie|last5=Viklander|first5=Maria|date=2020-09-01|title=Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=182|article-number=115919|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919|pmid=32622122 |s2cid=219414366 |issn=0043-1354|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020WatRe.18215919N }}</ref> * Coagulant aids, wey dem also dey call [[polyelectrolyte]]s, dey improve coagulation and help create stronger flocs. * Polyelectrolytes or [[polymer]]s normally get either positive or negative charge. The type wey dem go choose depend on the characteristics of the source water. * Most times dem dey use these together with primary coagulants like ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or alum. [[Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation]] be common process wey dey reduce [[heavy metals]] concentration for wastewater. Dissolved metal ions dey change into insoluble form through chemical reaction with precipitating agents like lime. For industrial work, dem fit use stronger alkalis to make the precipitation complete. For drinking water treatment, the [[common-ion effect]] dey help reduce water hardness.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Chemical Precipitation|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=141–197|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Vaccari|first2=David A.|last3=Li|first3=Yan|last4=Shammas|first4=Nazih K.|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref> Flotation dey use bubbles attach to solids or dispersed liquids so dem fit separate dem from liquid phase.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Dissolved Air Flotation|date=2005|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=431–500|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Lawrence K.|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|language=en|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|isbn=978-1-58829-165-3|access-date=2021-11-12|last2=Fahey|first2=Edward M.|last3=Wu|first3=Zucheng|editor2-last=Hung|editor2-first=Yung-Tse|editor3-last=Shammas|editor3-first=Nazih K.|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Membrane filtration ==== Membrane filtration fit remove suspended solids, organic substances, plus inorganic pollutants like heavy metals. To remove heavy metals, dem fit use different types of [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] like [[ultrafiltration]], [[nanofiltration]], and [[reverse osmosis]], depending on the particle size wey the membrane fit hold back.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Selvaraj |first2=Senthil Kumaran |last3=Vishak Thanu |first3=S. |last4=Cholapadath |first4=Vishnu |last5=Abraham |first5=Ashesh Mathew |last6=Zaiyan |first6=Mohammed |last7=Manikandan |first7=M |last8=Paramasivam |first8=Velmurugan |title=A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater |journal=Materials Research Express |date=6 January 2022 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=012003 |doi=10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8|bibcode=2022MRE.....9a2003C |s2cid=245810763 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kurniawan|first1=Tonni Agustiono|last2=Chan|first2=Gilbert Y. S.|last3=Lo|first3=Wai-Hung|last4=Babel|first4=Sandhya|date=2006-05-01|title=Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894706000362|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015|bibcode=2006ChEnJ.118...83K |issn=1385-8947|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Antiscalant]]s fit help maintain membrane filtration system.<ref name="f467">{{cite journal | last1=Armbruster | first1=Dominic | last2=Müller | first2=Uwe | last3=Happel | first3=Oliver | title=Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | journal=Journal of Chromatography A | volume=1601 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014 | pages=189–204| pmid=31130225 }}</ref> Some very small molecules fit still [[Permeation|permeate]] pass through some [[membrane]]s.<ref name="f467"/> ==== Ion exchange ==== Ion exchange be reversible process wey one insoluble substance ([[resin]]) take ions from electrolytic solution and release other ions wey get the same charge in almost equal amount, without changing the structure of the resin.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Vigneswaran|first1=Saravanamuthu|chapter=Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=635–676|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Ngo|first2=Huu Hao|last3=Chaudhary|first3=Durgananda Singh|last4=Hung|first4=Yung-Tse|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rengaraj|first1=S|last2=Yeon|first2=Kyeong-Ho|last3=Moon|first3=Seung-Hyeon|date=October 2001|title=Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=87|issue=1–3|pages=273–287|doi=10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6|pmid=11566415|bibcode=2001JHzM...87..273R|issn=0304-3894}}</ref> ==== Electrochemical treatment techniques ==== * Electrodialysis (ED) * Membrane electrolysis (ME) * Electrochemical precipitation (EP)<ref name=":12" /> ==== Adsorption ==== Adsorption be mass transfer process wey one substance move from liquid phase go the surface of solid or liquid adsorbent, then e attach there physically or chemically as adsorbate. Dem dey divide adsorption into two types based on the attraction between the adsorbent and adsorbate: physical adsorption (physisorption) and chemical adsorption (chemisorption).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=N. B.|last2=Nagpal|first2=Garima|last3=Agrawal|first3=Sonal|last4=Rachna|date=2018-08-01|title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663|journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation|language=en|volume=11|pages=187–240|doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006|bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |s2cid=103693107 |issn=2352-1864|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BABEL|first1=Sandhya|last2=KURNIAWAN|first2=Tonni Agustiono|date=2003|title=A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite|journal=Journal of Ion Exchange|volume=14|issue=Supplement|pages=289–292|doi=10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289|bibcode=2003JIEx...14S.289B |issn=1884-3360|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===== Activated carbon ===== [[Activated carbon]]s (ACs) or biological-activated carbon (BAC)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00029-X|title=The BAC-process for treatment of waste water Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants |year=2001 |last1=Sirotkin |first1=A. |last2=Koshkina |first2=L. Yu. |last3=Ippolitov |first3=K. G. |journal=Water Research |volume=35 |issue=13 |pages=3265–3271 |pmid=11487125 |bibcode=2001WatRe..35.3265S }}</ref> be very effective adsorbents for many different contaminants. One of the industrial uses be removing colour, smell, taste and other harmful organic and inorganic substances from drinking water and wastewater through adsorption.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164">{{Cite journal|last1=Mezohegyi|first1=Gergo|last2=van der Zee|first2=Frank P.|last3=Font|first3=Josep|last4=Fortuny|first4=Agustí|last5=Fabregat|first5=Azael|date=2012-07-15|title=Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000904|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=102|pages=148–164|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021|pmid=22459012 |bibcode=2012JEnvM.102..148M |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription}}</ref> If activated carbon get high surface area plus plenty pores, e dey work better. Plenty studies don use activated carbon remove heavy metals and other contaminants from wastewater. But commercial activated carbon (AC) don become expensive because e no dey enough. Because of the high surface area, porosity and flexibility, activated carbon still get plenty potential for wastewater treatment.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164"/> === Biological === This method na where dem dey remove dissolved and suspended organic chemical substances through [[biodegradation]], where dem add correct amount of [[microorganism]] so dem fit continue the same natural self-purification process wey dey happen for nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GracePavithra|first1=Kirubanandam|last2=Jaikumar|first2=V.|last3=Kumar|first3=P. Senthil|last4=SundarRajan|first4=PanneerSelvam|date=2019-08-10|title=A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619311965|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=228|pages=580–593|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.117|bibcode=2019JCPro.228..580G |s2cid=159345994 |issn=0959-6526|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Microorganisms fit break down organic matter for wastewater through two main biological processes: biological oxidation and biosynthesis. For biological oxidation, microorganisms dey convert organic materials inside wastewater into end products like [[mineral]]s, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. These products remain inside the wastewater and later dey discharge with the effluent. For biosynthesis, microorganisms dey use organic materials inside wastewater to create new microbial cells. This new biomass go become dense and later dem remove am through [[sedimentation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Nick|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315276106/water-technology-nick-gray|title=Water Technology|date=2017-01-31|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-315-27610-6|edition=3|location=London|doi=10.1201/9781315276106}}</ref> == Standards == [[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Countries where tap water dey safe to drink (blue)]] {{main|Drinking water quality standards}} Many developed countries get their own standards wey dem dey apply locally. For Europe, this include the [[Drinking water directive|European Drinking Water Directive]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislation: The Directive overview |url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/legislation_en.html |date=2019-12-31 |publisher=European Commission |location=Brussels |website=Environment}}</ref>, while for United States, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) set standards under the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]]. For countries wey no get strong legal framework, the [[World Health Organization]] provide guidelines wey dem fit follow.<ref>Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2011</ref> China also get their own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) under the [[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Environmental Protection]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm|title=Environmental quality standards for surface water|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=2018-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803083322/http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm}}</ref> Even where standards dey exist, most of them be guidelines or targets instead of strict laws, and only few get real enforcement power.<ref>{{cite book | title = What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations? | url = http://www.safewater.org/resources/fact-sheets.html | publisher = Safe Drinking Water Foundation | location = Canada }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006230543/http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006230543/http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf |date=2011-10-06 }}</ref> Only exceptions be the European Drinking Water Directive and the Safe Drinking Water Act for United States, wey require legal compliance. == Developing countries == {{Further|Self-supply of water and sanitation}} Appropriate technology for water treatment for developing countries include both community-scale systems and household-level point-of-use (POU) or self-supply systems.<ref name="cawstHWT">{{cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Household Water Treatment Guide |url=http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809090835/https://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2011-03-09 |publisher=[[Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology]], Canada}}</ref> Some of these systems dey use solar water disinfection (SODIS), where sunlight, especially UV-A rays, dey kill harmful microorganisms for water directly or indirectly with photocatalysts like titanium dioxide (TiO₂).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand as a low-cost support for titanium dioxide photocatalysts |url=http://www.materialsviews.com/sand-as-a-low-cost-support-for-titanium-dioxide-photocatalysts/ |work=Materials Views |publisher=Wiley VCH }}</ref> Even though SODIS technology don improve, military surplus water treatment units like ERDLator still dey used for some developing areas. New portable Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) also dey become more available for civilian use.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lindsten, Don C. |title=Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community |journal=The Journal of Technology Transfer |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=September 1984 |pages=57–59 |doi=10.1007/BF02189057 |s2cid=154344107 }}</ref> For waterborne disease control to last long, treatment programs wey research groups start for developing countries must be sustainable by local people, so that when external teams leave, the system go still continue working well. == Energy Consumption == Water treatment plants fit consume plenty energy. For example, for California, more than 4% of electricity consumption dey go into moving and treating water over long distances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/spearrin1/|title=Energy Costs of Water in California|website=large.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref> For areas where clean water dey flow by gravity, energy cost dey low. But pumping water dey consume most of the energy in many systems. Some low-energy water treatment methods include trickling filters, slow sand filters, and gravity aqueduct systems. == Materials == Stainless steels like Type 304L and 316L dey widely use for building water treatment plants because dem resist corrosion from water and chlorine used for disinfection.<ref>{{cite web |last1=R.E. Avery, S. Lamb, C.A. Powell and A.H. Tuthill |title=Stainless Steels for Potable Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/stainless-steel-for-potable-water-treatment-plants-10087/ |website=Nickel Institute |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=A.H. Tuthill and S. Lamb |title=Guidelines for the use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/guidelines-for-the-use-of-stainless-steel-in-municipal-waste-water-treatment-plants-10076/ |website=Nickel Institute}}</ref> == See also == * {{annotated link|Water pollution#Control and reduction|Control of water pollution}} * {{annotated link|Clean Water Act}} * {{annotated link|Peak water}} * {{annotated link|Pulsed-power water treatment}} * {{annotated link|Solar water disinfection}} * {{annotated link|Raw water#Treatment}} * {{annotated link|Water purification}} * {{annotated link|Water quality}} * {{annotated link|Water softening}} * {{annotated link|Water supply}} == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.iwahq.org International Water Association] Professional / research organization * [https://www.nsf.org NSF International] – Independent non-profit standards organization * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621162202/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html WHO.int], WHO Guidelines * [http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater/ Safe and Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University] * [https://waterpurifierinsights.in/guides/compare-scmt-ro-uv-mf-and-uf-water-purifiers/ Different types of water purification systems compared] {{Water}} {{Euthenics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Water treatment| ]] s7fi0q43cujqnbpgkf05g7bn55l21cc 14 27903 105550 2026-06-28T16:16:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105550 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27904 105551 2026-06-28T16:17:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105551 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27905 105552 2026-06-28T16:20:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105552 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27906 105561 2026-06-28T17:24:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105561 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27907 105562 2026-06-28T17:25:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105562 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27908 105578 2026-06-28T19:24:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105578 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27909 105579 2026-06-28T19:26:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 105579 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27910 105652 2026-06-29T03:26:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105652 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region. wey dem Say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd", de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. ta48cq38o91yy2qifavo3o5weg7mez3 105653 105652 2026-06-29T03:27:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105653 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region. wey dem Say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd", de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. rwhl5789xoa847bk926m44cw6spny92 105654 105653 2026-06-29T03:27:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105654 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region. wey dem Say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd", de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. bj3j9eo542xtnar1ywbo15nsy0lhf4b 105655 105654 2026-06-29T03:27:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105655 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region. wey dem Say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd", de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. == References == axn9eip7kppd0mf0454iqr9g7hw1km2 105656 105655 2026-06-29T03:29:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105656 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd", de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. == References == myoq3oag1julxh13llqosmf2cohyiea 105657 105656 2026-06-29T03:30:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105657 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe. Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. == References == 5f2hf4m1rpivfeuczuiskmhla4mlulk 105658 105657 2026-06-29T03:31:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105658 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths. Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. == References == 9ojsjzu354fozpdqd3edvleivwk4dlc 105659 105658 2026-06-29T03:31:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105659 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am. == References == 80xwwo38s9b41xu4ubs237qsc4kog5m 105660 105659 2026-06-29T03:32:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105660 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /> == References == 8hw0tfg9h7ogle3cxvuftg68epabihu 105661 105660 2026-06-29T03:34:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105661 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref> == References == rndj9ez1xmp5nitvm5ltpxwpmabw4oi 105662 105661 2026-06-29T03:34:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105662 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == idz2qekgd6nmr4haw7mwxxcnh14sj0o 105663 105662 2026-06-29T03:35:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105663 wikitext text/x-wiki Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == oq4qw53ys48vjpgmewj25y7rwjurhy2 105664 105663 2026-06-29T03:41:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == f7jdbccge9be2q0bhb71j0rklukfi3e 105675 105664 2026-06-29T09:08:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists. == References == mwyn2hjwdjrt8kyo5lcb62zwvwagopq 105676 105675 2026-06-29T09:09:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> == References == cyxtdmpb6yx7zyq9kb9vtekpyvvi5d7 105678 105676 2026-06-29T09:09:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group. == References == s3hva94uaa1xfggjs4kluxbpi4q4ym4 105679 105678 2026-06-29T09:10:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == pufpc8cvirpkn8nym7zh06tqttvdbzb 105680 105679 2026-06-29T09:11:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd. == References == j1y7fo07sgg88y0ldm3sj5pdtuy5616 105681 105680 2026-06-29T09:11:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == aoapsr7mdhvptxpoadxb56lxj19mk4r 105682 105681 2026-06-29T09:12:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == a7f9n3zmugkto29d2kae0y4kuo02ueg 105683 105682 2026-06-29T09:13:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. == References == l5tozy1d9srfi5t493lrozq50jws74d 105684 105683 2026-06-29T09:14:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am. == References == 316w1mcr1qgnyj6hnmanryom19m1foj 105687 105684 2026-06-29T09:18:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref> == References == ij2h7ohnna2jadc65ptjpq618o4v3yj 105690 105687 2026-06-29T09:20:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> == References == 7ecbxetv0va8jxdbvttc2ynsy7a5a35 105692 105690 2026-06-29T09:20:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels. == References == fv3sdbc7zp4ufpxhsgzrub65s6pfvso 105694 105692 2026-06-29T09:21:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> == References == rwp3b5zakbnilsma8fqwnotdv9o7qw2 105695 105694 2026-06-29T09:21:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants. == References == r3lxkl7bv8a7vmcahu1kjnhkrmhvp67 105697 105695 2026-06-29T09:22:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> == References == enuagld5ve518xx0cydt3i59jwr6b7y 105698 105697 2026-06-29T09:22:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms. == References == ctwkmij51t44j3c3xclpm2xemxu89y6 105699 105698 2026-06-29T09:23:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> == References == hx7zdvnp4pi16ulogd5pei3jlaaizcn 105701 105699 2026-06-29T09:23:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. == References == qcvcdvqgbl7ye6aeu59rcaux6r47qgf 105703 105701 2026-06-29T09:24:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC). == References == kmvpzdj8fz4fe3f8ne4rjrft4vyw3w0 105704 105703 2026-06-29T09:25:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> == References == avhgpw5fiidsa1rpd09ra3sn1m53beo 105706 105704 2026-06-29T09:25:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. == References == nv5o17yi07iv6j7kb0e2kgsv9qqmaa8 105707 105706 2026-06-29T09:26:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova. == References == f6le051swcmq6uf5vy81vzhov4g28cy 105708 105707 2026-06-29T09:26:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> == References == 94uqdm58o5w098olrxpj76bzjuzqbf6 105710 105708 2026-06-29T09:27:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement. == References == g32jkj0l8vx4lbdnys0ezjyonj9p4mq 105711 105710 2026-06-29T09:27:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> == References == 9pcycxk01h5ty45y4n1b7tykrfykumd 105712 105711 2026-06-29T09:28:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds. == References == ni3bpq3pb041dprs4pjg9dk20olh8qt 105713 105712 2026-06-29T09:28:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results. == References == 19spbwd01suhparb7rcnw9pfppy5a22 105715 105713 2026-06-29T09:28:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine. Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == References == mm7dt3chat9kxafrxi17oprld6ntdpj 105717 105715 2026-06-29T09:31:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd. By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == References == f1hoxfuv3h176d6tyvp1dupd3a08hpz 105719 105717 2026-06-29T09:32:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds. Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == References == og1jvjg365bmj1ea2xvs10pz3suilbi 105720 105719 2026-06-29T09:33:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == References == 1dms3q6e5q9l6vei5ri8u1e3h9uo3jk 105724 105720 2026-06-29T09:36:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]] == References == 2mwh8ce265ytw0wziw9zl6tdonacv09 105767 105724 2026-06-29T10:41:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. == References == thcojgmcwrxu4z9lrjs2t5biksjjme4 105768 105767 2026-06-29T10:44:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. == References == mdg9jma94ie3zd9tjoos19ledrvkwhb 105769 105768 2026-06-29T10:44:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. == References == m2rue1u7d9vxt1wtxxg0583x9q25ng3 105770 105769 2026-06-29T10:45:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. == References == 8lky0vkdm8rzpo5fw2dbhbqk2t0x3kl 105771 105770 2026-06-29T10:46:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. == References == tnp8lpvmdgw41zsdzft83z2ml8a4pmm 105772 105771 2026-06-29T10:46:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. == References == mmw3wplvogpme6fea1mag18g8di4eeo 105773 105772 2026-06-29T10:47:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. == References == j9m26k58wsxfv8m9l43glvyluveq8l0 105774 105773 2026-06-29T10:47:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. == References == 9ckulkmwxxznnzjb6jnq5j44phjewgg 105775 105774 2026-06-29T10:48:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." == References == bp2oeke14e3l8zvs5ntfor1sy1xjgxv 105776 105775 2026-06-29T10:49:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. == References == rxpibo7l55bbybcydddqip8voxxsad2 105778 105776 2026-06-29T10:49:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. == References == 218tzkdciiw03lblxiubo4xczwc1dwc 105779 105778 2026-06-29T10:50:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. == References == kg9y3i7u1q99oagzx8mnp5ww9l5gpvj 105780 105779 2026-06-29T10:52:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. == References == f767rxjnntnbbo5iu2y5ooctpayacq2 105782 105780 2026-06-29T10:55:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". == References == 89cuvq7p9gmauaapfc61l1wkstnu9i3 105783 105782 2026-06-29T10:56:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. == References == synms65entp7hszmysf09a11hj9yeu4 105784 105783 2026-06-29T10:56:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". == References == k55368u8gt049zwhg8p879yscvv2xa0 105785 105784 2026-06-29T10:57:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. == References == fbzsmfsl6sjw9i1u4w25dphajuvzzqc 105786 105785 2026-06-29T10:57:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." == References == f7az3a20c4tydvzdl76ezo2j0vz8rxe 105787 105786 2026-06-29T10:58:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. == References == k7dbiaptrctaawk3gwzp4r3kw90r8ev 105789 105787 2026-06-29T10:59:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. == References == l4ir1nofmaurj5nb9dqg4t7aj6qfrtt 105790 105789 2026-06-29T10:59:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. == References == ryqqj3d25l6ccy9gdw5l9h9ztf0i5po 105792 105790 2026-06-29T11:00:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd. For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == pjvh8ie3478nzknd1hlb0bvhqmvamm2 105793 105792 2026-06-29T11:00:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == e2vw0pgwrmg3urspgk8octi14cdk9wv 105795 105793 2026-06-29T11:01:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as [[food prices]] soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010. De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == jgkiudif7s2izjagnj8jvt1aip5xqrq 105796 105795 2026-06-29T11:02:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region. Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == ob4dmofljhkk8pq4rozn2e27yq0lqb5 105798 105796 2026-06-29T11:03:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year. Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == l3itu5g7qlz6ewbq7qorhiqhk4zw0vq 105799 105798 2026-06-29T11:04:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group. De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == f4rizudipxvfds4dg39av7z6bd9vazl 105800 105799 2026-06-29T11:04:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities." For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == 4yihwc18pevh8jo0bxyqldtjodudab4 105801 105800 2026-06-29T11:05:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area. While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == 87j4h7yo924sznxhasp1y7w5dl2m6a4 105802 105801 2026-06-29T11:06:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well. Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == bdf8p6zyo3fpowl1lvnhomq86d8t16f 105804 105802 2026-06-29T11:07:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration". De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == jvsfqffefuduty37okduhmri2tumub8 105805 105804 2026-06-29T11:08:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd. Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == ihws7w6xbfsrpa5tv3wjpxsjmk46gjb 105806 105805 2026-06-29T11:09:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> == References == 0gf4law3mqyewmvhrdbg8vg6noaqgfs 105807 105806 2026-06-29T11:10:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible". == References == 8pw7hfp3mh7i333gd8un9f557uem45x 105808 105807 2026-06-29T11:11:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent." Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == ssqakwujy5ct2h9lnt73uovo8ae5hee 105809 105808 2026-06-29T11:11:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/contributors/african-crisis-exposes-failed-logic-of-humanitarian-system-20110717-1hk0u.html|title=African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis. E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == ra02zri51kkuynb9satw7r02irhfmul 105810 105809 2026-06-29T11:13:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/contributors/african-crisis-exposes-failed-logic-of-humanitarian-system-20110717-1hk0u.html|title=African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis.<ref name="Gdundfis">{{cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|title=UN declares famine in Somalia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|access-date=21 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 July 2011|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232835/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd." == References == nwqm4shj4165pf6dkrw5873tgej00fd 105811 105810 2026-06-29T11:13:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 105811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia den Kenya dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include Sudan, South Sudan den parts of Uganda, a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/contributors/african-crisis-exposes-failed-logic-of-humanitarian-system-20110717-1hk0u.html|title=African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis.<ref name="Gdundfis">{{cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|title=UN declares famine in Somalia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|access-date=21 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 July 2011|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232835/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd."<ref name="CNN 20 July">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|title=U.N. declares famine in Somalia; makes urgent appeal to save lives|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063202/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == 2ekb2ms65t7w0xg8vfg27ge5gtu2rhn 0 27911 105665 2026-06-29T04:09:25Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start one article 105665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> 87iquq1jl9doh81ylordimsazktdplk 105667 105665 2026-06-29T08:15:37Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. q5e27ram9ptsdymjs82p69tzfxnx64i 105668 105667 2026-06-29T08:19:04Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> h178yiezpwz2uwvllla49n151e3r78u 105669 105668 2026-06-29T08:22:54Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> 0jghgeqgmid0jvd1u6h8mernmimbsnf 105670 105669 2026-06-29T08:25:24Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ===Drinking water quality=== Nobody don do any broad assessment about water quality for Benin. Under one study wey analyse water supply for peri-urban areas around Cotonou, dem collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one communal well and Lake Nokoue for Ladji and Vossa. The study show say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Plenty private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB utility network dey operate for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main water network.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> The Ministry wey dey in charge of water and SONEB set one special “pro-poor” tariff for water resale to regulate this system for July 2009. Dem still dey implement am together with the local government.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don happen around Cotonou, the place wey dem dey collect drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===[[Wastewater treatment]]=== Wastewater treatment almost no dey happen for Benin. For plenty places, dem no even dispose wastewater well. According to one national health survey for 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dey dispose their wastewater the correct way. Most households just pour am directly inside the environment or drains. This one dey cause pollution and fit bring water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article wey come out for 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one functioning wastewater treatment plant, where dem dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ every day. After primary and secondary treatment, dem dey discharge the treated wastewater into the ocean. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem treat the sludge.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Apart from that, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels too get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say the available water resources for Benin fit meet both current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry water use increase. Right now, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The total renewable water resources for the country be about 3,954 m³ per person every year.<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> According to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage for Benin dey happen only once in a while or for some specific places.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> About 2,000&nbsp;km², wey be 1.8% of the total land area of Benin (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average rainfall be 1,039&nbsp;mm every year, but e dey differ from one region to another and from one season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management by upgrading stormwater drainage systems wey go catch plastic waste. The project go help reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastics plus other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey dem publish for 2005 show say average water consumption be 17 liters per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural people dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water scarce during the dry season. For the outskirts of towns too, dem see conditions wey resemble rural areas. Dem expect say water demand go increase because of urbanization and better living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, domestic use account for 32% of all water withdrawal, agriculture use 45%, while industry use the remaining 23%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall for Benin cause serious flooding, damage water resources and bring heavy financial losses. Because the rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, wey affect the quality and availability of water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> mmv9p94ckjuntxjpr9m96nxwb9j7y9s 105671 105670 2026-06-29T08:27:25Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ===Drinking water quality=== Nobody don do any broad assessment about water quality for Benin. Under one study wey analyse water supply for peri-urban areas around Cotonou, dem collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one communal well and Lake Nokoue for Ladji and Vossa. The study show say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Plenty private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB utility network dey operate for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main water network.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> The Ministry wey dey in charge of water and SONEB set one special “pro-poor” tariff for water resale to regulate this system for July 2009. Dem still dey implement am together with the local government.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don happen around Cotonou, the place wey dem dey collect drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===[[Wastewater treatment]]=== Wastewater treatment almost no dey happen for Benin. For plenty places, dem no even dispose wastewater well. According to one national health survey for 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dey dispose their wastewater the correct way. Most households just pour am directly inside the environment or drains. This one dey cause pollution and fit bring water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article wey come out for 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one functioning wastewater treatment plant, where dem dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ every day. After primary and secondary treatment, dem dey discharge the treated wastewater into the ocean. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem treat the sludge.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Apart from that, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels too get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say the available water resources for Benin fit meet both current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry water use increase. Right now, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The total renewable water resources for the country be about 3,954 m³ per person every year.<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> According to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage for Benin dey happen only once in a while or for some specific places.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> About 2,000&nbsp;km², wey be 1.8% of the total land area of Benin (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average rainfall be 1,039&nbsp;mm every year, but e dey differ from one region to another and from one season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management by upgrading stormwater drainage systems wey go catch plastic waste. The project go help reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastics plus other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey dem publish for 2005 show say average water consumption be 17 liters per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural people dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water scarce during the dry season. For the outskirts of towns too, dem see conditions wey resemble rural areas. Dem expect say water demand go increase because of urbanization and better living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, domestic use account for 32% of all water withdrawal, agriculture use 45%, while industry use the remaining 23%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall for Benin cause serious flooding, damage water resources and bring heavy financial losses. Because the rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, wey affect the quality and availability of water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date from the 17th–19th century, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including water storage<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' Under the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin launch one campaign and install 5,350 water points. But the results show some weak points for the strategy: (i) users no really take part for the installation of the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation no dey enough; (iv) communities no dey fully involved for the management and operation of the water points; and (v) plenty of the water points no dey function well.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Since these efforts and investments no really last, Benin prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation with help from the World Bank, and adopt am for 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investments (about 3–10% of the total cost)<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref>) *Search for ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs *Privatization of construction and operation activities The strategy also include two other important principles: *Include hygiene education inside rural water programmes *Change the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau) to become the sector regulator and facilitator Since then, dem implement the strategy through different projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from several development partners. Dem revise the strategy for 2003 because of the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegation of works and lessons from the years wey dem don implement the strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The objectives be almost the same as the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Before 2002, the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water. After that, dem privatize most of the electricity sector, while the urban water sector remain under government control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== For both urban and rural areas, Benin adopt new strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 follow the 1992 national strategy and target the MDGs. The principles still be similar but dem adjust am to match the new political and institutional system. Like the old strategy, this one too dey use demand-responsive approach and get five main principles: *Decentralize decision-making to municipalities, wey go respond to community demand *Users go participate in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of facilities *Research ways to reduce water tariffs by using low-cost technologies *Privatize construction, operation, maintenance and social mediation, with special effort to improve the professionalism of local operators *Strengthen technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration as sector regulator, and create functional relationships between the municipalities and the central government.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Even though dem never implement am by 2006, the aim be to reach the MDGs by building rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and make poorer households get better access to water. The strategy base on four principles: *Every stakeholder go perform their responsibilities inside one clear legal and institutional framework *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the sector *The sector go remain sustainable through efficient and financially sound public water supply *Giving low-income people access to water supply be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> Concerning '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme get three sub-programmes: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health and its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> nv8r6nrjh0v4fyri1urt8x5xxf1jnob 105672 105671 2026-06-29T08:30:19Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ===Drinking water quality=== Nobody don do any broad assessment about water quality for Benin. Under one study wey analyse water supply for peri-urban areas around Cotonou, dem collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one communal well and Lake Nokoue for Ladji and Vossa. The study show say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Plenty private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB utility network dey operate for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main water network.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> The Ministry wey dey in charge of water and SONEB set one special “pro-poor” tariff for water resale to regulate this system for July 2009. Dem still dey implement am together with the local government.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don happen around Cotonou, the place wey dem dey collect drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===[[Wastewater treatment]]=== Wastewater treatment almost no dey happen for Benin. For plenty places, dem no even dispose wastewater well. According to one national health survey for 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dey dispose their wastewater the correct way. Most households just pour am directly inside the environment or drains. This one dey cause pollution and fit bring water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article wey come out for 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one functioning wastewater treatment plant, where dem dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ every day. After primary and secondary treatment, dem dey discharge the treated wastewater into the ocean. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem treat the sludge.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Apart from that, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels too get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say the available water resources for Benin fit meet both current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry water use increase. Right now, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The total renewable water resources for the country be about 3,954 m³ per person every year.<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> According to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage for Benin dey happen only once in a while or for some specific places.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> About 2,000&nbsp;km², wey be 1.8% of the total land area of Benin (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average rainfall be 1,039&nbsp;mm every year, but e dey differ from one region to another and from one season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management by upgrading stormwater drainage systems wey go catch plastic waste. The project go help reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastics plus other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey dem publish for 2005 show say average water consumption be 17 liters per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural people dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water scarce during the dry season. For the outskirts of towns too, dem see conditions wey resemble rural areas. Dem expect say water demand go increase because of urbanization and better living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, domestic use account for 32% of all water withdrawal, agriculture use 45%, while industry use the remaining 23%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall for Benin cause serious flooding, damage water resources and bring heavy financial losses. Because the rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, wey affect the quality and availability of water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date from the 17th–19th century, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including water storage<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' Under the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin launch one campaign and install 5,350 water points. But the results show some weak points for the strategy: (i) users no really take part for the installation of the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation no dey enough; (iv) communities no dey fully involved for the management and operation of the water points; and (v) plenty of the water points no dey function well.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Since these efforts and investments no really last, Benin prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation with help from the World Bank, and adopt am for 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investments (about 3–10% of the total cost)<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref>) *Search for ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs *Privatization of construction and operation activities The strategy also include two other important principles: *Include hygiene education inside rural water programmes *Change the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau) to become the sector regulator and facilitator Since then, dem implement the strategy through different projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from several development partners. Dem revise the strategy for 2003 because of the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegation of works and lessons from the years wey dem don implement the strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The objectives be almost the same as the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Before 2002, the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water. After that, dem privatize most of the electricity sector, while the urban water sector remain under government control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== For both urban and rural areas, Benin adopt new strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 follow the 1992 national strategy and target the MDGs. The principles still be similar but dem adjust am to match the new political and institutional system. Like the old strategy, this one too dey use demand-responsive approach and get five main principles: *Decentralize decision-making to municipalities, wey go respond to community demand *Users go participate in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of facilities *Research ways to reduce water tariffs by using low-cost technologies *Privatize construction, operation, maintenance and social mediation, with special effort to improve the professionalism of local operators *Strengthen technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration as sector regulator, and create functional relationships between the municipalities and the central government.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Even though dem never implement am by 2006, the aim be to reach the MDGs by building rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and make poorer households get better access to water. The strategy base on four principles: *Every stakeholder go perform their responsibilities inside one clear legal and institutional framework *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the sector *The sector go remain sustainable through efficient and financially sound public water supply *Giving low-income people access to water supply be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> Concerning '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme get three sub-programmes: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health and its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ==Responsibility for water supply and sanitation== ===Policy and regulation=== [[Image:Benin-CIA WFB Map.png|200px|thumb|Map of Benin]] The national Ministry of Energy and Water dey set overall water sector policies and dey supervise how dem implement am. National sanitation policy dey handled by the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Benin dey currently implement decentralization policy, where responsibility for water supply and sanitation don transfer go the 77 communes (municipalities), wey get population between 25,000 and 600,000 people. Each commune get elected council and mayor. According to Law No. 97-029 of 1999, communes get full responsibility to provide drinking water and sanitation. The law still allow dem to request technical support from national government or private sector. The central government still responsible for providing necessary financial resources to enable communes carry out their duties.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 23-27</ref> For rural and semi-urban areas, the General Water Authority (DGEau) under the Ministry of Energy and Water dey implement national policies, coordinate water use for different purposes, and promote Integrated Water Resources Management. DGEau still responsible for maintaining database on water resources and how dem dey use am. To ensure national policies reach local level, DGEau get 11 water service divisions and six departmental divisions under the ministry. As decentralization dey continue, some responsibilities don shift from central DGEau go local divisions.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13" /> There is no independent regulator for economic regulation of water and sanitation sector. However, the national Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction (2007) recommend say such authority should be created.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 37</ref> ===Service provision=== After decentralization, municipalities and Water User Associations become responsible for operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> For rural and semi-urban areas, DGEau dey support dem. For urban and peri-urban areas, the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) dey in charge of urban water supply and wastewater treatment on behalf of local authorities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 3</ref> SONEB dey serve about 69 urban districts as at 2007. Around 80% of urban water demand dey concentrated for Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou, and Abomey/Bohicon. Like DGEau, SONEB dey under Ministry of Energy and Water. Even though e be public company, SONEB get autonomy for decision-making and financial management.<ref name="RoB 52" /> For sanitation, the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority dey handle sanitation for public places like schools and health centers. Responsibility still dey shared among SONEB, local communities, and ministries like Environment, Housing and Urbanism, and Public Works and Transportation.<ref name=gettingafrica /> ===Other functions=== '''Private sector:''' For rural areas, private companies dey involved under PADEAR strategy. Companies like FORAG and FORATECH dey drill about 1,000 water points every year. Private operators still dey help with maintenance activities.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Private consulting firms dey prepare feasibility studies and supervise construction work, while local artisans dey handle small jobs.<ref>{{cite web | last = Office International de l'Eau (OIEAU) | title = Alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural au Bénin | url = http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191235/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 27-28</ref> For urban areas, private participation inside SONEB system no dey really happen. However, for Cotonou, private company SIBEAU dey operate the only wastewater treatment plant in the country.<ref name="Solo" /> '''Non-governmental organizations (NGOs):''' Plenty NGOs dey active for Benin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 28</ref> Dem usually dey educate communities, give advice, and support them to manage their water supply responsibilities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = IGIP Afrique | title = Intégration des aspects genre et développement dans le Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et Assainissement (PADSEA) et dans le Projet d'Assistance au Développement du secteur de l'alimentation en Eau et de l'Assainissement en zone Rurale (PADEAR) au Bénin. Rapport Provisoire Version 2 | location = Cotonou | year = 2002|language=fr}}, p. 31</ref> ==Economic efficiency== Efficiency of water supply fit be measured through different indicators, but for Benin, access to data dey limited. However, a contract plan between SONEB and the Ministry in charge of water (2008–2010) introduce indicators to measure performance of urban water strategy adopted in 2007. SONEB dey report progress through yearly sector reviews. One key indicator be non-revenue water (NRW), meaning water wey dem produce but no dey billed due to leakages or illegal connections. According to Ministry of Economic and Financial Development, NRW for SONEB be 21% in 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> Even though there is no universal agreement on ideal NRW levels, Tynan and Kingdom propose 23% as benchmark for developing countries.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom" /> SONEB performance dey close to that benchmark. ==Financial aspects== ===Tariffs and cost recovery=== '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' A tariff reform introduce for July 2009 based on 2006 tariff study. Connection fee set at 50,000 CFA francs. There is no difference between residential, commercial, or industrial users, but consumption dey charged under block tariff system.<ref name="com"/> Before the reform, tariff system charge US$0.41 per m³ for first 5 m³, and US$1.03 per m³ for usage above 5 m³. This structure start from 2002. In addition, users pay fixed fee of US$0.99 for water meter maintenance.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref name="CFA 2004" /> One study show say tariffs dey cover most capital cost and all operating costs.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43-44</ref> For 2004, water sales generate about US$16.7 million revenue.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' Where Water User Associations dey operate, dem expected to cover operation and maintenance costs. According to DANIDA, water sale for rural areas fit be profitable and sustainable.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> Charging for water dey common where schemes exist, but less common for hand pumps and wells.<ref name="DANIDA 7" /> World Bank study assume average rural tariff of about US$1.04 per m³, and say this usually cover maintenance costs. Because rural households dey use small amount of improved water (about 5 litres per person per day), affordability no be major problem.<ref name="World Bank 126" /> ===Investment and financing=== Water sector investment for Benin don increase since 1980s, but sanitation investment start later and remain lower. Until 2004, no full sector-wide review exist.<ref name="World Bank"/> Since 2002, Ministry of Energy and Water dey use three-year budget programme system to combine operational and investment funding for better planning and tracking.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> Public expenditure data difficult to compile, but World Bank estimates show say DGEau spending (1997–2002) fluctuate and still depend heavily on external funding. Domestic funding increase from 9% to 25%, but overall spending reduce from US$11.87 million to US$8.57 million.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 119-120; 127</ref> Government report for 2006 show say no proper mechanism exist for urban water investment coordination, so external support still dey very important.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> For 2009, officials report say corruption dey affect the sector badly, with inflated contracts and bribery especially for rural areas.<ref>{{cite news | last = Global Water News Watch | title = Benin: "Enormous" corruption in the water sector | publisher = SAHRA - Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas | date = 2009-02-19 | url = http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | access-date = 2009-02-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224804/http://sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ====Financing latest strategies==== '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' MDG implementation for 2006–2015 estimated to need about US$396 million total (US$40 million per year). Government say targets go difficult to achieve if funding no increase beyond 2002–2005 levels, but possible if resources fully mobilized.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Required investment also estimated at about US$400 million for 2006–2015.<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Financing go come from state, municipalities, development partners, financial institutions, and SONEB. Poor households and peri-urban zones go receive subsidies and donor support. SONEB itself go focus on financing maintenance and rehabilitation through improved self-financing and tariffs.<ref name="MMEE 13" /> '''Sanitation:''' About US$218 million needed for 2006–2015 to achieve sanitation MDGs.<ref name="MEPN 24" /><ref name="CFA 2006" /> 3ytau2x1g3metv282ijdy4y4hhd4ksj 105673 105672 2026-06-29T08:32:29Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ===Drinking water quality=== Nobody don do any broad assessment about water quality for Benin. Under one study wey analyse water supply for peri-urban areas around Cotonou, dem collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one communal well and Lake Nokoue for Ladji and Vossa. The study show say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Plenty private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB utility network dey operate for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main water network.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> The Ministry wey dey in charge of water and SONEB set one special “pro-poor” tariff for water resale to regulate this system for July 2009. Dem still dey implement am together with the local government.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don happen around Cotonou, the place wey dem dey collect drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===[[Wastewater treatment]]=== Wastewater treatment almost no dey happen for Benin. For plenty places, dem no even dispose wastewater well. According to one national health survey for 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dey dispose their wastewater the correct way. Most households just pour am directly inside the environment or drains. This one dey cause pollution and fit bring water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article wey come out for 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one functioning wastewater treatment plant, where dem dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ every day. After primary and secondary treatment, dem dey discharge the treated wastewater into the ocean. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem treat the sludge.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Apart from that, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels too get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say the available water resources for Benin fit meet both current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry water use increase. Right now, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The total renewable water resources for the country be about 3,954 m³ per person every year.<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> According to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage for Benin dey happen only once in a while or for some specific places.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> About 2,000&nbsp;km², wey be 1.8% of the total land area of Benin (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average rainfall be 1,039&nbsp;mm every year, but e dey differ from one region to another and from one season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management by upgrading stormwater drainage systems wey go catch plastic waste. The project go help reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastics plus other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey dem publish for 2005 show say average water consumption be 17 liters per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural people dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water scarce during the dry season. For the outskirts of towns too, dem see conditions wey resemble rural areas. Dem expect say water demand go increase because of urbanization and better living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, domestic use account for 32% of all water withdrawal, agriculture use 45%, while industry use the remaining 23%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall for Benin cause serious flooding, damage water resources and bring heavy financial losses. Because the rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, wey affect the quality and availability of water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date from the 17th–19th century, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including water storage<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' Under the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin launch one campaign and install 5,350 water points. But the results show some weak points for the strategy: (i) users no really take part for the installation of the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation no dey enough; (iv) communities no dey fully involved for the management and operation of the water points; and (v) plenty of the water points no dey function well.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Since these efforts and investments no really last, Benin prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation with help from the World Bank, and adopt am for 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investments (about 3–10% of the total cost)<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref>) *Search for ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs *Privatization of construction and operation activities The strategy also include two other important principles: *Include hygiene education inside rural water programmes *Change the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau) to become the sector regulator and facilitator Since then, dem implement the strategy through different projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from several development partners. Dem revise the strategy for 2003 because of the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegation of works and lessons from the years wey dem don implement the strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The objectives be almost the same as the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Before 2002, the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water. After that, dem privatize most of the electricity sector, while the urban water sector remain under government control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== For both urban and rural areas, Benin adopt new strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 follow the 1992 national strategy and target the MDGs. The principles still be similar but dem adjust am to match the new political and institutional system. Like the old strategy, this one too dey use demand-responsive approach and get five main principles: *Decentralize decision-making to municipalities, wey go respond to community demand *Users go participate in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of facilities *Research ways to reduce water tariffs by using low-cost technologies *Privatize construction, operation, maintenance and social mediation, with special effort to improve the professionalism of local operators *Strengthen technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration as sector regulator, and create functional relationships between the municipalities and the central government.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Even though dem never implement am by 2006, the aim be to reach the MDGs by building rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and make poorer households get better access to water. The strategy base on four principles: *Every stakeholder go perform their responsibilities inside one clear legal and institutional framework *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the sector *The sector go remain sustainable through efficient and financially sound public water supply *Giving low-income people access to water supply be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> Concerning '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme get three sub-programmes: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health and its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ==Responsibility for water supply and sanitation== ===Policy and regulation=== [[Image:Benin-CIA WFB Map.png|200px|thumb|Map of Benin]] The national Ministry of Energy and Water dey set overall water sector policies and dey supervise how dem implement am. National sanitation policy dey handled by the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Benin dey currently implement decentralization policy, where responsibility for water supply and sanitation don transfer go the 77 communes (municipalities), wey get population between 25,000 and 600,000 people. Each commune get elected council and mayor. According to Law No. 97-029 of 1999, communes get full responsibility to provide drinking water and sanitation. The law still allow dem to request technical support from national government or private sector. The central government still responsible for providing necessary financial resources to enable communes carry out their duties.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 23-27</ref> For rural and semi-urban areas, the General Water Authority (DGEau) under the Ministry of Energy and Water dey implement national policies, coordinate water use for different purposes, and promote Integrated Water Resources Management. DGEau still responsible for maintaining database on water resources and how dem dey use am. To ensure national policies reach local level, DGEau get 11 water service divisions and six departmental divisions under the ministry. As decentralization dey continue, some responsibilities don shift from central DGEau go local divisions.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13" /> There is no independent regulator for economic regulation of water and sanitation sector. However, the national Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction (2007) recommend say such authority should be created.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 37</ref> ===Service provision=== After decentralization, municipalities and Water User Associations become responsible for operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> For rural and semi-urban areas, DGEau dey support dem. For urban and peri-urban areas, the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) dey in charge of urban water supply and wastewater treatment on behalf of local authorities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 3</ref> SONEB dey serve about 69 urban districts as at 2007. Around 80% of urban water demand dey concentrated for Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou, and Abomey/Bohicon. Like DGEau, SONEB dey under Ministry of Energy and Water. Even though e be public company, SONEB get autonomy for decision-making and financial management.<ref name="RoB 52" /> For sanitation, the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority dey handle sanitation for public places like schools and health centers. Responsibility still dey shared among SONEB, local communities, and ministries like Environment, Housing and Urbanism, and Public Works and Transportation.<ref name=gettingafrica /> ===Other functions=== '''Private sector:''' For rural areas, private companies dey involved under PADEAR strategy. Companies like FORAG and FORATECH dey drill about 1,000 water points every year. Private operators still dey help with maintenance activities.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Private consulting firms dey prepare feasibility studies and supervise construction work, while local artisans dey handle small jobs.<ref>{{cite web | last = Office International de l'Eau (OIEAU) | title = Alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural au Bénin | url = http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191235/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 27-28</ref> For urban areas, private participation inside SONEB system no dey really happen. However, for Cotonou, private company SIBEAU dey operate the only wastewater treatment plant in the country.<ref name="Solo" /> '''Non-governmental organizations (NGOs):''' Plenty NGOs dey active for Benin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 28</ref> Dem usually dey educate communities, give advice, and support them to manage their water supply responsibilities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = IGIP Afrique | title = Intégration des aspects genre et développement dans le Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et Assainissement (PADSEA) et dans le Projet d'Assistance au Développement du secteur de l'alimentation en Eau et de l'Assainissement en zone Rurale (PADEAR) au Bénin. Rapport Provisoire Version 2 | location = Cotonou | year = 2002|language=fr}}, p. 31</ref> ==Economic efficiency== Efficiency of water supply fit be measured through different indicators, but for Benin, access to data dey limited. However, a contract plan between SONEB and the Ministry in charge of water (2008–2010) introduce indicators to measure performance of urban water strategy adopted in 2007. SONEB dey report progress through yearly sector reviews. One key indicator be non-revenue water (NRW), meaning water wey dem produce but no dey billed due to leakages or illegal connections. According to Ministry of Economic and Financial Development, NRW for SONEB be 21% in 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> Even though there is no universal agreement on ideal NRW levels, Tynan and Kingdom propose 23% as benchmark for developing countries.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom" /> SONEB performance dey close to that benchmark. ==Financial aspects== ===Tariffs and cost recovery=== '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' A tariff reform introduce for July 2009 based on 2006 tariff study. Connection fee set at 50,000 CFA francs. There is no difference between residential, commercial, or industrial users, but consumption dey charged under block tariff system.<ref name="com"/> Before the reform, tariff system charge US$0.41 per m³ for first 5 m³, and US$1.03 per m³ for usage above 5 m³. This structure start from 2002. In addition, users pay fixed fee of US$0.99 for water meter maintenance.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref name="CFA 2004" /> One study show say tariffs dey cover most capital cost and all operating costs.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43-44</ref> For 2004, water sales generate about US$16.7 million revenue.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' Where Water User Associations dey operate, dem expected to cover operation and maintenance costs. According to DANIDA, water sale for rural areas fit be profitable and sustainable.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> Charging for water dey common where schemes exist, but less common for hand pumps and wells.<ref name="DANIDA 7" /> World Bank study assume average rural tariff of about US$1.04 per m³, and say this usually cover maintenance costs. Because rural households dey use small amount of improved water (about 5 litres per person per day), affordability no be major problem.<ref name="World Bank 126" /> ===Investment and financing=== Water sector investment for Benin don increase since 1980s, but sanitation investment start later and remain lower. Until 2004, no full sector-wide review exist.<ref name="World Bank"/> Since 2002, Ministry of Energy and Water dey use three-year budget programme system to combine operational and investment funding for better planning and tracking.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> Public expenditure data difficult to compile, but World Bank estimates show say DGEau spending (1997–2002) fluctuate and still depend heavily on external funding. Domestic funding increase from 9% to 25%, but overall spending reduce from US$11.87 million to US$8.57 million.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 119-120; 127</ref> Government report for 2006 show say no proper mechanism exist for urban water investment coordination, so external support still dey very important.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> For 2009, officials report say corruption dey affect the sector badly, with inflated contracts and bribery especially for rural areas.<ref>{{cite news | last = Global Water News Watch | title = Benin: "Enormous" corruption in the water sector | publisher = SAHRA - Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas | date = 2009-02-19 | url = http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | access-date = 2009-02-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224804/http://sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ====Financing latest strategies==== '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' MDG implementation for 2006–2015 estimated to need about US$396 million total (US$40 million per year). Government say targets go difficult to achieve if funding no increase beyond 2002–2005 levels, but possible if resources fully mobilized.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Required investment also estimated at about US$400 million for 2006–2015.<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Financing go come from state, municipalities, development partners, financial institutions, and SONEB. Poor households and peri-urban zones go receive subsidies and donor support. SONEB itself go focus on financing maintenance and rehabilitation through improved self-financing and tariffs.<ref name="MMEE 13" /> '''Sanitation:''' About US$218 million needed for 2006–2015 to achieve sanitation MDGs.<ref name="MEPN 24" /><ref name="CFA 2006" /> According to di Joint Monitoring Program of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three-quarters of di Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis share don increase from 63% for water and from 5% for sanitation for 1990. Coverage for urban areas dey higher pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation for Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of di population) ! Rural<br>(59% of di population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across different regions. Di situation depend on how easy to access groundwater, how donor investment programs dey spread, and how people for di area dey demand water services.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 }}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, lack of safe water dey mostly affect outskirts of cities.<ref name="RoB 52" /> Di national government dey use different definition for “access”.<ref>For rural and semi-urban areas, water supply coverage rate mean say how many people dey covered by water points wey serve up to 250 people based on 20 liters per day per person at distance not pass 500 meters from consumption place. Water points include: * Borehole with hand pump = 1 water point * Modern well = 1 water point * Public stand post = 2 water points * Autonomous water stand post = 4 water points For urban areas, access mean connection to urban water network. One connection dey serve about 12 people. Source: Ministry of Economic and Financial Development and Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water, 2006</ref> Under dis definition, water coverage be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas for 2005. Annual sector review for 2009 show say 55.1% rural access and 57% urban access.<ref name="com" /> Government strategy dey aim to reach 75% urban and 67.5% rural coverage by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> For sanitation, ministry report say for 2003, 67% of population no get proper toilet facilities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin }}, p. 9</ref> For 2009, sanitation access be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> === Definition of urban and rural areas === Like other countries, Benin water sector split into urban and rural areas. But rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban zones. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements with less than 10,000 people and 22 secondary towns with more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank" /> while other areas dey classified as urban and peri-urban. == Service quality == === Continuity of supply === Big investments for Greater Cotonou area no really happen since 1991. Water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% per year), pass the system design capacity of wells, treatment plants and distribution network. Dis one dey cause low water pressure wey dey reduce supply for outskirts. For Cotonou, water dey available 24 hours daily, but electricity cuts from national power company dey disturb supply. About 50% of pump energy dey supported by generators to keep system running. Frequent power failure dey reduce reliability.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, donors like West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW and Netherlands don finance expansion works.<ref name="com"/> === Drinking water quality === No big nationwide study for water quality exist. But small study for peri-urban Cotonou show say water from kiosks and vendors dey clean and good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers connected to SONEB network dey common for cities, especially for people wey never get direct connection.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> Government don introduce special pro-poor tariff for resale water in 2009.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don also affect areas near Cotonou where water dey collected.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development }}, p. 11</ref> === Wastewater treatment === Wastewater treatment for Benin dey very rare. Most wastewater no dey treated properly. Study for 2001 show say for Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only 2 out of 1,000 households dey dispose wastewater properly. Most people dey pour am into environment, causing pollution and diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress" /> Cotonou na di only city wey get functioning wastewater treatment plant. Plant dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Private company dey manage am and treat about 240–300 m³ per day before dumping treated water into ocean.<ref name="Solo" /> Some hospitals and hotels also get small treatment systems.<ref name="panapress" /> == Water resources == mwh72v5u5kib9o8jxzb32ot6exs95ly 105674 105673 2026-06-29T08:37:56Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{hatnote|This article has been written in 2007/08 and has last been updated, concerning access data, in 2011. Please feel free to further update it.}} {{Infobox water supply and sanitation |country = Benin |image = Image:Flag of Benin.svg |caption = |water_coverage = (improved) 75% (2010)<ref name="JMP">{{cite web | last = World Health Organization | author-link = World_Health_Organization | author2 = UNICEF | title = drinking water | url = http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-date = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf | url-status = dead }}<br> Based on: *{{cite book | title = Enquête démographique et de santé | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Enquête socio-anthropologique sur la fécondité et la mortalité infantile et maternelle | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Questionnaire des indicateurs de base du bien-être | year = 2003}} *{{cite book | title = Recencement général de la population et des habitations | year = 2002}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001}} *{{cite book | last = Bénin. Ministère du plan, de la restructuration economique et de la promotion de l'emploi. | title = Demographic and Health Survey | year = 1996}}, p. 18 *{{cite book | title = 1992 Census as recorded in Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Questionnaire | year = 1999}}</ref> |sanitation_coverage = (improved) 12% (2010)<ref name="JMP" /> |continuity_of_supply= 24 hours for Cotonou, but e depend on electricity supply.<ref name="Thibault 48">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 48</ref> |urban_water_use = 29<ref name="M'bareka 366">{{cite journal | last = M'bareka | first = R. |author2=Behle, C. |author3=Mulindabigwi, V. |author4=Schopp, M. |author5=Singer, U. | title = Sustainable resource management in Benin embedded in the process of decentralisation | journal = Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C | volume = 30 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 365–371 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.016 | bibcode = 2005PCE....30..365M }}, p. 366</ref> |tariff = 0.41 for di first five m³<ref name="Thibault 43">{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43</ref> |metering = n/a |investment = less than US$2 per person for rural areas (1999–2002) |share_by_utilities = Operation and Maintenance: High<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 126</ref> |tax_financing = not available |external_financing = High |decentralization = For rural areas, since 1999 |company = National Water Company of Benin (SONEB) |regulator = None |policy_setting = Water: Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water <br/> Sanitation: Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority under the Ministry of Health |sector_law = Yes, but e no dey work well.<ref name=gettingafrica>{{cite journal | last = Water and Sanitation Program - Africa | title = Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/319200725615_312007101903_MDGs_All_final3_high.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16 }}, p. 2-4</ref> |urban_providers = 1 |rural_providers = not available }} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation for Benin''' don improve well-well since di 1990s, especially for rural areas, where plenty people get access pass many oda African countries.<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> Almost all development partners dey follow one national demand-responsive strategy wey government adopt for 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> Dem adopt new strategies to improve water supply for rural and urban areas for 2005 and 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs for both urban and rural areas mostly dey enough to cover operation and maintenance costs.<ref name="Thibault 43" /><ref name="World Bank 126" /> Even with dis progress, challenges still dey. Rural areas now get clearer institutional framework and plenty projects don happen with support from external donors. Government define responsibilities for water supply inside one national strategy for 2007, and di national utility SONEB dey receive plenty investment plus technical support.<ref name="WSP" /> But sanitation never get enough attention. Wastewater treatment almost no dey exist at all.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> To achieve di Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, di Ministry of Economic and Financial Development estimate say Benin need about US$80 million every year for water and US$22 million every year for sanitation from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">1 CFA Franc BCEAO = US$0.002093 (2006-12-31); source: http://oanda.com</ref> If person compare am, dem invest less than US$10 million every year for rural water supply and sanitation, even though 55% of Benin population dey live for rural areas. No official figures dey about investments for urban areas. Most likely, investment go need increase plenty before Benin fit achieve di MDGs. ==Access== For 2015, 78% of people for Benin get access to "improved" water source. For urban areas na 85%, while rural areas get 72%. By dat same year, around 2 million people still no get access to improved water. For sanitation matter, 20% of di population get access to improved sanitation—36% for urban areas and only 7% for rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/benin/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Benin|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> According to di Joint Monitoring Programme of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three quarters of Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while only 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis figure rise from 63% for water and 5% for sanitation in 1990. Urban areas get much better coverage pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> According to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, by 2008, three quarters of people for Benin fit get access to improved water source, while 12% fit get improved sanitation. For 1990, na 63% of people get access to improved water source and only 5% get improved sanitation. Access for urban areas dey far better pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation in Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of the population) ! Rural<br>(59% of the population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across the different regions. The situation depend on how easy e be to get ground water, where donor investment programmes focus, and whether people for the community or region really need the service.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, plenty people wey no get access to safe water dey stay mostly for the outskirts of the cities.<ref name="RoB 52">{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 52</ref> The national government dey use another definition for access.<ref>In rural and semi-urban areas, the water supply coverage rate represents the share of population covered by water supply points, which serve up to 250 inhabitants on the basis of 20 liters per day and capita (l/p/d) at a distance of not more than 500 meters from the place of consumption. The following sources are recognized as water points: *A borehole equipped with a hand pump corresponds to one water point *A modern well corresponds to one water point *A public stand post in a rural water supply scheme corresponds to two water points *An autonomouos water stand post (''Poste d'Eau Autonome'') corresponds to four water points In urban and peri-urban areas, access is defined as connection to the urban water supply network. One connection provides water to on average twelve persons (two households with six persons per household). Source: {{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 15-16</ref> According to this definition, water supply coverage for 2005 be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas, and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas. The annual review of the water sector for the 2009 financial year show say access rise go 55.1% for rural areas and 57% for urban areas.<ref name="com">Personal communication with sector practitioners, April 2011</ref> To reach the MDGs, the national government plan be say make coverage increase to 75% for urban and peri-urban areas and 67.5% for rural and semi-urban areas by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5</ref> As for sanitation, the Ministry of Economic and Financial Development report say for 2003, about 67% of the population no get proper facilities to dispose human waste.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> The annual sector review show say by 2009, access to sanitation facilities be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> ===Definition of urban and rural areas=== Like many other countries, Benin divide the water supply sector into urban and rural sectors before resources reach the people. But for the official documents, rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban areas. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements wey get less than 10,000 people plus 22 secondary towns wey get more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank">{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 104</ref> while all the remaining places be classified as urban and peri-urban. ==Service quality== ===Continuity of supply=== Since 1991, dem no make any major investment for the Greater Cotonou Area. Because water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% every year), the present capacity of the well fields, the two water treatment plants and the distribution system no fit meet the demand again. This dey cause low water pressure, and e dey make people for the outskirts of the city struggle to get enough water. Water supply for Cotonou normally dey available 24 hours every day, but frequent power cuts from the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey affect the system badly. About 50% of the electricity wey the pumping stations need fit come from generators to keep pipelines and water towers working. Regular power outages reduce how reliable the water supply system be.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, major expansion works don receive funding and planning support from important development partners (West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Netherlands). Work on these projects still dey continue.<ref name="com"/> ===Drinking water quality=== No nationwide study don fully assess water quality for Benin before. Under one research project wey study water supply for the peri-urban areas of Cotonou, researchers collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one community well and Lake Nokoue for the peri-urban communities of Ladji and Vossa. The study conclude say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be of good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB water network dey common for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main distribution system.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> To regulate this practice, the Ministry responsible for water together with SONEB introduce one special "pro-poor" tariff for water resale in July 2009. Local governments dey help implement the policy.<ref name="com"/> People also report cases of saltwater intrusion close to Cotonou, where drinking water dey come from underground sources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===Wastewater treatment=== Wastewater treatment no dey common at all for Benin. For most places, people no even dispose wastewater properly. According to one national health survey from 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dispose of their wastewater properly. Most households just pour am into the environment or inside open drains. This practice dey cause pollution and fit spread water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article published in 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one wastewater treatment plant wey dey work, where sludge from septic tanks and latrines dey receive treatment.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ of sludge every day. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem fit discharge the sludge. The wastewater first pass through primary and secondary treatment before dem discharge am into the ocean.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Besides this, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say Benin get enough water resources to satisfy both present and future demand, even if agriculture and industry increase their water use. At the moment, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The country get an estimated 3,954 m³ of renewable water resources per person every year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> meaning say, according to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage only dey happen occasionally or for some local areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> Around 2,000&nbsp;km², representing about 1.8% of Benin's total land area (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average annual rainfall be about 1,039&nbsp;mm, although the amount differ from one region and season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide a €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management, especially by upgrading stormwater drainage systems to collect plastic waste. The project go reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastic and other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey come out for 2005 show say the average water consumption be 17 litres per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural communities dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water become scarce during the dry season. Dem also discover say the outskirts of many towns face problems similar to those in rural areas. Dem expect water demand to increase because of urbanization and improving living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, 32% of all water withdrawals go for domestic use, 45% go for agriculture and 23% go for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause serious flooding across Benin, damaging water resources and causing major financial losses. Because the heavy rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, creating more pressure on the country's water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date back to between the 17th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including to store water<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or to serve as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' During the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin start one national campaign and install 5,350 water points across the country. These efforts later show some major problems with the strategy. The problems include (i) users no take part enough for installing the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation too small; (iv) communities no dey involved well for managing and operating the water points; and (v) many of the water points stop working properly.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Because these investments and programmes no prove to be sustainable, the government, with support from the World Bank, prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation in 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making. *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investment (about 3–10% of the total project cost).<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref> *Finding ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs. *Allowing private companies to take part in construction and operation activities. The strategy also get two additional important principles: *Including hygiene education inside rural water programmes. *Changing the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau), making am become the sector regulator and facilitator. Since then, the strategy don dey implemented through several projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from many development partners. The strategy later receive revision for 2003 to match the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegated project implementation, and lessons learnt from the years of implementation.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The aims of the policy be almost the same as the objectives of the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Until 2002, one institution called the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water services. After that, the electricity sector largely move go private hands, while the urban water sector remain under public control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== Both urban and rural areas adopt new national strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 continue from the 1992 national strategy and target the achievement of the MDGs. The guiding principles remain almost the same but adapt to the new political and institutional environment. Like the earlier strategy, this one also follow a demand-responsive approach with five main principles: *Decision making dey decentralized to municipalities, wey go respond according to community demand. *Users go take part in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation of facilities and construction works. *Research go continue to find ways to reduce water tariffs by using lower-cost technologies. *Private companies go participate in construction, operation, maintenance and community mobilisation, while professionalism among local operators go increase. *The technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration go become stronger, while better cooperation go exist between the central government and decentralized municipal institutions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce the idea of one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Although the initiative never start by 2006, the plan be to achieve the MDGs by constructing rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and improve access for poorer households. The strategy base on four main principles: *All institutions involved go perform their responsibilities under one clear legal and institutional framework. *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the water sector. *The long-term sustainability of the sector depend on efficient and financially sound public water supply services. *Making sure low-income households get access to safe water be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> As for '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme divide into three parts: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas. *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas. *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health together with its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ===Drinking water quality=== Nobody don do any broad assessment about water quality for Benin. Under one study wey analyse water supply for peri-urban areas around Cotonou, dem collect water samples from water kiosks, one water seller, one communal well and Lake Nokoue for Ladji and Vossa. The study show say the water from the kiosks and the water seller be good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Plenty private water sellers wey connect to the SONEB utility network dey operate for urban areas, and dem dey supply households wey never connect to the main water network.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> The Ministry wey dey in charge of water and SONEB set one special “pro-poor” tariff for water resale to regulate this system for July 2009. Dem still dey implement am together with the local government.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don happen around Cotonou, the place wey dem dey collect drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11</ref> ===[[Wastewater treatment]]=== Wastewater treatment almost no dey happen for Benin. For plenty places, dem no even dispose wastewater well. According to one national health survey for 2001, for the cities of Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only two out of every 1,000 households dey dispose their wastewater the correct way. Most households just pour am directly inside the environment or drains. This one dey cause pollution and fit bring water-borne diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress">{{cite book | last = Bénin | title = Enquête Démographique et de Santé | year = 2001|language=fr}}, cited in: {{cite news |title = 0,1% des ménages béninois accèdent aux équipements d'assainissement |publisher = Panapress |date = 2004-11-22 |url = http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22/11/2004 |access-date = 2008-05-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080606031901/http://www.panapress.com/newslatf.asp?code=fre066617&dte=22%2F11%2F2004 |archive-date = 2008-06-06 |url-status = dead }}</ref> According to one article wey come out for 2004, Cotonou be the only town for Benin wey get one functioning wastewater treatment plant, where dem dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Another article talk say the treatment plant, wey the private company Industrial Society of Urban Equipment and Sanitation (SIBEAU) dey operate, dey treat about 240–300 m³ every day. After primary and secondary treatment, dem dey discharge the treated wastewater into the ocean. The company dey charge septic tank truck operators before dem treat the sludge.<ref name="Solo">{{cite journal | last = Solo | first = Tova Maria | title = Small-scale entrepreneurs in the urban water and sanitation market | journal = Environment and Urbanization | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–144 | publisher = International Institute for Environment and Development | date = April 1999 | doi = 10.1177/095624789901100120| doi-access = }}, p. 124</ref> Apart from that, some local institutions like hospitals and hotels too get their own wastewater treatment facilities.<ref name="panapress" /> ==Water resources== [[Image:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River in the Pendjari National Park in the dry-season]] Experts estimate say the available water resources for Benin fit meet both current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry water use increase. Right now, the country dey use only about 1% of the available water resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 3</ref> The total renewable water resources for the country be about 3,954 m³ per person every year.<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | author-link = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 | url = http://www.unesco.org/bpi/wwdr/WWDR_chart1_eng.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}</ref> According to the Falkenmark and Widstrand definition, water shortage for Benin dey happen only once in a while or for some specific places.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Falkenmark | first = M. |author2=Widstrand, C. | title = Population and water resources: a delicate balance. | journal = Population Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 1–36 | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 1992| pmid = 12344702 }}</ref> About 2,000&nbsp;km², wey be 1.8% of the total land area of Benin (112,620&nbsp;km²), dey covered by water. Average rainfall be 1,039&nbsp;mm every year, but e dey differ from one region to another and from one season to another.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 2</ref> For 2021, the European Investment Bank provide €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater management by upgrading stormwater drainage systems wey go catch plastic waste. The project go help reduce flooding around buildings, benefit about 187,000 people for and around Cotonou, and also reduce plastics plus other pollutants wey dey enter the Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==Water use== One study wey dem publish for 2005 show say average water consumption be 17 liters per person per day (L/c/d) for rural areas and 29 L/c/d for cities. The researchers explain say rural people dey use small water because water sources no plenty, villages dey far from wells, and water scarce during the dry season. For the outskirts of towns too, dem see conditions wey resemble rural areas. Dem expect say water demand go increase because of urbanization and better living standards.<ref name="M'bareka 366" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations report say for 2001, domestic use account for 32% of all water withdrawal, agriculture use 45%, while industry use the remaining 23%.<ref>{{cite web | last = Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) | author-link = Food and Agriculture Organization | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin | date = 2008-05-02 | url = http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/factsheets/aquastat_fact_sheet_ben_en.pdf | access-date = 2011-04-06}}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall for Benin cause serious flooding, damage water resources and bring heavy financial losses. Because the rains continue, plenty plastics and other waste enter Lake Nokoué and the Gulf of Guinea through open drains, wey affect the quality and availability of water resources.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> ==History and recent developments== ===History=== Souterrains wey date from the 17th–19th century, the Kingdom of Dahomey build am for different purposes, including water storage<ref>{{cite book|last=Monroe|first= J. Cemeron|title= The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7DeNAwAAQBAJ&q=Dahomey+souterrain|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=137–142|isbn=9781107040182}}</ref> or as seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Merkyte | first1=Inga | last2=Randsborg| first2=Klavs | title=Graves from Dahomey: Beliefs, Ritual and Society in Ancient Bénin| journal= Journal of African Archaeology| volume=7|issue=1 | pages=55–77 | year=2009|doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10126|jstor=43135468}}</ref> '''Rural areas:''' Under the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin launch one campaign and install 5,350 water points. But the results show some weak points for the strategy: (i) users no really take part for the installation of the water points; (ii) health and hygiene education no dey enough; (iii) investment for hygiene and sanitation no dey enough; (iv) communities no dey fully involved for the management and operation of the water points; and (v) plenty of the water points no dey function well.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> Since these efforts and investments no really last, Benin prepare one new demand-responsive strategy for rural water supply and sanitation with help from the World Bank, and adopt am for 1992. The strategy base on four main principles: *Decentralization of decision making *Communities go contribute financially to the initial investments (about 3–10% of the total cost)<ref name="DANIDA 7">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 7</ref>) *Search for ways to reduce operation and maintenance costs *Privatization of construction and operation activities The strategy also include two other important principles: *Include hygiene education inside rural water programmes *Change the role of the General Water Authority (DGEau) to become the sector regulator and facilitator Since then, dem implement the strategy through different projects under the Assistance Program for the Development of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Rural Areas (PADEAR), with strong support from several development partners. Dem revise the strategy for 2003 because of the new institutional framework, the national poverty reduction strategy, the MDGs, delegation of works and lessons from the years wey dem don implement the strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 6-9</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 5-6</ref> For 1995, Benin adopt one national sanitation policy. The objectives be almost the same as the 1992 rural water supply and sanitation strategy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 20</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Before 2002, the Beninese Society of Electricity and Water dey provide both electricity and water. After that, dem privatize most of the electricity sector, while the urban water sector remain under government control through the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | location = Washington, D.C. | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 7</ref> ===Latest national strategies=== For both urban and rural areas, Benin adopt new strategies for 2005 and 2006 with the aim of reaching the MDGs for water supply by 2015. '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' The strategy for 2005–2015 follow the 1992 national strategy and target the MDGs. The principles still be similar but dem adjust am to match the new political and institutional system. Like the old strategy, this one too dey use demand-responsive approach and get five main principles: *Decentralize decision-making to municipalities, wey go respond to community demand *Users go participate in financing, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of facilities *Research ways to reduce water tariffs by using low-cost technologies *Privatize construction, operation, maintenance and social mediation, with special effort to improve the professionalism of local operators *Strengthen technical and administrative decentralization of the central administration as sector regulator, and create functional relationships between the municipalities and the central government.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 11-12</ref> For May 2004, government introduce one Water Initiative for semi-urban areas wey SONEB no dey serve. Even though dem never implement am by 2006, the aim be to reach the MDGs by building rural water supply systems for about 500 towns before 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 12</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' The urban water supply strategy for 2006–2015 no only target the MDGs by 2015, but e also want make public water supply become financially sustainable and make poorer households get better access to water. The strategy base on four principles: *Every stakeholder go perform their responsibilities inside one clear legal and institutional framework *Achieving the MDGs depend on continuous and balanced development of the sector *The sector go remain sustainable through efficient and financially sound public water supply *Giving low-income people access to water supply be one important national responsibility.<ref name="MMEE 13">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development |author2=Ministry of Mines |author3=Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 13</ref> Concerning '''sanitation''', the National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Programme cover the period from 2004 to 2008. The programme get three sub-programmes: *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for rural areas *Promotion of hygiene and basic sanitation for urban areas *Institutional support for the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health and its decentralized structures.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr}}, p. 17</ref> ==Responsibility for water supply and sanitation== ===Policy and regulation=== [[Image:Benin-CIA WFB Map.png|200px|thumb|Map of Benin]] The national Ministry of Energy and Water dey set overall water sector policies and dey supervise how dem implement am. National sanitation policy dey handled by the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under the Ministry of Health.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Benin dey currently implement decentralization policy, where responsibility for water supply and sanitation don transfer go the 77 communes (municipalities), wey get population between 25,000 and 600,000 people. Each commune get elected council and mayor. According to Law No. 97-029 of 1999, communes get full responsibility to provide drinking water and sanitation. The law still allow dem to request technical support from national government or private sector. The central government still responsible for providing necessary financial resources to enable communes carry out their duties.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 23-27</ref> For rural and semi-urban areas, the General Water Authority (DGEau) under the Ministry of Energy and Water dey implement national policies, coordinate water use for different purposes, and promote Integrated Water Resources Management. DGEau still responsible for maintaining database on water resources and how dem dey use am. To ensure national policies reach local level, DGEau get 11 water service divisions and six departmental divisions under the ministry. As decentralization dey continue, some responsibilities don shift from central DGEau go local divisions.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13" /> There is no independent regulator for economic regulation of water and sanitation sector. However, the national Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction (2007) recommend say such authority should be created.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Republic of Benin | title = Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction | date = April 2007 | url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 37</ref> ===Service provision=== After decentralization, municipalities and Water User Associations become responsible for operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation systems.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> For rural and semi-urban areas, DGEau dey support dem. For urban and peri-urban areas, the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) dey in charge of urban water supply and wastewater treatment on behalf of local authorities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 3</ref> SONEB dey serve about 69 urban districts as at 2007. Around 80% of urban water demand dey concentrated for Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou, and Abomey/Bohicon. Like DGEau, SONEB dey under Ministry of Energy and Water. Even though e be public company, SONEB get autonomy for decision-making and financial management.<ref name="RoB 52" /> For sanitation, the Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority dey handle sanitation for public places like schools and health centers. Responsibility still dey shared among SONEB, local communities, and ministries like Environment, Housing and Urbanism, and Public Works and Transportation.<ref name=gettingafrica /> ===Other functions=== '''Private sector:''' For rural areas, private companies dey involved under PADEAR strategy. Companies like FORAG and FORATECH dey drill about 1,000 water points every year. Private operators still dey help with maintenance activities.<ref name=gettingafrica /> Private consulting firms dey prepare feasibility studies and supervise construction work, while local artisans dey handle small jobs.<ref>{{cite web | last = Office International de l'Eau (OIEAU) | title = Alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural au Bénin | url = http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | access-date = 2008-05-21 | language = fr | archive-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210191235/http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/at2/contribution/toupe2.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 27-28</ref> For urban areas, private participation inside SONEB system no dey really happen. However, for Cotonou, private company SIBEAU dey operate the only wastewater treatment plant in the country.<ref name="Solo" /> '''Non-governmental organizations (NGOs):''' Plenty NGOs dey active for Benin.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 28</ref> Dem usually dey educate communities, give advice, and support them to manage their water supply responsibilities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = IGIP Afrique | title = Intégration des aspects genre et développement dans le Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et Assainissement (PADSEA) et dans le Projet d'Assistance au Développement du secteur de l'alimentation en Eau et de l'Assainissement en zone Rurale (PADEAR) au Bénin. Rapport Provisoire Version 2 | location = Cotonou | year = 2002|language=fr}}, p. 31</ref> ==Economic efficiency== Efficiency of water supply fit be measured through different indicators, but for Benin, access to data dey limited. However, a contract plan between SONEB and the Ministry in charge of water (2008–2010) introduce indicators to measure performance of urban water strategy adopted in 2007. SONEB dey report progress through yearly sector reviews. One key indicator be non-revenue water (NRW), meaning water wey dem produce but no dey billed due to leakages or illegal connections. According to Ministry of Economic and Financial Development, NRW for SONEB be 21% in 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> Even though there is no universal agreement on ideal NRW levels, Tynan and Kingdom propose 23% as benchmark for developing countries.<ref name="Tynan/Kingdom" /> SONEB performance dey close to that benchmark. ==Financial aspects== ===Tariffs and cost recovery=== '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' A tariff reform introduce for July 2009 based on 2006 tariff study. Connection fee set at 50,000 CFA francs. There is no difference between residential, commercial, or industrial users, but consumption dey charged under block tariff system.<ref name="com"/> Before the reform, tariff system charge US$0.41 per m³ for first 5 m³, and US$1.03 per m³ for usage above 5 m³. This structure start from 2002. In addition, users pay fixed fee of US$0.99 for water meter maintenance.<ref name="CFA 2006" /><ref name="CFA 2004" /> One study show say tariffs dey cover most capital cost and all operating costs.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Thibault | first = Adrien | title = Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin | publisher = Cranfield University | date = September 2007 | url = https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-19}}, p. 43-44</ref> For 2004, water sales generate about US$16.7 million revenue.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' Where Water User Associations dey operate, dem expected to cover operation and maintenance costs. According to DANIDA, water sale for rural areas fit be profitable and sustainable.<ref name="DANIDA 27" /> Charging for water dey common where schemes exist, but less common for hand pumps and wells.<ref name="DANIDA 7" /> World Bank study assume average rural tariff of about US$1.04 per m³, and say this usually cover maintenance costs. Because rural households dey use small amount of improved water (about 5 litres per person per day), affordability no be major problem.<ref name="World Bank 126" /> ===Investment and financing=== Water sector investment for Benin don increase since 1980s, but sanitation investment start later and remain lower. Until 2004, no full sector-wide review exist.<ref name="World Bank"/> Since 2002, Ministry of Energy and Water dey use three-year budget programme system to combine operational and investment funding for better planning and tracking.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr}}, p. 9</ref> Public expenditure data difficult to compile, but World Bank estimates show say DGEau spending (1997–2002) fluctuate and still depend heavily on external funding. Domestic funding increase from 9% to 25%, but overall spending reduce from US$11.87 million to US$8.57 million.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 119-120; 127</ref> Government report for 2006 show say no proper mechanism exist for urban water investment coordination, so external support still dey very important.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> For 2009, officials report say corruption dey affect the sector badly, with inflated contracts and bribery especially for rural areas.<ref>{{cite news | last = Global Water News Watch | title = Benin: "Enormous" corruption in the water sector | publisher = SAHRA - Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas | date = 2009-02-19 | url = http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | access-date = 2009-02-27 | archive-date = 2011-08-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224804/http://sahra.arizona.edu/cgi-bin/newsclips/newsclip_view.pl?mode=newsclip_view&ID=20163 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ====Financing latest strategies==== '''Rural and semi-urban areas:''' MDG implementation for 2006–2015 estimated to need about US$396 million total (US$40 million per year). Government say targets go difficult to achieve if funding no increase beyond 2002–2005 levels, but possible if resources fully mobilized.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Ministry of Economic and Financial Development: Ministry of Energy and Water | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_EAU.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|language=fr}}, p. 24</ref> '''Urban and peri-urban areas:''' Required investment also estimated at about US$400 million for 2006–2015.<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Financing go come from state, municipalities, development partners, financial institutions, and SONEB. Poor households and peri-urban zones go receive subsidies and donor support. SONEB itself go focus on financing maintenance and rehabilitation through improved self-financing and tariffs.<ref name="MMEE 13" /> '''Sanitation:''' About US$218 million needed for 2006–2015 to achieve sanitation MDGs.<ref name="MEPN 24" /><ref name="CFA 2006" /> According to di Joint Monitoring Program of di World Health Organization and UNICEF, three-quarters of di Benin population get access to improved water source for 2008, while 12% get access to improved sanitation. Dis share don increase from 63% for water and from 5% for sanitation for 1990. Coverage for urban areas dey higher pass rural areas.<ref name="JMP" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#E6E6FA" colspan=5|Access to water and sanitation for Benin (2008)<ref name="JMP" /> |- ! colspan=2| ! Urban<br>(41% of di population) ! Rural<br>(59% of di population) ! Total |- | rowspan=2|Water | Improved water source | 84% | 69% | 75% |- | Piped on premises | 26% | 2% | 12% |- | Sanitation | Improved sanitation | 24% | 4% | 12% |} Big difference dey for water supply coverage across different regions. Di situation depend on how easy to access groundwater, how donor investment programs dey spread, and how people for di area dey demand water services.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 }}, p. 113</ref> For urban areas, lack of safe water dey mostly affect outskirts of cities.<ref name="RoB 52" /> Di national government dey use different definition for “access”.<ref>For rural and semi-urban areas, water supply coverage rate mean say how many people dey covered by water points wey serve up to 250 people based on 20 liters per day per person at distance not pass 500 meters from consumption place. Water points include: * Borehole with hand pump = 1 water point * Modern well = 1 water point * Public stand post = 2 water points * Autonomous water stand post = 4 water points For urban areas, access mean connection to urban water network. One connection dey serve about 12 people. Source: Ministry of Economic and Financial Development and Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water, 2006</ref> Under dis definition, water coverage be 50% for urban and peri-urban areas and 41% for rural and semi-urban areas for 2005. Annual sector review for 2009 show say 55.1% rural access and 57% urban access.<ref name="com" /> Government strategy dey aim to reach 75% urban and 67.5% rural coverage by 2015.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> For sanitation, ministry report say for 2003, 67% of population no get proper toilet facilities.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin }}, p. 9</ref> For 2009, sanitation access be 39.4% for households and 71.6% for school children.<ref name="com"/> === Definition of urban and rural areas === Like other countries, Benin water sector split into urban and rural areas. But rural areas include semi-urban areas, while urban areas include peri-urban zones. For 2002, rural and semi-urban areas be settlements with less than 10,000 people and 22 secondary towns with more than 10,000 people,<ref name="World Bank" /> while other areas dey classified as urban and peri-urban. == Service quality == === Continuity of supply === Big investments for Greater Cotonou area no really happen since 1991. Water demand dey grow fast (about 6–8% per year), pass the system design capacity of wells, treatment plants and distribution network. Dis one dey cause low water pressure wey dey reduce supply for outskirts. For Cotonou, water dey available 24 hours daily, but electricity cuts from national power company dey disturb supply. About 50% of pump energy dey supported by generators to keep system running. Frequent power failure dey reduce reliability.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Since 2007/2008, donors like West African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, KfW and Netherlands don finance expansion works.<ref name="com"/> === Drinking water quality === No big nationwide study for water quality exist. But small study for peri-urban Cotonou show say water from kiosks and vendors dey clean and good quality.<ref name="Thibault 48" /> Private water sellers connected to SONEB network dey common for cities, especially for people wey never get direct connection.<ref name="Thibault 43" /> Government don introduce special pro-poor tariff for resale water in 2009.<ref name="com"/> Saltwater intrusion don also affect areas near Cotonou where water dey collected.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development }}, p. 11</ref> === Wastewater treatment === Wastewater treatment for Benin dey very rare. Most wastewater no dey treated properly. Study for 2001 show say for Cotonou, Parakou and Porto-Novo, only 2 out of 1,000 households dey dispose wastewater properly. Most people dey pour am into environment, causing pollution and diseases like malaria and typhoid fever.<ref name="panapress" /> Cotonou na di only city wey get functioning wastewater treatment plant. Plant dey treat sludge from septic tanks and latrines.<ref name="panapress" /> Private company dey manage am and treat about 240–300 m³ per day before dumping treated water into ocean.<ref name="Solo" /> Some hospitals and hotels also get small treatment systems.<ref name="panapress" /> == Water resources == == Water resources == [[File:Pendjari river.jpg|300px|thumb|River for [[Pendjari National Park]] during dry season]] Estimation show say Benin water resources dey enough to meet current and future demand, even if agriculture and industry use join. Current water use na about 1% of total available resources.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin }}, p. 3</ref> Total renewable water resources for di country estimated around 3,954 m³ per person per year,<ref>{{cite journal | last = UNESCO | title = World Water Development Report | year = 2003 }}</ref> meaning say water shortage only dey happen sometimes or for specific areas. About 2,000 km² (1.8%) of Benin total land area dey covered by water. Rainfall average na 1,039 mm per year but e dey change depending on region and season.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | year = 2006 }}</ref> For 2021, European Investment Bank give €50 million loan to help Cotonou improve stormwater drainage system. Di project go help capture plastic waste, reduce flooding, and improve environment for about 187,000 people around Cotonou and reduce pollution for Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":322" /> == Water use == Study for 2005 show say average water use na 17 liters per person per day for rural areas and 29 liters per person per day for urban areas. Low usage for rural areas na because of long distance to water sources and limited availability during dry season. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report for 2001 show say 32% of total water withdrawal dey go domestic use, 45% for agriculture, and 23% for industry.<ref>{{cite web | last = FAO | title = Summary Fact Sheet Benin }}</ref> For 2021, heavy rainfall cause flooding for many parts of Benin, damage water systems and release plastics and debris into Lake Nokoué and Gulf of Guinea through drainage channels, reducing water quality and availability.<ref name=":32" /> == History and recent developments == === History === Souterrains wey date from 17th–19th century for Kingdom of Dahomey dey serve different purposes including water storage and seasonal cisterns.<ref>{{cite book | last = Monroe | title = The Precolonial State in West Africa: Building Power in Dahomey }}</ref> ==== Rural areas ==== Under United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990), Benin build about 5,350 water points. But evaluation show some problems: * No strong community participation * Poor hygiene education * Low investment in sanitation * Weak community management * Many water points no dey functional Because of these issues, new demand-driven strategy start in 1992 with World Bank support. The strategy focus on: * Decentralization of decision making * Community contribution (3–10% of cost) * Cost reduction for maintenance * Private sector involvement Extra principles include hygiene education and redefining role of General Water Authority (DGEau). This approach lead to PADEAR programs supported by development partners.<ref name="Ministry of Economic and Financial Development" /> In 1995, national sanitation policy also introduce with similar objectives. ==== Urban and peri-urban areas ==== Before 2002, electricity and water supply dey under same institution (Beninese Society of Electricity and Water). Later electricity sector partly privatized, but urban water remain public under National Water Society of Benin (SONEB).<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin }}</ref> == Latest national strategies == From 2005–2006, new strategies adopt to meet MDGs by 2015. === Rural and semi-urban strategy (2005–2015) === This strategy continue 1992 approach with adjustments: * Decentralization to municipalities * User participation in financing and maintenance * Low-cost technology research * Private sector involvement * Strengthening decentralization systems There also plan to build rural water schemes in about 500 towns by 2015 to expand access in semi-urban areas.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de la cible 10 de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin }}</ref> === Urban water strategy (2006–2015) === Focus include: * Financial sustainability of water systems * Equitable access for poor households * Coordinated institutional framework * Continuous sector development * Strong public water utility system * Social equity in access to water<ref name="MMEE 13" /> === Sanitation program === National Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Program (2004–2008) include: * Rural hygiene promotion * Urban sanitation promotion * Institutional support to DHAB under Ministry of Health == Responsibility for water supply and sanitation == === Policy and regulation === Ministry of Energy and Water set policies for water sector. Hygiene and Basic Sanitation Authority (DHAB) under Ministry of Health handle sanitation policy. Benin dey implement decentralization, where 77 municipalities get responsibility for water and sanitation services. Each municipality get elected council and mayor, and dem get legal responsibility to provide services.<ref>{{cite journal | last = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement }}</ref> General Water Authority (DGEau) dey coordinate rural water management, promote integrated water resources management, and manage water data systems. No independent economic regulator exist, although government don propose am. === Service provision === Municipalities and Water User Associations dey manage local systems. Rural areas receive technical support from DGEau. Urban water supply dey handled by SONEB. SONEB dey operate for major cities including Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Parakou and Abomey-Bohicon, covering most urban demand.<ref name="RoB 52" /> Sanitation responsibilities dey shared between SONEB, municipalities, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Public Works. === Private sector and NGOs === Private companies dey active for rural drilling and maintenance (like FORAG and FORATECH). NGOs also dey support communities through training and hygiene education. == Economic efficiency == Non-revenue water (water loss or unpaid water) for SONEB was about 21% in 2004.<ref name="MMEE 9" /> This level dey close to international best practice benchmark for developing countries (~23%). == Financial aspects == === Tariffs === Urban water tariff reform in 2009 introduce: * Lower connection fee * Block tariff system Before reform, pricing was: * First 5 m³: about US$0.41 per m³ * Above 5 m³: about US$1.03 per m³<ref name="CFA 2006" /> Rural areas dey usually charge water per use, especially where schemes exist. Some wells and hand pumps no get strict tariffs. === Investment === Water sector investment increase since 1980s, but sanitation investment still low. Funding system now follow 3-year budget planning. External donors still play major role in financing. === Public-private partnership === Benin adopt decentralized water system where communes can delegate service delivery to private operators or water user associations. == External cooperation == Benin water sector dey strongly supported by international partners under PADEAR program.<ref name="MMEE 6" /> === Denmark (DANIDA) === DANIDA support rural and semi-urban water programs, focusing on poverty reduction, hygiene and sanitation improvements, and institutional support.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark | title = Benin - Danida Programmes }}</ref> === France (AFD) === French Development Agency support water and sanitation programs to improve access and strengthen decentralization.<ref>{{cite journal | last = AFD | title = Hydraulique Rural }}</ref> === Germany === GTZ and KfW support rural water programs and urban water systems improvement.<ref>{{cite web | last = GTZ | title = Priority areas in Benin }}</ref> === Netherlands === Dutch support helped provide water points for over 300,000 people and supports hygiene campaigns and decentralization. === World Bank === World Bank support includes poverty reduction credits and urban infrastructure development programs including sanitation and drainage systems. == References == {{Reflist|33em}} == External links == * Government of Benin Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction * Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water * National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) {{Benin topics}} {{Water supply and sanitation by country}} [[Category:Health in Benin]] [[Category:Water in Benin]] [[Category:Water supply and sanitation by country]] [[Category:Decentralization]] 1hyveu8x7ffn772bdg7d6os015k6dma 0 27912 105677 2026-06-29T09:09:17Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Marine conservation area in South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} <!--{{under construction}}--> {{Infobox protected area | name = Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area | iucn_category = IV | image = P9200027.JPG | image_alt = | image_size = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|from=Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area.map}} | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Langebaan Lagoon MPA location | map_width = | location = Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape province, South Africa | nearest_city = Langebaan | coordinates = {{coord|33|08|S|18|03|E|region:ZA|display=inline, title}} | area = 280&nbsp;km² | established = 1985 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = SANParks | url = | module = {{Location map | South Africa | relief=1 | width=300 }} | module2 = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 25 April 1988 | designation1_number = 398<ref>{{Cite web|title=Langebaan|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/398|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area''' na inshore conservation area wey dey inside territorial waters of South Africa. == History == Langebaan Lagoon first become marine reserve under Sea Fisheries Act for 1973. For 1985, dem include am inside Langebaan National Park, wey later change name go West Coast National Park. For 25 April 1988, dem declare Langebaan Ramsar site. The Marine Protected Area (MPA) later become official when Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, proclaim am for Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 under section 43 of Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.<ref name="MPAtlas" /><ref name="Management plan" /> == Purpose == {{see also|Marine protected areas of South Africa|Marine protected area}} Marine protected area na area wey IUCN define as “clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature together with ecosystem services and cultural values”.<ref name="WWF" /> Langebaan Lagoon saltmarshes be unique for South Africa because no river dey flow enter the lagoon. Dem cover about 32% of all saltmarsh habitat for di whole country. The salinity dey quite stable, and the area support plenty molluscs and crustaceans plus different types of seaweed. The lagoon na breeding and nursery ground for young fishes, and e support about 55,000 water birds during summer, including 23 species of waders.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> == Extent == About 65&nbsp;km coastline and 280&nbsp;km² sea area dey protected under this MPA. === Boundaries === The MPA boundary dey follow high-water mark inside Langebaan Lagoon from south of northern boundary. The northern boundary na line from Leentjiesklip No.2 (S33°03.707′, E018°2.462′) go Salamander Point (S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′), reach seaward boundary of South African National Defence Force area as dem mark am with buoys shown for SAN Chart SC2. From there, boundary continue follow that line reach yellow buoy east of Meeu Island (S33°05.166′, E018°00.809′), then go Perlemoen Point (S33°05.590′, E018°00.211′) for western side of the lagoon.<ref name="Declaration" /> === Zonation === The lagoon divide into three zones.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> Controlled zone for north allow recreational fishing and power boating; restricted zone allow only non-powered vessels and no fishing; sanctuary zone for south totally closed for all access.<ref name="African Conservation" /> ==== Controlled areas ==== kdftoa37dfreokgnnu8lzh2ick9ty0u 105700 105677 2026-06-29T09:23:32Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Marine conservation area in South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} <!--{{under construction}}--> {{Infobox protected area | name = Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area | iucn_category = IV | image = P9200027.JPG | image_alt = | image_size = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|from=Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area.map}} | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = Langebaan Lagoon MPA location | map_width = | location = Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape province, South Africa | nearest_city = Langebaan | coordinates = {{coord|33|08|S|18|03|E|region:ZA|display=inline, title}} | area = 280&nbsp;km² | established = 1985 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = SANParks | url = | module = {{Location map | South Africa | relief=1 | width=300 }} | module2 = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 25 April 1988 | designation1_number = 398<ref>{{Cite web|title=Langebaan|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/398|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area''' na inshore conservation area wey dey inside territorial waters of South Africa. == History == Langebaan Lagoon first become marine reserve under Sea Fisheries Act for 1973. For 1985, dem include am inside Langebaan National Park, wey later change name go West Coast National Park. For 25 April 1988, dem declare Langebaan Ramsar site. The Marine Protected Area (MPA) later become official when Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, proclaim am for Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 under section 43 of Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.<ref name="MPAtlas" /><ref name="Management plan" /> == Purpose == {{see also|Marine protected areas of South Africa|Marine protected area}} Marine protected area na area wey IUCN define as “clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature together with ecosystem services and cultural values”.<ref name="WWF" /> Langebaan Lagoon saltmarshes be unique for South Africa because no river dey flow enter the lagoon. Dem cover about 32% of all saltmarsh habitat for di whole country. The salinity dey quite stable, and the area support plenty molluscs and crustaceans plus different types of seaweed. The lagoon na breeding and nursery ground for young fishes, and e support about 55,000 water birds during summer, including 23 species of waders.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> == Extent == About 65&nbsp;km coastline and 280&nbsp;km² sea area dey protected under this MPA. === Boundaries === The MPA boundary dey follow high-water mark inside Langebaan Lagoon from south of northern boundary. The northern boundary na line from Leentjiesklip No.2 (S33°03.707′, E018°2.462′) go Salamander Point (S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′), reach seaward boundary of South African National Defence Force area as dem mark am with buoys shown for SAN Chart SC2. From there, boundary continue follow that line reach yellow buoy east of Meeu Island (S33°05.166′, E018°00.809′), then go Perlemoen Point (S33°05.590′, E018°00.211′) for western side of the lagoon.<ref name="Declaration" /> === Zonation === The lagoon divide into three zones.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> Controlled zone for north allow recreational fishing and power boating; restricted zone allow only non-powered vessels and no fishing; sanctuary zone for south totally closed for all access.<ref name="African Conservation" /> ==== Controlled areas ==== == Management == [[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Saldanha Bay & Langebaan Lagoon.jpg|thumb|right|Saldanha Bay and the lagoon (below), seen from space]] South African National Parks (SANParks) dey manage the MPA to make sure say dem protect the marine resources well and use dem in a sustainable way. The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries na dem dey issue permits, quotas, and enforce the law.<ref name="SANParks" /> {{expand section|date=February 2019}} <!-- === Law enforcement === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Funding === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Budget === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} --> == Use == {{empty section|date=February 2019}} <!-- === Activities requiring a permit === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} ==== Fishing ==== {{empty section|date=February 2019}} ==== Scuba diving ==== {{empty section|date=February 2019}} ===== Named dive sites ===== {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Prohibited activities === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} --> == Geography == <!-- === General topography === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Geology === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Hydrography === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} === Bathymetry === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} --> === Climate === {{see also|Climate of South Africa}} South-western Cape ein climate different well-well from the rest of South Africa. Most parts of South Africa dey get plenty rain for summer, especially from December go February. But South-western Cape get Mediterranean-type climate, wey dey receive most of ein rainfall for winter, from June go September. For summer, the main thing wey dey control the weather for the area na high-pressure zone wey dem dey call the South Atlantic High. E dey over the South Atlantic Ocean for the west side of the Cape coast. Winds wey dey move anticlockwise from this system dey blow enter the Cape from the south-east, and e fit bring strong winds for several days plus mostly clear skies. These winds dey help keep the area cool. Because the area dey the west coast, e dey always feel these winds. For winter, disturbances for the circumpolar westerly winds dey create a series of eastward-moving low-pressure systems. These systems dey bring cool weather, plenty clouds, and rain from the north-west. === Seasonal variations in sea conditions === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} == Ecology == [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion]] The MPA dey inside the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion for the west of Cape Point, and the region stretch north go reach the Orange River. Plenty species wey dey this coastline be endemic, meaning say dem dey only South Africa.<ref name="Sink et al 2004" /> Four main marine habitats dey inside this region, and dem differ based on the kind of substrate, or the material wey form the seabed. The substrate be important because e give plants and animals place to attach themselves. Rocky shores and reefs provide strong surfaces for plants and animals to grow. Some of these reefs get kelp forests wey reduce wave action and provide food and shelter for many organisms. Sandy beaches and sandy bottoms no stable enough to support kelp or many benthic organisms. Apart from these, open water too dey above the seabed and away from kelp forests, where organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats wey combine two or more of these habitats too common for the area.<ref name="Branch 1985" /> '''Rocky shores and reefs''' The area get rocky reefs plus mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms, another marine organism fit also serve as substrate, so different layers of organisms dey commonly live together. Examples include red bait pods wey usually get sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods attached to dem. Abalone too often get the same seaweeds wey grow for nearby rocks, together with many other organisms wey live inside the seaweeds.<ref name="Branch 1985" />{{rp|Ch.2}} The type of rock wey make the reef matter because e affect the local landscape under the sea. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks weather differently. Depending on the direction and steepness of the rock layers, dem fit form reefs wey flat or very rugged with many small cracks. These features fit face different directions toward the shoreline and incoming waves. Sandstone reefs usually no get many big holes or tunnels, but dem often get deep, low, horizontal cracks. '''Kelp forests''' Kelp forests be one type of rocky reef habitat because kelp need strong, stable surfaces to survive the force of repeated waves. The sea bamboo ''Ecklonia maxima'' dey grow for shallow water where e fit reach the surface by using ein gas-filled stems, forming a thick layer near or on top of the water depending on the tide. The shorter split-fan kelp ''Laminaria pallida'' mostly dey deeper reefs where competition from sea bamboo no too much. Both kelp species provide food and shelter for many organisms. Sea bamboo especially support many epiphytes, which themselves provide food and shelter for many more organisms.<ref name="Branch 1985" />{{rp|Ch.4}} [[File:West Coast National Park (11356224206).jpg|thumb|Saltmarshes of Langebaan]] '''Sandy beaches and bottoms''' (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms) At first glance, sandy bottoms fit look like empty places because the shifting sand no support plenty reef species, and the number of large organisms dey low. Waves dey always move the sand around, depending on the weather and how exposed the area be. Because of this, organisms wey live there need special adaptations to survive. The number of species wey dey sandy or gravel bottoms depend on all these conditions. Even though the habitat no stable, many animals fit dig enter the sand and move up and down inside am. This help dem find food and hide from predators. Other species fit dig holes to live inside or filter water through tunnels to feed.<ref name="Branch 1985" />{{rp|Ch.3}} '''The open sea''' The pelagic water column be the biggest living space inside the sea. This na the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone where organisms dey swim, float, or drift. The marine food chain start with phytoplankton, tiny photosynthetic organisms wey convert sunlight into organic matter wey feed almost every living thing either directly or indirectly. For temperate seas, phytoplankton growth follow seasonal cycles based on available nutrients and sunlight. Any of these fit limit growth. Phytoplankton grow best where enough light dey, but dem too reduce how deep sunlight fit enter the water, so areas with high productivity usually get shallower photosynthetic zones.<ref name="Branch 1985" />{{rp|Ch.6}} Zooplankton dey feed on phytoplankton, and bigger animals dey feed on zooplankton. Larger pelagic animals usually dey move fast and fit change depth to find food, avoid predators, or move to places where food plenty. === Marine species diversity === {{empty section|date=February 2019}} ==== Animals ==== *23 species of wading birds.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> *29 species of bony fish<ref name="African Conservation" /> *12 shark and ray species, including sandshark (''Rhinobatos annulatus'')<ref name="African Conservation" /> *Geelbek<ref name="African Conservation" /> *Cape stumpnose<ref name="African Conservation" /> *Snoek (''Thyrsites atun'')<ref name="African Conservation" /> *Yellowtail<ref name="African Conservation" /> More than 400 species of marine invertebrates.<ref name="African Conservation" /> *''Siphonaria'' *''Assiminea globulus'' ==== Seaweeds ==== 71 species of marine algae.<ref name="MPAtlas" /> ==== Endemism ==== The MPA dey inside the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion for the west of Cape Point and e stretch north go reach the Orange River. Plenty species wey dey this coastline be endemic to South Africa.<ref name="Sink et al 2004" /> ==== Alien invasive species ==== As of April 23, 2025, dem don record 29 known alien marine species inside the marine protected area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New marine alien species Amathia verticillata discovered in Langebaan Lagoon MPA – Our Stories – Scientific Services |url=https://www.sanparks.org/conservation/scientific-services/stories/new-marine-alien-species-amathia-verticillata-discovered-in-langebaan-lagoon-mpa |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SANParks |language=en}}</ref> One example na the sea beard ''Amathia verticillata'', one invasive bryozoan wey dem discover for 2023. Researchers believe say e likely enter the area through the nearby Saldanha Bay port because of commercial shipping activities. These bryozoans dey cover large areas of seagrass and artificial surfaces like boat hulls and shipwrecks. Their population dey change with the seasons—dem reduce during winter and come back again for summer.<ref name=":0" />{{empty section|date=January 2019}} == Threats == {{empty section|date=January 2019}} == Slipways and harbours in the MPA == {{empty section|date=January 2019}} == See also == {{Marine protected areas of South Africa map}} *{{annotated link|List of protected areas of South Africa}} *{{annotated link|Marine protected areas of South Africa}} {{clear}} == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="African Conservation" >{{cite web|url=http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html |title=Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park |website=www.photodestination.co.za |access-date=18 February 2019 }}</ref> <ref name="Branch 1985">{{cite book|last1=Branch |first1=G.M. |last2=Branch |first2=M.L. |date=1985 |title=The Living Shores of Southern Africa |edition=3rd impression|publisher=C. Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-115-9}}</ref> <ref name="Declaration" >{{cite book|url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf |title=Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 |date=29 December 2000 |via= Centre for Environmental Rights |access-date= 19 January 2019 }}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Fielding 2021" >{{cite report |url=https://www.nairobiconvention.org/clearinghouse/sites/default/files/MPA%20Outlook_South%20Africa.pdf |last=Fielding |first=P. |date=2021 |title=Marine & Coastal Areas under Protection: Republic of South Africa |pages=133–166|work=UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA. 2021. Western Indian Ocean Marine Protected Areas Outlook: Towards achievement of the Global Biodiversity Framework Targets. |publisher=UNEP and WIOMSA |location=Nairobi, Kenya |isbn=978-9976-5619-0-6 }}</ref> --> <ref name="Management plan" >{{cite web|url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf |title=West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023 }}</ref> <ref name="MPAtlas" >{{cite web|url=http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/67704832/ |title=Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area |website=www.mpatlas.org | access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SANParks" >{{cite web |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |title=Marine Protected Area |author=<!--not specified--> |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Sink et al 2004">{{cite report |work=South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT |date=October 2004 |pages=97–109 |title=Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions |first1=K. |last1=Sink |first2=J. |last2=Harris |first3=A. |last3=Lombard |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=2019-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041217/http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="WWF" >{{cite web |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |author=<!--not specified-->|publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 May 2018 }}</ref> <!-- <ref name="Sink et al 2011" >{{cite report|url=http://opus.sanbi.org/bitstream/20.500.12143/5809/1/Sinka_et_al_2010.pdf |work=Final Summary Report 2011 Offshore Marine Protected Area Project |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |location=Cape Town |access-date=10 February 2019 |last1=Sink |first1=KJ |last2=Attwood |first2=CG |last3=Lombard |first3=AT |last4=Grantham |first4=H |last5=Leslie |first5=R |last6=Samaai |first6=T |last7=Kerwath |first7=S |last8=Majiedt |first8=P |last9=Fairweather |first9=T |last10=Hutchings |first10=L |last11=van der Lingen |first11=C |last12=Atkinson |first12=LJ |last13=Wilkinson |first13=S |last14=Holness |first14=S |last15=Wolf |first15=T |date=2011 |title=Spatial planning to identify focus areas for offshore biodiversity protection in South Africa}}</ref> --> }} 6orz09cs1nb1ninzhdrzl6n97al1yqw 0 27913 105747 2026-06-29T10:02:59Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling|date = August 2023}} {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]] The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day. This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign. Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising and communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. The main idea be say make restaurant customers donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. The money wey dem raise go help provide clean drinking water for children wey dey poor communities. With just US$1, UNICEF fit provide one child access to clean and safe water for 15 days. During the first year, the campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e expand become part of World Water Week. The first Tap Project wey happen for New York City get support from thousands of restaurant customers across more than 300 restaurants, and the campaign raise about US$100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Since 2007, the UNICEF Tap Project don raise almost US$2.5 million to support water supply and sanitation programmes for children. 2y3ihl8ccbdy9j0ig5nfgwlcqe9hlcc 105749 105747 2026-06-29T10:04:24Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 /* History */ added more content 105749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling|date = August 2023}} {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]] The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day. This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign. Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising/communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. Di idea be say make restaurant customers donate $1 or more for di tap water wey dem normally dey drink free. Di money go help provide clean drinking water for pikin wey dey poor communities. With just $1, UNICEF fit give one pikin access to clean, safe water for about 15 days. For di first year, di campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e turn into one campaign wey dey happen throughout World Water Week. Di first Tap Project for New York City get support from thousands of customers across more than 300 restaurants, and e help raise around $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project raise almost $2.5 million to support water and sanitation programmes for children. ==Destination of funds== Money wey UNICEF Tap Project raise through di campaign dey support different UNICEF programmes for water, hygiene and sanitation. Di money don help children get access to clean water for countries like Belize, Guatemala, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraq, Togo and Vietnam. Some of di projects include drilling wells, installing water pumps, building toilets for poor communities, and teaching school children plus dia families important hygiene practices. Di Tap Project also support rainwater harvesting and affordable water filters.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country that has received aid!! year |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Central African Republic || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraq || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> cuw0jz1hwmypsekbiry94kf5g9e6pnl 105751 105749 2026-06-29T10:05:32Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling|date = August 2023}} {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]] The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day. This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign. Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising/communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. Di idea be say make restaurant customers donate $1 or more for di tap water wey dem normally dey drink free. Di money go help provide clean drinking water for pikin wey dey poor communities. With just $1, UNICEF fit give one pikin access to clean, safe water for about 15 days. For di first year, di campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e turn into one campaign wey dey happen throughout World Water Week. Di first Tap Project for New York City get support from thousands of customers across more than 300 restaurants, and e help raise around $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project raise almost $2.5 million to support water and sanitation programmes for children. ==Destination of funds== Money wey UNICEF Tap Project raise through di campaign dey support different UNICEF programmes for water, hygiene and sanitation. Di money don help children get access to clean water for countries like Belize, Guatemala, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraq, Togo and Vietnam. Some of di projects include drilling wells, installing water pumps, building toilets for poor communities, and teaching school children plus dia families important hygiene practices. Di Tap Project also support rainwater harvesting and affordable water filters.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country that has received aid!! year |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Central African Republic || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraq || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==National sponsors== Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project don get plenty sponsors wey support di campaign. For 2010, Giorgio Armani start one campaign wey dem call "Acqua for Life". Di campaign use im men's perfume "Acqua di Giò" take raise awareness and money for Tap Project. For 2011, Armani add di women's perfume "Acqua di Gioia" join di campaign. Giorgio Armani donate $1 for every bottle of these two perfumes wey people buy during March. Di offer cover bottles wey people buy for all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System take part for Tap Project campaign for four straight years. Di company support UNICEF Tap Project Volunteer Program by providing money to recruit and train volunteers, supply resources and give free adverts to help spread awareness about di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 be advertising agency wey start for 2006, and dem partner with UNICEF for 2007 to support di Tap Project campaign. Droga5 dey create promotional materials wey advertise di project across different media before and during World Water Week to help create awareness about di global water crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay join UNICEF for 2009 to help provide clean and safe water for children through di Tap Project. Di company create one programme wey dem call GivingWorks, where buyers and sellers fit donate part of dia profit from sales on eBay. People fit also donate money when dem dey check out products or listings wey support di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF Tap Project also get promotional support from MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb and Yelp, Inc. These companies provide free advertising and media exposure to help promote di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Celebrity Tap Set]] To raise more money for di Tap Project, UNICEF launch Celebrity Tap for 2011. Di campaign package water from celebrities' home taps inside special bottles. Anybody wey donate $5 through di Tap Project website enter draw for chance to win one full case of luxury celebrity tap water.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Di money wey Celebrity Tap raise help provide clean and safe water for children around di world. Some of di celebrities wey join di project be Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna and Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from providing water from dia own homes, these celebrities also volunteer dia time for commercials and advertising campaigns to promote UNICEF Tap Project. lt4oo4byvea26oymt1n6y6nandbfez9 105759 105751 2026-06-29T10:16:16Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling|date = August 2023}} {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]] The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day. This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign. Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising/communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. Di idea be say make restaurant customers donate $1 or more for di tap water wey dem normally dey drink free. Di money go help provide clean drinking water for pikin wey dey poor communities. With just $1, UNICEF fit give one pikin access to clean, safe water for about 15 days. For di first year, di campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e turn into one campaign wey dey happen throughout World Water Week. Di first Tap Project for New York City get support from thousands of customers across more than 300 restaurants, and e help raise around $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project raise almost $2.5 million to support water and sanitation programmes for children. ==Destination of funds== Money wey UNICEF Tap Project raise through di campaign dey support different UNICEF programmes for water, hygiene and sanitation. Di money don help children get access to clean water for countries like Belize, Guatemala, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraq, Togo and Vietnam. Some of di projects include drilling wells, installing water pumps, building toilets for poor communities, and teaching school children plus dia families important hygiene practices. Di Tap Project also support rainwater harvesting and affordable water filters.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country that has received aid!! year |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Central African Republic || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraq || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==National sponsors== Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project don get plenty sponsors wey support di campaign. For 2010, Giorgio Armani start one campaign wey dem call "Acqua for Life". Di campaign use im men's perfume "Acqua di Giò" take raise awareness and money for Tap Project. For 2011, Armani add di women's perfume "Acqua di Gioia" join di campaign. Giorgio Armani donate $1 for every bottle of these two perfumes wey people buy during March. Di offer cover bottles wey people buy for all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System take part for Tap Project campaign for four straight years. Di company support UNICEF Tap Project Volunteer Program by providing money to recruit and train volunteers, supply resources and give free adverts to help spread awareness about di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 be advertising agency wey start for 2006, and dem partner with UNICEF for 2007 to support di Tap Project campaign. Droga5 dey create promotional materials wey advertise di project across different media before and during World Water Week to help create awareness about di global water crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay join UNICEF for 2009 to help provide clean and safe water for children through di Tap Project. Di company create one programme wey dem call GivingWorks, where buyers and sellers fit donate part of dia profit from sales on eBay. People fit also donate money when dem dey check out products or listings wey support di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF Tap Project also get promotional support from MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb and Yelp, Inc. These companies provide free advertising and media exposure to help promote di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Celebrity Tap Set]] To raise more money for di Tap Project, UNICEF launch Celebrity Tap for 2011. Di campaign package water from celebrities' home taps inside special bottles. Anybody wey donate $5 through di Tap Project website enter draw for chance to win one full case of luxury celebrity tap water.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Di money wey Celebrity Tap raise help provide clean and safe water for children around di world. Some of di celebrities wey join di project be Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna and Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from providing water from dia own homes, these celebrities also volunteer dia time for commercials and advertising campaigns to promote UNICEF Tap Project. ===UNICEF Tap Project 2014=== For 2014, UNICEF launch one new campaign wey challenge people make dem stay without something wey no be as important as clean water—dia mobile phone. If users visit di Tap Project website with dia smartphone, dem go challenge dem make dem no touch dia phone for as long as dem fit. Every 15 minutes wey person no touch im phone, UNICEF sponsors go donate money wey fit provide one day of clean water for children wey need am. Di campaign attract more than 2.6 million users. On average, each person spend more than one hour for di website. Altogether, di campaign raise $1.6 million after users spend more than 250 million minutes without touching dia phones. ==Achievements== ===Awards=== Since di Tap Project start for 2007, plenty organisations don recognise am and give am different awards. For June 2007, di Tap Project win di Titanium Lion award for Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival for France because of ein creative innovation.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> For 2008, di Tap Project win Gold award from The Advertising Club of New York International ANDY Awards for Public Service, plus Silver award for Integrated Branding. (Gold / 2008 Richard T. O. Reilly) for Public Service.<ref name="awards" /> For dat same year too, Jay Aldous, wey be former Chief Marketing and Communications Officer for U.S. Fund for UNICEF, become one of di first winners of di Non-profit Marketer of the Year award from di American Marketing Association and di American Marketing Association Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Notable media=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson win di competition, and UNICEF Tap Project be di charity wey e support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==External links== *[http://www.tapproject.org "Tap Project" Homepage. 17 February 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Celebrating the Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 February 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "World Water Council." 16 March 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 February 2009 }} ==References== [[Category:UNICEF]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] d9f8dtis3csapu1ziwliwlaif67iu1x 0 27914 105812 2026-06-29T11:19:50Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358049158|Kainji Dam]]" 105812 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na dam wey cross the Niger River for Niger State for Central Nigeria. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 3huy8u6tvcu95gvki1ant93xd01xvgt 105813 105812 2026-06-29T11:27:30Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105813 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na dam wey cross the Niger River for Niger State for Central Nigeria.Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 97c02xlu7ebu6cs2xmkz63p49whvecx 105814 105813 2026-06-29T11:30:50Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105814 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na dam wey cross the Niger River for Niger State for Central Nigeria.Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money), [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 1ad41owp1mawyqu9t2zinkl31tbvn3f 105815 105814 2026-06-29T11:31:55Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105815 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na dam wey cross the Niger River for Niger State for Central Nigeria.Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] sy4ddk4ooie89e4yxpvxc69kfjzwxrx 105816 105815 2026-06-29T11:33:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105816 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the Niger River for Niger State for Central Nigeria.Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] fuse56ig6gtls6mshj8i9uwm4osxjs8 105817 105816 2026-06-29T11:35:19Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105817 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central Nigeria.Construction of the dam by Impregilo (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] cserpzcn10t1ybc7g4gr0a7bm8k1yqd 105818 105817 2026-06-29T11:38:54Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added links 105818 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]].Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] nrk58x04dgrso5hrgx6sg4vhin9y1c2 105819 105818 2026-06-29T11:43:11Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105819 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] orzz054vnoiw9e3k6ata9is1o26ug8e 105820 105819 2026-06-29T11:50:13Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105820 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] c2jpf36emv2vnzw581ahruoslntie7s 105822 105820 2026-06-29T11:51:36Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105822 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake, displace. [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 3lx1sjitz77exnk99woxsbt6oomi2g1 0 27915 105821 2026-06-29T11:51:30Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105821 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''H2O Africa Foundation''' be one NGO wey Matt Damon start to raise awareness about clean water initiatives for Africa. E be part of di Running the Sahara expedition and documentary project wey Matt Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet and Independent Producers Alliance organise. For July 2009, H2O Africa Foundation merge with WaterPartners to form Water.org, one organisation wey Matt Damon and Gary White of WaterPartners co-found. ==History== When Matt Damon plus im producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz and Keith Quinn start dey plan di Running the Sahara expedition and film, Damon get di idea say make dem start one charity initiative too. Dem launch am informally for spring of 2006, and Richard Klopp become di first executive director wey lead di launch.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When film financier IPA join di project, di foundation officially get di name H2O Africa. Dem announce am on 10 September 2006 during one ONEXONE event for Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Dem create am as di charity arm of di Running the Sahara film project. Di aim be to raise money and awareness for organisations like United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International and Millennium Promise project. On 29 May 2007, H2O Africa announce one new partnership with Ryan's Well Foundation.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> ==Projects== H2O Africa take part for these projects: *'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa dey help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for this project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di goal of di project be to improve health, wellbeing and sanitation for between 15 and 20 schools for Lira and Oyam districts inside Lango sub-region of Uganda. Apart from that, di project go also provide hygiene and environmental sanitation training for 90 schools inside di two districts, rehabilitate or build 25 clean water sources, and build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007. *'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, together with UNDP, dey build one water tower and two water fountains for di village of Néré Walo, Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of August 2007, di project nearly finish. 20rd81lzp6hh13jc6ndkcqwrddum3ng 105823 105821 2026-06-29T11:54:06Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 105823 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''H2O Africa Foundation''' be one NGO wey Matt Damon start to raise awareness about clean water initiatives for Africa. E be part of di Running the Sahara expedition and documentary project wey Matt Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet and Independent Producers Alliance organise. For July 2009, H2O Africa Foundation merge with WaterPartners to form Water.org, one organisation wey Matt Damon and Gary White of WaterPartners co-found. ==History== When Matt Damon plus im producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz and Keith Quinn start dey plan di Running the Sahara expedition and film, Damon get di idea say make dem start one charity initiative too. Dem launch am informally for spring of 2006, and Richard Klopp become di first executive director wey lead di launch.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When film financier IPA join di project, di foundation officially get di name H2O Africa. Dem announce am on 10 September 2006 during one ONEXONE event for Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Dem create am as di charity arm of di Running the Sahara film project. Di aim be to raise money and awareness for organisations like United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International and Millennium Promise project. On 29 May 2007, H2O Africa announce one new partnership with Ryan's Well Foundation.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> ==Projects== H2O Africa take part for these projects: *'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa dey help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for this project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di goal of di project be to improve health, wellbeing and sanitation for between 15 and 20 schools for Lira and Oyam districts inside Lango sub-region of Uganda. Apart from that, di project go also provide hygiene and environmental sanitation training for 90 schools inside di two districts, rehabilitate or build 25 clean water sources, and build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007. *'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, together with UNDP, dey build one water tower and two water fountains for di village of Néré Walo, Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of August 2007, di project nearly finish. *'''Millennium Village''': H2O Africa partner with Millennium Promise to raise money for di Millennium Village project for Timbuktu, Mali. Di project dey support different initiatives wey go improve di local economy for areas like energy, infrastructure, nutrition services and gender equality.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> As of August 2007, di project don receive 22% of di $1,750,000 funding target. *'''Central African Republic Well Project''': H2O Africa join hands with Living Water International to build 20 new wells for Central African Republic. Dem also go provide support for these wells for five years. Di project still aim to help communities manage dia water resources better during this period. H2O Africa commit $100,000 to di project and also promise say dem go match another $100,000 wey people donate. As of August 2007, di organisation don raise 72% of di funding target. *'''L'Desh Fresh''': Millions of people around di world don search for am, and e finally enter di American market for 2009. Parasites, small traces of urine, dirt and arsenic come together to create di natural texture of L'Desh Fresh: ''The World's Most Authentic Drinking Water.'' But where e dey hide all this time? As e enter di market, plenty people dey ask that question. But di truth be say na joke—well, somehow. Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS), one award-winning marketing and advertising agency for Kansas City, create di L'Desh Fresh campaign for Water.org, one international non-profit organisation based for Kansas City. For almost twenty years, Water.org don dey work to provide safe drinking water and sanitation for people wey dey developing countries. SHS support di mission by creating this awareness campaign free of charge (pro bono).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} ==Charitable partners== * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * United Nations Development Programme * Millennium Promise * Ryan's Well Foundation ==See also== * Matt Damon * Running the Sahara * Water.org ==External links== * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] {{Matt Damon}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:H2o Africa Foundation}} [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2009]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] [[Category:Matt Damon]] [[Category:Defunct non-profit organizations based in the United States]] 80b4aebmw1il6juzp7eu8vuxkprtv00 105824 105823 2026-06-29T11:56:55Z Sirjat 1332 105824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''H2O Africa Foundation''' be one NGO wey Matt Damon start to raise awareness about clean water initiatives for Africa. E be part of di Running the Sahara expedition and documentary project wey Matt Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet and Independent Producers Alliance organise. For July 2009, H2O Africa Foundation merge with WaterPartners to form Water.org, one organisation wey Matt Damon and Gary White of WaterPartners co-found. ==History== When Matt Damon plus im producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz and Keith Quinn start dey plan di Running the Sahara expedition and film, Damon get di idea say make dem start one charity initiative too. Dem launch am informally for spring of 2006, and Richard Klopp become di first executive director wey lead di launch.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When film financier IPA join di project, di foundation officially get di name H2O Africa. Dem announce am on 10 September 2006 during one ONEXONE event for Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Dem create am as di charity arm of di Running the Sahara film project. Di aim be to raise money and awareness for organisations like United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International and Millennium Promise project. On 29 May 2007, H2O Africa announce one new partnership with Ryan's Well Foundation.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> ==Projects== H2O Africa take part for these projects: *'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa dey help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for this project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di goal of di project be to improve health, wellbeing and sanitation for between 15 and 20 schools for Lira and Oyam districts inside Lango sub-region of Uganda. Apart from that, di project go also provide hygiene and environmental sanitation training for 90 schools inside di two districts, rehabilitate or build 25 clean water sources, and build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007. *'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, together with UNDP, dey build one water tower and two water fountains for di village of Néré Walo, Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of August 2007, di project nearly finish. *'''Millennium Village''': H2O Africa partner with Millennium Promise to raise money for di Millennium Village project for Timbuktu, Mali. Di project dey support different initiatives wey go improve di local economy for areas like energy, infrastructure, nutrition services and gender equality.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> As of August 2007, di project don receive 22% of di $1,750,000 funding target. *'''Central African Republic Well Project''': H2O Africa join hands with Living Water International to build 20 new wells for Central African Republic. Dem also go provide support for these wells for five years. Di project still aim to help communities manage dia water resources better during this period. H2O Africa commit $100,000 to di project and also promise say dem go match another $100,000 wey people donate. As of August 2007, di organisation don raise 72% of di funding target. *'''L'Desh Fresh''': Millions of people around di world don search for am, and e finally enter di American market for 2009. Parasites, small traces of urine, dirt and arsenic come together to create di natural texture of L'Desh Fresh: ''The World's Most Authentic Drinking Water.'' But where e dey hide all this time? As e enter di market, plenty people dey ask that question. But di truth be say na joke—well, somehow. Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS), one award-winning marketing and advertising agency for Kansas City, create di L'Desh Fresh campaign for Water.org, one international non-profit organisation based for Kansas City. For almost twenty years, Water.org don dey work to provide safe drinking water and sanitation for people wey dey developing countries. SHS support di mission by creating this awareness campaign free of charge (pro bono).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} ==Charitable partners== * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * United Nations Development Programme * Millennium Promise * Ryan's Well Foundation ==See also== * Matt Damon * Running the Sahara * Water.org ==External links== * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] {{Matt Damon}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:H2o Africa Foundation}} [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2009]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] [[Category:Matt Damon]] [[Category:Defunct non-profit organizations based in the United States]] jzmi5r2gxd8ke1w4kpfdaxbzvtkpy9n 105825 105824 2026-06-29T11:57:28Z Sirjat 1332 /* See also */ 105825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Di '''H2O Africa Foundation''' be one NGO wey Matt Damon start to raise awareness about clean water initiatives for Africa. E be part of di Running the Sahara expedition and documentary project wey Matt Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet and Independent Producers Alliance organise. For July 2009, H2O Africa Foundation merge with WaterPartners to form Water.org, one organisation wey Matt Damon and Gary White of WaterPartners co-found. ==History== When Matt Damon plus im producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz and Keith Quinn start dey plan di Running the Sahara expedition and film, Damon get di idea say make dem start one charity initiative too. Dem launch am informally for spring of 2006, and Richard Klopp become di first executive director wey lead di launch.<ref>[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> When film financier IPA join di project, di foundation officially get di name H2O Africa. Dem announce am on 10 September 2006 during one ONEXONE event for Toronto International Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> Dem create am as di charity arm of di Running the Sahara film project. Di aim be to raise money and awareness for organisations like United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International and Millennium Promise project. On 29 May 2007, H2O Africa announce one new partnership with Ryan's Well Foundation.<ref>[http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> ==Projects== H2O Africa take part for these projects: *'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa dey help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for this project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di goal of di project be to improve health, wellbeing and sanitation for between 15 and 20 schools for Lira and Oyam districts inside Lango sub-region of Uganda. Apart from that, di project go also provide hygiene and environmental sanitation training for 90 schools inside di two districts, rehabilitate or build 25 clean water sources, and build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007. *'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, together with UNDP, dey build one water tower and two water fountains for di village of Néré Walo, Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of August 2007, di project nearly finish. *'''Millennium Village''': H2O Africa partner with Millennium Promise to raise money for di Millennium Village project for Timbuktu, Mali. Di project dey support different initiatives wey go improve di local economy for areas like energy, infrastructure, nutrition services and gender equality.<ref>[http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007</ref> As of August 2007, di project don receive 22% of di $1,750,000 funding target. *'''Central African Republic Well Project''': H2O Africa join hands with Living Water International to build 20 new wells for Central African Republic. Dem also go provide support for these wells for five years. Di project still aim to help communities manage dia water resources better during this period. H2O Africa commit $100,000 to di project and also promise say dem go match another $100,000 wey people donate. As of August 2007, di organisation don raise 72% of di funding target. *'''L'Desh Fresh''': Millions of people around di world don search for am, and e finally enter di American market for 2009. Parasites, small traces of urine, dirt and arsenic come together to create di natural texture of L'Desh Fresh: ''The World's Most Authentic Drinking Water.'' But where e dey hide all this time? As e enter di market, plenty people dey ask that question. But di truth be say na joke—well, somehow. Sullivan Higdon & Sink (SHS), one award-winning marketing and advertising agency for Kansas City, create di L'Desh Fresh campaign for Water.org, one international non-profit organisation based for Kansas City. For almost twenty years, Water.org don dey work to provide safe drinking water and sanitation for people wey dey developing countries. SHS support di mission by creating this awareness campaign free of charge (pro bono).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} ==Charitable partners== * ONEXONE * Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund * ONE Campaign * A Glimmer of Hope Foundation * United Nations Development Programme * Millennium Promise * Ryan's Well Foundation ==See also== * [[Matt Damon]] * [[Running the Sahara]] * [[Water.org]] ==External links== * [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation] * [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International] * [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise] * [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign] * [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara] {{Matt Damon}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:H2o Africa Foundation}} [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2009]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] [[Category:Matt Damon]] [[Category:Defunct non-profit organizations based in the United States]] gs8e9o28b878v25t0q3gl9koyelqt29