Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 2102 106036 105886 2026-06-30T16:31:32Z ZI Jony 1757 /* Congratulations! You are an International Winner for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 */ new section 106036 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! == Hi DaSupremo, and also ping @[[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]], @[[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]], @[[User:Feliciopedro2|Feliciopedro2]], @[[User:Sunkanmi12|Sunkanmi12]], @[[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]], @[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]], @[[User:Afimaame|Afimaame]], @[[User:Elkay20|Elkay20]] and @[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]]. Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! You and all your co-contributors have done a great job so far in getting here, and I would like to congratulate you on finally having the newest official Wikipedia edition! Well done to all of you! For previous wikis, there have usually been some technical issues that take some time to fix, but for the first time in many years, I think all of the normal technical issues have actually already bene solved now, less than one day after the Wikipedia was created. Visual editor works like it should, the same with the DiscussionTools, Wikidata support has been enabled, and the statistics in [[Special:Statistics]] look correct. But still, if you notice any issues, or if there are things you want to do but aren't able to for some reason, please feel free to reach out to me, and I can help figure out how to solve them. Best of luck to all of you with your new Wikipedia, and happy editing! 🎉 [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 01:07, 6 July 2023 (GMT) :Hello [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) thanks for that and we are also grateful for your continuous help and support. We would like to fix the use of bare URLS for references. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:48, 6 July 2023 (GMT) :Thanks [[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]] ([[User talk:NanaKojo16|talk]]) 08:38, 7 July 2023 (GMT) ==Modifications to the home page== Hello dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] I've made a slight modification to the homepage, by adding the number of existing articles. And I designed and programmed a new template for the introduction of the home page. I hope you see it:[[User:Osps7/Test]] With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 18:26, 19 August 2023 (GMT) :Wow...thanks for that. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) It will help us track and remove vandalism on articles. Really grateful [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 21:38, 19 August 2023 (GMT) ==Important inquiry== Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I am trying to work on developing the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding new tools and improving the work of the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding software tools that contribute to increasing effectiveness and contribute to protecting the encyclopedia from vandalism. I'm trying to work on an add-on (MediaWiki:Gadget-autocomplete.js) But I need permissions, how can I request permissions? With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 11:42, 20 August 2023 (GMT) :I think you can propose it on [[phab:|Phabricator]] and start working on it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:36, 20 August 2023 (GMT) == Suggestions == First off, congratulations on leading the creation of and becoming admin of this Wikipedia, which is still the newest AFAIK. Hope that this project continues to grow and thrive. Onto the suggestions: with regards to the references, I think if you used your admin permissions to import the CS1 citation templates from enwiki it would also take care of the dependent modules. Or maybe someone from the community should file a request on MetaWiki. Documentation templates would also be handy I also think it might be a good idea to add a system or template for handling linguistic issues: for instance, I've already seen a page copied from enwiki with no effort made to translate it (although I can't find the specific page right now). Thanks! [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 15:43, 24 August 2023 (GMT) :Thanks for the good wishes. I would really need help cos I am not conversant with the templates. I will ask a couple of guys around. Thanks again [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:34, 24 August 2023 (GMT) ==suggestion== Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], What do you think of the idea of ​​adding a new section to the home page called “In the News” and updating it continuously?--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 12:00, 10 September 2023 (GMT) :Sounds good. A very good idea [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:07, 10 September 2023 (GMT) == Note == Dear @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I hope you are well. Over the past few days, I have developed a bot that I will activate here soon. It will create categories and templates that will help us. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 22:03, 3 November 2023 (GMT) :Hello [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]), I am good and you? Noted and thanks for the continuous support. We really appreciate it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:21, 3 November 2023 (GMT) == Translation == Hi, could you please translate this to Ghanaian Pidgin? Guosa is a constructed interlanguage originally created by Alex Igbineweka in 1965. It was designed to be a combination of the indigenous languages of Nigeria and to serve as a lingua franca to West Africa. It has the following characteristics: * It is an isolating language with subject–verb–object word order. * There are no articles. * There is no grammatical gender or noun class system. * Most grammatical meaning is expressed through particles that precede the words they modify. * Adjectives follow the noun. * Guosa is generally prepositional. Thank you. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:12, 16 November 2023 (GMT) :Hello [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]), thanks for reaching out. This is the Ghanaian Pidgin translation: :Guosa be constructed interlanguage wey Alex Igbineweka originally create am for 1965 insyd. Dem design am make e be combination of de indigenous languages for Nigeria wey e go serve as lingua franca go West Africa. :E get de characteristics wey dey follow: :•E be language wey dey isolate plus subject–verb–object word order. :•No articles dey. :•No grammatical gender anaa noun class system dey. :•Dem dey express chaw grammatical meaning thru particles wey dey precede de words dem modify. :•Adjectives dey follow de noun. :•Guosa be generally prepositional. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:03, 16 November 2023 (GMT) ==Importing citation templates== Was looking at importing cite journal, cite book, and cite web. Best way to do this would be to use this tool and select "Include all templates and transcluded pages" https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Import Would be happy to but only certain user groups have permission to use the tool. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:30, 26 October 2024 (GMT) :By the way hope to see you do more healthcare translations. Once we get the templates imported things will come through better. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:44, 26 October 2024 (GMT) ::Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) for this information. It is valuable for us. I have checked it out and I realized it is a good tool. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:05, 26 October 2024 (GMT) :::Are you able to make me a member of one of these groups "Administrators or Importers" so that I can help. Looking at "Template:Cite book" and not sure it worked properly. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 23:17, 26 October 2024 (GMT) ::::No please. But I think you can request for a temporal admin [[metawiki:Steward_requests/Permissions#Administrator_access|here]] to enable you carry that task. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 27 October 2024 (GMT) == delete == Can you please delete [[Talk:Audrey Sitsofe Gadzekpo]] and [[Talk:Joseph Kwame Kumah]]? they are orphaned. Best regards, [[User:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[User talk:TenWhile6|talk]]) 17:01, 14 November 2024 (GMT) :Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:59, 14 November 2024 (GMT) == Thank you for being a medical translator! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Translators Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&project=all&year=2024&start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We look forwards to working together in 2025. |} Thanks again :-) -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James <span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:54, 26 January 2025 (GMT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2024&oldid=28173086 --> :I appreciate the award. Hope to do more this year [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 10:24, 26 January 2025 (GMT) == Request for help == Hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], My name is [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma]], I am the Movement Communications Specialist supporting the [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization]] team. I am reaching out because you [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&_Community-defined_lists/Collaborators#User_names_and_campaigns|indicated interest]] in participating in the [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&_Community-defined_lists|Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists]] project. We now have the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=sw&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=en Community-defined list feature] in the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=sw&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=draft&from=en Content translation tool]. We want to approach organisers of Wiki campaigns that involve translation happening now or soon to add the collection tags to their article list. So that people who use the Content translation tool can discover these campaigns and participate directly from the moment they access the tool using their mobile device. The campaign suggestions will be in the "All Collection" category of the Translation suggestion feature in the tool, as illustrated in the GIF below. [[File:How_to_select_a_specific_collection_&_all_collections_(1).gif|Screen record of how to select a specific collection and "all collections"]] '''Our request''' Please help us by providing a list of the campaigns happening in your community and the organisers we can approach to add the tag. This is important to us because we need to learn from its usage for campaigns. I would appreciate your help connecting me to the campaigns you are preparing for in your community. I look forward to your response, and please let me know if you need any clarification. Thank you so much! Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:28, 11 February 2025 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] thanks for reaching out. The Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia will be participating in this year's [[metawiki:Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025/Participants#Participating_Communities|Wiki Loves Ramadan]]. I will keep you posted when the community participates in subsequent editathons and campaigns. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:43, 11 February 2025 (GMT) ::Thank you so much, @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], for this information. I will keep in touch. ::Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 18:47, 13 February 2025 (GMT) :::Ok @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:14, 13 February 2025 (GMT) == Follow-up on Incomplete Information for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Hi DaSupremo, Thank you for signing up your community for For Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Please provide the following missing information on the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants|participants' page of Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]. * Local Project Page Link * Local Organizer * Jury Tools Link * Jury Members ''For the Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 05:49, 1 April 2025 (GMT) :Hello [[User:ZI Jony|'''ZI Jony''']] [[User talk:ZI Jony|^''(Talk)'']], thanks for the message. Please none of the information above were created because I am the only person contributing on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia participating in the contest. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo#top|talk]]) 11:00, 1 April 2025 (UTC) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:01, 1 April 2025 (GMT) ::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], thank you for your efforts. Unfortunately, above requirements are mandatory. I would like to request you to create an local Wikipedia project page (you would be able to copy content from [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Sample|here]], and then translate in your local language). Ask others to join with you as local organizer and jury members. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:23, 1 April 2025 (GMT) :::Thanks. Can I still participate as a participant because we did not apply for a grant to organise this event so we have no funds to award winners and its associated cost? [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:29, 1 April 2025 (GMT) ::::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], you still can continue as an local participant. Most of local organizers work without grant, as there are international prizes available. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:46, 1 April 2025 (GMT) :::::Oh okay...thanks. I will set up the local page then. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 15:10, 1 April 2025 (GMT) == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear DaSupremo, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> ==Testing the tool== Hey DaSupremo was just testing the tool here and thus had put it in my user space. Article is not actually translated https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies&action=history [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:24, 7 May 2025 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:Doc James|Doc James]], yeah I realized that and that is the reason I am moving them to mainspace and translating them. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:01, 7 May 2025 (GMT) ::Excellent, and we have the disease infobox / other infoboxes formating correctly now. See [[Glioblastoma]] [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:59, 8 May 2025 (GMT) :::Great. Thank you for this. Now we can have infoboxes on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Greatly appreciated [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:28, 8 May 2025 (GMT) == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear DaSupremo, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear DaSupremo Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 May 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 – Global Top 10 Winner: Congratulations! == '''Dear DaSupremo,''' Congratulations! You have been selected as one of the '''Top 10 Global Winners''' (ranks 4 to 10) of the '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' campaign. Your contributions and participation have greatly enriched the project, and we sincerely appreciate your efforts. To send you your prize and the official campaign T-shirt, we kindly request the following details: * Full name: * Wikimedia username: * Country of residency: * Email address: * Preferred T-shirt size (M, L, XL): * Preferred T-shirt color (Black, White, Navy): '''Please send the above information within 24 hours to:''' '''support@wikilovesramadan.org''' Your prize will be delivered through the [https://www.tremendous.com/catalog/ Tremendous] platform. Also, we kindly request you to fill the '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Participant Feedback Form]''' at your earliest convenience. Once again, thank you for your amazing contribution. '''Best regards,''' ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 03:43, 27 May 2025 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]], Thanks for the message. I have some reservations about the Winner of the campaign. I do not understand the language but it is clear when an article is created in a particular language. Most of their contributions (from what I sampled) where actually 'discussion pages' rather than translated articles. See [[:bn:আলাপ:মরক্কোতে_আশুরা|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:গ্রেটার_টলেডো_ইসলামিক_সেন্টার|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:মুসলিম_আমেরিকান_সোসাইটি|this]] and most could be found on the [[xtools:pages/bn.wikipedia.org/Hasan muntaseer/1|Xtool]]. Moreover, they were not even registered on the dashboard as we were told it was a requirement. On the dashboard, only [[wmfdashboard:courses/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025|241 articles]] where created in the Bangla Wikipedia. I might be wrong but their results need to be reviewed to ensure fairness and transparency. Thank you. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT) ::[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I believe that the same question you maybe asked to Dnshitobu earlier! Mostly tracking categories are used in the talk page of the articles for almost all Wikipedia, including Bangla and English Wikipedia. They use a template on the article talk page where a description also placed, instead of using on the main articles. Using dashboard were not a mandatory tool, because many wikis' developed thier own jury tools, like Bangla, Ukrainian, even English Wikipedia also used a different tool called [https://fountain.toolforge.org Fountain], it’s depend on local organizers which tool they are comfortable to use. Bangla Wikipedia was submitted 1806 articles, due to non-relevant issue they removed several articles. For you clarity, Bangla Wikipedia was looking for additional jury members to complete thier jury process in time, and I joined to help then, in the meantime I have re-reviewd several articles. So, I believe that the jury process were well strictured and trusted. I kindly request you to provide the details you have been asked at your earliest convenience. Additional inquiry, are you attending EduWiki Conference 2025? Or, someone who can receive your gift and certificate from the conference let me know in the same email. Thank you! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 10:51, 27 May 2025 (GMT) :::Ok...thanks for the detailed explanation. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT) == [[José Rafael Córdero Sánchez]] == Hi DaSupremo, I need your help about this article because is a crosswiki spam, for more details please check: [[:nl:Overleg Wikipedia:Checklijst langdurig structureel vandalisme/Josercs1|this report]] from Dutch Wikipedia. Thank you. [[User:Taichi|Taichi]] ([[User talk:Taichi|talk]]) 23:48, 16 October 2025 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:Taichi|Taichi]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 00:01, 17 October 2025 (GMT) == [[Samata (fashion entrepreneur)]] == Hi DaSupremo, I noticed that you expanded this article in 2023 by translating content from English Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia article was deleted earlier this year as most of the sources were found to be spam or unreliable. Other language Wikipedias like French, Arabic, Swahili and Igbo have also deleted this article on similar grounds. It seems the original English article was written by a spammer for promotional purposes, therefore the Ghanaian Pidgin article (which was primarily translated from English) should also be deleted. Let me know your thoughts. [[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]] ([[User talk:Acoustical|talk]]) 19:16, 25 November 2025 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. Since it has been deleted from other language Wikipedias, I think it should be deleted too on the Ghanaian Pidgin WIkipedia. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:32, 25 November 2025 (GMT) == Undeletion Request == hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] I noticed that you previously improved the article about Adebayo Temitayo (Realjjfrosh). I wanted to let you know that the page was later deleted. If you have time, I would appreciate any guidance on whether the sources used (Punch, Vanguard, ThisDay, BusinessDay, Daily Trust) meet the project’s notability standards, or how the article could be reworked to comply fully with policy. Thank you for your earlier improvements and for any advice you may be able to offer. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-74643-7|&#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:13, 3 February 2026 (GMT) :It was deleted because of (Spam and it was a ([[metawiki:steward|steward]] action)) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:19, 3 February 2026 (GMT) ::Ok thanks [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-74643-7|&#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:39, 3 February 2026 (GMT) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2025 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2025 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2025_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Look forwards to collaborating in the year ahead. Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:42, 14 February 2026 (GMT) </div> (This message was sent to [[:User:DaSupremo]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2025&oldid=30070084 --> == Thank you for being a medical translator! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2025 Cure Translators Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2025 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&user_group=all&year=2025&month=All joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider formally joining the organization for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs. |} Look forwards to collaborating further in the year ahead. Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:53, 14 February 2026 (GMT) </div> (This message was sent to [[:User:DaSupremo]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2025&oldid=30070105 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers & Jury == Hello {{PAGENAME}}!, Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts! To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have: * Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]: * Started promoting the campaign within your community. * Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified. * Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community. === Internet & Childcare Support === Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''. '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]''' Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained. === Important Participation Guidelines === * Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers). * If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us. === Community Engagement === * Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign. * Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally. * In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''. Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊ Thank you for your collaboration! ''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.'' Feminism and Folklore International Team. –[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:17, 16 February 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30083330 --> == Translation request == Hello, DaSupremo. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Bazardüzü]] and [[:en:Campi Flegrei]] in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 07:39, 15 March 2026 (GMT) :Hello @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]]. Noted [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:22, 15 March 2026 (GMT) ::Hello, DaSupremo. ::Thank you very much for the new article. ::Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 16:43, 9 April 2026 (GMT) :::Welcome @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:47, 9 April 2026 (GMT) == Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="padding: 1em 2em;"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> Dear Organizer, I hope this message finds you well. First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause. As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]]. Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed. Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful. Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon. Warm regards, [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team <nowiki>#WeTogether</nowiki> </div></div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:57, 11 April 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf26&oldid=30391231 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 April 2026 (GMT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ghanaian Pidgin == Hello. I'm looking for Ghanaian Pidgin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 19:45, 7 May 2026 (GMT) :Sure [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 20:07, 7 May 2026 (GMT) :: I'm looking for: : "studio album by Basshunter" : "compilation album by Basshunter" : "song by Käärijä den Basshunter" : "single by Käärijä den Basshunter" : "promotional single by Basshunter" : "music video by Basshunter" : "lyric video by Basshunter" :: [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 20:17, 7 May 2026 (GMT) :::@[[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:25, 8 May 2026 (GMT) :::: So they are almost like English with the only difference of "den"? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 18:00, 8 May 2026 (GMT) :::::Ghanaian Pidgin is more of English with a bit of local Ghanaian languages [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:50, 8 May 2026 (GMT) :::::: Good to know. All added. Thanks a lot. [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 21:30, 8 May 2026 (GMT) == Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) == hi DaSupremo Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) for the GPE Wikipedia? It'll be appreciated if it 'll be done. [[User:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[User talk:Boss-well63|talk]]) 18:41, 29 May 2026 (GMT) == Final Reminder: Submission of Local Winners for Feminism and Folklore 2026 == Dear Feminism and Folklore organiser, This is a friendly reminder that the deadline for submitting the names and details of your local winners for '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' is '''5 June 2026'''. Please ensure that your community's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|winner information]] is submitted before this date. Communities that do not provide their winner data by the deadline will unfortunately not be eligible for prize distribution, and the international organizing team will not be able to accommodate late submissions received after 5 June 2026. Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for your participation in the campaign. Best regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Organizing Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:09, 3 June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30627457 --> == Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Your dedication, coordination, and hard work played a vital role in making this year's [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign successful. We truly appreciate the time and effort you invested in engaging your community and supporting participants. As we have completed the jury phase and begin planning for next year's campaign, we would like to learn from your experiences. Please complete the organisers' feedback form and share your insights, challenges, and suggestions on how we can improve the campaign. '''This feedback form is mandatory for all organisers''', as it helps us evaluate the campaign and make meaningful improvements for future editions. '''Form link [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf6IsGAsxkTEWTwueyLg-gBjRVlY3g2kTNj3xRhDiILiQnQwQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' Please submit your response by '''25 June 2026'''. Thank you once again for your invaluable contributions and for helping make Feminism and Folklore a global success. We look forward to working with you again in the future! Regards, '''Feminism and Folklore Team''' --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:05, 18 June 2026 (GMT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30704175 --> == Thank you for being a part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Your contributions helped make this year's [[:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign a great success, and we are truly grateful for your time, knowledge, and dedication to documenting women's stories and folklore on Wikimedia projects. As we reflect on this year's campaign and prepare for the next edition, we'd love to hear about your experience. Please take a few minutes to fill out our feedback form and share your thoughts and suggestions. As a token of our appreciation, everyone who completes the form will receive a '''special digital postcard'''! in their email. This year marks '''''25 years of Wikipedia''''', and the postcard has been created to celebrate this milestone and to recognize the incredible efforts of participants like you who continue to enrich free knowledge for the world. '''Form Link - [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqFZN9IdWbAnZ_7DyG5bIsuq7KAkdsIxweC_TdPH9In-tthQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' Please complete the feedback form by '''25 June 2026'''. Thank you once again for making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a success. We hope to see you again in future campaigns! Best regards, Feminism and Folklore international Team. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:31, 18 June 2026 (GMT) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30704478 --> == Share your Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 journey! == Dear Organizer, On behalf of the Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team, I want to send a massive thank you for your leadership and hard work during the 2026 campaign. Organizing local events, coordinating juries, and tracking metrics takes a lot of effort, and your dedication has been vital to bridging the knowledge gap regarding Islamic heritage and traditions. As we wrap up this year's campaign, we would love to hear how things went in your community. We have put together the Organizer Feedback Form to capture your successes, challenges, and metrics. * '''Link to form''': https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfDsuYSv2S4RCQuwAO9MlykJwgPIy-l9ENTr7I_GxpfVuo2TA/viewform * '''Deadline''': 31 July 2026 Thank you again for championing this campaign. We couldn't do this without you. Warm Regards, [[m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] (Project Lead) for the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 International Team. 20:12, 29 June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/2026/Organizers&oldid=30750499 --> == Thank you for joining Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026! == Dear Participant, Thank you so much for participating in the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 campaign! Whether you were writing articles or uploading photos to Wikimedia Commons, your contributions have helped share beautiful traditions, Islamic history, and cultural heritage with the rest of the world. We want to make sure next year's campaign is even better, and we need your help to do it! We would love it if you could take 3–5 minutes to fill out our quick '''Participant Feedback Form'''. * '''Link to form''': https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScw_bPHsVzpby50jc2_syJD5-mS9scnRL5BLv9UXH2tK3Mr8w/viewform Thank you again for sharing your knowledge and creativity with the Wikimedia movement. Keep an eye on your talk page and our social media for the final winner announcements soon! Happy editing, Warm Regards, [[m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] (Project Lead) for the Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 International Team. 20:13, 29 June 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/2026/Participants&oldid=30750498 --> == Congratulations! You are an International Winner for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Hello DaSupremo On behalf of the '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', I am absolutely thrilled to inform you that you have been selected as an International Winner for the 2026 Content Writing Competition! Your incredible dedication to writing and expanding articles has been recognized, and you have officially won the '''Consolation top 10 winner'''. To claim your prize, we have just sent an important email to the address linked to your Wikimedia account from '''support@wikilovesramadan.org'''. Action required: Please check your email inbox right away. If you don't see it, make sure to check your Spam, Promotions, or Social folders, as official emails sometimes get filtered there by mistake. Please follow the instructions in that email to fill out your winner's form so we can process your reward. Congratulations again on this amazing achievement, and thank you for helping us share Islamic history and culture with the world! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 16:31, 30 June 2026 (GMT) 9onczbdegyl81685nlgd7od84or6mlm 0 27202 106081 105211 2026-06-30T22:50:19Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities: == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] 9adr5oa6mao6wh8jrnh5tq28gmp7frm 106084 106081 2026-06-30T22:54:31Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] mzl138ys1ds0epcl7g4vugvs5h4nva4 106085 106084 2026-06-30T22:55:10Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] adog0lwarufj9ycp0e744newxe7inby 106086 106085 2026-06-30T22:55:45Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] amvwifuu9w933uj4v9ziee65bo4j5q2 106087 106086 2026-06-30T22:56:29Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] l3x9wiya4qforujdgz0qn4lukhzclt0 106088 106087 2026-06-30T22:56:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] k45p59b7b2xorn3vpo3gqg0971gdh2o 106089 106088 2026-06-30T22:57:51Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 106089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] q2y02r8qhtt6ye4avy1kdgdkjx0153z 106091 106089 2026-06-30T23:00:10Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 updated citation 106091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What percentage of Africa’s population has access to piped water? |url=https://africacheck.org/infofinder/explore-facts/what-percentage-africas-population-has-access-piped-water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] 4pqktdgo0f64l60wp270b4vst0pcuqn 106092 106091 2026-06-30T23:01:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 updated citation 106092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to drinking water |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What percentage of Africa’s population has access to piped water? |url=https://africacheck.org/infofinder/explore-facts/what-percentage-africas-population-has-access-piped-water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] cqs0rfjb42d8f2tt3fv0gbr972b47w3 106093 106092 2026-06-30T23:02:30Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 updated citation 106093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Capacity4dev {{!}} Connecting the International Cooperation Community |url=https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/_en |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=capacity4dev.europa.eu}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to drinking water |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What percentage of Africa’s population has access to piped water? |url=https://africacheck.org/infofinder/explore-facts/what-percentage-africas-population-has-access-piped-water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] fvev36kgmagxtz1fjdjwkinat88x5m7 106094 106093 2026-06-30T23:03:59Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 updated citation 106094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == Water resources == [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] === Groundwater === Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> [[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]] The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']] The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.<ref name=":2" /> One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.<ref name=":3" /> === Water-related gender inequality === For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.<ref name=":4" />One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> == Access == === General trends === [[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]] For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="JMP" /> These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}</ref>In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.<ref name=":5" /> The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).<ref name=":5" /> For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.<ref name=":6" /> For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.<ref name=":7" />When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways. When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> === National differences === The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source. === The urban-rural disparities === [[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>]] For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.<ref name="JMP" /> === Different interpretations of access === Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem "get access to improved water supply" dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their "improved" versus "non-improved" classification. == National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation == Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions. The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation. The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> === Urban areas === [[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them. Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref> Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government <ref name=":8" />dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure bring the ‘comfort of a running tap’ to 1 mln in Senegal |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-infrastructure-senegal |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Capacity4dev {{!}} Connecting the International Cooperation Community |url=https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/_en |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=capacity4dev.europa.eu}}</ref>The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts. The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]]. Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to drinking water |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/drinking-water/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What percentage of Africa’s population has access to piped water? |url=https://africacheck.org/infofinder/explore-facts/what-percentage-africas-population-has-access-piped-water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Africa Check |language=en}}</ref> === Rural areas === The responsibility for water supply and sanitation for rural areas don in most countries be decentralised give the municipalities:dem dey determine the water and sanitation needs and plan the infrastructure, in line with the national water laws.. Various central governments don create national social fund (wey donors dey support) wey the municipalities fit draw money from to finance rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure.Even though the municipalities usually own the infrastructure, dem rarely dey provide the service themselves.Dem rather delegate this give community-led organisations or local private companies. Studies by the World Bank and others suggest say dem need to pay more attention to private sector operation of all types of rural water supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/water |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] 2p7h41dduajnhdnrza3apsidpvryw6g 0 27375 106026 103945 2026-06-30T15:15:31Z Maltiba 3100 Hyperlinking 106026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sahel rainfall timeseries en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|More dan 100 years of rainfall data for Sahel show say from 1950 reach 1970, rain fall plenty pass normal (positive index values). After that, from 1970 reach 1991, the area face very serious dry years (negative index values). From 1990 come reach now, rainfall return close to de average level wey dey between 1898 den 1993, buh de amount of rain dey change plenty from year to year.]] [[File:Map of the Sahel.png|thumb|Map wey show de size den location of de Sahel region]] De Sahel region of [[Africa]] get long experienced a series of historic droughts, wey dey date back to at least de 17th century. De Sahel region be a climate zone dem sandwich between de Sudanian Savanna to de south den de Sahara desert to de north, across [[West Africa|West]] den Central Africa. While de frequency of drought insyd de region be thought e increase from de end of de 19th century, na three long droughts get dramatic environmental den societal effects upon de Sahel nations. Famine follow severe droughts insyd de 1910s, de 1940s, den de 1960s, 1970s den 1980s, although a partial recovery occur from 1975-80. De most recent drought occur insyd 2012. While at least one particularly severe drought be confirmed each century since de 17th century, de frequency den severity of recent Sahelian droughts dey stand out. Famine den dislocation on a massive scale—from 1968 to 1974 den again insyd de early den mid-1980s—be blamed on two spikes insyd de severity of de 1960-1980s drought period.<ref name=Batterbury2001>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200218192202/http://www.simonbatterbury.net/pubs/geogmag.html The Sahel region; assessing progress twenty-five years after the great drought]. Simon Batterbury, republished paper from 1998 RGS-IBG conference. Global Environmental Change (2001) v11, no 1, 1-95.</ref> From de late 1960s to early 1980s famine kill 100,000 people, e lef 750,000 dependent on food aid, wey e affect chaw of de Sahel ein 50&nbsp;million people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061348/http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK. Past, present and future perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130416015442/http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-1/056.htm |date=2013-04-16 }}. United Nations Environmental Programme (2002). Retrieved 2009-02-13.</ref> De economies, agriculture, livestock den human populations of much of [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Chad]], [[Niger]] den [[Burkina Faso]] (dem know as [[Upper Volta]] during de time of de drought) be severely impacted. As disruptive as de droughts of de late 20th century be, evidence of past droughts dem record insyd [[Ghanaian]] lake sediments suggest say multi-decadal megadroughts be common insyd West Africa over de past 3,000 years den dat several droughts last far longer wey be far more severe.<ref name="shanahan2">{{Cite journal |last1=Shanahan |first1=T. M. |last2=Overpeck |first2=J. T. |last3=Anchukaitis |first3=K. J. |last4=Beck |first4=JW |last5=Cole |first5=JE |last6=Dettman |first6=DL |last7=Peck |first7=JA |last8=Scholz |first8=CA |last9=King |first9=JW |year=2009 |title=Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5925 |pages=377–380 |bibcode=2009Sci...324..377S |citeseerx=10.1.1.366.1394 |doi=10.1126/science.1166352 |pmid=19372429 |s2cid=2679216}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091107172707/http://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/rels/041609.html Severity, Length of Past Megadroughts Dwarf Recent Drought in West Africa]. Jackson School of Geosciences Online, April 16, 2009.</ref> Since de 1980s, summer rainfall insyd de Sahel be increasing; na dis be associated plus an increase insyd vegetation, wey dey form wat be called a 'greening' of de Sahel. De observed increase insyd rainfall be accounted for by enhancements insyd de African easterly jet, wich be known to induce wet anomalies. Na a 2011 study find say de positional shifts insyd de African easterly jet den African easterly waves accompany de northward migration of de Sahel rainband.<ref name="hindawi.com">[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijge/2011/259529/abs/ Wang and Gillies (2011)]</ref> == References == <references /> ==Read further== * {{Cite journal | last1=Dai | first1=A. | last2=Lamb | first2=P.J. | last3=Trenberth | first3=K.E. | last4=Hulme | first4=M. | last5=Jones | first5=P.D. | last6=Xie | first6=P. | year=2004 | title=The recent Sahel drought is real | journal=International Journal of Climatology | volume=24 | issue=11 | pages=1323–1331 | url= http://www.mikehulme.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/2004-dai-et-al-sahel.pdf | doi= 10.1002/joc.1083 |bibcode = 2004IJCli..24.1323D | s2cid=6955930 }}. * {{Cite journal |last1=Folland |first1=C. K. |last2=Palmer |first2=T. N. |last3=Parker |first3=D. E. |year=1986 |title=Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901−85 |journal=Nature |volume=320 |issue=6063 |pages=602&ndash;607 |doi=10.1038/320602a0 |bibcode = 1986Natur.320..602F |s2cid=4231823 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=A. |last2=Saravanan |first2=R. |last3=Chang |first3=P. |year=2003 |title=Oceanic Forcing of Sahel Rainfall on Interannual to Interdecadal Time Scales |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5647 |pages=1027&ndash;1030 |doi=10.1126/science.1089357 |pmid=14551320 |bibcode = 2003Sci...302.1027G |s2cid=25009125 }} * {{Cite book |editor-first=Michael H. |editor-last=Glantz |title=The Politics of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Sahel Drought |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |year=1976 }} == External links == * [http://www.unccd.int/ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification home page] * Climate research summary -[http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/index.html#sahel Sahel drought: past problems, an uncertain future] Text, graphics and [http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/research/climate/highlights/images/ani/SahelPR_ANN5yr_CM2Q_h1_A1B_6fps_720x480.mov animations] from NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory {{Authority control}} [[Category:1820s famines]] [[Category:1830s famines]] [[Category:1910s famines]] [[Category:1960s famines]] [[Category:1970s famines]] [[Category:2010s famines]] [[Category:18th-century droughts]] [[Category:19th-century droughts]] [[Category:20th-century droughts]] [[Category:21st-century droughts]] [[Category:Droughts insyd Africa]] [[Category:Economic history of Africa]] [[Category:Sahel]] beaqlpacqxzsdfdismk604u5075za9q 0 27391 106042 102112 2026-06-30T17:23:30Z Nimatu15 6646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359679311|Cocody Flood Canal]]" 106042 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Cocody Flood Canal'''(French: Canal de drainage de Cocody) be one stormwater drainage infrastructure wey dey inside de Cocody commune for [[:en:Abidjan|Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> E be part of de city ein bigger flood management system wey dem design make e reduce de flooding wey dey happen time after time for low-lying urban areas. == Background == Cocody be one of de biggest and most populated communes for Abidjan, wey dey for de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area dey receive plenty seasonal rainfall every year, wey pass 1,800 mm, so flood management be very important part of de city ein infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Rapid urbanization plus de expansion of informal settlements don put plenty pressure on de commune ein drainage systems.<ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |title=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> People don identify inadequate drainage capacity plus poor waste management as some of de main reasons why flooding dey continue for de rea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening Flood Resilience in Rapidly Growing Cities {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2026/01/26/strengthening-flood-resilience-in-rapidly-growing-cities |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> == Infrastructure and function == De canal dem design am make e carry excess stormwater comot from residential neighbourhoods plus main roads, and direct de runoff water go inside de Ébrié Lagoon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Urbanisme du Logement et du Cadre de Vie |url=https://construction.gouv.ci/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> E dey work together with smaller collector drains and retention basins wey dem spread all over de commune. De Cocody drainage network don undergo several rehabilitation projects wey de Ivorian government plus international development partners like de World Bank fund, as part of de Abidjan Urban Resilience Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivory Coast - Abidjan Sewerage and Drainage Project |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/180061468913883228 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Flooding issues == Even though de canal dey there, Cocody still dey experience flooding when heavy rain fall. Research and government reports give several reasons for this, including: * Sedimentation and silt wey don accumulate inside de canal * Blockage by solid waste and plastic debris * Encroachment of informal structures on drainage easements * Insufficient maintenance and cleaning schedules For June 2018, heavy flooding for Cocody cause several deaths plus serious damage to property, wey make government pay new attention to investment for drainage infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Recovery Framework and Technical Studies for Urban Resilience to Flood Risk in Abidjan {{!}} GFDRR |url=https://www.gfdrr.org/en/cote-divoire-post-disaster-needs-assessment-recovery-framework-and-technical-studies-urban |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.gfdrr.org |language=en}}</ref> == Recent developments == For 2020, de Ivorian government start de ''Projet'' de Gestion Intégrée des Eaux Pluviales à Abidjan (Integrated Stormwater Management Project for Abidjan), wey include rehabilitation plus expansion of de Cocody drainage canal system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Portail officiel du Gouvernement :: Bienvenue |url=https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260522061510/https://www.gouv.ci/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=gouv.ci |language=fr}}</ref> De project dey get support from de Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and e dey aim make e reduce flood risk for over 500,000 people wey dey live for de area. == See Also == * Geography of Ivory Coast * Ébrié Lagoon b1do4tpp67c9d0jzi1i5cwix6akzipv 0 27432 106047 104172 2026-06-30T17:59:44Z Nimatu15 6646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361523236|Kaneshie Storm Drain]]" 106047 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kaneshie Storm''' be one big flood-control infrastructure project wey dey [[:en:Kaneshie|Kaneshie]], wey be commercial plus transport hub for de [[Greater Accra Region]] of [[Ghana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> E be one important part of de ''Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated'' Development (GARID) Project, wey be multi-part urban resilience initiative wey get funding from de World Bank.<ref name=":0" /> E main aim be to reduce de serious, long-term flooding wey don dey disturb [[:en:Kaneshie_market|Kaneshie Market]], wey be one of de biggest markets for de city, plus de surrounding main [[:en:Road_network|road network]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-05-18 |title=Sanitation Minister visits communities under GARID Project |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/05/sanitation-minister-visits-communities-under-garid-project/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2024-05-21 |title=Finance Ministry announces Parliament's approval of US$150 million for flood control |url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/05/finance-ministry-announces-parliaments-approval-of-us150-million-for-flood-control/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Approval of Additional Financing for the GARID Project {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Ghana |url=https://mofep.gov.gh/news-and-events/2024-05-22/approval-of-additional-financing-for-the-garid-project? |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=mofep.gov.gh}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/05/25/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-2-5-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Background == Greater Accra dey face [[:en:Flood|flooding]] every year, wey dey cause serious economic loss plus [[:en:Loss_of_Life|loss of life]] . Kaneshie area, wey dey inside de densely urbanised Odaw River Basin, dem identify am as one major flood hotspot. Rapid urbanisation, poor [[:en:Waste_management_law|waste management]], plus encroachment of structures on natural waterways don reduce drainage capacity well well. World Bank project document confirm say “absence of adequate drainage infrastructure in key areas like Kaneshie” dey cause frequent plus serious flooding, so dem justify de project as high-priority intervention.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people "World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> De project involve construction of an underground drainage system wey start from Accra Academy go reach Pamprom Junction. De second phase start from de Bank of Ghana Headquarters, join de South Kaneshie Drain, and later discharge into de Odaw River.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing and Water Resources Commends Progress on GARID Drainage Projects in Kaneshie |url=https://garid-accra.com/2026/05/minister-for-works-housing-and-water-resources-commends-progress-on-garid-drainage-projects-in-kaneshie/}}</ref> == Design and construction == De Kaneshie Storm Drain dey fall under Component 2 (Flood Risk Management and Drainage) of de GARID Project.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development Project - P164330 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P164330 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> De work involve clearing structures wey don encroach the area plus construction of a new high-capacity reinforced concrete [[:en:Channel|channel]]. Dis drain dem design am make e collect [[:en:Stormwater|stormwater]] from de market plus de heavily congested Kaneshie–Mallam highway, then carry am safely go join de bigger Odaw Channel. For July 2023, de contracting engineer report say de Kaneshie drain work don reach about "70% complete" and say when e finish, e go help solve de serious flooding wey dey normally cover de market plus de nearby lorry terminal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/05/29/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people "World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 Million People"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2024-05-21 |title=Finance Ministry announces Parliament's approval of US$150 million for flood control |url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/05/finance-ministry-announces-parliaments-approval-of-us150-million-for-flood-control/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGNA2024">GNA (2024-05-21). [https://gna.org.gh/2024/05/finance-ministry-announces-parliaments-approval-of-us150-million-for-flood-control/ "Finance Ministry announces Parliament's approval of US$150 million for flood control"]. ''Ghana News Agency''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Funding and administration == De project dey financed through credit from de International Development Association (IDA) of de World Bank, wey start with US$200 million facility wey dem approve for 2019. For June 2024, de World Bank Board approved an additional US$150 million funding to expand de project flood resilience work, wey directly support ongoing work on priority drains like de one for Kaneshie. De project dey under de Ministry of Works and Housing, and dem dey manage am through de GARID Project Coordinating Unit. === Social impact and safeguards === De drain dey directly protect de livelihoods of thousands of traders for Kaneshie Market plus tens of thousands of people wey dey pass through de area every day. As part of de project social safeguards, dem implement Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) make dem compensate plus support people wey dem displace when dem clear de drainage reserve. De specific commitments for managing these social risks dey inside de project Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), wey be public legal agreement between de Government of Ghana and de World Bank.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 million People |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/05/25/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-2-5-million-people |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/05/25/world-bank-supports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-2-5-million-people "World Bank Supports Ghana to Improve Flood Resilience for 2.5 million People"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Challenges === Implementing big infrastructure project inside dense urban market area bring some challenges. Clearing encroachers need plenty community engagement plus timely payment of compensation, as dem dey track am inside de project implementation progress reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ga East Municipal Assembly begins implementation of GARID project with stakeholder engagement |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/07/ga-east-municipal-assembly-begins-implementation-of-garid-project-with-stakeholder-engagement/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> De Ghana News Agency reported for August 2023 say de project dey push make dem complete key drains before de year end, and dem also acknowledge de sensitive balance between engineering work plus community relocation logistics.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development Project - P164330 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P164330 |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P164330 "Development Projects : Greater Accra Resilient and Integrated Development Project - P164330"]. ''World Bank''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-05-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> gjwqwbjtjjisudtpxzt4uuulbn6pexy 0 27537 106095 104831 2026-06-30T23:14:50Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 106095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.<ref name="spurwing">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy<ref name="spurwing"/> at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}</ref> na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.<ref name="spurwing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> == Power generation == De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.<ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> == Location == [[File:The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam.jpg|thumb|left|De way to Zambia thru Kariba Dam]] [[File:Zambezi.svg|frame|right|Zambezi river basin]] Na dem plan den carry out de Kariba Dam project by de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. De Federation often be referred to as de Central African Federation (CAF). Na de CAF be a 'federal colony' within de British Empire insyd southern Africa wey exist from 1953 to de end of 1963, wey dey comprise de former self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia den de former British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia den Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia decide earlier insyd 1953 (before na dem found de Federation) to build a dam within ein territory, on de [[Kafue River]], a major tributary of de [[Zambezi]]. Na e go be closer to Northern Rhodesia ein Copperbelt, wich be in need of more power. Dis go be a cheaper den less grandiose project, plus a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, de richest of de three, object to a Kafue dam wey dem insist dat de dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, de capacity of de Kafue dam be much lower dan dat at Kariba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |page=9 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |year=2000 |access-date=2010-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, na de dam be managed den maintained by de Central African Power Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7414b/w7414b16.htm|title=Agreement relating to the Central African power corporation signed at Salisbury|date= 25 November 1963|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> De Kariba Dam now be owned den operated by de Zambezi River Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/02/17/kariba-dam-water-levels-will-soon-improve-says-zambezi-river-authority/|title=Kariba Dam water levels will soon improve, says Zambezi River Authority|publisher=Lusaka Times|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> wich be jointly den equally owned by [[Zimbabwe]] den [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Legal Status}} |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |title=Legal Status |publisher=Zambezi River Authority |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406050532/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}</ref> Since Zambia's independence, three dams have been built on de Kafue River: de Kafue Gorge Upper Dam, [[Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station|Kafue Gorge Lower Dam]] den de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam.<ref>[http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html Zesco: "History of Itezhi-Tezhi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907062009/http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html |date=2005-09-07 }} website accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Lake Kariba]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Arch dams]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Mashonaland West Province]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1959]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Southern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Rhodesia–Zambia relations]] [[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]] 63hkrfecd6fqh8rtqamm99sz9wpmmpx 106096 106095 2026-06-30T23:15:56Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 106096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.<ref name="spurwing">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy<ref name="spurwing"/> at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}</ref> na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.<ref name="spurwing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> == Power generation == De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.<ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> == Location == [[File:The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam.jpg|thumb|left|De way to Zambia thru Kariba Dam]] [[File:Zambezi.svg|frame|right|Zambezi river basin]] Na dem plan den carry out de Kariba Dam project by de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. De Federation often be referred to as de Central African Federation (CAF). Na de CAF be a 'federal colony' within de British Empire insyd southern Africa wey exist from 1953 to de end of 1963, wey dey comprise de former self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia den de former British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia den Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia decide earlier insyd 1953 (before na dem found de Federation) to build a dam within ein territory, on de [[Kafue River]], a major tributary of de [[Zambezi]]. Na e go be closer to Northern Rhodesia ein Copperbelt, wich be in need of more power. Dis go be a cheaper den less grandiose project, plus a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, de richest of de three, object to a Kafue dam wey dem insist dat de dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, de capacity of de Kafue dam be much lower dan dat at Kariba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |page=9 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |year=2000 |access-date=2010-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, na de dam be managed den maintained by de Central African Power Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7414b/w7414b16.htm|title=Agreement relating to the Central African power corporation signed at Salisbury|date= 25 November 1963|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> De Kariba Dam now be owned den operated by de Zambezi River Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/02/17/kariba-dam-water-levels-will-soon-improve-says-zambezi-river-authority/|title=Kariba Dam water levels will soon improve, says Zambezi River Authority|publisher=Lusaka Times|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> wich be jointly den equally owned by [[Zimbabwe]] den [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Legal Status}} |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |title=Legal Status |publisher=Zambezi River Authority |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406050532/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}</ref> Since Zambia's independence, three dams have been built on de Kafue River: de Kafue Gorge Upper Dam, [[Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station|Kafue Gorge Lower Dam]] den de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam.<ref>[http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html Zesco: "History of Itezhi-Tezhi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907062009/http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html |date=2005-09-07 }} website accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> == Environmental impacts == == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Lake Kariba]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Arch dams]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Mashonaland West Province]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1959]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Southern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Rhodesia–Zambia relations]] [[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]] atbqi1setevh9m1328hf5j3lejmxznj 0 27728 106115 104125 2026-07-01T11:58:40Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chisimba Falls''', sanso '''Chishimba Falls''' wey be series of waterfalls wey dey locate for Kasama District, for de Northern Province for [[Zambia]]. De waterfalls dey host de [[Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> De scenic views around de falls, togeda plus a museum under development, wey be major tourist attractions.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=World of Waterfalls |date=16 August 2010 |title=Chishimba Falls, Northern Province, Zambia |url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-chishimba-falls/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=World of Waterfalls}}</ref> ==Location== De falls dey locate approximately {{convert|40|km|0}}, northwest of de city of Kasama, in Kasama District, insyd Zambia ein Northern Province, off of de Kasama–Mporokoso Road (Road D20).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kasama, Zambia And Chishimba Falls, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1660421,31.0558217,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba Falls be: 10°06'30.0"S, 30°55'03.0"E (Latitude:-10.108333; Longitude:30.917500).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Falls |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B006'30.0%22S+30%C2%B055'03.0%22E/@-10.1083333,30.9175,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x1036fa7af82323ea!8m2!3d-10.1083333!4d30.9175 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == f0cq023vdpo9vehi6mb6fl8knituo9u 0 27729 106112 104130 2026-07-01T00:06:04Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kundalila_Falls.jpg|thumb|Kundalila Falls for dry season insyd]] '''Kundalila Falls''' be waterfall wey dey de Kaombe River for [[Zambia]] ein top. Edey fall over de lip of de Muchinga escarpment wey dey form waterfall near de small town of Kanona for Serenje District.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hilton-Barber |first=Bridget |date=2023-09-05 |title=Path less travelled — go excitedly chase waterfalls in Zambia, just don’t let your car battery die |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-09-05-path-less-travelled-go-excitedly-chase-waterfalls-in-zambia-just-dont-let-your-car-battery-die/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> De name 'Kundalila Falls' dey mean "crying dove" for de Bemba language local language insyd. From de top of de falls eget views over de Luangwa Valley wich be part of de Albertine Rift, de western branch of de East African Rift. Insyd multiple stages, de Kaombe River dey drop from approximately 80m from de escarpment. At de foot of de fall be natural deep pool wey be surrounded by wild flowers. Kundalila Falls be one of de official Zambian Natural Monuments. == References == <references /> [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Central Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Central Province, Zambia]] m15dw1h6qb2yul224qv6y5pf1jfwzvf 0 27730 106040 104141 2026-06-30T16:55:50Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mambilima Falls ''' be a series of rapids for de [[Luapula River]] top on de boundary between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Na dem use to call de falls de Johnstone Falls. Dem dey extend along a {{convert|5|km|mi}} stretch of de river.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} Below Lake Bangweulu de Luapula be a broad, swamplike system wey dey flow southward wey dey turn west den dey descend de steep [[Mambatuta Falls]] before e dey meander north to de Mambilima falls. De lush den densely populated Luapula valley dey open out beyond de Mambilima falls into a huge area of marshes, floodplains den lagoons at de southern end of [[Lake Mweru]].{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=6}} Der be an almost continuous stretch of villages from de falls to de lake.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=7}} Traditionally, de fishermen near de falls use dams, weirs den traps to catch chaw fish as possible before de flood water recede.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=167}} De fish of Lake Mweru no dey spawn south of de waterfalls den rapids, wer Lake Bangweulu get a distinct ecology.{{sfn|Tvedt|Jakobsson|Coopey|Oestigaard|2006|p=20}} == References == ij1wkl0dnfkvv13ofqtik85ipginxk8 106109 106040 2026-06-30T23:58:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mambilima Falls ''' be a series of rapids for de [[Luapula River]] top on de boundary between [[Zambia]] den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=3}} Na dem use to call de falls de Johnstone Falls. Dem dey extend along a {{convert|5|km|mi}} stretch of de river.{{sfn|McIntyre|2008|p=361}} Below Lake Bangweulu de Luapula be a broad, swamplike system wey dey flow southward wey dey turn west den dey descend de steep [[Mambatuta Falls]] before e dey meander north to de Mambilima falls. De lush den densely populated Luapula valley dey open out beyond de Mambilima falls into a huge area of marshes, floodplains den lagoons at de southern end of [[Lake Mweru]].{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=6}} Der be an almost continuous stretch of villages from de falls to de lake.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=7}} Traditionally, de fishermen near de falls use dams, weirs den traps to catch chaw fish as possible before de flood water recede.{{sfn|Jul-Larsen|2003|p=167}} De fish of Lake Mweru no dey spawn south of de waterfalls den rapids, wer Lake Bangweulu get a distinct ecology.{{sfn|Tvedt|Jakobsson|Coopey|Oestigaard|2006|p=20}} == References == <references /> == External links == *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMMGAvTxmzAC&pg=PA3 |title=Management, co-management or no management?: major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Case studies |first=Eyolf |last=Jul-Larsen |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |year=2003 |isbn=92-5-105032-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1DfesuY5HsC&pg=PA361 |title=Zambia: the Bradt travel guide |first=Chris |last=McIntyre |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-226-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5BWWiEhx8C&pg=PA20 |title=A History of Water: The world of water |first1=Terje |last1=Tvedt |first2=Eva |last2=Jakobsson |first3=Richard |last3=Coopey |first4=Terje |last4=Oestigaard |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=1-85043-447-6}} [[Category:Luapula River]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category: Waterfalls of Zambia]] 9e10na3wrfh5gy476jjn2iei86m78v4 0 27731 106037 104132 2026-06-30T16:37:17Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mambatuta Falls''' be a steep waterfall for de [[Luapula River]] top, wich dey originate insyd [[Lake Bangweulu]] den dey flow thru [[Zambia]] den along de border plus de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] into [[Lake Mweru]]. De Luapula dey flow south from Lake Bangweulu as a broad, swampy river a few hundred meters (yards) wide. E then dey turn west den dey run along de border plus de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]]. After de Mambatuta falls de river dey narrow den dey meander north, then dey descend thru de Mambilima falls, dey follow wich e dey broaden into a wetland region {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey dey feed de south end of Lake Mweru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e05.htm |title=MWERU-LUAPULA: PHYSIOGRAPHY, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY |publisher=FAO |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref> Mambatuta be a steep waterfall wey dey descend into a single vertical drop.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2008-10-09 |title = Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first = Roger |last = Daniel |year = 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-31 }}</ref> At one time de Bangweulu / Mweru basin be part of de Zambezi system, den several species of fish wey be common insyd de Zambezi system be found insyd de Luapula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |page=221 |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}}</ref> Congo fauna penetrate up de Luvua into Lake Mweru, buh dem be blocked by de Mambatuta Falls from entry into Lake Bangweulu. De transition occur insyd de early Tertiary.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA186 |page=186 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}}</ref> ==References== 6p7ifp8jomh167tzq12n321lgq23v23 106038 106037 2026-06-30T16:39:51Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mambatuta Falls''' be a steep waterfall for de [[Luapula River]] top, wich dey originate insyd [[Lake Bangweulu]] den dey flow thru [[Zambia]] den along de border plus de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] into [[Lake Mweru]]. De Luapula dey flow south from Lake Bangweulu as a broad, swampy river a few hundred meters (yards) wide. E then dey turn west den dey run along de border plus de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]]. After de Mambatuta falls de river dey narrow den dey meander north, then dey descend thru de Mambilima falls, dey follow wich e dey broaden into a wetland region {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey dey feed de south end of Lake Mweru.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e05.htm |title=MWERU-LUAPULA: PHYSIOGRAPHY, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY |publisher=FAO |access-date=2011-10-31}}</ref> Mambatuta be a steep waterfall wey dey descend into a single vertical drop.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2008-10-09 |title = Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first = Roger |last = Daniel |year = 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-31 }}</ref> At one time de Bangweulu / Mweru basin be part of de Zambezi system, den several species of fish wey be common insyd de Zambezi system be found insyd de Luapula.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |page=221 |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}}</ref> Congo fauna penetrate up de Luvua into Lake Mweru, buh dem be blocked by de Mambatuta Falls from entry into Lake Bangweulu. De transition occur insyd de early Tertiary.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA186 |page=186 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}}</ref> ==References== <references /> [[Category:Luapula River]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category: Waterfalls of Zambia]] dkeehj4hwjpyjfmuawnyk32bqdx4qu4 0 27732 106032 105878 2026-06-30T16:21:16Z DaSupremo 9 /* Location */ Improve article 106032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mutumuna Falls''' be a wide waterfall insyd [[Zambia]]. E be de "Upper Fall" insyd de 3-falls cascade dem commonly refer to as de [[Chisimba Falls]] (sanso be Chishimba Falls), insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Mutumuna Falls den de oda two components insyd de cascade, host de 15 megawatts [[Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]] den related infrastructure, across de ''Luombe River''.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-chishimba-falls/ |title=Chishimba Falls: Kasama, Northern Province, Zambia |date=16 August 2010 |author=World of Waterfalls |work=World-of-Waterfalls.com |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> == Location== Mutumuna Waterfalls dey locate above de ''Kayela Rapids'' den de main ''Chisimba Fall'' insyd de Chishimba Falls cascade, across de ''Luombe River''. Dem dey lie off of de Kasama–Mporokoso Road (Road D20 Zambia). Dis be approximately {{convert|40|km|0}}, northwest of de city of Kasama, insyd Kasama District, insyd Zambia ein Northern Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kasama, Zambia And Mutumuna Falls, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Mutumuna+Falls,+Zambia/@-10.1656809,30.9147887,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df942a1043bd:0x939c894d3c056539!2m2!1d30.9156059!2d-10.1050583!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == cchzlrnxhyzfx7hxlk0i7aks5p18ml2 106033 106032 2026-06-30T16:26:06Z DaSupremo 9 /* Overview */ Improve article 106033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mutumuna Falls''' be a wide waterfall insyd [[Zambia]]. E be de "Upper Fall" insyd de 3-falls cascade dem commonly refer to as de [[Chisimba Falls]] (sanso be Chishimba Falls), insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Mutumuna Falls den de oda two components insyd de cascade, host de 15 megawatts [[Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]] den related infrastructure, across de ''Luombe River''.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-chishimba-falls/ |title=Chishimba Falls: Kasama, Northern Province, Zambia |date=16 August 2010 |author=World of Waterfalls |work=World-of-Waterfalls.com |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> == Location== Mutumuna Waterfalls dey locate above de ''Kayela Rapids'' den de main ''Chisimba Fall'' insyd de Chishimba Falls cascade, across de ''Luombe River''. Dem dey lie off of de Kasama–Mporokoso Road (Road D20 Zambia). Dis be approximately {{convert|40|km|0}}, northwest of de city of Kasama, insyd Kasama District, insyd Zambia ein Northern Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kasama, Zambia And Mutumuna Falls, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Mutumuna+Falls,+Zambia/@-10.1656809,30.9147887,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df942a1043bd:0x939c894d3c056539!2m2!1d30.9156059!2d-10.1050583!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Overview== De Bemba people, wey be indigenous to dis part of Zambia dey believe say de spirit of Mutumuna dey reside at dese falls. De High Priest of Mutumuna dey make regular offerings at de falls. De sacred nature of de falls "dey prohibit sexual intercourse, arrogance den quarrelsomeness insyd de vicinity of de falls".<ref name="3R">{{cite web|work=ZambiaTourism.com |date=20 May 2022 | url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/chisimba-falls/ |title=Profile of Chishimba Falls, Kasama District, Zambia |author=Zambia Tourism | access-date=20 May 2022 | location=Lusaka, Zambia}}</ref><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chishimba-falls-another-spectacle-kasama/ |title=Chishimba Falls: Another spectacle of Kasama |work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]] |date=7 September 2015 | author=Zambia Daily Mail |access-date=20 May 2022 | location=Lusaka}}</ref> Mutumuna Falls, Kayela Rapids den Chishimba Fall dey comprise de Chishimba Falls, a tourist attraction den de location of de 15 megawatts Chishimba Hydroelectric Station. A natural tropical rainforest, lodging den camping facilities be available to de public. A tourist museum be under development at de site.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="4R"/> == References == <references /> == External links == qd9gdara9rl5hcertreo5cc20hmlty1 106034 106033 2026-06-30T16:27:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mutumuna Falls''' be a wide waterfall insyd [[Zambia]]. E be de "Upper Fall" insyd de 3-falls cascade dem commonly refer to as de [[Chisimba Falls]] (sanso be Chishimba Falls), insyd Kasama District, insyd de Northern Province of Zambia. Mutumuna Falls den de oda two components insyd de cascade, host de 15 megawatts [[Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]] den related infrastructure, across de ''Luombe River''.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-chishimba-falls/ |title=Chishimba Falls: Kasama, Northern Province, Zambia |date=16 August 2010 |author=World of Waterfalls |work=World-of-Waterfalls.com |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> == Location== Mutumuna Waterfalls dey locate above de ''Kayela Rapids'' den de main ''Chisimba Fall'' insyd de Chishimba Falls cascade, across de ''Luombe River''. Dem dey lie off of de Kasama–Mporokoso Road (Road D20 Zambia). Dis be approximately {{convert|40|km|0}}, northwest of de city of Kasama, insyd Kasama District, insyd Zambia ein Northern Province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kasama, Zambia And Mutumuna Falls, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Mutumuna+Falls,+Zambia/@-10.1656809,30.9147887,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df942a1043bd:0x939c894d3c056539!2m2!1d30.9156059!2d-10.1050583!3e0 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Overview== De Bemba people, wey be indigenous to dis part of Zambia dey believe say de spirit of Mutumuna dey reside at dese falls. De High Priest of Mutumuna dey make regular offerings at de falls. De sacred nature of de falls "dey prohibit sexual intercourse, arrogance den quarrelsomeness insyd de vicinity of de falls".<ref name="3R">{{cite web|work=ZambiaTourism.com |date=20 May 2022 | url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/chisimba-falls/ |title=Profile of Chishimba Falls, Kasama District, Zambia |author=Zambia Tourism | access-date=20 May 2022 | location=Lusaka, Zambia}}</ref><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chishimba-falls-another-spectacle-kasama/ |title=Chishimba Falls: Another spectacle of Kasama |work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]] |date=7 September 2015 | author=Zambia Daily Mail |access-date=20 May 2022 | location=Lusaka}}</ref> Mutumuna Falls, Kayela Rapids den Chishimba Fall dey comprise de Chishimba Falls, a tourist attraction den de location of de 15 megawatts Chishimba Hydroelectric Station. A natural tropical rainforest, lodging den camping facilities be available to de public. A tourist museum be under development at de site.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="4R"/> == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/22/c_1310326020.htm/ (Hello Africa) Zambia's lesser known tourist destinations attracting more visitors] As of 22 November 2021. * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/waterfal.htm/ Zambia's Spectacular Waterfalls] [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Northern Province, Zambia]] 041euei4skxngu2kv3e3lqqnm88hcdo 0 27820 106039 105316 2026-06-30T16:46:42Z Nimatu15 6646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360786419|Nima Drainage Channel]]" 106039 wikitext text/x-wiki Nima Drain be one important part of Accra ein water drainage system<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref>wey dem build make e carry Ghana ein capital city Accra rainwater comot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kojo Oppong Nkrumah breaks ground for Nima-Paloma storm drain reconstruction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1322386/kojo-oppong-nkrumah-breaks-ground-for-nima-paloma.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nima Drain, Ghana - Ramboll |url=https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.ramboll.com |language=en-apac}}</ref> Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain])) be one big stormwater drainage channel for Accra, Ghana. E be part of de [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ Odaw River] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Basin drainage network, and e be one of de main drainage channels wey dey carry stormwater from heavily populated communities like Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down, plus de surrounding areas go inside de Odaw Channel. Dis drainage system dey play important role for flood control for Accra because e dey help manage runoff water and reduce flooding for some of de city ein areas wey flood dey happen pass. '''Background''' Ghana ein capital city, Accra, wey dey inside de Greater Accra Region, dey face flooding almost every year, wey dey cause plenty economic loss plus loss of human lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Woman feared dead after being swept away in Nima drain amid heavy rain - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/woman-feared-dead-after-being-swept-away-in-nima-drain-amid-heavy-rain/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> De Nima Drain pass through several neighbourhoods inside de Accra Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-18 |title='Clean Up Accra' campaign clears drains in Amasaman, Tema and Ashaiman |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/06/clean-up-accra-campaign-clears-drains-in-amasaman-tema-and-ashaiman/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> E start from de northeastern parts of Accra and pass through Nima plus de surrounding communities before e join de Odaw drainage system near de Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bortey |first=Francis |date=2026-06-22 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO, Dredge Masters target critical flood-prone Accra areas |url=https://thebftonline.com/2026/06/22/zoomlion-nadmo-dredge-masters-target-critical-flood-prone-accra-areas/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> o5i8ryhq92rlafpx4r0ub773hz2i277 0 27837 106048 104942 2026-06-30T18:27:17Z Nimatu15 6646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361263802|Mataheko Drainage Channel]]" 106048 wikitext text/x-wiki Di '''Mataheko Drainage Channel''' na important urban stormwater drain wey dey Mataheko area for western [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]. E be part of di wider drainage infrastructure inside '''Odaw River Basin''', wey be one of di main drainage systems for Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. Di channel get key role to carry rainwater wey dey run off from densely populated communities for western Accra, and e dey help reduce flooding inside di metropolis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana |url=https://ghanadistricts.com/Home/LinkDataDistrict/2672 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=ghanadistricts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-17 |title=Zoomlion, NADMO and Dredge Masters intensify flood prevention efforts across Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/zoomlion-nadmo-and-dredge-masters-intensify-flood-prevention-efforts-across-accra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hydrological Significance and Location == Di Mataheko Drainage Channel dey inside di catchment area of Odaw River Basin, wey cover about 270–272 km² in the Greater Accra Region. Di Odaw River plus em tributaries na di main drainage network for Accra, and dem dey carry water go Korle Lagoon before e finally enter Gulf of Guinea. Di Mataheko channel na one of di engineered smaller drains wey dey feed into di bigger Odaw drainage system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=T. |first=Balstrøm |last2=B. |first2=Hasholt |last3=A.M.N. |first3=Allotey |last4=P.M. |first4=Gyekye |date=2024-07-22 |title=The Identification of Flood-Prone Areas in Accra, Ghana Using a Hydrological Screening Method. |url=https://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/ed89cef0-7edd-4b63-93a6-756eaee53c48 |language=en}}</ref> Di channel dey serve communities around Mataheko, South Kaneshie, and other nearby urban settlements, dey carry rainwater wey dey run off during heavy rainfall periods. Because Accra dey develop fast, plenty concrete surfaces don increase and settlements don spread inside di basin, so di drainage channel don become important part of Accra flood-control system. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin1 |date=2026-06-03 |title=Outdated drainage systems expose cities to flooding — GhIE |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/outdated-drainage-systems-expose-cities-to-flooding-ghie/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}</ref> == Development and Infastructure == Improvement works for Mataheko Drainage Channel be part of di bigger '''Accra Storm Drainage Improvement Works – Phase I,''' wey di Accra Metropolitan Assembly dey supervise. Engineering consultancy company Watertech Company Limited report say dem involve for di detailed design, environmental impact assessment, and construction supervision of di Mataheko drain, as part of drainage improvement projects wey dem carry out for Accra during late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WATERTECH Company Limited |url=https://www.watertechgh.com/projects/drainage-and-environment.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=www.watertechgh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CSci |first=Philip Kyeremanteng, MSc |title=Re-Engineering the Whole Drainage System of Accra |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1500076/re-engineering-the-whole-drainage-system-of-accra.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> tpe9o23pkyc6mqi8ywqaneq0yfn1k7q 0 27883 106055 105302 2026-06-30T20:23:54Z Nimatu15 6646 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360290825|Nairobi River Drainage Channel]]" 106055 wikitext text/x-wiki Di Nairobi River Drainage Channel na urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to [[:en:Nairobi_River|Nairobi River]] [[:en:Basin_irrigation|Basin]] for [[:en:Nairobi_County|Nairob]] [[:en:Nairobi_County|County]], [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of di wider [[:en:Drainage|drainage]] and [[:en:Flood_management|flood-management]] infrastructure for [[:en:Nairobi_metropolitan_area|Nairobi metropolitan area]] .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == Di drainage corridor dey linked to Nairobi River Basin, wey include Nairobi River, [[:en:Ngong|Ngong]], and [[:en:Mathare|Mathare]] river plus all dia tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Di basin dey spread across different counties, and e dey finally drain enter [[:en:Athi_River_(town)|Athi River]] system.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep "Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) | Nairobi Rivers Commission"]. ''www.nrc.go.ke''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Urban drainage role == Di Nairobi River corridor dey function as one important part of Nairobi stormwater management system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fast urban growth, people building close to riverbanks, [[:en:Pollution|pollution]], and [[:en:Waste|waste]] wey dey pile up don reduce di drainage capacity and increase flood risk inside di basin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep "Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) | Nairobi Rivers Commission"]. ''www.nrc.go.ke''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == Di Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) na multi-agency project wey di Nairobi Rivers Commission dey coordinate, wey aim to restore and manage di basin rivers plus di related infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> Di programme dey include river training works, stabilisation of river banks, improvement of drainage systems, and different hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == Di Nairobi Rivers Commission dem establish am for 2022 to coordinate di rehabilitation, protection, and restoration of Nairobi River Basin plus all di infrastructure wey dey related to am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> === See also === * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_River" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Nairobi River" class="cx-link" data-linkid="35">Nairobi River</a> * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athi_River_(town)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Athi River (town)" class="cx-link" data-linkid="37">Athi River</a> pvb3f158pvtq0wuxlpk49n9scq4sv2v 0 27914 105970 105969 2026-06-30T11:59:01Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105970 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == lbhn9fpmvphmhfdjffefjbnyvicull9 105971 105970 2026-06-30T12:02:25Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105971 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream, 1qe9kulqr625qard1q1zyl5lgcw2unx 105972 105971 2026-06-30T12:03:21Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105972 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, 3bzjfbloerg1nry8ieul87h7yveuxdf 105973 105972 2026-06-30T12:04:10Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105973 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the river banks. Almost 60 villages flood. 1nvamyx9wa2lznbdlyhbron05vdqglk 105974 105973 2026-06-30T12:04:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105974 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the river banks. Almost 60 villages flood.Domestic animals drown and dikes plus several farms wash away. 7lx6k3w5btgrtz6ax387otqxzb0lb5z 105975 105974 2026-06-30T12:08:29Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105975 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the river banks. Almost 60 villages flood.Domestic animals drown and dikes plus several farms wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, e6xkjsrvhlqvmzsx7gzipluzf3e41km 105976 105975 2026-06-30T12:09:54Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105976 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to flooding wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the river banks. Almost 60 villages flood.Domestic animals drown and dikes plus several farms wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once. bhwcspcqveaxrhnnksx4vzek95xvbbw 105977 105976 2026-06-30T12:12:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added link 105977 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.Domestic animals drown and dikes plus several farms wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once. bvdlnez0yw8406iohlp3okxb9e9t0in 105978 105977 2026-06-30T12:15:49Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added links 105978 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once. jhy1sbh5z2a3a254oukeom2xydygjv0 105979 105978 2026-06-30T12:19:51Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105979 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> n4m0ykya98g7rp5idzj1t2a5ecpnk9r 105980 105979 2026-06-30T12:22:33Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105980 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == dxoywf615pbvpj1x5ah4k1lkwkxc3lu 105981 105980 2026-06-30T12:28:04Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105981 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == Kainji Lake dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point nijzdtsrfq39lrsmmznfvy4ym2m606d 105982 105981 2026-06-30T12:38:34Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105982 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == Kainji Lake dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local fishing industry. hgbnt16q08g0ek2vqzzlk3e7c2cmpdi 105983 105982 2026-06-30T12:39:54Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 105983 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == Kainji Lake dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local fishing industry.For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages. 4rifkgvuchjipkzxif9iksjgx0tt0hv 105985 105983 2026-06-30T12:43:08Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added links 105985 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages. bka1wl72598uk528mcd96e6sjxti4tr 105987 105985 2026-06-30T12:47:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105987 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages. 2d6mhm23r92ux8yvhh2thiaxpm09tqe 105988 105987 2026-06-30T12:50:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 105988 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> 9sw9z2gvw8zjj58uub2yncuxfi7hts9 105998 105988 2026-06-30T13:52:19Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 105998 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == See also == pkxh69ynb4s8qmfmldtwq3zo4t9j5b0 105999 105998 2026-06-30T13:57:03Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added hyperlink 105999 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == See also == * [[:en:List_of_hydropower_stations_in_Africa|List of hydropower stations in Africa]] np3d2nxg4la14g3ls6o2binf9eozgnq 106001 105999 2026-06-30T13:58:43Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added heading 106001 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == See also == * [[:en:List_of_hydropower_stations_in_Africa|List of hydropower stations in Africa]] == References == 29vw2exfnueuvxj7m6ql7qr3it51q0b 106002 106001 2026-06-30T14:00:51Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added databox 106002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == See also == * [[:en:List_of_hydropower_stations_in_Africa|List of hydropower stations in Africa]] == References == 0pz0fxp50l52hcvwxfcg4sh5hornaum 106008 106002 2026-06-30T14:09:49Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 106008 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia{{databox}} Kainji Dam na [[:en:Dam|dam]] wey cross the [[Niger River]] for [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] for Central [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger Community Demands Renaming Of Zungeru Dam To Theirs, Lament Injustice In Retaining Current Name {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/15/niger-community-demands-renaming-zungeru-dam-theirs-lament-injustice-retaining-current |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref>.Construction of the dam by [[:en:Webuild|Impregilo]] (a consortium of Italian civil engineering contractors) start for 1964 and dem finish am for 1968.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en}}</ref>Dem estimate the total cost reach US$209 million (wey go be about US$1.5 billion for 2024 money<ref>{{Cite web |title=Measuring Worth - Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.measuringworth.com}}</ref>),and one-quarter of this amount dem use to resettle people wey the construction of the dam and its reservoir, the Kainji Lake<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarafinchin / Kainji and Jebba Dams, Niger River, Nigeria |url=https://www.sarafinchin.com/index.php/projects/africa/kainji-and-jebba-dams-niger-river-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2018-05-04 |title=Where is Kainji Dam located in Nigeria? - Legit.ng |url=https://www.legit.ng/1166894-where-kainji-dam-located-nigeria.html |access-date=2026-06-29 |website=www.legit.ng |language=en}}</ref>, displace. == Dimensions == Kainji Dam dey extend for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), including its [[:en:Saddle_dam|saddle dam]], wey dey close off a [[:en:Tributary_valley|tributary valley]]. The primary section across the outflow to the Niger na 550 metres (1,800 ft).Most of the structure dem build from earth,but the centre section, wey dey house the [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Turbine|turbines,]] dem build from concrete.This section dey 65 metres (213 ft) high. Kainji Dam be one of the longest dams for the whole world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Power station == Dem design the dam to get [[:en:Generating_plant|generating capacity]] of 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)); but, only 8 out of the 12 [[:en:Turbine|turbines]] dem don install,and this don reduce the capacity reach 760 megawatts (1,020,000 hp). <ref>{{Cite web |last=aliyu |title=An inside look at Kainji Dam |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014181017/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php/other-sections/star-feature/14058-an-inside-look-at-kainji-dam |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.dailytrust.com.ng |language=en-gb}}</ref>The dam dey generate electricity for all the big cities for [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of the Kainji Dam and Lake |url=https://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/construction-kainji-dam-and-lake |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Environment & Society Portal |language=en}}</ref>Some of the electricity dem dey sell give the neighbouring country [[Niger]].On top of that, occasional [[Drought|droughts]] don make the [[:en:Niger_State|Niger's]] water flow unpredictable, and this dey reduce the dam's electrical output.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=The |date=2017-03-29 |title=Upgrading Kainji dam and improving electricity |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/upgrading-kainji-dam-and-improving-electricity/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <gallery> File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 083 Kainji Dam. The water flows from four openings.jpg|Flow of water through four openings in the Kainji Dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 081 Kainji Dam. Balustrade with a view over an island in the Niger with electricity pylons.jpg|Overview from the dam of the island in the Niger River with electricity File:pylons, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 084 Kainji Dam. White horned zebus in front of the openings of the dam.jpg|Zebus crossing the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 086 Kainji Dam. A shepherd boy in native clothing with a club and a hat for the balustrade on the dam.jpg|A shepherd boy at the dam, 1970–1973. File:ASC Leiden - Rietveld Collection - Nigeria 1970 - 1973 - 01 - 082 Kainji Dam. A man with a white headscarf above sparkling water.jpg|Man above the foaming water, 1970– 1973. </gallery> == Lock == The dam get one single-lock chamber wey fit lift barges 49 metres (161 ft) high. == Discharge flooding == For October 1998, as response to [[Floods insyd Ghana|flooding]] wey dey happen upstream,dem release one torrent of water from the dam, and e burst the [[:en:River_bank|river banks]]. Almost 60 villages flood.[[:en:Domestic_animals|Domestic animals]] drown and dikes plus several [[:en:Farm|farms]] wash away. Dem criticize dam officials say dem wait too long before dem start, and then dem dump too much water at once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == Lake Kainji == [[:en:Kainji_Lake|Kainji Lake]] dey measure about 135 kilometres (84 mi) long and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) at its widest point,and e dey support irrigation and a local [[:en:Fishing_industry|fishing industry]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kainji Dam |date=2026-06-06 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kainji_Dam&oldid=1358049158 |access-date=2026-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>For 1999, uncoordinated opening of floodgates lead to local flooding for about 60 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The dam which brought disaster |url=http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726125955/http://www.africasia.com/archive/na/99_01/naam0101.htm |archive-date=2009-07-26 |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=www.africasia.com}}</ref> == See also == * [[:en:List_of_hydropower_stations_in_Africa|List of hydropower stations in Africa]] == References == 10jacg4el7jt50of7hcbnf91by57rix 0 27932 105984 2026-06-30T12:40:37Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Water supply system for Rwanda}} {{EngvarB|date=November 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} '''Karenge Drinking Water Supply System''' ('''KDWSS'''), wey dem dey call am '''Karenge Water Supply System''' too, na water intake, water treatment, den water distribution system for Rwanda. Di system dey supply water give some parts of di capital city, Kigali, plus di neighboring Rwamagana District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/rwanda-the-capacity-of-the-karenge-water-plant-will-be-tripled-with-2m-from-ofid/ |title=Rwanda: The capacity of the Karenge water plant will be tripled with $2M from OFID |date=13 November 2023 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=16 November 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment den distribution facility dey for di lakeside community wey dem dey call ''Karenge'', Rwamagana District, for Eastern Province of Rwanda, for di shore of Lake Mugesera. E dey about {{convert|50|km|0}} by road southeast from Kigali, di national capital.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== Dem establish KDWSS for 1975 plus processing capacity of {{convert|3840|m3|0}} every day. For 1985, dem increase di capacity go {{convert|7200|m3|0}} every day. For 2008, di daily output increase reach {{convert|12000|m3|0}}. As of October 2020, di system dey produce {{convert|15000|m3|0}} clean drinking water every day. Out of dat amount, {{convert|12000|m3|0}} (80 percent) dey go through pipeline enter Kigali, while {{convert|3000|m3|0}} (20 percent) dem dey distribute inside Rwamagana District.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=7 October 2020 | url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/updates/news-details/government-to-increase-production-capacity-of-karenge-water-treatment-plant-and-strengthen-its-distribution-network |title=Government To Increase Production Capacity off Karenge Water Treatment Plant And Strengthen Its Distribution Network |work=Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (Mininfra) |author=Mininfra |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Kigali, Rwanda}}</ref> ==Expansion== For 2020, Rwanda government, through ein subsidiary ''Water and Sanitation Corporation'' (WASAC Limited), decide say dem go increase di processing capacity of dis plant go {{convert|48000|m3|0}} every day.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Di expansion work include:<ref name="1R"/> * Upgrade di raw water source * Build new raw water intake pumps * Upgrade di raw water intake pipes * Move di intake pumping station go new location * Improve di capacity of di motors den pumps * Build new drinking water storage tanks * Expand di drinking water transport den distribution network by laying {{convert|33|km|0}} of new distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction and funding== Di estimated cost for di expansion na US$164.3 million. Di organizations below dey provide money for di construction.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Karenge Water System Expansion Funding ! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in USD !! Percentage !! Notes |- | 1 || OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) ||{{center|21.0 million}} ||{{center|12.8}} || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 5 || Exim Bank of Hungary ||{{center|52.0}} ||{{center|31.6}} || Loan<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Construction Review Online | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-news/52-million-to-be-utilized-in-karenge-water-treatment-plant-upgrade-in-rwanda/ |title=$52 Million to be Utilized in Karenge Water Treatment Plant Upgrade in Rwanda |date=29 September 2023 |author=Mike Kubwa |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> |- | || '''Total''' || {{center|'''164.3 million'''}} || {{center|'''100.00'''}} || |- |} ==Other considerations== Di expanded plant be part of di Rwanda authorities dia plan make 100 percent of everybody for di country get access to clean drinking water by December 2024.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==See also== * Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda * Katosi Water Works * Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.wasac.rw/home/ Website of WASAC Limited] * [https://wasac.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/karenge_water_treatment_plant.pdf Profile of Karenge Water Treatment Plant] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Rwanda]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Eastern Province, Rwanda]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Rwanda]] juwqfb5nejgd57pri1ys0inbx9ycxq2 0 27933 105986 2026-06-30T12:46:18Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Desalination plant for Namibia}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} '''Bethanie Desalination Plant''', wey dem dey call am '''Bethany Desalination Plant''' too, na [[brackish water]] desalination plant wey dey Bethanie town for southern Namibia. Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater) own am and dem build am. Di clean drinking water wey dis plant dey produce, plus e capacity of {{convert|487|m3|liter}} per day, go fit supply Bethanie town till 2037.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-desalination-plant-supplies-water-to-the-people-of-bethany/ |url-access=subscription |title=Namibia: Desalination plant supplies water to the people of Bethany | work=Afrik21.africa |date=12 August 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Di desalination plant dey Bethanie town for ǁKaras Region of Namibia. Bethanie dey about {{convert|140|km|0}} west of Keetmanshoop, wey be di capital of ǁKaras Region.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Keetmanshoop,+Namibia/@-26.5455978,17.4605607,10z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c16835d6f27aa79:0xa253f1bc79e8f4ba!2m2!1d18.1310083!2d-26.5642351!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Keetmanshoop, Namibia And Bethanie, Namibia |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> Bethanie dey about {{convert|535|km|0}} south of Windhoek, wey be di capital and di biggest city for di country.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Windhoek,+Namibia/@-25.3031376,19.1605852,4.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Bethanie, Namibia And Windhoek, Namibia |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Di main aim of dis project na make e improve di amount and quality of drinking water wey people for Bethanie fit get. Dem develop am as [[pilot project]] make dem test whether e go possible to desalinate brackish [[ground water]] for house use and small commercial use. Dis one be part of Namibia government ein effort to increase water supply for di people from 85 percent for 2022 reach 100 percent.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.namibian.com.na/114344/read/Desalination-plant-opened-at-Bethanie |title=Desalination plant opened at Bethanie | work=[[The Namibian]] |date=18 July 2022 |author=Matthew Dlamini |access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite news| newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]] | url=https://economist.com.na/71900/agriculture/bethanie-village-to-get-clean-accessible-water-as-hybrid-renewable-energy-powered-desalination-plant-commisioned/ |title=Clean Accessible Water For Bethanie From Hybrid-Power Desalination Plant |date=15 July 2022 | location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Namibia set target say by 2030, 100 percent of di citizens and residents go get clean drinking water.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-3-mini-desalination-plants-for-irrigation-in-daures/ |title=Namibia: 3 mini desalination plants for irrigation in Daures |date=16 September 2022 |author=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |access-date=17 September 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Di plant dey process raw brackish ground water through desalination equipment wey include reverse osmosis membranes. Because di place dey rural area, dem choose renewable energy sources. Dem install solar panels so say sunlight go provide di power wey di desalination process need.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Development== Plenty national and international stakeholders work together design, build and fund dis desalination plant. Di table below show di organisations wey support di project.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Stakeholders for Bethanie Desalination Plant development ! Rank !! Member !! Domicile !! !! Notes |- | 1 ||NamWater || Namibia || National water parastatal utility company. Owner/operator. ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Desert Research Foundation of Namibia || Namibia || National research institution ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Adaptation Fund || United States || International climate change organisation ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism || Namibia || Namibian Government Ministry ||<ref name="1R"/> |- |} Di Multilateral Environmental Agreements Division of di Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism be one of di stakeholders wey support di development of dis plant.<ref name="1R"/> ==Funding and timeline== According to reports, di construction cost N$37&nbsp;million (about US$2.3&nbsp;million). Di stakeholders wey dey di previous section fund am. Construction happen between "October 2020 and October 2021", then dem officially start commercial operation for July 2022.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==See also== * Desalination * Water supply and sanitation in Namibia * Erongo Desalination Plant * Namwater Desalination Plant ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/pilot-rural-desalination-plants-using-renewable/ Pilot rural desalination plants using renewable power and membrane technology] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in the ǁKharas Region]] [[Category:2022 establishments in Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure in Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure completed in 2022]] [[Category:Water resources management]] 64soz3wji1jyyg1raktivasggspmsyj 0 27934 105989 2026-06-30T12:54:07Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Solar powered desalination plant for South Africa}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} '''Witsand Solar Desalination Plant''' ('''WSDP''') na solar-powered desalination plant wey dey seaside town of Witsand, Hessequa Municipality, Western Cape Province, for mouth of Breede River.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=Melanie Gosling |date=18 July 2018 |title=Revolutionary Solar-Power Desalination Plant Could Provide Cheaper Option, but It Needs Space |url=https://www.news24.com/Green/News/revolutionary-solar-power-desalination-plant-could-provide-cheaper-option-but-it-needs-space-20180718 |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=News24Wire.com |location=Cape Town}}</ref> ==Overview== Witsand na tourist place, plus e get around 300 people wey dey live there during low tourist season. During tourist high season, di population fit pass 3,000 people, wey dey cause shortage of fresh water for di town. Western Cape Government help sponsor di plant through dem drought relief fund, plus French Treasury too support am through one fund wey dem set up to help implement innovative green technologies.<ref name="official launch">{{Cite web |title=Official launch of first Solar Desalination Plant in SA – Hessequa Municipality |url=https://www.hessequa.gov.za/official-launch-of-first-solar-desalination-plant-in-sa/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.hessequa.gov.za}}</ref> ==Technology== WSDP na di first solar-powered desalination plant for South Africa. Di new technology wey dem use make am possible say dem no need storage batteries inside di design again.<ref name="3R">{{cite web |last=Ensor |first=Linda |date=16 July 2018 |title=France to help drought-hit Witsand with solar-power desalination plant |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-07-16-france-to-help-drought-hit-witsand-with-solar-power-desalination-plant/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=Business Day (South Africa)}}</ref> French company Mascara Renewable Water develop di OSMOSUN® technology, den dem local partner TWS-Turnkey Water Solutions bring am come South Africa.<ref name="official launch" /> Di plant ein new Osmosun technology dey use one special "intelligent" membrane wey fit continue dey do reverse osmosis even when cloud cover di sun, so di reduction for solar energy no go stop di system from working. When di clouds move comot, di solar energy go increase again. Dis ability to reduce di effect of changes for di energy wey dey come help protect di reverse osmosis membrane. For night time, when sun no dey, di design allow di plant make e switch go normal grid electricity and continue dey work till di next morning when di sun rise.<ref name="2R"/> ==Construction and cost== Di project cost R9 million (US${{To USD|8000|year = 2018|round=yes|ZAF}},000), and e start full operation from 20 December 2018.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |title=France co-funds R8.6m desalination plant in Western Cape |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/france-co-funds-r86m-desalination-plant-in-western-cape-16055049 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA’S FIRST SOLAR POWERED DESALINATION PLANT PASSES THE 10,000,000 Liters MARK – Invest {{!}} Wesgro |url=https://www.wesgro.co.za/invest/news/2019/africas-first-solar-powered-desalination-plant-passes-the-10-000-000-liters-mark |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.wesgro.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Di cost to produce purified water for dis plant dey between R7 and R8 (US$0.52 to US$0.60) for every {{convert|1000|liters|0}}. If you compare am to di temporary diesel-powered desalination plant for Strandfontein, Cape Town, dem dey produce drinking water for R35 to R40 (US$2.62 to US$3.00) for every 1,000 liters.<ref name="2R" /> ==Challenges== Because electricity cost too high for di operation of di plant, dem go only operate am during crisis periods and holiday seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WITSAND DESALINATION PLANT – Hessequa Municipality |url=https://www.hessequa.gov.za/witsand-desalination-plant/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.hessequa.gov.za}}</ref> == See also == * Erongo Desalination Plant * Water supply and sanitation in South Africa ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/water_crisis Special Report: Water Crisis] As at 23 July 2018. {{Portalbar|Africa|Water}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Witsand Solar Desalination Plant}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in South Africa]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:2018 establishments in South Africa]] [[Category:Economy of the Western Cape]] [[Category:Garden Route District Municipality]] 0a6dv7cpbvu0bbyezyza9pqhcr5r8wd 0 27935 105990 2026-06-30T13:02:41Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|Desalination plant for Namibia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2021}} Di '''Erongo Desalination Plant''', wey dem dey call am '''Orano Desalination Plant''' too, na seawater desalination plant wey dey Namibia. Dem build di facility between 2008 and 2010 by Orano Mining Namibia, wey be part of di French nuclear fuel cycle company Orano. For dat time, dem dey call am Areva Ressources Namibia, wey be part of Areva. Dem build di desalination plant make e supply water give Orano ein Trekkopje Uranium Mine. Wen dem officially open dis plant, e be di biggest reverse osmosis desalination plant for Southern Africa.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=[[Namibia Economist]] |date=3 June 2020 |url=https://economist.com.na/53372/environment/erongo-desalination-plant-provides-55-million-cubic-meters-potable-water-to-the-region-during-10-year-operation-period/ | title=Erongo Desalination Plant Provided 55 Million Cubic Meters Potable Water To The Region During 10-Year Operation Period | author=Donald Matthys |access-date=21 August 2021 | place=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-towards-the-construction-of-a-new-desalination-plant-in-the-coastal-zone/ | title=Namibia: Towards the construction of a new desalination plant in the coastal zone |work=Afrik21.africa |date=14 June 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=21 August 2021 |place=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Di desalination plant dey inside Namib Desert, near di town of Wlotzkasbaken, for Erongo Region of Namibia. Di plant dey about {{convert|35|km|0}} north of Swakopmund, wey be di nearest big town.<ref name="1R"/> Swakopmund sef dey about {{convert|391|km|0}} by road west of Windhoek, di capital and biggest city for di country.<ref name="3R">{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.5992371,15.9665902,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia With Interactive Map |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> Di geographical coordinates of Erongo Desalination Plant be 22°22'19.0"S, 14°26'28.0"E (Latitude:-22.371944; Longitude:14.441111).<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/22%C2%B022'19.0%22S+14%C2%B026'28.0%22E/@-22.372892,14.440059,696m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-22.3719444!4d14.4411111 |title=Location of Erongo Desalination Plant |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> ==Overview== Orano Resources Namibia (wey before dem dey call Areva Resources Namibia) develop and own di Erongo Desalination Plant. Di purified drinking water dem mainly plan am make e serve Orano ein uranium mine wey dem dey call Trekkopje Mine, wey dey near Arandis, Namibia.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/196085/archive-read/Desalination-plant-output-hits-record-high |date=5 December 2019 |title=Desalination plant output hits record high |work=[[The Namibian]] |access-date=21 August 2021 |author=Adam Hartman |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Dem dey pump di clean water from di plant go Arandis, wey straight-line distance be about {{convert|60|km|0}} and road distance be about {{convert|90|km|0}}.<ref name="6R">{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/Arandis,+Namibia/@-22.5350506,14.4414523,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c7676f1577c6dd1:0x5cffbd871e885c5c!2m2!1d14.9797753!2d-22.4193386!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia And Arandis, Namibia With Map |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> Nafasi Water, wey be "water technology and water utility service company" wey base for Rosebank, Gauteng, South Africa, na dem dey operate di plant.<ref name="1R"/> Dem dey sell di potable water give NamWater, di national water utility company, make dem distribute am go Swakopmund, di nearby mines and oda places for Erongo Region. Di present infrastructure fit produce between {{convert|12000000|m3|liter}} and {{convert|26000000|m3|liter}} every year depending on demand. If demand increase, dem fit add new infrastructure make di supply reach {{convert|45000000|m3|liter}} every year.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> Di raw seawater dey pass through dis processes before e go become clean water: (a) screen filtration (b) ultrafiltration (c) reverse osmosis (d) limestone contact and (e) chlorination.<ref name="5R"/> ==Cost== E cost N$2.5 billion (about US$153 million) for 2010 to develop dis water treatment plant.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="7R"/> ==Other developments== For July 2022, di owners of dis facility sign power purchase agreement (PPA) plus InnoSun (wey be subsidiary of di French company InnoVent) make dem design, build, own, operate and maintain one 5 MW solar power station and supply dat power give Erongo Desalination Plant under one 10-year contract, wey go start from di commercial commissioning date. Dem expect construction to start for di second half of 2022, and make dem commission am for 2023. Orano expect say di new solar farm go reduce di desalination plant ein carbon dioxide emissions by 30 percent or nearly 10,000 metric tonnes every year.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-orano-to-equip-its-erongo-desalination-plant-with-a-5-mwp-solar-park/ | title=Namibia: Orano to equip its Erongo desalination plant with a 5 MWp solar park |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=5 July 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==See also== * Witsand Solar Desalination Plant * Namwater Desalination Plant * Bethanie Desalination Plant ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.namibian.com.na/200986/archive-read/Orano-gives-Erongo-desalinated-water Orano gives Erongo desalinated water] As of 18 May 2020. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Erongo Region]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:2010 establishments in Namibia]] [[Category:Mining in Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure in Namibia]] ei8n6drp9pmxppoaoq25q9csmmezibl 0 27936 105991 2026-06-30T13:07:55Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Desalination plant for Namibia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2024}} Di '''Namwater Desalination Plant''' na one [[sea water]] desalination plant wey dem dey develop for Namibia. [[Namwater]], di national water utility [[parastatal]] company for Namibia, dey develop di facility. Dem plan am make e help solve di serious [[water scarcity]] problem for central coastal area of Namibia, inside di [[Erongo Region]], plus di capital city, [[Windhoek]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |author=Huaxia | url=https://english.news.cn/20240626/8fa72ba7ab4f487fa6404b9a2c4b8b3f/c.html |title=Namibia to construct new desalination plant to meet rising water demand |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Beijing, China}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| work=[[New Era (Namibia)]] |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/second-desalination-plant-coming |title=Second Desalination Plant Coming |date=16 April 2024 |author=Eveline de Klerk |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> ==Location== Di desalination plant go dey for Namib Desert, near di town of Wlotzkasbaken, for Erongo Region of Namibia. Dis new plant go dey side by side wit di privately owned Erongo Desalination Plant, wey dem officially start commercial operation for 2010. Di land wey go host di new plant na Erongo Regional Council donate am give Namwater.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=[[The Namibian]] | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/govt-gets-land-for-coastal-desalination-plant-namwater/ |title=Government Gets Land For Coastal Desalination Plant – NamWater |date=31 May 2023 |author=Andreas Thomas |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Wlotzkasbaken dey about {{convert|35|km|0}} north of Swakopmund, di nearest big town, and about {{convert|390|km|0}} by road west of Windhoek, di national capital and biggest city for di country.<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.418532,15.966196,8z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0842147!2d-22.5649344!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945?entry=ttu |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> ==Overview== Namibia be dry country wey dey face serious water shortage.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20240301/42cae2ca368a43ba9fbd1fb2b3b5a2c0/c.html |title=Namibia Approves Urgent Measures To Combat Looming Water Crisis |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=1 March 2024 |author=Huaxia |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Beijing, China}}</ref> As of 2024, Erongo Region dey get im drinking water from (a) groundwater aquifers from di ''Omaruru Delta'', (b) di ''Kuiseb Delta'', and (c) desalinated water from di Erongo Desalination Plant. Dem connect all dis water sources through one network of pumping stations, pipelines and reservoirs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="AppR">{{cite web| url=https://economist.com.na/89020/agriculture/government-approves-construction-of-second-desalination-plant/ |title=Government Approves Construction of Second Desalination Plant |date=27 June 2024 |work=[[Namibia Economist]] |author=Namibia Economist |access-date=24 July 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> But because town population dey increase, mining activities dey increase, agricultural production dey increase and industries too dey demand more water, all di three water sources don almost reach dia maximum capacity. Together dem dey provide just under {{convert|30000000|m3|liter}} of [[potable water]] every year.<ref name="5R"/><ref name="AppR"/> Because of dat, for 2024, di government of Namibia approve make dem build one new modular desalination plant wey go produce {{convert|20000000|m3|liter}} of potable water every year as di first phase. Dem fit increase di capacity later anytime e become necessary.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/><ref name="AppR"/> ==Developers== Di national water utility [[parastatal]], Namwater, be di owner and main developer of dis project. Di Chinese-owned ''Swakop Uranium Mine'' dey collaborate wit Namwater on di project. Dem don dey plan dis development since 1998.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="5R"/> Dem update di plans for 2016 after di government reject offer to buy di privately owned Erongo Desalination Plant for NAD3 billion (about US$164 million for 2024 value).<ref name="3R"/><ref name="5R"/> Di matter become more serious because of di severe drought wey dey affect countries for Southern Africa, including Namibia, during di third decade of di 21st century (2021–2030).<ref name="6R">{{cite web| date=22 April 2024 |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/152711/severe-drought-in-southern-africa | work=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |title=Severe Drought in Southern Africa |author=NASA Earth Observatory | access-date=28 June 2024 |location=United States}}</ref> ==Cost== Dem estimate say di development of dis water treatment plant go cost N$3.5 billion (about US$191 million) for 2024.<ref name="2R"/> * Note: US$1.00 = NAD18.34 on 28 June 2024. ==Timetable== Construction suppose start for Q1 2025, and dem plan make di plant begin commercial operation for H1 2027.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="8R">{{cite web| work=[[The Namibian]] | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/desalination-plant-construction-set-for-january/ | title=Desalination plant construction set for January |date=6 August 2024 |author=Shania Lazarus |access-date=6 August 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> ==See also== * Desalination * Erongo Desalination Plant * Bethanie Desalination Plant ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.namwater.com.na/ Website of Namwater Limited] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Erongo Region]] [[Category:2020s establishments in Namibia]] [[Category:Mining in Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure in Namibia]] [[Category:Water resources management]] l8k436q3snb0tlydjzvutuucg2fx2tq 0 27937 105992 2026-06-30T13:12:16Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification project for Kenya}} {{Orphan|date=August 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{EngvarB|date=December 2018}} '''Mombasa Mainland Desalination Plant''' ('''MMDP'''), na planned water purification project for Kenya.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Swiss, Spanish firms clinch Sh16 billion sea desalination deal |newspaper=[[Business Daily Africa]] | url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/counties/Swiss--Spanish-firms-clinch-Sh16b-sea-desalination-deal/4003142-4890786-g1l1r/index.html |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |last=Baya |first=Samuel |location=Nairobi}}</ref> ==Location== Dem go build dis water treatment facility for mainland side of seaport city Mombasa for Kenya ein Indian Ocean coast.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== Mombasa County no get im own source of potable water inside de county. Fresh water wey dem dey use for de county dey come from neighboring Kwale County, Kilifi County den Taita Taveta County. De amount of water wey dem places fit supply give Mombasa no reach wetin de county need to serve ein growing population, offices den industries. As of December 2018, de daily fresh water wey dem need na {{convert|200000|m3|liter}}, but de existing sources fit supply only {{convert|42000|m3|liter}}.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{cite web|title=Plan to tap vast ocean water for home use launched |newspaper=[[The Standard (Kenya)]] |date=2 May 2018 | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001278896/swiss-spanish-firms-to-commence-desalination-of-indian-ocean-waters | access-date=11 December 2018 |first=Patrick |last=Beja | location=Nairobi}}</ref> ==Desalination plants== MMDP be one of four desalination plants wey dem plan say dem go build for Mombasa County make e help solve de shortage of fresh water. ''Almar Water Solutions'' dey develop MMDP,<ref name="1R"/> na Spanish company wey specialize for water solutions, including infrastructure development, design, financing den operation.<ref name="3R">{{cite web|url=http://www.almarwater.com/ |title=About Almar Water Solutions |publisher=Almar Water Solutions | author=Almar Water Solutions |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 |location=Madrid, Spain}}</ref> MMDP na de first one wey dem go develop. Dem plan say construction go start for June 2019 den finish by January 2021.<ref name="4R"/> ==Other similar developments== Other desalination plants wey still dey pipeline include ''Mombasa West Desalination Plant'', wey go dey de western side of Mombasa mainland. Dem plan make e produce {{convert|100000|m3|liter}} every day, and Almar Water Solutions go develop am.<ref name="1R"/> ''Likoni Major Desalination Plant'' go dey for Likoni, with planned capacity of {{convert|70000|m3|liter}} every day. Almar Water Solutions go develop am.<ref name="1R"/> ''Likoni Minor Desalination Plant'' too go dey for Likoni, with planned capacity of {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every day. ''Aqua Swiss'', one Swiss water solutions company, go develop am.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction and cost== De estimated cost of dis plant plus de three oda desalination plants for de county na KSh16 billion (US$160 million).<ref name="1R"/> Almar Water Solutions sign agreement with Mombasa County government say dem go design, finance, build den operate de desalination plant for 25 years after dem commission am.<ref name="4R">{{cite web |title=Mombasa County to get new desalination plants |url=https://www.pumps-africa.com/mombasa-county-to-get-new-desalination-plants/ |publisher=Pumps-Africa.com |author=Pumps Africa |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=11 December 2018 | location=Nairobi}}</ref> ==See also== * Desalination plants ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.almarwater.com/2018/12/11/almar-water-solutions-awarded-a-contract-to-develop-kenyas-first-large-scale-desalination-plant/Almar Water Solutions awarded a contract to develop Kenya’s first large-scale desalination plant] As at 11 December 2018. {{DEFAULTSORT:Mombasa Mainland Solar Desalination Plant}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kenya]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Economy of Kenya]] 5s9cz7oaimsu71dlfzends9onjg3cue 0 27938 105993 2026-06-30T13:17:20Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Wastewater and sewerage treatment plant for Uganda}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} '''Bugolobi Wastewater Treatment Plant''' ('''BWTP'''), wey dem dey call am '''Bugolobi Sewerage Treatment Plant''' ('''BSTP''') too, na wastewater treatment project wey dey Uganda. E be di biggest wastewater treatment plant for all di countries wey dey East African Community, and e fit process {{convert|45000000|liters|m3}} of wastewater every day.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|access-date=22 June 2018 |date=22 June 2018 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-largest-waste-water-treatment-plant-pump-sewerage-power/688334-4625712-q857ntz/index.html |title=Uganda's largest waste water treatment plant to pump sewerage into electricity |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |author=Monitor Reporter | location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-inaugurate-largest-wastewater-treatment-plant/ | title=Uganda: NWSC to inaugurate largest wastewater treatment plant |work=Afrik21.africa |date=29 June 2018 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=28 April 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Dem build di water treatment facility for Bugolobi area inside Nakawa Division, for southeastern part of Kampala, di capital and biggest city for Uganda. Di place dey about {{convert|7|km|0}} by road southeast from di central business district of di city.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| access-date=29 April 2021 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala+Central+Division,+Kampala/Bugoloobi,+Kampala/@0.3115442,32.6031142,14z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc76bde94e75:0x42da82610205b97a!2m2!1d32.5856675!2d0.3250394!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc01495c9873:0xa7d285a6dfaac8!2m2!1d32.6257655!2d0.309722!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Central Kampala And Bugoloobi In Uganda}}</ref> Di geographical coordinates of di plant be 0°19'06.0"N, 32°36'27.0"E (Latitude:0.318333; Longitude:32.607500).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B019'06.0%22N+32%C2%B036'27.0%22E/@0.3183333,32.6053167,451m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.3183333!4d32.6075 |title=Location of Bugoloobi Wastewater Treatment Plant |access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> ==Overview== Bugolobi WTP dey collect wastewater and sewerage from some parts of di city, including Old Kampala, Mengo, Katwe, Nsambya, Kibuli, Mbuya, Nakawa, Naguru, Bukoto and Kamwookya.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/home-mobile/itemlist/category/26-sewer |date=22 June 2018 | title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Sewer Services | publisher=[[National Water and Sewerage Corporation]] (NWSC) | access-date=22 June 2018 |author=NWSC |location=Kampala}}</ref> Di new expanded STP get purpose to increase and improve sanitation services for di city and reduce pollution for di ''Nakivubo Channel'', wey be surface-water effluent wey dey flow go Lake Victoria. Dis one go help improve di environmental sustainability of di lake.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|date=2 May 2014 | url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/component/k2/item/195-construction-works-of-the-bugolobi-nakivubo-sewerage-treatment-plant-begins |title=Construction Works of the Bugolobi/Nakivubo Sewerage Treatment Plant Begins |access-date=22 June 2018 |publisher=[[National Water and Sewerage Corporation]] (NWSC) | author=NWSC |location=Kampala}}</ref> Di project include di construction of one ultra-modern sewerage treatment plant for Bugolobi, one sewerage pre-treatment plant for Kinawattaka, one sewerage pumping station for Kibira Road, plus one sewer network wey long {{convert|31|km|0}}. New areas wey dem go add to di sewerage network include Bugolobi, Kyambogo, Kasokoso, Kinnawattaka, Banda, Butabika and di neighbouring areas.<ref name="7R"/> Di bio-digesters for dis plant expected say dem go produce gas wey dem go heat take generate {{convert|630|kW}} of electricity, wey dem go use inside di plant.<ref name="7R"/><ref name="8R">{{cite web|access-date=24 July 2018 |first=Javira |url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/07/nwsc-reveals-plans-to-generating-own-electricity.html |title=NWSC to generate own power from city waste |date=23 July 2018 |publisher=PMLDaily.com | last=Ssebwami |location=Kampala}}</ref> Plus, di solid waste wey dem remove from di wastewater, dem go dry am and sell am as fertilizer,<ref name="5R"/> or use am as raw material to manufacture cooking briquettes.<ref name="8R"/> ==Ownership== Di water treatment facility belong completely to di [[National Water and Sewerage Corporation]] (NWSC), one government parastatal company wey dey provide potable water and sewerage services all over di country.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction== Construction start for May 2014,<ref name="6R"/> and e finish for 2021.<ref name="7R"/><ref name="9R">{{cite web| date=28 April 2021 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-the-bugolobi-nakivubo-wastewater-treatment-plant-is-finally-operational/ |title=Uganda: The Bugolobi-Nakivubo wastewater treatment plant is finally operational |publisher=Afrik.21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref> NWSC get plans to build new sewerage treatment plants for Nalukolongo, between Ndeeba and Nateete, along Kampala–Masaka Road, and for Kajjansi, plus di one for Lubigi wey dem complete for 2014.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Financing== Dis project get funding from (a) di government of Uganda, (b) di African Development Bank, (c) di European Union, and (d) KfW.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://chimpreports.com/nwscs-largest-sewerage-treatment-plant-in-east-africa-and-central-africa-nears-completion/ | title=NWSC's Largest Sewerage Treatment Plant in East Africa and Central Africa Nears Completion |access-date=22 June 2018 |date=22 June 2018 |author=Chimp Corps |publisher=Chimp Reports Uganda |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1331920/nwsc-increase-water-supply NWSC to increase water supply by 50%] As of 5 August 2015. [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Nakawa Division]] [[Category:Central Region, Uganda]] [[Category:Water resources management]] pljc78bxhhgnojkrrrjod42tv4xusq9 0 27939 105994 2026-06-30T13:36:46Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Water and sanitation system in Uganda}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} '''Rukungiri Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''RWSSP'''), wey dem dey call am '''Rukungiri Water Supply and Sewerage System''' too, na water intake, water purification, water distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey Rukungiri town for Western Region of Uganda. Wen dem finish di project, e go fit supply {{convert|9600|m3|liters}} of water every day give about 120,000 people wey dey Rukungiri town plus di nearby communities for Rukungiri District and some parts of Ntungamo District. [[World Bank]] plus Government of Uganda na dem dey fund di infrastructure development project together.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nswc-takes-over-rukungiri-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Uganda: NSWC takes over Rukungiri water and sanitation project |date=11 March 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=5 June 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://pumps-africa.com/why-ugandas-nswc-is-taking-over-rukungiri-water-supply-project-2/ |title=Why Uganda's NSWC is taking over Rukungiri water supply project |date=15 March 2021 |author=Aziz Mohamed |access-date=5 June 2022 |work=Pumps-Afric.com}}</ref> ==Location== Di new water treatment plant dey Kabingo Village, Kebisoni Sub-county, for Rukungiri District.<ref name="2R"/> Kebisoni dey about {{convert|12|km|0}} southeast from Rukungiri Town centre.<ref name="3R">{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kebisoni/Rukungiri/@-0.8213398,29.9275552,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19deb7352809f833:0x317e30a6c7bd525d!2m2!1d30!2d-0.85!1m5!1m1!1s0x19deb88727232873:0xb12d21f57a49f851!2m2!1d29.924903!2d-0.7911388!3e0 |title=Travel Distance Between Kebisoni, Uganda And Rukungiri, Uganda |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> ==History== For 2016, World Bank plus Government of Uganda give contract to Indian company Technofab Engineering make dem do dis project. But by March 2021, afta more than five years from di time dem award di contract, na only about 35 percent of di work dem complete for project wey dem plan say e go last just two years.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> For March 2021, dem terminate di contract wey dem get plus di Indian contractor, den give National Water and Sewerage Corporation di responsibility make dem finish di project.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As part of government effort make enough potable water reach Rukungiri District, Government of Uganda plus oda development partners come plan di Rukungiri Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Dem divide am into two phases: Phase I plus Phase II. Di total budget for both phases na USh44 billion (about US$12 million).<ref name="4R">{{cite web |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nwsc-to-take-over-construction-of-stalled-multi-billion-rukungiri-water-project-3306894 |title=NWSC to take over construction of stalled multi-billion Rukungiri water project |work=[[Daily Monitor]] | date=28 February 2021 |author=Ronald Kabanza |access-date=5 June 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ===Phase 1=== Phase I include construction of new raw water intake for Kahengye River plus pumping station. Dem go pump di raw water go new water treatment plant for Kabingo Village, Kebisoni Sub-county. Dem go build new reservoir wey get capacity of {{convert|700|m3|liter}} for Mukazi Hill. Dem go build new administration building, power generator plus electromechanical house. Dem go lay almost {{convert|40|km|0}} of potable water distribution mains.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ===Phase 2=== Phase II improvements include construction of five reservoirs as di table below show. E go also include construction of waste lagoon plus laying {{convert|20|km}} of potable water distribution mains. NWSC dey plan build public toilets for Rukungiri town make e help solve sewerage needs for di urban centre.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Rukungiri Water and Sanitation Project: Phase II components ! Rank !! Reservoir location !! Capacity !! Notes |- | 1 || Rwanyakashesha || {{convert|1000|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 2 || Bwoma ||{{convert|300|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 3 || Buyanja ||{{convert|400|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 4 || Kebisoni ||{{convert|200|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 4 || Rwerere ||{{convert|100|m3|liter}} ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- |} ==Other considerations== Afta Phase II finish, di whole system go fit supply {{convert|9600|m3|liter}} of clean water every day. People wey dey Rukungiri District need about {{convert|3000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day. Before dis project, dem dey get only {{convert|600|m3|liter}} every day. Dem report say di project cost USh44 billion (about US$12 million).<ref name="4R"/> ==Completion== On 24 November 2022, dem officially hand over di completed water supply and sanitation project give Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment through Engineer Silver Mugisha, wey be di CEO of National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). NWSC serve as di general contractor for dis project. Di water and sanitation parastatal still become di operations and maintenance contractor. Dem expect say di project go serve about 163,000 people for Rukungiri Town, parts of Rukungiri District plus parts of Ntungamo District, at least till 2040.<ref>{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-a-new-drinking-water-supply-serves-163000-people-in-rukungiri/ |date=25 November 2022 |title=Uganda: A new drinking water supply serves 163,000 people in Rukungiri |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=30 November 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Rukungiri District]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Western Region, Uganda]] r7ey9cq21ld47qq6w6acchf6lmhh7uk 0 27940 105995 2026-06-30T13:38:00Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 Created page with "'''Nini River''' be river for south-western [[Ghana]]. E be one of de rivers wey dem use name Nini-Suhien National Park, wey now be part of [[Ankasa Conservation Area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nini and Suhien Rivers |url=http://www.ghana-travel.com/ghana/holiday/ankobra.htm |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> De river dey flow enter [[Tano River]]. == Course den location == Nini River dey inside de forested south-western part of Ghana, for Western Region, Ghana. Ein repor..." 105995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nini River''' be river for south-western [[Ghana]]. E be one of de rivers wey dem use name Nini-Suhien National Park, wey now be part of [[Ankasa Conservation Area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nini and Suhien Rivers |url=http://www.ghana-travel.com/ghana/holiday/ankobra.htm |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> De river dey flow enter [[Tano River]]. == Course den location == Nini River dey inside de forested south-western part of Ghana, for Western Region, Ghana. Ein reported mouth be Tano River, and de mouth coordinates be 5°25′0″N 2°36′0″W. De river get connection with Ankasa Conservation Area, one protected landscape near Ghana ein border with Côte d'Ivoire. De conservation area include Ankasa Resource Reserve and Nini-Suhien National Park. De wider protected area dey inside Western Region, north of de Axim-Mpataba road.<ref name="KBA">{{cite web |title=Key Biodiversity Areas |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6311 |website=Key Biodiversity Areas |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> == Biodiversity == Nini River dey flow inside one protected rainforest landscape wey people know for ein high biodiversity. Ghana Wildlife Division describe Ankasa Conservation Area as de most biodiverse protected area for Ghana, and dem state say e contain over 800 plant species, including endemic species.<ref name="GhanaWildlife">{{cite web |title=Ghana Wildlife Division: National Wildlife Reserves |url=https://ghanawildlife.org/ankasa.html |website=Ghana Wildlife Division |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> De forest also be important for mammals, birds, reptiles, butterflies and aquatic fauna. Ghana Wildlife Division report say de wider protected area support forest elephant, bongo, leopard, yellow-backed duiker, several primates, more than 200 bird species and over 600 butterfly species.<ref name="GhanaWildlife" /> Nini-Sushien National Park complex be recognised as Key Biodiversity Area. De KBA factsheet state say de site support plenty threatened forest species and get one of de best-studied avifaunas among Ghanaian forest sites.<ref name="KBA" /> E also record freshwater-associated bird species inside de protected area, including records wey get connection with rivers inside Ankasa-Nini-Suhien landscape.<ref name="KBA" /> ==References== 2g027sf2vl4gg54ecs6bvgad61xgvpp 0 27941 105996 2026-06-30T13:43:26Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 Created page with "'''Fosu Lagoon''' be body of water wey dey inside Cape Coast for Ghana.<ref name="BaffourAwuah">{{cite web |last=Baffour-Awuah |first=Emmanuel |title=State of a 'Choked' Lagoon: A Two-decade Overview of Fosu Lagoon in Cape Coast, Ghana |url=https://www.academia.edu/10086014/State_of_a_Choked_Lagoon_A_Two-decade_Overview_of_Fosu_Lagoon_in_Cape_Coast_Ghana |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> De lagoon dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="Ukpokodu">{{cite book |las..." 105996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fosu Lagoon''' be body of water wey dey inside Cape Coast for Ghana.<ref name="BaffourAwuah">{{cite web |last=Baffour-Awuah |first=Emmanuel |title=State of a 'Choked' Lagoon: A Two-decade Overview of Fosu Lagoon in Cape Coast, Ghana |url=https://www.academia.edu/10086014/State_of_a_Choked_Lagoon_A_Two-decade_Overview_of_Fosu_Lagoon_in_Cape_Coast_Ghana |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> De lagoon dey empty into de [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="Ukpokodu">{{cite book |last1=Ukpokodu |first1=Peter |last2=Ukpokodu |first2=Omiunota N. |title=Contemporary Voices From The Margin: African Educators on African and American Education |publisher=IAP |year=2012 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQloDwAAQBAJ&q=%22fosu+lagoon%22+amisaf&o&pg=PA35 |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> Over de years, e be major source of livelihood for communities wey surround am, and researchers have study am because of pollution and ecological degradation.<ref name="BaffourAwuah" /><ref name="Essel2019">{{cite journal |last1=Essel |first1=Bernard |last2=Gyesi |first2=Justice Kwame |last3=Addo |first3=Richmond Kofi |last4=Galley |first4=Wisdom |last5=MacCarthy |first5=Gideon |title=The Tale of a Disappearing Lagoon: A Habitat Mapping and Ecological Assessment of Fosu Lagoon, Ghana |journal=International Journal of Ecology |volume=2019 |year=2019 |url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijecol/2019/6931329/ |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> Fosu Lagoon dey play important role inside de annual [[Fetu Afahye]] festival.<ref name="Phylx2016">{{cite web |title=#Road2OguaaFetuAfahye2016 WEEK 2: THE FOSU LAGOON |publisher=Phylx |date=21 July 2016 |url=https://phylx.com/week-2-the-fosu-lagoon/ |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="CentralPress2011">{{cite news |title=Preview of Fetu Afahye Festival |work=Central Press |date=17 June 2011 |url=https://centralpressnewspaper.blogspot.com/2011/06/fetu-afahye-festival-preview.html |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> For de last day of August, vigil dey happen for de lagoon, and de next day de Omanhene, wey be paramount chief, dey lift de week-long ban on fishing there.<ref name="Ukpokodu" /> == References == e7rewnh1j4igztjvbf91n7wsi85od1n 0 27942 105997 2026-06-30T13:48:41Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 105997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Water and sanitation system in Uganda}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} '''Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' (GWSSP), wey dem dey also call '''Gulu Water Supply and Sewerage System''', na water collection, water treatment, water distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system for Gulu City, di biggest urban centre for Northern Region of Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/10/museveni-commissions-gulu-water-supply-and-sanitation-project.html |title=Museveni commissions Gulu water supply and sanitation project |work=PML Daily |date=23 October 2020 |author=Javira Ssebwami |access-date=4 September 2021 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> For October 2020, Uganda government finish Phase 1 of di water supply and sanitation improvement for di city, plus funding from di World Bank, KfW and di Government of Uganda. Dem expect make Phase 2 improvement start for 2021, plus funding from di World Bank, KfW and di Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC Group).<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-government-inaugurates-water-and-sanitation-project-in-gulu/ |title=Uganda: Government inaugurates water and sanitation project in Gulu |date=23 October 2020 |work=Afrik21.africa |access-date=4 September 2021 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment facility dey northwestern part of Gulu City (population 177,400 (estimate) for 2020),<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Citypopulation.de |date=14 June 2020 | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/cities/ |title=The population of all Ugandan cities and towns with more than 15,000 inhabitants according to census results and latest official projections |author=Uganda Bureau of Statistics |access-date=4 September 2021 |format=Citypopulation.de Quoting [[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> for Gulu District, Northern Region of Uganda, about {{convert|334|km|0}} by road north from Kampala, di capital and biggest city for di country.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Gulu/@1.5597519,31.174661,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x1771a65c0fc42a27:0xce6ef3d1c3d80e06!2m2!1d32.2880726!2d2.7724038!3e0 | title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Gulu, Uganda | access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> ==Overview== Before Gulu become city, di place dey depend only on one dam for Oyitino River wey dem know as Oyitino I as dia main water source. But one long dry season make di dam no fit supply enough water for di fast-growing city plus di surrounding metropolitan area.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="5R">{{cite web|work=[[New Vision]] | url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1420867/updf-nswc-partner-provide-safe-water |title=UPDF, NSWC partner to provide safe water |date=2016 |author=New Vision |access-date=4 September 2021 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> As part of government effort to provide enough potable water for Gulu plus ein metropolitan area, Uganda government together plus other development partners create di '''Gulu Water Supply And Sanitation Project'''. Dem divide am into two phases: Phase I and Phase II. Di total planned budget for both phases be US$46 million (USh:170 billion).<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=PML Daily |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/2018/05/nwsc-earmarks-shs170b-in-bid-to-end-gulu-water-crisis.html |date=4 May 2018 | title=NWSC earmarks Shs170b in bid to end Gulu water crisis | author=George Okello |access-date=5 September 2021 | place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> For March 2022, dem increase di budget go US$75 million (UGX:269 billion).<ref name="7R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-e26-million-in-additional-funding-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ | title=Uganda: €26 million in additional funding for water and sanitation in Gulu |work=Afrik21.africa |date=9 March 2022 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 March 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ===Phase 1=== Dem carry out Phase 1 between 2017 and 2020. Di first work be make dem drill one borehole close to ''Kakanyero Hotel'', wey dey supply {{convert|50000|liter|m3}} every hour, wey mean {{convert|1200000|liter|m3}} every day. Di borehole get electric pumps wey dey pump di water direct go storage reservoirs for some neighbourhoods inside Gulu City, including (a) Senior Quarters (b) Kitgum Road and (c) Alur Road, plus oda places.<ref name="6R"/> Dem also drill five oda motorised boreholes wey get total capacity of {{convert|2400|m3|liter}} of water every day.<ref name="2R"/> Di second part of Phase I be di construction of another dam for Oyitino River (Oyitino II). Dem lay new intake pipes make dem carry raw water from both dams through {{convert|7|km|0}} go di water treatment plant for di neighbourhood wey dem call ''Kabedopong''. Dem synchronize di raw water intake from Oyitino I and Oyitino II plus install one new 400 kVA electric generator. Dem renovate di treatment plant and increase ein capacity from {{convert|4000000|liter|m3}} per day go {{convert|10000000|liter|m3}} per day.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> Another part of Phase I be di construction of one new sewage treatment plant for one area of Gulu wey dem call ''Cubu''. New sewage pipes plus 200 new connections expand di waste collection and disposal system for di city. Dem build 42 new public toilets wey fit serve 250 people at di same time. Phase I cost US$23.5 million (USh:82.3 billion).<ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> ===Phase 2=== Phase II start for 2021 and dem expect make e finish for 2024. Di work include laying one raw water intake pipe from Victoria Nile for Oyam District go one new water treatment plant for Karuma. Dem go build one new water purification plant for Karuma close to where dem dey collect di raw water. Dem go also lay one new treated water pipeline wey go cover about {{convert|75|km|0}} between Karuma and Gulu. Every town wey di pipeline pass through go get share of di treated water. Di new treatment plant go fit treat {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} of water every day.<ref name="7R"/> For February 2022, ''Sogea-Satom'', wey be subsidiary of di French company Vinci SA, sign agreement make dem carry out dis phase. Under di contract wey dem sign plus NWSC, di company promise say dem go (a) install electromechanical equipment wey fit pump {{convert|30000|m3|0}} of raw water every day from Victoria Nile River close to Karuma, and (b) build one water purification plant for Karuma wey fit produce 30,000m3 of potable water every day. Di purification plant go get storage reservoir for drinking water.<ref name="8R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa |date=4 February 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-wins-a-major-contract-for-water-and-sanitation-in-gulu/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom wins a major contract for water and sanitation in Gulu |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=9 February 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Di oda work include (c) construction of one drying facility for sludge at di existing wastewater treatment plant for Gulu. Di drying facility go cover {{convert|450|m2}}. (d) Sogea-Satom go also install all di electrical, automation and remote management equipment for di whole system.<ref name="8R"/> Dis water and sanitation project go benefit towns and communities along di {{convert|75|km|0}} corridor between Karuma and Gulu, including Kamdini, Koro Abili, Karuma, Bobi, Palenga and Minakuru. NWSC estimate say nearly 490,000 people for dese small urban centres go benefit from di project.<ref name="8R"/> For March 2022, dem add another €26 million (UGX:94 billion) from di World Bank, KfW and di Ugandan Treasury into Phase II of di project.<ref name="7R"/> ==Ownership== Uganda Government through di Ministry of Water and Environment fully own di Gulu water treatment facilities plus di sewage treatment and disposal system. National Water and Sewerage Corporation, one government-owned parastatal, dey handle di operation and maintenance. Dem be responsible for supplying potable water plus sewerage services across di whole country.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R"/> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Rukungiri Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] * [https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/12/nwsc-moves-to-solve-water-shortage-in-gulu-municipality.html NWSC moves to solve water shortage in Gulu Municipality] As of 6 December 2018. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Northern Region, Uganda]] [[Category:Gulu]] [[Category:Water resources management]] pd85dirv3sncdogdazbnmjs3tcqheco 0 27943 106000 2026-06-30T13:57:05Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{short description|Ugandan water supply and sanitation project}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} '''Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''BWSSP'''), wey dem still dey call am '''Busia Water Supply and Sewerage System''', na water intake, purification, distribution, plus waste water collection and disposal system for Busia District, Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=[[Daily Monitor]] |date=7 August 2020 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/busia-banks-on-shs50b-water-project-to-end-disease-burden-1916116 |title=Busia banks on Shs50b water project to end disease burden | author=Daily Monitor |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Location== Dis water treatment plus waste water disposal facility dey under construction for lakeside town of Majanji, Majanji Parish, Majanji Sub-County, for Busia District. E dey about {{convert|28|km|0}} by road, go south of Busia town, wey be where district headquarters dey.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Busia+Uganda/Majanji/@0.5121128,34.8657871,7.42z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fa0e07078428b:0x6c1d4dd11b933d52!2m2!1d34.0919803!2d0.4706692!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fb83d0abb3f5b:0x908ae6a57360fa5d!2m2!1d33.9888878!2d0.265!3e0 | title=Road Distance Between Busia, Uganda And Majanji, Uganda | access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> Majanji dey about {{convert|187|km|0}} by road go east of Kampala, wey be capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Majanji/@0.6033306,32.887464,9z/data=!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x177fb83d0abb3f5b:0x908ae6a57360fa5d!2m2!1d33.9888878!2d0.265!3e0!5i1 | title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Majanji, Uganda With Interactive Map |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> The geographical coordinates of the water treatment plant be: 00°14'37.0"N, 33°59'17.0"E (Latitude:0.243611; Longitude:33.988056).<ref name="4R">{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B014'37.0%22N+33%C2%B059'17.0%22E/@0.2401253,33.9831388,14.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.2436111!4d33.9880556 |title=Location of Busia Water Supply and Treatment Plant |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web| work=[[World Bank Group]] |date=April 2018 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/477671507927648680/pdf/SFG3693-V1-REVISED-EA-P163782-PUBLIC-Disclosed-5-3-2018.pdf |title=Water Supply And Sanitation Project In Majanji, Lumino, Buhehe, Masafu, Masaba, Dabani, Buteba, Masinya, And Siduka Sub-Counties; Busia Municipality, Busia District: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project: Updated And Final Environmental And Social Impact Report |author=ESIA Team |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> ==Overview== For late 2020, Government of Uganda borrow money from World Bank to set up Busia District Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Eastern Uganda. Main aim be to improve water supply and sanitation services for Busia town and about one-third of surrounding rural district.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-13-6-million-from-wb-for-drinking-water-in-busia-district/ |title=Uganda: $13.6 million from WB for drinking water in Busia district |date=14 August 2020 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> Water intake point go dey for Lake Victoria, about {{convert|300|m|0}} off the coast for Majanji town. Water treatment plant, wey fit process {{convert|12988|m3|liter}} of water every 24 hours, go still dey build for Majanji. Elevated storage tank wey fit hold {{convert|1720|m3|liter}} of potable water go dey constructed for Dabani, between Majanji and Busia town centre.<ref name="6R"/> Main collection point for waste water go dey for area wey dem dey call Osapir, inside Busia Municipality, for land wey already belong to town council. Waste water go first pass through artificial wetland filters to separate liquid from solid. After that, liquid go go enter natural wetlands. Biosolids go dry, then dem go either sell am or give farmers make dem use am as fertilizer.<ref name="5R"/><ref name="6R"/> Other planned infrastructure include building of eight flushing public toilets for Busia town centre to reduce open defecation and cut down water-borne diseases like Cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, wey dey common now.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R"/><ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=Construction Review Online |title=Chinese company to implement Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Uganda |date=5 May 2021 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/uganda/chinese-company-to-implement-busia-water-supply-and-sanitation-project-in-uganda/ |author=Dennis Ayemba |access-date=30 August 2021 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Construction and funding== For April 2021, Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, wey be the implementing agency, give engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract to Zhonghao Overseas Construction Engineering Company. Contract value be about USh50 billion (around US$14 million). Construction suppose take 6 years.<ref name="8R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-chinas-zhonghao-wins-contract-for-busia-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Uganda: China’s Zhonghao wins contract for Busia water and sanitation project |date=4 May 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=10 July 2021 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== Part of water wey dem go extract from Lake Victoria under this project also go serve as irrigation water for different agro-processing businesses inside Busia District.<ref name="8R"/> ==See also== * [[Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)]] * [[Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project]] * [[Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project]] * [[Rukungiri Water Supply and Sanitation Project]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation] * [http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Busia District, Uganda]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Eastern Region, Uganda]] ldx251h2eo5jee0devrfqxf2eocfkw4 0 27944 106003 2026-06-30T14:05:02Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030. 4mvq5bi48up4jklvg25nlsovm4fnq3f 106004 106003 2026-06-30T14:06:31Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> mmkf3svkkqy1dxw6ftt6asikcieqx6a 106005 106004 2026-06-30T14:07:41Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> czg7ewridawmmxidvjx8nhki2wzh87x 106006 106005 2026-06-30T14:08:34Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> mvoqp834g1fa3folsfh8aj1q6q5nmah 106007 106006 2026-06-30T14:09:21Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> qu594yv9ficcrr6fl7yvu5r269puk69 106009 106007 2026-06-30T14:10:12Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== As of January 2023, Uganda population estimate be about 49 million people. Out of this, about 7 million people (14.3%) no get access to potable drinking water. Dis project na part of national effort to achieve universal clean water access by 2030.<ref name="9R"/> q4h6x8k3zwrdtb2zqher0i31iu1779f 106010 106009 2026-06-30T14:11:09Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== As of January 2023, Uganda population estimate be about 49 million people. Out of this, about 7 million people (14.3%) no get access to potable drinking water. Dis project na part of national effort to achieve universal clean water access by 2030.<ref name="9R"/> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation * http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) {{Authority control}} s2m7az4hn2r2vvkqrgls8lgs0vr4u9n 106011 106010 2026-06-30T14:12:03Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added categories 106011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na water intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== As of January 2023, Uganda population estimate be about 49 million people. Out of this, about 7 million people (14.3%) no get access to potable drinking water. Dis project na part of national effort to achieve universal clean water access by 2030.<ref name="9R"/> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation * http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masaka-Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Masaka District]] [[Category:Mbarara District]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Central Region, Uganda]] [[Category:Western Region, Uganda]] d87a8b1kzmha821m1bhj82rfdrjn3f5 106012 106011 2026-06-30T14:15:28Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 106012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na [[water]] intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of Uganda. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== As of January 2023, Uganda population estimate be about 49 million people. Out of this, about 7 million people (14.3%) no get access to potable drinking water. Dis project na part of national effort to achieve universal clean water access by 2030.<ref name="9R"/> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation * http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masaka-Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Masaka District]] [[Category:Mbarara District]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Central Region, Uganda]] [[Category:Western Region, Uganda]] fpce7ermr9v1b4e29vikwz551n2alga 106013 106012 2026-06-30T14:16:46Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 106013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masaka–Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project''' ('''MMWSSP''') na [[water]] intake, purification, distribution plus wastewater collection and disposal system wey dey serve Masaka and Mbarara cities for Central Region and Western Region of [[Uganda]]. Di project aim be to meet water supply and sanitation needs of about 1,055,000 people by 2030.Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment dey handle di work through di parastatal utility company National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Funding (loan plus grants) come from French Development Agency and European Union.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=14 December 2020 |url=https://www.secondopinion.co.ug/nwsc-embarks-on-kagera-water-project-over-1m-people-in-40-towns-targeted/ |title=NWSC Embarks On Kagera Water Project, Over 1M People In 40 Towns Targeted |work=Secondopinion.co.ug |access-date=3 March 2022 |author=Henry Mulindwa |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment plant go dey located for Western Uganda Isingiro District. Di capital town Isingiro dey about {{convert|42|km|0}} south-east of Mbarara city, wey be di biggest urban centre for Western Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mbarara/Isingiro/@-0.7232969,30.6590629,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d91bb20d9cd3e3:0x883a0deaec00c519!2m2!1d30.6545022!2d-0.6071596!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mbarara, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Isingiro dey also about {{convert|307|km|0}} by road, south-west of Kampala, di capital city of Uganda.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Isingiro/@-0.1917319,31.6228148,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x19d975d993718e37:0x17d8be6be60fa837!2m2!1d30.8039474!2d-0.843543!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala, Uganda And Isingiro, Uganda With Map |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> ==Overview== Government of Uganda (GoU) dey improve water supply and sewerage systems for three urban centres for south-west Uganda: Masaka, Mbarara and Isingiro. Di improvements go also benefit nearby peri-urban areas around di three cities plus over 40 small urban centres inside di districts. GoU dey work through Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment, together with National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), wey be government water and sanitation company. Funding dey come from loans and grants from Agence française de développement (AFD) and European Union.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Eagle Uganda Online | url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/05/16/nwsc-to-extend-water-to-over-1-million-people-in-isingiro-mbarara-and-masaka.html |title=NWSC To Extend Water To Over 1 Million People In Isingiro, Masaka And Mbarara |date=16 May 2019 |author=Geoffrey Serugo |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-secures-ugx-1-2-trillion-for-water-and-sanitation-projects-top-story/ |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Uganda Independent]] |title=Uganda secures Sh1.2 trillion for water and sanitation projects | date=25 January 2019 |author=The Uganda Independent |access-date=3 March 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Di water intake point go dey Kagera River wey dey form di southern border of Isingiro District and also di international border between Uganda and Tanzania. Di raw water go dey pumped go place wey dem go build new purification plant. Di treated clean water go then dey distributed go Masaka city and surrounding areas, Mbarara city and surrounding areas, and Isingiro town plus nearby rural communities.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ | title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 February 2019 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=3 March 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> Dis project dey link to another government project wey dey ongoing for same ministry: Isingiro Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Kagera River go also serve as raw water source for Isingiro city. NWSC go still execute am, with funding from AFD.<ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Other considerations== For Mbarara City, government dey work with RSK Uganda, wey be subsidiary of RSK Group from United Kingdom, wey dey do environmental engineering and services. Di detailed work for Mbarara include:<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of Ruharo Water Treatment Plant from {{convert|8000|m³/d|liter/d}} to {{convert|12000|m³/d|liter/d}}<ref name="7R">{{cite web|work=RSK Uganda |date=24 July 2021 | url=https://rskgroup.ug/projects/mbarara-water-and-sanitation-project/ |title=Mbarara Water And Sanitation Project (2019–Ongoing) | author=RSK Uganda |access-date=3 March 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> * Expansion and upgrade of transmission pipeline mains of {{convert|13|km|0}} in 2021 and distribution mains pipeline of {{convert|27|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Expansion and upgrading of sewer network of {{convert|8|km|0}} in 2021<ref name="7R"/> * Rehabilitation of waste stabilization ponds for Katete, Kakoba and Kizungu areas<ref name="7R"/> * Construction of faecal sludge treatment centre with capacity of {{convert|50|m3/d|ft3/d}}<ref name="7R"/> ==Construction== For October 2022, engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract give Sogea-Satom, wey be subsidiary of French company Vinci SA. Di work include building new raw water intake for Kagera River, construction of new water treatment plant wey fit handle {{convert|30000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours. Dem also go build suppression station plus lay about {{convert|62|km|0}} pipelines to distribute clean potable water go about 200,000 customers. About 200 workers go dey employed. Di project supposed take about two years. Contract price na €73 million, loan from French Development Agency (AFD).<ref name="8R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 October 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-sogea-satom-signs-a-contract-for-drinking-water-in-mbarara/ |title=Uganda: Sogea-Satom signs a contract for drinking water in Mbarara |access-date=7 October 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Developments== For January 2023, NWSC get new prefabricated water pumping station wey fit pump {{convert|160000|m3|liter}} per hour. Dem install am to pump water from Lake Nalubaale go Nabajjuzi water treatment plant for Masaka City. Di purified water dey stored inside four reservoirs for Boma, Bwala Hill, Kitovu and Kyabakuza. Dis new station dey work together with two other pumping stations wey get combined capacity of {{convert|230000|m3|liter}} per hour. All three stations together dey produce {{convert|390000|m3|liter}} per hour, wey be about {{convert|9360000|m3|liter}} every 24 hours.<ref name="9R">{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-nwsc-to-build-new-water-pumping-station-at-masaka-plant/ |date=2 January 2023 |title=Uganda: NWSC to build new water pumping station at Masaka plant |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Other considerations== As of January 2023, Uganda population estimate be about 49 million people. Out of this, about 7 million people (14.3%) no get access to potable drinking water. Dis project na part of national effort to achieve universal clean water access by 2030.<ref name="9R"/> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Busia Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation * http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Masaka-Mbarara Water Supply and Sanitation Project}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Masaka District]] [[Category:Mbarara District]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Central Region, Uganda]] [[Category:Western Region, Uganda]] 64jv0tcgqgryhiio69msefdpbed2k9p 0 27945 106014 2026-06-30T14:24:19Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> 053cqkyywyj584gzoy29lqy9gzlnqt1 106015 106014 2026-06-30T14:25:30Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> 8m3ps0euz6e7hr2u8r33lnokfwpmok7 106016 106015 2026-06-30T14:26:18Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> dck6sfdjs7cchyq09orgxnlw07aub06 106017 106016 2026-06-30T14:26:54Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility be full property of Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO), the government parastatal company wey dey responsible for potable water supply all over the country.<ref name="3R"/> rc7itz1xh4qnvypmuekkd50h3numdgh 106018 106017 2026-06-30T14:27:21Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility be full property of Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO), the government parastatal company wey dey responsible for potable water supply all over the country.<ref name="3R"/> ==Construction== The construction of the Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex be part of bigger plan wey dem call Urban Drinking Water Supply Project (Pemu). The aim of Pemu be to (a) increase access to clean potable water for Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Matadi cities and (b) improve how REGIDESO dey work as national water distribution company. The total cost of Pemu be about US$360 million.<ref name="1R"/> The design of KIWTC include water intake pipe wey get diameter of {{convert|805|mm|0}} wey dem put inside the Congo River. The pipe go travel around {{convert|3|km|0}} go reach temporary storage facility before e enter the treatment plant. As the pipe dey move from Congo River go the processing facility, e pass through Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp for Ngaliema area inside western Kinshasa suburbs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Other related infrastructure include building wey dem dedicate for storage of water treatment chemicals. The work also include rehabilitation of over {{convert|150|km|0}} of primary, secondary and tertiary water distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ewq9m4muj0cr0682pjvkqcmxfe5hlhf 106019 106018 2026-06-30T14:27:53Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility be full property of Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO), the government parastatal company wey dey responsible for potable water supply all over the country.<ref name="3R"/> ==Construction== The construction of the Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex be part of bigger plan wey dem call Urban Drinking Water Supply Project (Pemu). The aim of Pemu be to (a) increase access to clean potable water for Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Matadi cities and (b) improve how REGIDESO dey work as national water distribution company. The total cost of Pemu be about US$360 million.<ref name="1R"/> The design of KIWTC include water intake pipe wey get diameter of {{convert|805|mm|0}} wey dem put inside the Congo River. The pipe go travel around {{convert|3|km|0}} go reach temporary storage facility before e enter the treatment plant. As the pipe dey move from Congo River go the processing facility, e pass through Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp for Ngaliema area inside western Kinshasa suburbs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Other related infrastructure include building wey dem dedicate for storage of water treatment chemicals. The work also include rehabilitation of over {{convert|150|km|0}} of primary, secondary and tertiary water distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Commissioning== Dem officially inaugurate the completed water purification plant by Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, wey be President of DRC, for February 2023.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-binza-drinking-water-plant-serves-1-5-million-people-in-kinshasa/ |title=DRC: Binza drinking water plant serves 1.5 million people in Kinshasa |date=27 February 2024 |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=29 June 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> hhjn6dyfiw4nvh2p1f1ieawdtemv8hp 106020 106019 2026-06-30T14:28:11Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{EngvarB|date=June 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} {{Infobox desalination plant | name = Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location = Kinshasa | coordinates = {{coord|04|27|17|S|15|21|09|E|display=inline,title}} | estimated_output = {{convert|110000|m3|liters}} of water daily | extended_output = | cost = US$72 million | energy_usage = | energy_generation_offset = | cost_offsets = | technology = Sedimentation, Water chlorination | percent_of_water_supply = | operation_date = February 2023 | website = }} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility be full property of Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO), the government parastatal company wey dey responsible for potable water supply all over the country.<ref name="3R"/> ==Construction== The construction of the Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex be part of bigger plan wey dem call Urban Drinking Water Supply Project (Pemu). The aim of Pemu be to (a) increase access to clean potable water for Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Matadi cities and (b) improve how REGIDESO dey work as national water distribution company. The total cost of Pemu be about US$360 million.<ref name="1R"/> The design of KIWTC include water intake pipe wey get diameter of {{convert|805|mm|0}} wey dem put inside the Congo River. The pipe go travel around {{convert|3|km|0}} go reach temporary storage facility before e enter the treatment plant. As the pipe dey move from Congo River go the processing facility, e pass through Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp for Ngaliema area inside western Kinshasa suburbs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Other related infrastructure include building wey dem dedicate for storage of water treatment chemicals. The work also include rehabilitation of over {{convert|150|km|0}} of primary, secondary and tertiary water distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Commissioning== Dem officially inaugurate the completed water purification plant by Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, wey be President of DRC, for February 2023.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-binza-drinking-water-plant-serves-1-5-million-people-in-kinshasa/ |title=DRC: Binza drinking water plant serves 1.5 million people in Kinshasa |date=27 February 2024 |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=29 June 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==See also== * Katosi Water Works ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * http://www.regidesordc.com/ Official Website of Regideso {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kinshasa]] [[Category:Water resources management]] llruykgxx9f4fim0saoqri0oz2qokqb 106021 106020 2026-06-30T14:34:33Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 correction of errors 106021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water purification and distribution system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Databox}} The '''Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex''' ('''KIWTC''') be water purification plus distribution project wey dey Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Dem start the construction for August 2021, and dem finish am plus start full commercial operation for February 2023. The engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractor be Weihai International Economic & Technical Cooperative (WIETC) of China. Government of DRC own the project, and dem finance am with money wey dem borrow from the World Bank Group.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/drc-begins-constructing-an-industrial-water-treatment-complex/ | title=DRC begins constructing an industrial water treatment complex |work=Construction Review Online |date=15 August 2021 | author=Patrick Mulyungi |access-date=18 June 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-wietc-launches-construction-of-a-large-drinking-water-plant-in-kinshasa/ |work=Afrik21.africa |title=DRC: WIETC launches construction of a large drinking-water plant in Kinshasa |date=22 January 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=18 June 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey the western suburbs of Kinshasa, near the military base for Ngaliema, for the southwest part of the city.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Overview== As of January 2020, Kinshasa city get estimated population of about 12 million people.<ref name="2R"/> After diagnostic plus feasibility studies by Antea Group, wey International Development Association (IDA) fund, DRC officials decide say dem go build new water treatment complex wey fit produce {{convert|110000|m3|liter}} of potable water every day for the city. Under long-term plan, dem also dey prepare to expand the facility capacity reach three times the original size.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Anteagroup.com |date=2018 | url=https://int.anteagroup.com/projects/rehabilitation-of-the-n-djili-drinking-water-treatment-plant-in-kinshasa-democratic-republic-of-congo#106248 |title=N'Djili, drinking water treatment plant rehabilitation in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo |author=Antea Group |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The World Bank fund the project with US$59.4 million.<ref name="2R"/> Later, same source talk say the loan increase reach US$72 million.<ref name="4R"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility be full property of Régie de distribution d'eau (REGIDESO), the government parastatal company wey dey responsible for potable water supply all over the country.<ref name="3R"/> ==Construction== The construction of the Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex be part of bigger plan wey dem call Urban Drinking Water Supply Project (Pemu). The aim of Pemu be to (a) increase access to clean potable water for Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Matadi cities and (b) improve how REGIDESO dey work as national water distribution company. The total cost of Pemu be about US$360 million.<ref name="1R"/> The design of KIWTC include water intake pipe wey get diameter of {{convert|805|mm|0}} wey dem put inside the Congo River. The pipe go travel around {{convert|3|km|0}} go reach temporary storage facility before e enter the treatment plant. As the pipe dey move from Congo River go the processing facility, e pass through Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp for Ngaliema area inside western Kinshasa suburbs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Other related infrastructure include building wey dem dedicate for storage of water treatment chemicals. The work also include rehabilitation of over {{convert|150|km|0}} of primary, secondary and tertiary water distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Commissioning== Dem officially inaugurate the completed water purification plant by Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo, wey be President of DRC, for February 2023.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-binza-drinking-water-plant-serves-1-5-million-people-in-kinshasa/ |title=DRC: Binza drinking water plant serves 1.5 million people in Kinshasa |date=27 February 2024 |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=29 June 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==See also== * Katosi Water Works ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * http://www.regidesordc.com/ Official Website of Regideso {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kinshasa]] [[Category:Water resources management]] hkybc8npzolzota6q7jmap567g4c4tp 0 27946 106022 2026-06-30T14:39:24Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Government ministry of Uganda}} {{Databox}} The '''Ministry of Water and Environment''' ('''MWE'''), na government ministry wey dey in charge of how the country water resources, environment, wetlands, forestry, climate matter and sanitation policies dey run. E be also cabinet-level government ministry of Uganda. E mission be to promote sustainable use of water and environmental resources for Uganda development. E dey handle things like: water supply and sanitation, wetlands protection, climate change programs, forestry management, irrigation projects, environmental conservation. Some bodies wey dey connected to am include: National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA).<ref name="Adm">{{cite web | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24:administration-and-management&catid=11&Itemid=176 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Administration and Management | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> The ministry dey headed by Minister Sam Cheptoris.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606290702.html | title=Uganda: Workshops Are Useless - Minister Cheptoris | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=29 June 2016 | first= Alfred | last=Ochwo | newspaper=The Observer (Uganda) | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Location== The headquarters of the ministry dey located for Port Bell Road, inside Luzira area, for Nakawa Division of Kampala, Uganda capital and biggest city.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=9 October 2016 | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=101| title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Ministry Location | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Development (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala | date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The coordinates of the ministry headquarters na 0°17'56.0"N, 32°38'56.0"E (Latitude:0.298889; Longitude:32.648889).<ref>{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B017'56.0%22N+32%C2%B038'56.0%22E/@0.2988944,32.6467057,445m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.298889!4d32.648889 | title=Location of the Headquarters of Ministry of Water and Mineral Development (Uganda)|accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> ==Subministries== The minister dey assisted by two (2) ministers of state. * Minister of State for Water: Hon. Aisha Sekindi<ref name="New">{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water and Environment |date=6 June 2022 |title=Ministry of Water and Environment |url=https://www.mwe.go.ug/ |accessdate=10 October 2016 |format=PDF |newspaper=Ministry Website |location=Kampala}}</ref> * Minister of State for the Environment: Hon. Beatrice Anywar Atim<ref name="New"/> ==Organisational structure== For administration side, the ministry divide into three directorates:<ref name="Adm"/> * Directorate of Water Resources Management * Directorate of Water Development * Directorate of Environmental Affairs ==Autonomous agencies== The ministry dey work closely with these autonomous government agencies to achieve their mandate.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=12&Itemid=168 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Autonomous Government Agencies | date=10 October 2016 | accessdate=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> * National Forestry Authority * The Department of Climate Change * National Environment Management Authority * National Water and Sewerage Corporation * Electricity Regulatory Authority ==List of ministers== * Sam Cheptoris (6 June 2016 - present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Museveni appoints his wife to key ministry in new cabinet |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/07/museveni-appoints-his-wife-to-key-ministry-in-new-cabinet// |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Africanews |date=7 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref> * Ephraim Kamuntu (15 August 2012 - 6 June 2016)<ref>{{cite web | title=President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet | accessdate=8 September 2022| url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html | date=15 August 2012 | newspaper=New Vision | location=Kampala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816235713/https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html |archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> * Maria Mutagamba (1 June 2006 - 15 August 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministries Allocated |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2014 |newspaper=New Vision |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=30 August 2022 |first=Henry |last=Mukasa | location=Kampala}}</ref> * Kahinda Otafiire (2003 - 1 June 2006)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=25 February 2015| url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma|date=2011|publisher=Parliament of Uganda| title=Profile of Kahinda Otafiire, Member of Parliament for Ruhindi County, Mitooma District |url-status=dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151023124619/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma |archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> ==See also== * Politics of Uganda * Parliament of Uganda ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website|http://www.mwe.go.ug/}} {{Ministries of Uganda}} {{coord|00|17|56|N|32|38|56|E|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Government ministries of Uganda|Water and Environment]] [[Category:Water ministries|Uganda]] [[Category:Environment ministries|Uganda]] 3vwt8qsf4qcfpb839lel7kdhh825o4u 106023 106022 2026-06-30T14:40:50Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 106023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Government ministry of Uganda}} {{Databox}} The '''Ministry of Water and Environment''' ('''MWE'''), na government ministry wey dey in charge of how the country water resources, environment, wetlands, forestry, climate matter and sanitation policies dey run. E be also cabinet-level government ministry of [[Uganda]]. E mission be to promote sustainable use of water and environmental resources for Uganda development. E dey handle things like: water supply and sanitation, wetlands protection, climate change programs, forestry management, irrigation projects, environmental conservation. Some bodies wey dey connected to am include: National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA).<ref name="Adm">{{cite web | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24:administration-and-management&catid=11&Itemid=176 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Administration and Management | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> The ministry dey headed by Minister Sam Cheptoris.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606290702.html | title=Uganda: Workshops Are Useless - Minister Cheptoris | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=29 June 2016 | first= Alfred | last=Ochwo | newspaper=The Observer (Uganda) | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Location== The headquarters of the ministry dey located for Port Bell Road, inside Luzira area, for Nakawa Division of Kampala, Uganda capital and biggest city.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=9 October 2016 | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=101| title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Ministry Location | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Development (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala | date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The coordinates of the ministry headquarters na 0°17'56.0"N, 32°38'56.0"E (Latitude:0.298889; Longitude:32.648889).<ref>{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B017'56.0%22N+32%C2%B038'56.0%22E/@0.2988944,32.6467057,445m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.298889!4d32.648889 | title=Location of the Headquarters of Ministry of Water and Mineral Development (Uganda)|accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> ==Subministries== The minister dey assisted by two (2) ministers of state. * Minister of State for Water: Hon. Aisha Sekindi<ref name="New">{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water and Environment |date=6 June 2022 |title=Ministry of Water and Environment |url=https://www.mwe.go.ug/ |accessdate=10 October 2016 |format=PDF |newspaper=Ministry Website |location=Kampala}}</ref> * Minister of State for the Environment: Hon. Beatrice Anywar Atim<ref name="New"/> ==Organisational structure== For administration side, the ministry divide into three directorates:<ref name="Adm"/> * Directorate of Water Resources Management * Directorate of Water Development * Directorate of Environmental Affairs ==Autonomous agencies== The ministry dey work closely with these autonomous government agencies to achieve their mandate.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=12&Itemid=168 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Autonomous Government Agencies | date=10 October 2016 | accessdate=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> * National Forestry Authority * The Department of Climate Change * National Environment Management Authority * National Water and Sewerage Corporation * Electricity Regulatory Authority ==List of ministers== * Sam Cheptoris (6 June 2016 - present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Museveni appoints his wife to key ministry in new cabinet |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/07/museveni-appoints-his-wife-to-key-ministry-in-new-cabinet// |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Africanews |date=7 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref> * Ephraim Kamuntu (15 August 2012 - 6 June 2016)<ref>{{cite web | title=President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet | accessdate=8 September 2022| url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html | date=15 August 2012 | newspaper=New Vision | location=Kampala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816235713/https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html |archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> * Maria Mutagamba (1 June 2006 - 15 August 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministries Allocated |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2014 |newspaper=New Vision |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=30 August 2022 |first=Henry |last=Mukasa | location=Kampala}}</ref> * Kahinda Otafiire (2003 - 1 June 2006)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=25 February 2015| url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma|date=2011|publisher=Parliament of Uganda| title=Profile of Kahinda Otafiire, Member of Parliament for Ruhindi County, Mitooma District |url-status=dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151023124619/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma |archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> ==See also== * Politics of Uganda * Parliament of Uganda ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website|http://www.mwe.go.ug/}} {{Ministries of Uganda}} {{coord|00|17|56|N|32|38|56|E|display=title}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Government ministries of Uganda|Water and Environment]] [[Category:Water ministries|Uganda]] [[Category:Environment ministries|Uganda]] 55ls3sf5oqa01fa7snoswdgb0wivoaf 0 27947 106024 2026-06-30T14:44:25Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Water treatment project in Uganda}} {{EngvarB|date=April 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Databox}} '''Katosi Water Works''' ('''KWW'''), wey dem also dey call '''Katosi Water Treatment Plant''', na water purification plus distribution project for Uganda.<ref name="One">{{cite web|access-date=26 April 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/exclusive-nwsc-embarks-on-new-160millon-litres-katosi-water-works/ |title=NWSC Embarks on New 160 millon Litres Katosi Water Works |date=5 February 2018 |work=Chimpreports.com |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Location== The water treatment facility dey located for lakeside town of Katosi, for Ntenjeru subcounty, Mukono District, inside Buganda Region of Uganda. Katosi dey about {{convert|23.5|km|0}}, by road, south-east of Mukono town, wey be the district headquarters.<ref name="Two">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mukono/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2263085,32.720376,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dfc05135cc4e9:0xf99cbaf9eaeacc70!2m2!1d32.7633036!2d0.2835476!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |title=Distance Between Mukono And Katosi |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> This one be about {{convert|53|km|0}}, by road, south-east of Kampala, wey be capital city of Uganda.<ref name="Three">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/@0.2625272,32.5580349,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!3e0 |title=Distance Between Kampala And Katosi | access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> The geographical coordinates of the water treatment plant na: 00°07'02.0"N, 32°46'37.0"E (Latitude:0.117222; Longitude:32.776944).<ref name="LatnlonR">{{google maps|title=Location of Katosi Water Works | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B007'02.0%22N+32%C2%B046'37.0%22E/@0.1172222,32.7769444,392m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.1172222!4d32.7769444 |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> ==Overview== As far back as 2011, Uganda government, through National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), start plan to build new water treatment facility for Katosi, to add to the ones for Ggaba (Ggaba I, II & III), so dem fit meet water demand of fast growing population of Kampala plus surrounding districts.<ref name="Four">{{cite web|date=17 April 2011 |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/news116532-html/ |title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=Water-Technology.net | author=Water Technology}}</ref> ''GKW Consult GmbH'', together with ''Alliance Consultants Limited'', dem contract dem by NWSC to provide consulting service for design of the new Drinking Water Treatment Plant near Katosi. Tendering plus supervision of construction work dey under this same consulting contract.<ref name="Five">{{cite web|url=https://www.gkw-consult.com/en/news/news-message/article/new-major-water-supply-project-in-uganda/ |title=New Major Water Supply Project in Uganda |access-date=26 April 2018 |date=23 June 2016 |publisher=GKWConsult.com |location=Mannheim, Germany | author=GKW Consult}}</ref> The design also include pipeline wey go carry water go storage reservoir for Nsumba Hill, about {{convert|7|km|0}}, to the north-west.<ref name="7R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Katosi,+Bunakijja+Rd/Nsumba+Nursery+School/@0.1745599,32.7789181,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dedd35d893e8b:0x7af86f333c5a2d05!2m2!1d32.802338!2d0.1561795!1m5!1m1!1s0x177debf3e44afe97:0x18283652f33a8fc0!2m2!1d32.7910152!2d0.193365!3e0 |title=Travel Distance From Katosi To Nsumba Hill |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> When e finish, the plant go get initial capacity of {{convert|160000|m3|liters}} of water daily, wey fit later increase go {{convert|240000|m3|liters}} per day.<ref name="CapR">{{cite web |url=https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |title=National Water building Sh378 billion treatment plant at Katosi |date=June 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=The Ugandan |location=Kampala |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015401/https://theugandan.com.ug/national-water-building-sh378-billion-treatment-plant-katosi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The target na about 4.5 million people by 2025 and 7 million by 2040, wey go dey live for Kampala plus surrounding metro area.<ref name="Five"/> ==Ownership== The water treatment facility belong fully to National Water and Sewerage Corporation, wey be government parastatal company wey dey in charge of potable water plus sewerage services for whole country.<ref name="One"/> ==Construction== The construction of Katosi Water Treatment Plant be part of master plan wey dem call Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project, wey dem develop for 2011. The project aim be to improve water supply plus sanitation for all the 2 million people wey dey Kampala at that time.<ref name="Seven">{{cite web | access-date=26 April 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en | last=European Commission | publisher=European Commission | date=21 July 2015 | title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN)}}</ref><ref name="EuroR">{{cite web|date=5 May 2011 | url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/finance-and-risk/item/4164-european-finance-to-transform-water-supply-in-uganda?font-size=smaller |title=European finance to transform water supply in Uganda |publisher=Waterbriefing.org |author=Water Briefing Organization |access-date=3 April 2019 |location=Bristol, United Kingdom}}</ref> As part of that program, wey also include upgrade of NWSC Ggaba Water Treatment Plant, dem plan build new {{convert|120000|m3|liter}} per day water treatment plant for Katosi, Mukono District, east of Kampala.<ref name="Four"/> Feasibility study dem BRL Ingenierie SA, IGIP and WE Consult carry am do. For June 2016, GKW Consult GmbH and Alliance Consultants Limited dem select as consulting engineers. Tenders for construction dem advertise for first quarter of 2017, and dem expect bid evaluation for May 2017.<ref name="TendR">{{cite web|title=Uganda, Kampala: EIB Package 4B: Katosi Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Nsumba Pumping Main and Reservoir | url=http://www.publictenders.net/node/3445379 |date=19 August 2016 |work=Publictenders.net |author=Anonymous |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Dem give contract to consortium wey include Suez International of Egypt and Sogea-Satom of France. For June 2018, NWSC sign agreement with dem to design and build Katosi Water Works plus intake, storage and transmission infrastructure for contract price of €84 million (USh378 billion). Construction start January 2019 and dem expect finish am March 2021.<ref name="CapR"/><ref name="NewthR">{{cite web| date=9 January 2020 | url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-to-employ-new-technology-to-increase-water-safety-in-uganda/ |title=NWSC To Employ New Technology To Increase Water Safety In Uganda |access-date=10 January 2020 |work=ChimpReports |author=Sharon Kyatusiimire | place=Kampala}}</ref> As of May 2020, construction reach about 80 percent. Test pumping plan for last quarter of 2020, and commissioning expect for first quarter of 2021.<ref>{{cite web| date=13 May 2020 | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/Kampala-water-demand-outstrips-supply-NWSC/688606-5550568-obfgtf/index.html |title=Kampala Water Demand Outstrips Supply - NWSC |work=Daily Monitor |author=Ashita Chopra |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Financing== The funding of Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (WATSAN) na as e dey inside table below:<ref name="Nine">{{cite web |title=Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) | publisher=European Investment Bank |author=European Investment Bank | url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=26 April 2018 | date=27 October 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Kampala Water Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project Funding ! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in Euros !! Percentage !! Notes |- | 1 || Government of Uganda || 34.0 million || 16.04 || Investment |- | 2 || KfW of Germany || 20.0 million || 9.44 || Grant |- | 3 || European Investment Bank || 75.0 million || 35.38 || Loan |- | 4 || French Development Agency || 75.0 million || 35.38 || Loan |- | 5 || European Union Infrastructure Trust Fund || 8.0 million || 3.77 || Grant |- | || '''Total''' || '''212.00 million''' || '''100.00''' || |- |} * Note: Totals are slightly off due to rounding. For February 2019, dem sign agreement between French Development Agency (AFD), wey Stéphanie Rivoal represent, plus Uganda government, wey Finance Minister Matia Kasaija represent, for 20-year USh630 billion (€150 million) loan, wey form part of EIB and AFD funding for this project.<ref name="LoanR">{{cite web|publisher=Afrik21 |date=6 February 2019 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-afd-invests-e270-million-in-two-water-and-sanitation-projects/ |title=Uganda: AFD invests €270 million in two water and sanitation projects | access-date=31 March 2019 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |location=Paris, France}}</ref><ref name="Loan1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.softpower.ug/govt-to-borrow-over-shs-1-trillion-for-water-sanitation-projects/ |title=Government To Borrow Over One Trillion For Water Sanitation Projects |publisher=SoftPower Uganda |author=SoftPower Reporter |date=6 November 2018 |access-date=31 March 2019 | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Powering the plant== For August 2020, Umeme, wey be biggest electricity distribution company for Uganda, announce say dem dey build dedicated double circuit 33kV power line from their substation for Mbalala (not Mbarara), along Kampala–Jinja Highway, to give stable power supply to the water treatment plant. The power line expect to finish for December 2020.<ref name=XXR>{{cite web| url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Finance/Umeme-seeks-to-integrate-Mukono-power-network/688608-5604982-15af6arz/index.html |title=Umeme seeks to integrate Mukono power network |date=6 August 2020 |newspaper=Daily Monitor | author=Christine Kasemiire |access-date=29 August 2020 | place=Kampala}}</ref> ==Recent events== For April 2021, when construction nearly finish reach about 95 percent, contractors plus NWSC engineers start test electrical and mechanical systems of the plant. Dem test things like electrical control units, pressure gauges, intake and output pipes, landscaping and staff housing. Commissioning of the full system expect for last week of April 2021.<ref name="FinR">{{cite web|url=https://pumps-africa.com/uganda-begins-system-testing-on-katosi-water-treatment-plant-2/ |title=Uganda begins system testing on new Katosi water plant |publisher=Pumps-Africa.com |date=1 April 2021 |author=Martina, A. |access-date=4 April 2021 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> For September 2021, Uganda Minister of Water and Environment, Sam Cheptoris, NWSC chairman Engineer Badru Kiggundu and NWSC CEO Doctor Silver Mugisha tour the completed plant. The infrastructure include purification plant for Katosi, storage reservoirs for Nsumba Hill and Sonde Hill in Mukono District, plus booster pump for Namugongo in Wakiso District. Total of {{convert|51|km|0}} water pipeline connect Katosi plant to Ntinda area for Kampala, where treated water join NWSC network for Metropolitan Kampala (Kampala City, Mukono District and Wakiso District).<ref name="CompR">{{cite web|work=Daily Monitor | url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/nwsc-now-has-more-water-than-demanded-in-kampala-metro--3536444 |date=3 September 2021 |title=NWSC now has more water than demanded in Kampala Metro |author=Stephen Otage |access-date=3 September 2021 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==See also== * Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * Kinshasa Industrial Water Treatment Complex * Karenge Drinking Water Supply System ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * https://www.nwsc.co.ug/ Website of National Water & Sewerage Corporation * http://www.mwe.go.ug/ Website of Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda) * https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1331920/nwsc-increase-water-supply NWSC to increase water supply by 50% As of 5 August 2015. * https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-katosi-drinking-water-plant-to-be-put-into-service-in-february-2021/ Uganda: Katosi drinking water plant to be put into service in February 2021 As of 18 August 2020. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uganda]] [[Category:Mukono District]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Central Region, Uganda]] [[Category:2021 establishments in Uganda]] m49vx5dt2pfwwft41vl7zh9oawrn5ek 0 27948 106025 2026-06-30T14:49:56Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ugandan water company}} {{Use British English|date=July 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Databox}} The '''National Water and Sewerage Corporation''' (NWSC) na water supply and sanitation company wey dey [[Uganda]]. E dey fully owned by the [[government of Uganda]].<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=http://www.littlegatepublishing.com/2015/04/water-for-all-national-water-and-sewerage-corporation-nwsc/ |title= Water for All: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=27 October 2016 |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Little Gate Publishing |author=Little Gate Publishing}}</ref> As of October 2023, the company dey supply {{convert|730000000|m³|0}} of clean potable water every day for the country. Dis one dey compare with {{convert|276000000|m³|0}} daily output wey dem dey supply ten years before for 2013. Dis show say e don increase by 85 percent for those ten years. As of 2024, the corporation [[non-revenue water]] be 34 percent, with plan to reduce am go 30 percent by 2029. The total population wey NWSC water dey reach for 2024 dey estimated at 18 million people, with target to increase am reach 25 million by 2029.<ref name="DataR">{{cite web|url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-boosts-water-production-capacity-by-85-to-support-ugandas-growing-population/ |date=16 October 2024 |work=ChimpReports |title=NWSC Boosts Water Production Capacity by 85% to Support Uganda’s Growing Population |access-date=29 December 2024 | author=ChimpReports |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== As of July 2018, the company dey for final stage of construction for dem new headquarters building for 3 Nakasero Road, for Nakasero Hill, opposite ''Rwenzori House''.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=http://eagle.co.ug/2017/09/01/nwsc-unveil-new-state-art-offices.html |title=NWSC to unveil new state-of-the-art offices |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |author=Eagle Reporter |location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="6R">{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 |date=31 March 2018 |publisher=PMLDaily.com | url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/03/nwsc-reveals-new-plans-to-shift-head-offices.html |title=NWSC reveals plans to shift head offices |last=Ssebwami |first=Javira |location=Kampala}}</ref> Dem commission the new headquarters building by [[Ruhakana Rugunda]], wey be [[Prime Minister of Uganda]], for July 2018.<ref name="7R">{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/rugunda-launches-nwsc-ambitious-corporate-plan/ |title=Rugunda Launches NWSC Ambitious Corporate Plan |date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Chimp Reports Uganda | author=Chimp Corps |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==History== NWSC start by Decree No. 34 for 1972 to serve urban areas of [[Kampala]], [[Entebbe]], and [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. For 1995, dem reorganize NWSC under NWSC Statute. The company get more authority and autonomy and dem give am mandate to operate and provide water and sewerage services for areas wey dem trust am, on commercial and viable basis.<ref name="3R"/> As of October 2016, these cities and towns dey receive services from NWSC:<ref name="3R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" |+ '''Cities and Towns Served by NWSC''' ! style="width:2em;" |City!!Town!!Municipality |- | [[Kampala]] || [[Bushenyi]] || Kateete |- | [[Kira Town|Kira]] || [[Kigumba]] || [[Luweero]] |- | [[Gulu]] || [[Paidha]] ||Buyanja |- | [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] || [[Kitagata, Uganda|Kitagata]] || Butogota |- | [[Entebbe]] || [[Wakiso]] || Kebisoni |- | [[Mbale]] || [[Pader, Uganda|Pader]] || [[Kamwenge]] |- | [[Masaka]] || [[Kaliro]] || [[Kajjansi]] |- | [[Mbarara]] || [[Malaba, Uganda|Malaba]] || Kanyampanga |- | [[Hoima]] || [[Kisoro]] || Nyakagyeme |- | [[Kasese]] || [[Iganga]] || [[Kaberamaido]] |- | [[Mukono]] || [[Ishaka]] || [[Kanungu]] |- | [[Arua]] || [[Rukungiri]] || [[Aduku]] |- | [[Masindi]] || [[Amuria]] || [[Nebbi]] |- | [[Soroti]] || [[Apac]] || [[Kalisizo]] |- | [[Kitgum]] || [[Wobulenzi]] || [[Kihihi]] |- | [[Bombo, Uganda|Bombo]] || [[Kabwohe]] || Nyamirama |- | [[Kabale]] || [[Kiryandongo]] || Kalaki |- | [[Lira, Uganda|Lira]] || [[Lyantonde]] || Oteboi |- | [[Tororo]] || [[Kalisizo]] || Kanyantorogo |- | [[Fort Portal]] || Kambuga || Atilis |- | [[Mubende]] || [[Ibanda]] || Rwerere |- | [[Njeru]] || [[Lugazi]] || Kangyenyi |- | [[Mityana]] ||[[Ssabagabo]] || Itendero |- |} ==Expansion plans== For 2011,<ref name="8R">{{cite web |access-date=25 July 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en |last=European Commission |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=25 July 2018 |title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN) |location=Brussels}}</ref> NWSC start implement programme wey go improve water supply for Kampala Metropolitan Area wey include Kampala City, [[Wakiso District]], [[Mukono District]], [[Nansana]], [[Ssabagabo]], and [[Kira Town|Kira]]. The programme wey go cost €212 million, government of Uganda dey finance am (€34 million), [[KfW]] (€20 million grant), [[European Investment Bank]] (€75 million loan), [[French Development Agency]] (€75 million loan), and [[European Union|European Union Infrastructure Trust Fund]] (€8 million grant).<ref name="9R">{{cite web |title=Kampala Water: Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) |date=27 October 2016 |location=Luxembourg | work=European Investment Bank |url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=27 October 2016 |author=European Investment Bank}}</ref> NWSC build new water treatment plant ([[Katosi Water Works]]) for [[Katosi]] inside Mukono District wey fit supply {{convert|120000|m3|liters}} water every day. Dem plan also include refurbishment of Ggaba complex water treatment plants (Ggaba 1, Ggaba 2 and Ggaba 3). The Katosi water source dey support existing sources wey get daily capacity of {{convert|160000|m3|liters}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.water-technology.net/news/news116532.html | title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi | publisher=Water-technology.net| date=18 April 2011 |author=Water Technology | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 July 2015 |location=Kampala | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312101430.html | title=Uganda: Kampala in U.S.$280 Million Revamp for City Water | date=10 December 2013 | publisher=[[East African Business Week]] (EABW) via [[AllAfrica.com]] |last=EABW Staff}}</ref> For December 2015, NWSC announce plan to start serve some rural areas of Uganda.<ref name="12R">{{cite web |title=NWSC registers heavy profits |first=Stephen |access-date=6 January 2016 | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/NWSC-registers-heavy-profits-to-supply-water-to-rural-areas/-/688606/3000628/-/pl6ip3z/-/index.html |location=Kampala | last=Otage |date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> As of March 2018, NWSC dey serve 225 towns for Uganda and dem plan to connect water to 12,000 villages inside dem service areas by 2020.<ref name="13R">{{cite web| url=https://theugandan.com.ug/nwsc-kicks-off-project-connect-water-12000-villages/ |title=NWSC Kicks Off Project To Connect Water To 12000 Villages |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=The Ugandan |author=The Ugandan | location=Kampala}}</ref> For February 2026, with funding from the [[French Development Agency]], [[KfW]] and the [[European Investment Bank]], NWSC start expansion of water distribution network for northern and western Kampala plus nearby parts of [[Wakiso District]]. The work include increase production capacity for [[Katosi Water Works]] by {{convert|80000|m3|0}} per day. Dem dey lay new water distribution pipes and also build new above-ground water reservoirs. Government of France through AFD don invest €480 million. Dem expect finish the construction for Q2 of 2027.<ref name="14R">{{cite web| work=Nile Post Uganda | url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/319982/nwsc-expands-katosi-water-network-to-connect-millions-across-north-kampala |title=NWSC Expands Katosi Water Network to Connect Millions Across North Kampala |date=13 February 2026 |author=Jamila Mulindwa |access-date=13 February 2026 | location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Power plant to operate Ggaba water treatment plants== For October 2014, NWSC advertise for private partner wey go build, own, and operate 7 megawatt independent power station to support energy needs for Ggaba I, Ggaba II, and Ggaba III water treatment plants. This one go reduce NWSC electricity bill wey dey around [[Ugandan shilling|USh&nbsp;]]24&nbsp;billion (about US$6.5&nbsp;million) every year, wey be 35 percent of total operating expenditure. When dem procure am, partner go sign 20-year [[power purchase agreement]] with NWSC, and NWSC fit sell excess power go national grid.<ref>{{cite web | title=NWSC eyes own power plant | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=21 July 2015 | url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- | newspaper=[[The Independent (Uganda)]] |author=Julius Businge |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081840/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ==Organizational structure== NWSC get many divisions, each one dey headed by director, general manager, senior manager, or manager.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/about-us/our-structure |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Our Structure |publisher=National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) |last=NWSC |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> ==Board of directors== NWSC dey governed by five-member board of directors. Engineer [[Badru Kiggundu]] na the [[chairman]] and Engineer [[Silver Mugisha]] na the [[managing director]] and [[chief executive officer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/board-of-directors/ |title= Board of Directors: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |work=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |date=14 July 2022 |author=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=14 July 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==See also== * [[African Water and Sanitation Association]] * [[Water supply and sanitation in Uganda]] * [[Katosi Water Works]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.nwsc.co.ug NWSC Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034610/http://nwsc.co.ug/ |date=12 March 2009 }} * [http://www.water-technology.net/projects/kampala/ Kampala Water Supply and Sanitation Expansion Programme, Uganda] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NWSC-to-restructure-management--team/-/688334/2799660/-/qcl956/-/index.html NWSC To Restructure Management Team] As of 20 July 2015. * [https://www.independent.co.ug/how-nswc-is-saving-water-securing-ugandas-future/ How NSWC is saving water, securing Uganda’s future] As at 26 May 2026. {{Authority control}} {{Kampala District}} {{coord|00|19|04|N|32|34|52|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:National Water And Sewerage Corporation}} [[Category:Government-owned companies of Uganda]] [[Category:Public utilities established in 1972]] [[Category:1972 establishments in Uganda]] [[Category:Water in Uganda]] [[Category:Companies based in Kampala]] n7j5qbbvht9hawzmiog9booqpr97w72 0 27949 106027 2026-06-30T15:33:33Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 Created page with "The '''Zou''' is a river of south-western Benin. It drains into the Ouémé River. The river banks are inhabited in parts by the Mahi people near the Togo border. De Zou be river wey dey de south-western Benin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Stuart |title=Benin |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], The Globe Pequot Press, [[Guilford, Connecticut]] |year=2006 |pages=3}}</ref> E dey drain into de Ouémé River. De Mahi people inhabit parts of the river banks wey dey ne..." 106027 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Zou''' is a river of south-western Benin. It drains into the Ouémé River. The river banks are inhabited in parts by the Mahi people near the Togo border. De Zou be river wey dey de south-western Benin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Stuart |title=Benin |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], The Globe Pequot Press, [[Guilford, Connecticut]] |year=2006 |pages=3}}</ref> E dey drain into de Ouémé River. De Mahi people inhabit parts of the river banks wey dey near de the Togo border. numh53k4zlpzmq6smc767ajwx8aaukn 106028 106027 2026-06-30T15:33:52Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 106028 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Zou''' is a river of south-western Benin. It drains into the Ouémé River. The river banks are inhabited in parts by the Mahi people near the Togo border. De Zou be river wey dey de south-western Benin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=Stuart |title=Benin |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], The Globe Pequot Press, [[Guilford, Connecticut]] |year=2006 |pages=3}}</ref> E dey drain into de Ouémé River. De Mahi people inhabit parts of the river banks wey dey near de the Togo border. == References == c9ve3yyucm497prbwhfy4ibfv21y4yt 0 27950 106029 2026-06-30T15:40:31Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 Created page with "'''Yewa River''' ([[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: '''Odò Yéwa''') be transnational river wey dey between [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]. De river dey run south through de interior of south-west Nigeria, and after dat e dey run parallel to de coastline along de Bight of Benin. For one point, e dey cross de border between de two countries.<ref name="BoundaryStudy">{{cite report |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215214935/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/co..." 106029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yewa River''' ([[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: '''Odò Yéwa''') be transnational river wey dey between [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]. De river dey run south through de interior of south-west Nigeria, and after dat e dey run parallel to de coastline along de Bight of Benin. For one point, e dey cross de border between de two countries.<ref name="BoundaryStudy">{{cite report |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215214935/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf |title=International Boundary Study, No. 91 – October 15, 1969, Benin (Dahomey) – Nigeria Boundary |publisher=U.S. Department of State |page=4 |access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> Other forms of de name be '''Yeoua''', and with accents, '''Yéoua''' and '''Yéwa'''.<ref name="GeoView2023">{{cite web |title=River Yewa stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=ng.geoview.info}}</ref> Ein elevation be sea level.<ref name="GeoView2016">{{cite web |title=River Yewa |url=http://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193416/https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Geoview.info}}</ref> Yewa River ein major tributaries be de Atan and Ilaro rivers. De Yewa dey empty into Badagry Creek, and Badagry Creek too dey empty into Lagos Harbour.<ref name="TravelingLuck">{{cite web |title=River Yewa / River Yewa, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2318092_River+Yewa.html |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Traveling Luck}}</ref> De river dey inside West African tropical climate zone, and e be important source of fishing for local inhabitants.<ref name="TravelingLuck" /> One important part of de local fishing be blue crab, ''Callinectes amnicola''. Apart from fishing, de river also be important for logging and sand mining operations. Some of de plants wey dey live inside de river and along ein banks include sedges such as ''Cyperus articulatus'', ''Cyperus papyrus'' and ''Paspalum vaginatum'', and palms such as ''Pandanus candelabrum'', ''Raphia hookeri'' and ''Phoenix reclinata''.<ref name="GetAMap">{{cite web |title=River Yewa (Yewa River) - Lagos Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:6.43333 and Long:2.85 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_yewa_river/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Getamap.net}}</ref> == Pollution == According to research, Yewa River together with other rivers dey discharge plenty water from inland and coastal cities into Lagos Lagoon. Pollution from industrial, domestic and agricultural activities dey enter these water bodies. These activities contain organic and inorganic pollutants, and dem fit affect de health of water bodies and people wey consume water or resources from dem.<ref name="PhysOrgPollution">{{cite web |last=Adeogun |first=Aina |date=2020 |title=How we learned more about dangerous pollutants in Lagos lagoon |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-dangerous-pollutants-lagos-lagoon.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Phys.org}}</ref> ejm6bxfj86m3zxga79pw1pbma942zoo 106030 106029 2026-06-30T15:40:56Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 106030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yewa River''' ([[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: '''Odò Yéwa''') be transnational river wey dey between [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]. De river dey run south through de interior of south-west Nigeria, and after dat e dey run parallel to de coastline along de Bight of Benin. For one point, e dey cross de border between de two countries.<ref name="BoundaryStudy">{{cite report |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215214935/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf |title=International Boundary Study, No. 91 – October 15, 1969, Benin (Dahomey) – Nigeria Boundary |publisher=U.S. Department of State |page=4 |access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> Other forms of de name be '''Yeoua''', and with accents, '''Yéoua''' and '''Yéwa'''.<ref name="GeoView2023">{{cite web |title=River Yewa stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=ng.geoview.info}}</ref> Ein elevation be sea level.<ref name="GeoView2016">{{cite web |title=River Yewa |url=http://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193416/https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Geoview.info}}</ref> Yewa River ein major tributaries be de Atan and Ilaro rivers. De Yewa dey empty into Badagry Creek, and Badagry Creek too dey empty into Lagos Harbour.<ref name="TravelingLuck">{{cite web |title=River Yewa / River Yewa, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2318092_River+Yewa.html |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Traveling Luck}}</ref> De river dey inside West African tropical climate zone, and e be important source of fishing for local inhabitants.<ref name="TravelingLuck" /> One important part of de local fishing be blue crab, ''Callinectes amnicola''. Apart from fishing, de river also be important for logging and sand mining operations. Some of de plants wey dey live inside de river and along ein banks include sedges such as ''Cyperus articulatus'', ''Cyperus papyrus'' and ''Paspalum vaginatum'', and palms such as ''Pandanus candelabrum'', ''Raphia hookeri'' and ''Phoenix reclinata''.<ref name="GetAMap">{{cite web |title=River Yewa (Yewa River) - Lagos Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:6.43333 and Long:2.85 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_yewa_river/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Getamap.net}}</ref> == Pollution == According to research, Yewa River together with other rivers dey discharge plenty water from inland and coastal cities into Lagos Lagoon. Pollution from industrial, domestic and agricultural activities dey enter these water bodies. These activities contain organic and inorganic pollutants, and dem fit affect de health of water bodies and people wey consume water or resources from dem.<ref name="PhysOrgPollution">{{cite web |last=Adeogun |first=Aina |date=2020 |title=How we learned more about dangerous pollutants in Lagos lagoon |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-dangerous-pollutants-lagos-lagoon.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Phys.org}}</ref> == References == 58d7fbc2flclwk9u46g91ynf0skzamy 106031 106030 2026-06-30T15:41:51Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 106031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yewa River''' (Yoruba: '''Odò Yéwa''') be transnational river wey dey between [[Nigeria]] and [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]. De river dey run south through de interior of south-west Nigeria, and after dat e dey run parallel to de coastline along de Bight of Benin. For one point, e dey cross de border between de two countries.<ref name="BoundaryStudy">{{cite report |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215214935/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf |title=International Boundary Study, No. 91 – October 15, 1969, Benin (Dahomey) – Nigeria Boundary |publisher=U.S. Department of State |page=4 |access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> Other forms of de name be '''Yeoua''', and with accents, '''Yéoua''' and '''Yéwa'''.<ref name="GeoView2023">{{cite web |title=River Yewa stream, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=ng.geoview.info}}</ref> Ein elevation be sea level.<ref name="GeoView2016">{{cite web |title=River Yewa |url=http://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193416/https://ng.geoview.info/river_yewa,2318092 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=8 February 2016 |publisher=Geoview.info}}</ref> Yewa River ein major tributaries be de Atan and Ilaro rivers. De Yewa dey empty into Badagry Creek, and Badagry Creek too dey empty into Lagos Harbour.<ref name="TravelingLuck">{{cite web |title=River Yewa / River Yewa, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2318092_River+Yewa.html |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Traveling Luck}}</ref> De river dey inside West African tropical climate zone, and e be important source of fishing for local inhabitants.<ref name="TravelingLuck" /> One important part of de local fishing be blue crab, ''Callinectes amnicola''. Apart from fishing, de river also be important for logging and sand mining operations. Some of de plants wey dey live inside de river and along ein banks include sedges such as ''Cyperus articulatus'', ''Cyperus papyrus'' and ''Paspalum vaginatum'', and palms such as ''Pandanus candelabrum'', ''Raphia hookeri'' and ''Phoenix reclinata''.<ref name="GetAMap">{{cite web |title=River Yewa (Yewa River) - Lagos Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:6.43333 and Long:2.85 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_yewa_river/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Getamap.net}}</ref> == Pollution == According to research, Yewa River together with other rivers dey discharge plenty water from inland and coastal cities into Lagos Lagoon. Pollution from industrial, domestic and agricultural activities dey enter these water bodies. These activities contain organic and inorganic pollutants, and dem fit affect de health of water bodies and people wey consume water or resources from dem.<ref name="PhysOrgPollution">{{cite web |last=Adeogun |first=Aina |date=2020 |title=How we learned more about dangerous pollutants in Lagos lagoon |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-dangerous-pollutants-lagos-lagoon.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |publisher=Phys.org}}</ref> == References == hgj0m2dzyxzec6sean5bwo29hozgvyo 14 27951 106035 2026-06-30T16:27:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106035 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27952 106041 2026-06-30T17:13:23Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361440205|Tugela River]]" 106041 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Tugela River''' (Zulu: ''Thukela''; Afrikaans: ''Tugelarivier'') be de largest river insyd KwaZulu, South Africa. Plus a total length of 560 km (350 mi), den a drop of 1370 metres insyd de lower 480&nbsp;km, e be one of de most important rivers of de country. De river dey originate insyd Mont-aux-Sources of two oda major South African rivers, de [[Orange River|Orange]] den de [[Caledon River]]. From de Drakensberg range, de Tugela dey follow a 560 km (350 mi) route thru de KwaZulu-Natal midlands before e dey flow into de Indian Ocean.<ref name="DWAF-ThukelaWMA-A">{{Cite web |date=July 2004 |title=Proposal to establishment a Catchment Management Agency for the Thukela Water Management Area - Appendix A |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/CMA/Thukela/ThukelaAppendixA2.pdf |access-date=2008-10-21 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}</ref> De total catchment area approximately be 29,100 km2 (11,200 mi2). Land uses insyd de catchment mainly be rural subsistence farming den commercial forestry. == Tributaries == [[File:Crossing_the_Tugela_River_-_1898-9.jpg|left|thumb|British troops wey dey cross de river during de Second Boer War]] De Tugela be fed by a number of tributaries wey dey cam off de Drakensberg, de largest be de [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Mzinyathi ("Buffalo") River]] (wey dey rise near Majuba Hill). Odas be de Little Tugela River, Klip River (wey dey rise near Van Reenen Pass), Mooi River, Blood River, Sundays River (wey dey rise insyd de Biggarsberg) Ingagani River den Bushman River. De Buffalo River dey join de Tugela sam 19 km (12 mi) east of Tugela Ferry at <small>28°43′04″S 30°38′41″E / 28.71778°S 30.64472°E / -28.71778; 30.64472</small>. == Ecology == De scaly yellowfish ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' be found insyd de Tugela River System. E be a common endemic fish insyd KwaZulu-Natal Province wey e be found insyd different habitats between de Drakensberg foothills den de coastal lowlands, wey dey include rivers such as de Umkomazi. == Spelling == De spelling ''Tugela'' be used give most of de twentieth century; e be an Anglicised version of de Zulu name ''Thukela''. Nineteenth-century writers adopt a variety of spellings wey dey include: * Isaacs (1836) use a number of different spellings insyd ein book, ''Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa,''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nathaniel Isaacs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8VjAAAAMAAJ&q=nathaniel+isaacs |title=Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa - Vol I |publisher=Edward Churton |year=1836 |access-date=2010-08-08}}</ref> wey dey include ''Ootergale'' den ''Ootoogale''. * C.R. Maclean (John Ross), writing insyd de ''Nautical Magazine'' insyd 1853, use de spelling ''Zootagoola''<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[The Nautical Magazine]]|author=C.R. Maclean|title=Loss of the Brig Mary at Natal with Early Recollections of that Settlement - Two|date=February 1853|pages=74–80}} Reproduced in {{cite book |title=The Natal Papers of John Ross |publisher=Killie Campbell Africana Library |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-869-80851-1 |editor=Stephen Gray}}</ref> * George French Angas, a nineteenth-century artist, use de name ''Tugala'' on de captions to ein sketches.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2356800 "Making outchoualla or native beer, at Gudu's kraal, Tugala River, Zulu country"], a sketch by G F Angas; National Library of Australia.</ref> [[File:Tugela_river_mouth.jpg|right|thumb|Tugela river mouth]] == References == == External links == [[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Category:Tugela River]] 1k4dujg1nvzs9antdie8cguz6hcy6m7 0 27953 106043 2026-06-30T17:24:08Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358860929|Umfolozi River]]" 106043 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Umfolozi River''' (sanso be '''uMfolozi''', '''Imfolozi''' anaa '''Mfolozi''') be a river insyd KwaZulu-Natal, a province of [[South Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Black (''Imfolozi emnyama'') den White Umfolozi (''Imfolozi emhlope'') Rivers near de southeastern boundary of de Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve. De isiZulu name ''imFolozi'' generally be considered to describe de zigzag course wey both tributaries follow, though oda explanations be given.<ref>{{Cite book |last=du Plessis |first=E.J. |title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername |publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town |year=1973 |isbn=0-624-00273-X |page=273}}</ref> De river dey flow insyd an easterly direction to de Indian Ocean at Maphelana, a coastal resort just south of de St Lucia River mouth. E originally meander over de Monzi Flats, wer e split into numerous slow-flowing channels before e dey enter de St. Lucia Estuary at Honeymoon Bend. De slow-moving water den reed beds insyd channels wey operate as a natural filtering system wey removed silt from de Umfolozi floodwaters wey e create a rich habitat give numerous species. == Ecology == During de 1950s, de Umfolozi Landowners Association contain den artificially channel de river thru de Monzi Flats to develop sugarcane farms. De new Umfolozi canal result in de unfiltered water depositing ein silt load after entering de slower moving St. Lucia Estuary. Dis cause de estuary mouth to rapidly silt up. Der be only one record of dis occurring til dat time, during de sustained drought during de 1930s. At 28°20′58″S 31°58′46″E / 28.34944°S 31.97944°E / -28.34944; 31.97944 de Black Umfolozi River den de White Umfolozi River, dey join to form de Umfolozi. === Characteristics === E be a meandering river, plus a catchment area of 11,068&nbsp;km³. E be 38 metres wide near ein mouth, plus a slope gradient of 0.36&nbsp;m/km. De average diameter of de bed material be 0.35&nbsp;mm (sand).<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> === Fish === De scaly yellowfish ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' be a fish found insyd de Umfolozi River System as well as insyd de Umzimkulu, Umkomazi, [[Tugela River|Tugela]] den de Mgeni. E be a common endemic species insyd KwaZulu-Natal Province wey e dey live insyd different habitats between de Drakensberg foothills den de coastal lowlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Aerial photos == <gallery mode="packed" heights="165"> File:ISS014-E-10809_-_View_of_South_Africa,_Umfolozi.jpg|De lower Umfolozi wey dey converge on St. Lucia town (top right) File:StLuciaWetland_L7_07may01.jpg|De Mfolozi Rivers dem see e dey converge on de iSimangaliso Wetland Park File:St_Lucia_Estuary_ISS006-E-38182.jpg|De old den new courses near de mouth, plus de Msunduzi wey dey converge from de left (i.e. south), wey dey enclose a wetland. Also note de silt plume at sea. </gallery> == References == == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050323144933/http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/indicatr/fig3_12.htm A map of Major South African Rivers] * [http://www.upe.ac.za/cerm/images/Estuaries2/mfolozi.htm Mfolozi River Mouth Location Map.] [[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] de0xxzlc0mbecf7vq4a2v433cbov1ac 0 27954 106044 2026-06-30T17:36:17Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359339265|Umgeni River]]" 106044 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Umgeni River''' anaa '''Mgeni River''' (Zulu: uMngeni) be a river insyd KwaZulu-Natal, [[South Africa]]. E dey rise insyd de "Dargle" insyd de KZN Midlands, den ein mouth be at Durban, sam distance north of Durban ein natural harbour. E generally be agreed ein name dey mean "de river of entrance" insyd Zulu, though oda meanings be suggested.<ref name="d">{{Cite book |last=du Plessis |first=E.J. |title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername |date=1973 |publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town |isbn=0-624-00273-X |pages=277, 278}}</ref><ref name="r">{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African Place Names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Jhb & Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |page=245}}</ref> De river be approximately 232 kilometres (144 mi) long plus a catchment area of 4,432 square kilometres (1,711 sq mi). De Howick Falls be sam famous waterfalls on de Mngeni. == Tributaries == A noteworthy tributary be de Msunduzi River, wich dey join am between Nagle den Inanda dams. Higher up ein course, de Msunduzi (anaa 'Dusi' for short) dey pass thru de KwaZulu-Natal capital Pietermaritzburg. A famous downriver race, de Dusi Canoe Marathon dey take place between de capital den Durban, wey dey attract thousands of canoeists for de three-day event dem hold every year January. A small tributary wey get an impact wey dey exceed ein size den length be de Lions River wich dey join de Umgeni about 4 kilometers upstream of Midmar Dam (near Lidgetton). Ein significance dey lie in de fact say e be a part of a water transfer scheme between de Mooi River (Spring Grove Dam) den de Umgeni. A smaller tributary close to ein mouth be de 26-kilometre-long (16 mi) Palmiet River, wich for no be confused plus de Palmiet River insyd de Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding |url=http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref> Presently de Umgeni be part of de Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Der be four large dams insyd ein catchment basin: * Albert Falls Dam * Inanda Dam * Midmar Dam * Nagle Dam == Ecology == De Scaly Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus natalensis'') be a fish found insyd de Umgeni River System as well as insyd de Umzimkhulu, [[Tugela River|Thukela]], Umkhomazi den de [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. E be a common endemic species insyd KwaZulu-Natal Province den dey live insyd different habitats between de Drakensberg foothills den de coastal lowlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agunbiade |first=Foluso O. |last2=Moodley |first2=Brenda |date=2014-07-16 |title=Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=186 |issue=11 |pages=7273–7291 |bibcode=2014EMnAs.186.7273A |doi=10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=25027777 |s2cid=25955776 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == History == E be assumed say Vasco da Gama replenish ein fleet ein water supply at de Umgeni mouth on Christmas Day, 1497, wey so he name de region Natal, Portuguese for Christmas. De river then acquire de name "River of Natal". [[File:Umgeni_river_mouth,_21-Aug-2011.jpg|right|thumb|De Umgeni River estuary (Blue Lagoon) den lower reaches flanked by Umgeni Business Park, Umgeni Park, Morningside, Moses Mabhida Stadium, Umgeni River Bird Park den Burman Bush]] == References == == External links == [[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] jvybtpj7p81m92szacvs2xqlxktza5x 0 27955 106045 2026-06-30T17:49:18Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360744237|Umkomazi River]]" 106045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Mouth of de uMkhomazi River]] De '''uMkhomazi River''' be a river insyd KwaZulu-Natal, [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Meintjes |first=Malcolm |title=Remarkable Flyfishing Destinations of Southern Africa |publisher=Struik |year=2005 |isbn=1868729761}}</ref> == Course == E dey rise insyd sam of de highest eastwards-facing slopes of de Drakensberg mountains, near de mighty Thabana Ntlenyana. De river dey flow southeastwards towards de Indian Ocean, wich e dey enter thru a navigable estuary at Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), about 50&nbsp;km southwest of Durban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> Ein main tributaries be de Loteni, Nzinga, Mkomazane, Elands den de Xobho River. Towns on de uMkhomazi drainage basin dey include Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn den Boston. Presently de only dam insyd ein catchment area be de Ixopo Dam, buh oda dams be planned.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]</ref> De uMkhomazi be part of de Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area.<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Ecology == De Mkhomazi State Forest den de Mkhomazi Wilderness Area be protected areas insyd de upper course of de Umkomazi River.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]</ref> De scaly yellowfish ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' be a fish found insyd de uMkhomazi River System as well as insyd de [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], Umzimkulu, [[Tugela River|Tukhela]] den de [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. E be a common endemic species insyd KwaZulu-Natal Province wey e dey live insyd different habitats between de Drakensberg foothills den de coastal lowlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}</ref> == History == [[File:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Surf near de uMkhomazi River mouth at eMkhomazi, dem consider to be a safe swimming beach]] De first recorded trip down de river be insyd 1951 wen Ian Player den Fred Schmidt paddle down from Josephine's bridge to de sea at Umkomaas village wer de river dey flow into de Indian Ocean. Player be at de time famous for he win de first Dusi Canoe marathon earlier dat year wey later he cam be famous insyd wildlife conservation, especially for he save de white rhino from extinction. Dem take seven days to plete de 113&nbsp;km distance wey dem be supported by friendly inhabitants of de valley wen dem run out of supplies. Various oda trips be undertaken culminating insyd trips insyd 1965 den 1966 dem aime specifically at de feasibility of holding a race, wich necessitate scouting de river den roads along de banks for two accessible overnight campsites. Charles Mason be instrumental insyd dat undertaking, succeeding insyd de scouting of de river den de access roads den in persuading de powers-that-be to sanction de new race on de South African canoeing calendar. He go on to win de first race plus Tank Rogers, narrowly beating Paul Chalupsky den Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mooney |first=James |title=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee |date=2017-07-05 |pages=19–50 |access-date=2020-05-30 |chapter=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3 |isbn=978-0-203-79003-8 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] oeb39j0r72tvamgk43mwlh6f1uwtc5b 0 27956 106046 2026-06-30T17:52:00Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318504314|Logone River]]" 106046 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Logone River |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:The_Logon-Birni_-_general_view.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">The Logone-Birni, from the book ''The earth and its inhabitants, Africa'' 1892</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Charirivermap.png|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Map showing the Logone River within the Chari River drainage basin</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Location |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Countries | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * [[Chad]] * [[Cameroon]] </div> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |City | class="infobox-data" |Kousséri |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Physical&nbsp;characteristics |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Source | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Central African Republic]] |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mouth | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Chari River]] at N'Djaména, [[Chad]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Logone_River&params=12_6_22_N_15_2_7_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°6′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">15°2′7″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.10611°N 15.03528°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">12.10611; 15.03528</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:10}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Logone_River&params=12_6_22_N_15_2_7_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°6′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">15°2′7″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.10611°N 15.03528°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">12.10611; 15.03528</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</div> | class="infobox-data" |364&nbsp;m (1,194&nbsp;ft) |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Length | class="infobox-data" |1,000&nbsp;km (620&nbsp;mi) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Basin size</div> | class="infobox-data" |78,000&nbsp;km² (30,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Discharge | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;average</span> | class="infobox-data" |492&nbsp;m³/s (17,400&nbsp;cu&nbsp;ft/s) |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Basin&nbsp;features |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Protection status | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ramsar Wetland</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Official name</div> | class="infobox-data" |Plaines d'inondation du Logone et les dépressions Toupouri |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Designated | class="infobox-data" |14 November 2005 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Reference&nbsp;no. | class="infobox-data" |1560 |- style="display:none" ! colspan="2" | |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |} [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] gxytc9klxebw7za1xyzm0fxbqlyix4l 0 27957 106049 2026-06-30T18:53:16Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360696495|Kagera River]]" 106049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Informal_Cross-border_Trade_-_River_Kagera.jpg|thumb|Informal Cross-border Trade - River Kagera.]] De '''Kagera River''', dem sanso know as '''Akagera River''', anaa '''Alexandra Nile''', be an East African river, wey dey form part of de upper headwaters of de [[Nile]] den dey carry water from ein most distant source.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohamed |first=Nader Noureldeen |title=The Nile River |date=2016 |volume=56 |pages=1–32 |editor-last=Negm |editor-first=Abdelazim M. |access-date=2026-06-13 |chapter=Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/698_2016_107 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/698_2016_107 |isbn=978-3-319-59086-8}}</ref><ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref> Plus a total length of 597 km (371 mi) from ein source dey locate insyd Lake Rweru insyd Rwanda. De section of river dem name Kagera dey begin insyd [[Burundi]], wey dey flow out from Lake Rweru. From de lake, e dey flow east along de [[Rwanda]]-Burundi den Rwanda-[[Tanzania]] borders to a confluence plus de Ruvubu River. De waters of de Kagera thus be provided by two major tributaries, de [[Nyabarongo River|Nyabarongo]] of Rwanda, wich dey feed Lake Rweru, den de Ruvubu of Burundi. E be unknown wich of dese two feeder rivers be de longer den hence de ultimate source of de Nile. From de confluence, de Kagera dey flow north along de Rwanda-Tanzania border, over Rusumo Falls den thru Akagera National Park. E then dey take a turn to de east, wey dey follow de Tanzania-[[Uganda]] border den dey empty into [[Lake Victoria]] insyd Uganda. Insyd 1898, Richard Kandt be de first European to reach de source of de Kagera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I |url=https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124657/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> == Geography == De Kagera dey rise insyd Burundi den dey flow into Lake Victoria. E be de largest single inflow into de lake, wey dey contribute approximately 6.4 billion cubic metres of water a year (about 28 per cent of de lake ein outflow). De Kagera be formed by de confluence of de Ruvuvu den de [[Nyabarongo River|Nyabarongo]], close to de northernmost point of [[Lake Tanganyika]]. E dey form parts of de Burundi–[[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]]–Tanzania, Burundi–Rwanda, den Tanzania–[[Uganda]] borders. E dey lend ein name to Akagera National Park insyd northern Rwanda, as well as to de Kagera Region of Tanzania. On de river be de Rusumo Falls, an important crossing point between Rwanda den Tanzania. E be near de town of Rusumo. == Fish == De Kagera River basin be rich insyd fish. As of 2001, na der be at least 55 species dem know from de Rwandan section alone den de actual number b likely higher.<ref name="DeVos2001">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos, L |last2=J. Snoeks |last3=D.T. van den Audenaerde |year=2001 |title=An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Rwanda (East Central Africa), With Historical Data on Introductions of Commercially Important Species |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=41–68 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[41:AACOTF]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Seven additional species be documented insyd oda surveys.<ref>{{Citation |last=Olokotum |first=Mark |title=Fish Biodiversity Assessments for Conservation and Hydropower Developments |date=2022 |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/949cff8a-d15c-4213-86f4-3804e8f5fea8 |access-date=2025-06-14 |others=Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute |language=en |doi=10.15468/JS65TH}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Olokotum |first=Mark |title=Fish species observations from a monitoring survey of two Lake Victoria affluent rivers (Rivers Kagera and Sio) |date=2022 |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/5a53f318-2cba-42ea-ab8c-01335c2ac646 |access-date=2025-06-14 |others=Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute |language=en |doi=10.15468/WSXMK6}}</ref> Additionally, der be at least 15 undescribed species of haplochromine cichlids wey be endemic to sam of de lakes insyd de upper parts of de river basin.<ref name="Sayer20182">{{cite book |author1=Sayer, C.A. |title=Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods |author2=L. Máiz-Tomé |author3=W.R.T. Darwall |publisher=Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN |year=2018 |isbn=9782831718965 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Secof de chaw waterfalls den rapids, de various sections of de Kagera River basin be clearly separated, wey dey make movements by fish between dem difficult anaa even impossible.<ref name="DeVos2001" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berakhi |first1=Robel Ogbaghebriel |last2=Oyana |first2=Tonny J. |last3=Adu-Prah |first3=Samuel |date=2014-05-23 |title=Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa |journal=African Geographical Review |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=209–231 |doi=10.1080/19376812.2014.912140 |issn=1937-6812 |s2cid=153931262}}</ref> One species dem know to have inhabited de basin, namely ''Labeobarbus microbarbis'', now be considered extinct. == References == nmqqk05ih658mssnlwe82f5okbfiht9 0 27958 106050 2026-06-30T19:09:05Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353885160|Rurubu River]]" 106050 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Ruvubu River''' (dem sanso spell '''Rurubu''' den '''Ruvuvu''') be a river insyd central Africa wey ein waters gather from de most distant, southern portion of de [[Nile]] basin. E get a total length of 416 kilometres (258 miles) den a drainage basin of 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi). E dey rise insyd de north of [[Burundi]], near de town of Kayanza den then a southward arc dey do thru Burundi, be joined by de Ruvyironza River near Gitega. From der e dey run northeast, thru de Ruvubu National Park, up to de [[Tanzania|Tanzanian]] border. After a stretch along de border, de Ruvubu dey cross properly into Tanzania, before joining de [[Kagera River]] on de Tanzania–[[Rwanda]] border approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream from Rusumo Falls.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|title=Ruvubu River|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=5 April 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruvubu-River}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Nzeyimana |first=Lazare |title=Rusumo Dam-Social Challenge in Kagera River Basin: Participation of Affected People |date=August 2003 |access-date=3 July 2025 |degree=MSc |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932 |institution=Linköping University |id=diva2 22853 |via=Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet |location=Linköping, Sweden}}</ref> De Ruvubu get ein name from de Kirundi word for hippopatamus, imvubu, secof de river be home to a large population of hippos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=INECN |title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel |publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura |year=1990}}</ref> == Course == De Ruvubu River dey originate on de Congo-Nile ridge at Ngoga, at an altitude of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). E dey flow from northwest to southeast to Mugera, and from der, e dey take a northeast direction. E dey flow for 285 kilometres (177 mi) thru Burundi, den dey drain most of Burundi ein part of de Nile watershed. Ein watershed dey cover 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) den dey cover de center of Burundi.[6] Tributaries on both banks dey include de Kinyankuru River, Ndurumu River, Nyakigezi River, Nkoma River, Mubarazi River, Ruvyironza River, Nyabaha River den Kayongozi River. Chaw of dese rivers get dema source on de Congo Nile ridge. De Ruvubu dey pass thru de Buyenzi, Kirimiro den Bweru natural regions. De Ruvubu marshes largely be flooded den occupied by permanent swamps. == References == == Sources == smj7acrd05cwejzl220xp5nb9l4c004 106051 106050 2026-06-30T19:09:33Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353885160|Rurubu River]]" 106051 wikitext text/x-wiki   De '''Ruvubu River''' (dem sanso spell '''Rurubu''' den '''Ruvuvu''') be a river insyd central Africa wey ein waters gather from de most distant, southern portion of de [[Nile]] basin. E get a total length of 416 kilometres (258 miles) den a drainage basin of 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi). E dey rise insyd de north of [[Burundi]], near de town of Kayanza den then a southward arc dey do thru Burundi, be joined by de Ruvyironza River near Gitega. From der e dey run northeast, thru de Ruvubu National Park, up to de [[Tanzania|Tanzanian]] border. After a stretch along de border, de Ruvubu dey cross properly into Tanzania, before joining de [[Kagera River]] on de Tanzania–[[Rwanda]] border approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream from Rusumo Falls.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|title=Ruvubu River|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=5 April 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruvubu-River}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Nzeyimana |first=Lazare |title=Rusumo Dam-Social Challenge in Kagera River Basin: Participation of Affected People |date=August 2003 |access-date=3 July 2025 |degree=MSc |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932 |institution=Linköping University |id=diva2 22853 |via=Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet |location=Linköping, Sweden}}</ref> De Ruvubu get ein name from de Kirundi word for hippopatamus, imvubu, secof de river be home to a large population of hippos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=INECN |title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel |publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura |year=1990}}</ref> == Course == De Ruvubu River dey originate on de Congo-Nile ridge at Ngoga, at an altitude of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). E dey flow from northwest to southeast to Mugera, and from der, e dey take a northeast direction. E dey flow for 285 kilometres (177 mi) thru Burundi, den dey drain most of Burundi ein part of de Nile watershed. Ein watershed dey cover 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) den dey cover de center of Burundi.[6] Tributaries on both banks dey include de Kinyankuru River, Ndurumu River, Nyakigezi River, Nkoma River, Mubarazi River, Ruvyironza River, Nyabaha River den Kayongozi River. Chaw of dese rivers get dema source on de Congo Nile ridge. De Ruvubu dey pass thru de Buyenzi, Kirimiro den Bweru natural regions. De Ruvubu marshes largely be flooded den occupied by permanent swamps. == References == == Sources == 8o0rqlds3ee6w43e6t94l6mo1m39vbm 106052 106051 2026-06-30T19:11:58Z Ibnali1 62 Improve article 106052 wikitext text/x-wiki   De '''Ruvubu River''' (dem sanso spell '''Rurubu''' den '''Ruvuvu''') be a river insyd central Africa wey ein waters gather from de most distant, southern portion of de [[Nile]] basin. E get a total length of 416 kilometres (258 miles) den a drainage basin of 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi). E dey rise insyd de north of [[Burundi]], near de town of Kayanza den then a southward arc dey do thru Burundi, be joined by de Ruvyironza River near Gitega. From der e dey run northeast, thru de Ruvubu National Park, up to de [[Tanzania|Tanzanian]] border. After a stretch along de border, de Ruvubu dey cross properly into Tanzania, before joining de [[Kagera River]] on de Tanzania–[[Rwanda]] border approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream from Rusumo Falls.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|title=Ruvubu River|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=5 April 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruvubu-River}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Nzeyimana |first=Lazare |title=Rusumo Dam-Social Challenge in Kagera River Basin: Participation of Affected People |date=August 2003 |access-date=3 July 2025 |degree=MSc |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932 |institution=Linköping University |id=diva2 22853 |via=Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet |location=Linköping, Sweden}}</ref> De Ruvubu get ein name from de Kirundi word for hippopatamus, imvubu, secof de river be home to a large population of hippos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=INECN |title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel |publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura |year=1990}}</ref> == Course == De Ruvubu River dey originate on de Congo-Nile ridge at Ngoga, at an altitude of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). E dey flow from northwest to southeast to Mugera, and from der, e dey take a northeast direction. E dey flow for 285 kilometres (177 mi) thru Burundi, den dey drain most of Burundi ein part of de Nile watershed. Ein watershed dey cover 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) den dey cover de center of Burundi.[6] Tributaries on both banks dey include de Kinyankuru River, Ndurumu River, Nyakigezi River, Nkoma River, Mubarazi River, Ruvyironza River, Nyabaha River den Kayongozi River. Chaw of dese rivers get dema source on de Congo Nile ridge. De Ruvubu dey pass thru de Buyenzi, Kirimiro den Bweru natural regions. De Ruvubu marshes largely be flooded den occupied by permanent swamps. == References == <references /> == Sources == * {{citation |last1=Igirukwishaka |first1=J.B. |title=Contribution à la caractérisation des plantes envahissantes des marais de la rivière Ruvubu |date=6 September 2023 |journal=Bulletin Scientifique sur l'Environnement et la Biodiversité |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2023-09/plantes-envahissantes%20-Ruvubu-Jean%20Bosco-et-al-2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715025434/https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2023-09/plantes-envahissantes%20-Ruvubu-Jean%20Bosco-et-al-2023.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-15 |url-status=live |language=fr |last2=Bararunyeretse |first2=P. |last3=Habonayo |first3=R. |last4=Bangirinama |first4=F. |accessdate=2024-08-30}} * {{citation |title=Projet de developpement local pour l'emploi |date=November 2019 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/164831576045405829/pdf/Evaluation-de-lImpact-Environnemental-et-Social-pour-la-Construction-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Nyakeru-dans-la-Province-de-Gitega-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Nyamabuye-dans-la-Province-de-Kirundo-et-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Cagizo-dans-la-Province-de-Muyinga.pdf |location=Bujumbura |publisher=Agence Burundaise pour la realisation des travaux d’interet public |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi}} |accessdate=2024-08-30}} dsasn1ocdm8axnmli9ju2ibjfptwx4k 0 27959 106053 2026-06-30T19:15:48Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298095770|Sezibwa River]]" 106053 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Sezibwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ssezibwa_Falls.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="7" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Sezibwa River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Sezibwa River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[32.735,1.4],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Sezibwa River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Etymology | class="infobox-data" |"Sizibwa" ([[Luganda]]):..''my path cannot be blocked''.. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Location |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Cities | class="infobox-data" |[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Physical&nbsp;characteristics |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Source | class="infobox-data" |Ngogwe, Buikwe District |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=00_16_12_N_33_00_18_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°16′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°00′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.27000°N 33.00500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">0.27000; 33.00500</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,200&nbsp;m (3,900&nbsp;ft) |- style="display:none" | colspan="2" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mouth | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;location</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Lake Kyoga]], Kayunga District, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;coordinates</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.40000°N 32.73500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.40000°N 32.73500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&nbsp;&#x2022;&nbsp;elevation</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,140&nbsp;m (3,740&nbsp;ft) |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Length | class="infobox-data" |150&nbsp;km (93&nbsp;mi) |} [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] os6h4mfy21e5ckcc70125a1l9yipbx8 0 27960 106054 2026-06-30T19:21:05Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356150187|Oyan River Dam]]" 106054 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Oyan River Dam |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oyan_Dam.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Oyan River Dam","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q7116227"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Oyan River Dam"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q7116227"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[3.2555555555555555,7.258333333333334],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Oyan River Dam","marker-symbol":"dam"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Interactive map of Oyan River Dam</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Location | class="infobox-data" |[[Ogun State]], [[Nigeria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Coordinates | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oyan_River_Dam&params=7_15_30_N_3_15_20_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°15′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°15′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.25833°N 3.25556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">7.25833; 3.25556</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oyan_River_Dam&params=7_15_30_N_3_15_20_E_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°15′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°15′20″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.25833°N 3.25556°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">7.25833; 3.25556</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Opening&nbsp;date | class="infobox-data" |29 March 1983 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Dam and spillways |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Impounds | class="infobox-data" |[[Oyan River]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Height | class="infobox-data" |30.4&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Length | class="infobox-data" |1,044&nbsp;m (3,425&nbsp;ft) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Reservoir |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Creates | class="infobox-data" |Oyan lake |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Total&nbsp;capacity | class="infobox-data" |270 million m³ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Catchment<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>area | class="infobox-data" |9,000 km² |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Surface&nbsp;area | class="infobox-data" |4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Power Station |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Turbines | class="infobox-data" |3 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Installed<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>capacity | class="infobox-data" |9 MW |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Power station|Annual&nbsp;generation]] | class="infobox-data" |0 MW |} De '''Oyan River Dam''' be insyd Abeokuta North local government area of Ogun State insyd de West of [[Nigeria]], about 20&nbsp;km north west of de state capital Abeokuta. De dam dey cross de Oyan River, a tributary of de Ogun River. E be used primarily to supply raw water to Lagos den Abeokuta, buh e get potential for use insyd irrigation den power generation. [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] g4gc3mfvuwgc70r8hkb7u2sc2sb8c40 0 27961 106056 2026-06-30T21:01:07Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311780395|Sankarani River]]" 106056 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Sankarani River''' (French: ''Fleuve Sankarani'') be a tributary of de [[Niger River]].<ref name="AndersenGolitzen">{{Cite book |last=Andersen |first=Inger |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management |last2=Golitzen |first2=Katherin George |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9780821362044 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC/page/n30 13], 33–34 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> Flowing northward from de Guinea Highlands of de Fouta Djallon insyd [[Guinea]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankarani River {{!}} river, western Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sankarani-River |access-date=2020-05-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&q=sankarani+river+from+north+to+south+guinea&pg=PA374 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |date=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |language=en}}</ref> e dey cross into southern [[Mali]], wer e dey join de Niger approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) upstream of Bamako,<ref name="AndersenGolitzen" /> de capital of Mali. E dey form part of de Ivory Coast-Guinea den Guinea–Mali borders.<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA376 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=9782880329495 |pages=374, 376 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> De Sankarani River watershed, traditionally well suited to crops den rich insyd iron den gold, dey cover sam 35,500 square kilometres (13,700 sq mi), two-thirds of wich be insyd Guinea, wer e be joined by three tributaries: de Kourai, Yeremou den Dion Rivers.<ref name="AndersenGolitzen">{{Cite book |last=Andersen |first=Inger |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management |last2=Golitzen |first2=Katherin George |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9780821362044 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC/page/n30 13], 33–34 |access-date=25 November 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAndersenGolitzen2005">Andersen, Inger; Golitzen, Katherin George (1 January 2005). </cite></ref><ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA376 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=9782880329495 |pages=374, 376 |access-date=25 November 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHughes1992">Hughes, R. H. (1992). </cite></ref> Insyd Mali, e dey flow into de [[Niger River]] upstream of Bamako near de village of Kourouba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-181-EN-MALI-IRRIGATION-DEVELOPMENT-PROGRAMME-PHASE-I-ESIAS.PDF |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] Group}}</ref> Construction of de Sélingué Dam begin insyd 1980, plus de goal of supplying Bamako plus electricity;<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. Askofare |date=6 June 1988 |title=Mali: Selingue Dam Project: Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER) |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Evaluation-Reports-_Shared-With-OPEV_/06004242-EN-MALI-SELINGUE-DAM.PDF |publisher=African Development Bank Group}}</ref><ref name="KDS">{{Cite book |last=Koenig |first=Dolores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=728lx7XRofcC&pg=PA119 |title=Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali |last2=Diarra |first2=Tiéman |last3=Sow |first3=Moussa |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780472108947 |pages=119–123}}</ref> na e be inaugurated on 13 December 1982.<ref name="HDoM">{{Cite book |last=Imperato |first=Pascal James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |title=Historical Dictionary of Mali |last2=Imperato |first2=Gavin H. |date=25 April 2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810864023 |pages=xl, 105 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> E den de accompanying hydroelectric plant comprise de largest development project insyd Malian history up to dat time.<ref name="HDoM" /> De plant get de capacity to produce 44.8 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.<ref name="HDoM" /> An [[irrigation]] scheme sanso be implemented, initially to compensate people wey dem for be moved; e covere 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres), split up among 1943 plot holders,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Water for agriculture (2013-17) |url=http://www.gwiwestafrica.org/en/countries/mali |publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]]}}</ref> anaa 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations |title=The Niger River basin |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0i.htm}}</ref> De Sankanarni get a discontinuous floodplain over a distance of 170 kilometres (110 mi) insyd [[Guinea]].<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA376 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=9782880329495 |pages=374, 376 |access-date=25 November 2016}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHughes1992">Hughes, R. H. (1992). </cite></ref> De riverbanks support gallery forests, though de Selingue Dam ein reservoir cover chaw of dem.<ref name="KDS">{{Cite book |last=Koenig |first=Dolores |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=728lx7XRofcC&pg=PA119 |title=Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali |last2=Diarra |first2=Tiéman |last3=Sow |first3=Moussa |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780472108947 |pages=119–123}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKoenigDiarraSow1998">Koenig, Dolores; Diarra, Tiéman; Sow, Moussa (1998). </cite></ref> As of 2008, more dan a thousand fishermen catch "between 400 den 1000 kg/day insyd peak season den 10 to 50 kg/day insyd low season (March to May)" insyd de section of de river between de dam den de junction plus de Niger.<ref>{{citation |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management |year=2005 |editor-last=Golitzen |editor-first=Katherin George |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf |place=Washington, DC. |publisher=World Bank |isbn=0-8213-6203-8}}</ref> At de height of ein power, from de 13th to 16th centuries CE, de capital of de ancient Mali Empire be believed to be at Niani, on de banks of de Sankarani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fage |first=J. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1975 |isbn=9780521209816 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage/page/378 378] |access-date=25 November 2016 |url-access=registration}}</ref> == References == m5lk6pixtqn0elgrg1cjsonnx8cnvhl 0 27962 106057 2026-06-30T21:02:43Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> 856bzmmol9uy1dqld20fvh6fa2mrdke 106058 106057 2026-06-30T21:04:26Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> lfzzh1cnlt0psjztraseomy71m6fwun 106059 106058 2026-06-30T21:05:24Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==Overview== Di association dey work together plus plenty international development finance institutions and donors, including World Bank, United Nations, USAID, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, OPEC Fund for International Development, African Development Bank, plus plenty oda organizations. Dem estimate say about 350 million people don benefit from di association ein work for water plus sanitation sector.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-water-and-sanitation-congress-closes-call-access-water-and-sanitation-all-59502 |title=African Water and Sanitation Congress Closes with a Call for Access to Water and Sanitation for All |work=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) |date=6 March 2023 | author=AfDB |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> g8vcozb8qzlq4sj5kb99cc6foh3092b 106060 106059 2026-06-30T21:08:27Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==Overview== Di association dey work together plus plenty international development finance institutions and donors, including World Bank, United Nations, USAID, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, OPEC Fund for International Development, African Development Bank, plus plenty oda organizations. Dem estimate say about 350 million people don benefit from di association ein work for water plus sanitation sector.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-water-and-sanitation-congress-closes-call-access-water-and-sanitation-all-59502 |title=African Water and Sanitation Congress Closes with a Call for Access to Water and Sanitation for All |work=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) |date=6 March 2023 | author=AfDB |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==History== For February 1980, Zadi Kessy Marcel, wey be Ivorian and dat time be di managing director of SODECI, di national water utility company for Ivory Coast, organize di founding congress of '''African Union of Water Suppliers''' (AUWS). Di organization headquarters first dey Liberia.<ref name="1R"/> Between 1990 and 2000, plenty private service providers, asset management companies, regulators, plus water and sanitation boards join di association. As time dey go, NGOs, researchers, academicians, and public policy scholars too become members.<ref name="1R"/> For 2000, African Union of Water Suppliers change ein name to '''African Water Association''' (AfWA). For March 2021, di association ein General Assembly vote make dem change di name again to di current one so dat sanitation go be part of di name. Di new name officially start work on 20 February 2023 during di 20th International Congress and Exhibition of AfWA for Abidjan, Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/> 0ro4xbj08gu4q3j1s5un74lakw7hcmi 106061 106060 2026-06-30T21:10:38Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==Overview== Di association dey work together plus plenty international development finance institutions and donors, including World Bank, United Nations, USAID, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, OPEC Fund for International Development, African Development Bank, plus plenty oda organizations. Dem estimate say about 350 million people don benefit from di association ein work for water plus sanitation sector.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-water-and-sanitation-congress-closes-call-access-water-and-sanitation-all-59502 |title=African Water and Sanitation Congress Closes with a Call for Access to Water and Sanitation for All |work=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) |date=6 March 2023 | author=AfDB |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==History== For February 1980, Zadi Kessy Marcel, wey be Ivorian and dat time be di managing director of SODECI, di national water utility company for Ivory Coast, organize di founding congress of '''African Union of Water Suppliers''' (AUWS). Di organization headquarters first dey Liberia.<ref name="1R"/> Between 1990 and 2000, plenty private service providers, asset management companies, regulators, plus water and sanitation boards join di association. As time dey go, NGOs, researchers, academicians, and public policy scholars too become members.<ref name="1R"/> For 2000, African Union of Water Suppliers change ein name to '''African Water Association''' (AfWA). For March 2021, di association ein General Assembly vote make dem change di name again to di current one so dat sanitation go be part of di name. Di new name officially start work on 20 February 2023 during di 20th International Congress and Exhibition of AfWA for Abidjan, Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==Governance== Di president of di association be Silver Mugisha, wey be di chief executive officer of National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), di national water and sewerage utility company for Uganda. From 1 January 2024, François Olivier Gosso, wey be Ivorian general engineer, become di executive director of AfWASA. E replace Sylvain Usher, wey serve for dat position from 1999 reach 2023.<ref name="GovR">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/african-water-association-who-is-olivier-gosso-the-new-director/ |title=African Water Association: who is Olivier Gosso, the new director? |date=4 March 2024 | author=Inès Magoum |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> rzveh3l2r5jou6eti18hqpiaycrlwq3 106062 106061 2026-06-30T21:12:18Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across Africa. Members include water and sanitation utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==Overview== Di association dey work together plus plenty international development finance institutions and donors, including World Bank, United Nations, USAID, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, OPEC Fund for International Development, African Development Bank, plus plenty oda organizations. Dem estimate say about 350 million people don benefit from di association ein work for water plus sanitation sector.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-water-and-sanitation-congress-closes-call-access-water-and-sanitation-all-59502 |title=African Water and Sanitation Congress Closes with a Call for Access to Water and Sanitation for All |work=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) |date=6 March 2023 | author=AfDB |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==History== For February 1980, Zadi Kessy Marcel, wey be Ivorian and dat time be di managing director of SODECI, di national water utility company for Ivory Coast, organize di founding congress of '''African Union of Water Suppliers''' (AUWS). Di organization headquarters first dey Liberia.<ref name="1R"/> Between 1990 and 2000, plenty private service providers, asset management companies, regulators, plus water and sanitation boards join di association. As time dey go, NGOs, researchers, academicians, and public policy scholars too become members.<ref name="1R"/> For 2000, African Union of Water Suppliers change ein name to '''African Water Association''' (AfWA). For March 2021, di association ein General Assembly vote make dem change di name again to di current one so dat sanitation go be part of di name. Di new name officially start work on 20 February 2023 during di 20th International Congress and Exhibition of AfWA for Abidjan, Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==Governance== Di president of di association be Silver Mugisha, wey be di chief executive officer of National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), di national water and sewerage utility company for Uganda. From 1 January 2024, François Olivier Gosso, wey be Ivorian general engineer, become di executive director of AfWASA. E replace Sylvain Usher, wey serve for dat position from 1999 reach 2023.<ref name="GovR">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/african-water-association-who-is-olivier-gosso-the-new-director/ |title=African Water Association: who is Olivier Gosso, the new director? |date=4 March 2024 | author=Inès Magoum |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Research grants== For 2024, AfWASA start research grants of US$1,000 each for young researchers wey dey do research for areas wey match di association ein goals. People wey fit apply must be citizens of sub-Saharan African countries and dem for dey study master's degree for recognized university. African Development Bank dey sponsor di grants.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.fundsbeeline.com/news/readnews/African-Water-and-Sanitation-Association-Launches-Research-Grants-for-Young-Professionals/ |title=African Water And Sanitation Association Launches Research Grants For Young Professionals |date=7 March 2024 |work=Fundsbeeline.com |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> ==See also== * Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/ Official Website] {{Authority control}} [[Category:1980 establishments in Liberia]] [[Category:Companies based in Abidjan]] [[Category:Business services companies established in 1980]] 51s5d36rwrywmxoob2eq2ihxug8wkcz 106063 106062 2026-06-30T21:16:07Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlinks 106063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|African water and sanitation organization}} {{EngvarB|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} '''African Water and Sanitation Association''' ('''AfWASA''') na professional association wey bring together people and organizations wey dey work for water plus sanitation sector across [[Africa]]. Members include [[water]] and [[sanitation]] utility companies, asset management companies, sanitation boards, regulators, private service providers, NGOs, researchers, professionals from academia, and people wey dey work for public policy, plus oda groups.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| date=20 March 2017 |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/history |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |title=History of African Water and Sanitation Association |author=AfWASA |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/african-water-and-sanitation-association-239187 |title=About the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=[[Devex]] |date=15 March 2024 | author=Devex |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> ==Location== AfWASA ein headquarters dey for Riviera Palmeraie, Cocody, for Abidjan, di capital city of Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R">{{cite web| date=7 April 2017 | author=AfWASA |url=https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/about-us/who-we-are/our-logo |title=Location of the Headquarters of the African Water and Sanitation Association |work=African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==Overview== Di association dey work together plus plenty international development finance institutions and donors, including World Bank, United Nations, USAID, UNICEF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, OPEC Fund for International Development, African Development Bank, plus plenty oda organizations. Dem estimate say about 350 million people don benefit from di association ein work for water plus sanitation sector.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-water-and-sanitation-congress-closes-call-access-water-and-sanitation-all-59502 |title=African Water and Sanitation Congress Closes with a Call for Access to Water and Sanitation for All |work=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) |date=6 March 2023 | author=AfDB |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Abidjan, Ivory Coast}}</ref> ==History== For February 1980, Zadi Kessy Marcel, wey be Ivorian and dat time be di managing director of SODECI, di national water utility company for Ivory Coast, organize di founding congress of '''African Union of Water Suppliers''' (AUWS). Di organization headquarters first dey Liberia.<ref name="1R"/> Between 1990 and 2000, plenty private service providers, asset management companies, regulators, plus water and sanitation boards join di association. As time dey go, NGOs, researchers, academicians, and public policy scholars too become members.<ref name="1R"/> For 2000, African Union of Water Suppliers change ein name to '''African Water Association''' (AfWA). For March 2021, di association ein General Assembly vote make dem change di name again to di current one so dat sanitation go be part of di name. Di new name officially start work on 20 February 2023 during di 20th International Congress and Exhibition of AfWA for Abidjan, Ivory Coast.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==Governance== Di president of di association be Silver Mugisha, wey be di chief executive officer of National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), di national water and sewerage utility company for Uganda. From 1 January 2024, François Olivier Gosso, wey be Ivorian general engineer, become di executive director of AfWASA. E replace Sylvain Usher, wey serve for dat position from 1999 reach 2023.<ref name="GovR">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/african-water-association-who-is-olivier-gosso-the-new-director/ |title=African Water Association: who is Olivier Gosso, the new director? |date=4 March 2024 | author=Inès Magoum |access-date=15 March 2024 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Research grants== For 2024, AfWASA start research grants of US$1,000 each for young researchers wey dey do research for areas wey match di association ein goals. People wey fit apply must be citizens of sub-Saharan African countries and dem for dey study master's degree for recognized university. African Development Bank dey sponsor di grants.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.fundsbeeline.com/news/readnews/African-Water-and-Sanitation-Association-Launches-Research-Grants-for-Young-Professionals/ |title=African Water And Sanitation Association Launches Research Grants For Young Professionals |date=7 March 2024 |work=Fundsbeeline.com |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> ==See also== * Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://afwasa.org/index.php/en/ Official Website] {{Authority control}} [[Category:1980 establishments in Liberia]] [[Category:Companies based in Abidjan]] [[Category:Business services companies established in 1980]] m187pdmbnkuufhl4022ob1r7pp4pvfd 0 27963 106064 2026-06-30T21:17:08Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259376710|Didessa River]]" 106064 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Didessa''' (dem pronounce: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; Oromo: ''Dhedheessa'') be a river insyd western [[Ethiopia]]. A tributary of de [[Blue Nile|Abay River]], e dey rise insyd de mountains of Gomma, wey dey flow insyd a northwesterly direction to ein confluence wer de course of de [[Blue Nile|Abay]] curve to ein southernmost point before turning northwards. De Didessa ein drainage area be about 25,800 km2 (10,000 sq mi),<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> wey dey cover portions of de Benishangul-Gumuz Region den de West Welega Zone of de Oromia Region. Tributaries on de right bank dey include de Enareya, Aet, Wama, den de Angar rivers; on de left side de most important tributary be de Dobana River. Exploring dis river insyd de mid-1890s den from interviews plus local inhabitants, Alexander Bulatovich assert say downstream of ein junction plus de Angar, de Didessa be rapid-free den potentially navigable.<ref>[http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html ''From Entotto to the River Baro''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=2017-12-16}} (1897), translated by Richard Selzer, ''Ethiopia through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 2000) {{ISBN|1-56902-117-1}} (accessed 2 November 2009)</ref> == Human history == De early 20th-century explorer Herbert Weld Blundell opine say "Didessa" dey appear to replace a much older name for dis river, wey dey find no earlier usage for am "before 1861, wen d'Abbadie dey travel insyd Western Shoa wey dem make inquiries."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blundell |first=H. Weld |date=1906 |title=Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776289 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=529–551 |doi=10.2307/1776289 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref> At de time of ein visit, insyd 1905, de Handak forest on de right side of de Didessa be "famous as a favourite haunt for elephants. Dem seem to cam up towards de Nile by both de Didesa den Dabus rivers, dem attract, no doubt, insyd de latter river-bed by de rich growth of young bamboo."<ref>Weld Blundell, "Exploration in the Abai", pp. 541f</ref> He sanso note say at de confluence of de Didessa den de Abay, "de serious work of goldwashing dey begin, den dey continue along de Nile den down de course of de Dabus den ein tributaries," wey dey add say:<blockquote>''The deep erosion of the upper strata of basalt and trap, and subsequent decomposition, lays bare the gneissic and hornblendic schist formations below, so that nearly the whole country from the foot of Chochi to the river, a distance of 15 miles, is covered with quartz pebbles and boulders, and shows numerous outcrops. The decomposed portions of the reefs are strewn over the ground, and the gold they contain is thus washed into the small streams, and then carried into the Abai''.<ref>Weld Blundell, "Exploration in the Abai", p. 544</ref></blockquote> == Anger Irrigation Dam == On 14 June 2021, na dem launch de construction of de Anger Irrigation Dam at Didessa River by de Presido of Oromia regional state, Shimelis Abdisa, den Minister of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Sileshi Bekele, dem go complete am insyd three years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia |url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424 |website=ENA}}</ref> == References == bnax5q3lyc2xrnxqs98bcvy9xnqpf6k 0 27964 106065 2026-06-30T21:31:22Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for South Africa Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> fbyul0xgxees6a4jz5wxzarx3qvgf07 106066 106065 2026-06-30T21:32:13Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for South Africa Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.<ref>[http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> nivxrhnnp4y56qgr9z62n7ozy6ykuuj 106067 106066 2026-06-30T21:33:00Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for South Africa Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.<ref>[http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break di world record for di most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times inside nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish di project make e raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Di world record for di most bungy jumps inside 24 hours bin dey with South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps inside 14 hours and 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. Di record stand till 16 August 2008, when Mike Heard break am with 103 bungy jumps inside 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps inside one hour on 9 May 2002. lp2n744hau2qwlgrxbwr0p2w315jejt 106068 106067 2026-06-30T21:33:47Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for South Africa Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.<ref>[http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break di world record for di most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times inside nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish di project make e raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Di world record for di most bungy jumps inside 24 hours bin dey with South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps inside 14 hours and 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. Di record stand till 16 August 2008, when Mike Heard break am with 103 bungy jumps inside 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps inside one hour on 9 May 2002. == Responsible tourism == Di people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie and The Crags as part of di Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> Since 1998, dem don pay big percentage of dia turnover give di local community trust.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> np8sn70eshwew1rj6ns38cdnwjew9lv 106069 106068 2026-06-30T21:34:02Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for South Africa Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.<ref>[http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break di world record for di most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times inside nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish di project make e raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Di world record for di most bungy jumps inside 24 hours bin dey with South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps inside 14 hours and 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. Di record stand till 16 August 2008, when Mike Heard break am with 103 bungy jumps inside 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps inside one hour on 9 May 2002. == Responsible tourism == Di people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie and The Crags as part of di Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> Since 1998, dem don pay big percentage of dia turnover give di local community trust.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> ==See also== *Macau Tower *Contra Dam ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.FaceAdrenalin.com Face Adrenalin website] {{coord|33|57|55|S|23|38|50|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Tourist attractions in the Eastern Cape]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in the Western Cape]] [[Category:Entertainment companies of South Africa]] [[Category:Bungee jumping sites]] ti6r0ouwkuonvdvis1onr3bsgpqpwcr 106070 106069 2026-06-30T21:37:35Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added an interlink 106070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}} {{Use South African English|date=February 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]] '''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for [[South Africa]] Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.<ref>[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&sn=Detail&pid=90676&Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> == History == For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.<ref>[http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> == World records == Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record<ref>[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012</ref> Scott Huntly break di world record for di most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times inside nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish di project make e raise money support local communities.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Di world record for di most bungy jumps inside 24 hours bin dey with South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps inside 14 hours and 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002. Di record stand till 16 August 2008, when Mike Heard break am with 103 bungy jumps inside 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.<ref>[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012</ref> Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps inside one hour on 9 May 2002. == Responsible tourism == Di people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie and The Crags as part of di Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> Since 1998, dem don pay big percentage of dia turnover give di local community trust.<ref>[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012</ref> ==See also== *Macau Tower *Contra Dam ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.FaceAdrenalin.com Face Adrenalin website] {{coord|33|57|55|S|23|38|50|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Tourist attractions in the Eastern Cape]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in the Western Cape]] [[Category:Entertainment companies of South Africa]] [[Category:Bungee jumping sites]] 08sz31f59w7nzb44unbsdz5qvbby9sb 0 27965 106071 2026-06-30T21:41:11Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355201336|Moulouya River]]" 106071 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Moulouya River''' be a 520 km-long (320 mi) river insyd [[Morocco]]. Ein sources be located insyd de Ayashi mountain insyd de Middle Atlas.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=M.|last=Peyron|url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/188|title='Ayyachi, Jbel|encyclopedia=Encyclopédie berbère|volume=8|place=Edisud|year=1990|issue=8|pages=1200–1204|doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.188|doi-access=free}}</ref> E dey empty into de Mediterranean Sea near Saïdia, insyd northeast Morocco. Water level insyd de river often dey fluctuate. De river be used for [[irrigation]] wey e be dammed by de Hassan II den Mohamed V Dams. == History == De river historically be known as '''''Malva''''' (Anglicized: '''Malve'''), '''''Malua''''', '''''Malvam''''', '''''Mulva''''', anaa '''''Mulucha''''', '''''Molochath flumen''''', de names possibly relate to de Semitic root ''melach'' anaa ''malach'', wey dey mean "salt". Maurice Besnier suggest say de lower parts of de river be used for salt production, buh no material confirmation be found.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) |work=www.perseus.tufts.edu |chapter=Mulucha |access-date=2024-09-30 |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=mulucha-geo}}</ref> From de end of de fourth to de beginning of de third centuries BC, de Mulucha form de boundary between de Kingdom of the Mauri to de west den de Kingdom of the Masaesylli to de east.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&dq=masaesyli+kingdom&pg=PA289 |title=History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref> Dem mention as Mulucha by Titus Livius (dem sanso know as Livy).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0159:book=29:chapter=30 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chisholm, Hugh |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=11th |pages=817–823}}</ref> [[File:Flamingo_at_Moulouya.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Flamingoes insyd de Moulouya.]] Insyd de ''Historia Brittonum'' (c. 828) e dey appear as de River Malvam, along de legendary route of de Scoti from Egypt to Hispania.<ref name="GB">{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first=Keith J. |year=2020 |title=Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum |url=http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/hb/historia_brittonum1.html |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref> Insyd Geoffrey of Monmouth ein ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' (c. 1136), Brutus of Troy dey follow a similar route from Leogecia, wey dey add encounters plus pirates, raids insyd Mauretania, den sirens at de Pillars of Hercules, wey dey pass de River Malvam before entering Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBw2AAAAMAAJ |title=Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae |publisher=Eduard Anton |year=1854 |editor-last=San-Marte |pages=13, 196 |language=la, de}}</ref> De Moulouya River form de eastern border of de Rif Republic insyd de 1920s, a small part of Morocco wey dey contain important cities like Saïdia den Oujda lying to de east, between de Moulouya den de border plus Algeria. Til 1956 de river sanso form de eastern border of de Spanish Protectorate of Morocco. Before French colonisation, de Moulouya River sometimes be considered as de border between Regency of Algiers den de dynasties wey controll Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martinière |first=Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon |last2=Lacroix |first2=Napoléon |date=1894 |publisher=Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Merouche |first=Lemnouar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité |date=2007-10-15 |publisher=Editions Bouchène |isbn=978-2-35676-055-5 |language=fr}}</ref> A battle between de Algerians den de Alawites take place insyd 1692 at de ford of dis river. Na dem give de illusionary Martian canals names of mythical den real rivers, wey dey include one dem name de "Malva" after de River Malvam. == Ecology == [[File:Désastre_écologique_pour_le_fleuve_Moulouya_au_Maroc_(6034999449).jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Fish wey pollutants kill fill de Moulouya River insyd August 2011.]] De Moulouya dey receive domestic wastewater from nearby populations den agricultural pollutants wey dey originate insyd de upper valley of ein headwaters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chahboune |first=M. |last2=Chahlaoui |first2=A. |last3=Zaid |first3=A |last4=Mehanned |first4=S |last5=Ben Moussa |first5=A |date=2014-11-18 |title=Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco) |url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/morjchem/article/view/2413 |journal=Moroccan Journal of Chemistry |language=en |volume=2 |issue=5 |doi=10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413}}</ref> Insyd mid-2011, na dem find thousands of fish dead along de river, wey dey prompt environmental groups to blame pollution from de nearby Sucrafor sugar refinery, part of de Cosumar group, wich previously face similar accusations insyd de 1980s den 1990s. De North Moroccan Green Platform report black, foul-smelling water near Zaio, wey farmers say livestock die after dem drink from de river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River. |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/160383/fish-deaths-and-pollution-in-a-moroccan-river/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == lsg17hp75wo662okwv8brzgjw61yxp0 0 27966 106072 2026-06-30T21:54:41Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254939633|Chiloango River]]" 106072 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Chiloango River'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351893774E0440003BA962ED3|Chiloango River (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> (Portuguese: Rio ''Chiluango<ref name=":0">[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>'', dem sanso know as '''Kakongo River''',<ref name=":0" /> '''Louango''',<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351873774E0440003BA962ED3|Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> '''Shiloango'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351863774E0440003BA962ED3|Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> den '''Rio Hi'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351843774E0440003BA962ED3|Hi, Rio (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>) be a river insyd western [[Central Africa]]. E dey form de westernmost part of de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] den de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], den then dey form approximately half of de border between de DRC den Cabinda, [[Angola]]<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf ''International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183924/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf|date=June 7, 2011}} The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C.</ref> wey dey pass just south of de town of Necuto. De river then dey bisect Cabinda, wey dey make am de most important river insyd de province.<ref>Frenken, Karen (1997) ''Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach'' (FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4) Land and Water Development Division of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Rome. Italy, [http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm www.fao.org "Table 71 Rivers and discharges"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011024615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm|date=2012-10-11}}, {{ISBN|92-5-103966-6}}</ref> E dey enter de [[Atlantic Ocean]] just north of de town of Cacongo.<ref>National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, [[National Geographic Society]], 1992</ref><ref>United States. Hydrographic Office (1916) ''Africa Pilot: The southewest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands'' Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9tINAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA346 page 346] {{OCLC|62355097}}</ref> == References == jsw7abd4fsedlkmd44kfwf8zly5wme0 0 27967 106073 2026-06-30T21:57:32Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Island for Congo River}} '''Sumba''' na di biggest island for Congo River. Di island dey inside Democratic Republic of the Congo, anaa DRC, and e get area wey dey about {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. E be di biggest river island for di kontri.<ref name="largest">{{cite web|title=Largest Islands of Countries|url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/COUNTRYV2.htm|website=www.worldislandinfo.com|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> Di island dey for middle part of Congo River, close to Makanza. E form because of sediments wey di river don carry come pile up over plenty years, and e be one of di biggest islands for di whole Congo River system.<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Loughlin |first=F. |title=Hydraulic characterization of the middle reach of the Congo River |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=5059–5070 |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/wrcr.20398}}</ref> ==Geography== Sumba dey for Equateur Province for Democratic Republic of the Congo. Di island get tropical climate plus thick rainforest vegetation just like plenty places for Congo Basin. Congo River split pass both sides of di island before e join again downstream.<ref>{{cite journal |last=O'Loughlin |first=F. |title=Hydraulic characterization of the middle reach of the Congo River |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=5059–5070 |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/wrcr.20398}}</ref> ==Environment== Di island and di surrounding river channels support different kinds of fish, birds and rainforest plants. Like plenty islands for Congo River, Sumba dey important for biodiversity and e help support fishing and other local livelihoods.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Inogwabini |first=Bila-Isia |last2=Lingopa |first2=Zanga |title=Fish species occurrence, estimates and human activities on the islands of the Congo River, Central Africa |year=2013}}</ref> ==See also== * Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo * Congo River ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:River islands of Africa]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] {{DRCongo-geo-stub}} qu1iutzgv0ti6ah2tau09aq14r0mlaq 0 27968 106074 2026-06-30T22:04:54Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Cave complex near Mbanza-Ngungu for DRC}} '''Thysville Caves''' na cave complex wey dey inside Democratic Republic of the Congo, close to the town of Mbanza-Ngungu (wey dem bin dey call Thysville before). Tributaries from Lower Congo River dey feed the cave complex, and e spread go cover area wey be 750 square kilometers. Water wey dey flow carry nutrients from the surface enter inside the caves, and dis one dey help aquatic life wey adapt to live for place wey light no dey. Inside the caves, one endemic blind cyprinid fish dey wey dem dey call ''Caecobarbus geertsii''. Dem list am as vulnerable for the IUCN Red List.<ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Moelants, T. | title = ''Caecobarbus geertsii'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T3449A9866689 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2010 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3449/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T3449A9866689.en | access-date = 15 January 2018| doi-access = free }}</ref> Scientists never really study the caves well, so e fit be say oda endemic fish and invertebrate species still dey inside. ==References== * Toham, Andre Kamdem ''et al.'', eds. (2006). ''A Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in Central Africa: Biological Priorities for Conservation in the Guinean-Congolian Forest and Freshwater Region''. World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC. Page A-52. {{Reflist}} {{coord missing|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Caves of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] guyu0j2andhwr6sz5izurgeur661c1u 0 27969 106075 2026-06-30T22:15:39Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Widening of the Congo River; part of the border between the R Congo and the DR Congo}} [[File:Kinshasa & Brazzaville - ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Pool Malebo; the capital cities of Brazzaville, ROC and Kinshasa, DRC are indicated.]] '''Pool Malebo''' (before e be called '''Stanley Pool'''), wey dem also sabi am for history as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda, Lake Nkuna, Lake Ntamo, or Lake Ngobila,William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4{{Cite web |last=Okeseleke |first=Raymond |date=23 August 2022 |title=Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville |trans-title=Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville |url=[https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/](https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Heshima Magazine |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Cite web |last=Malu-Malu |first=Muriel Devey |date=21 July 2024 |title=Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d’une grande zone commerciale |trans-title=From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area |url=[https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/](https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Makanisi |language=fr-FR}} na wide, lake-like widening of the [[Congo River#Basin and course|lower Congo River]] for [[Central Africa]] wey dey form natural [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] wey the river expand inside before e go continue flow go down reach [[Livingstone Falls]].[[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool) "Malebo Pool"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Accessed June 2011. This pool dey serve as international boundary between the [[Republic of the Congo]] for north and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] for south, with the capital cities [[Brazzaville]] and [[Kinshasa]] dey face each other direct for northern and southern shores. The size of am na around 500 square kilometers, and e dey measure about 35 kilometers long by 23 kilometers wide. Pool Malebo get shallow water, normally between 3 to 10 meters depth, but when [[Flood|flood]] season come, e fit change [[Water level|water levels]] plenty. The word ''Malebo'' na plural of ''lilebo'' for [[Lingala]], e mean the ''[[Borassus]]'' palm wey dey grow plenty for the shores of the pool, islands, and surrounding [[Alluvial plain|alluvial plains]]. The word ''pool'' na English word wey mean basin or lake-like water body. Dem rename am Stanley Pool for 1887 to honor explorer [[Henry Morton Stanley]], wey map the area during him expedition. Later, for January 1972, dem officially change am go current African name as part of post-independence policy of [[Authenticité (Zaire)|Africanization]] of place names. Before Europeans come, Pool Malebo be important place for culture, trade, and politics for indigenous [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups for central [[Congo Basin]]. == Geography == === Description and toponymy === Pool Malebo na area where Congo River wide spread turn like lake. The English word ''pool'' dey mean [[body of water]] like [[lake]] or [[pond]]. [[Kinshasa]] dey for southern side of the basin, while [[Brazzaville]] dey for northern side. Before colonial naming, local people get different names for this place like N'Tamo (or Ntamo), Nkouna (Nkuna or Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu, or Ngobila. ==== Ntamo and Nkouna ==== The names ''N'Tamo'' (or ''Ntamo'') and ''Nkouna'' (''Nkuna'' or ''Nkunda'') dey appear for several accounts of European explorers, especially [[Henry Morton Stanley]], plus later historical research. According to Congolese historian Jérôme Olland, for ''L'Histoire du Congo-Brazzaville'', Stanley use the word ''Ntamo'' to describe Stanley Pool for him book ''In Darkest Africa''. For ''Congo français du Gabon à Brazzaville'', published 1889, French explorer Léon Guiral (Léon Pierre Louis Guiral) talk say [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] meet interpreter Ashimbo Taba for Nkouna.{{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Léon |url=[http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir](http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir) |title=Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville |date=1889 |publisher=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |location=Paris, France |pages=106 |language=fr |trans-title=French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville}} But Father Albert Le Gallois, missionary of [[Holy Spirit]], talk for him ''Contribution à la cartographie du Congo français'' say even though early explorers dey call big island of [[Mbamu|Bamu]] Nkouna, he never hear this name among the [[Teke people|Téké people]] for right bank.{{Cite journal |last=Le Gallois |first=Albert |date=1912 |title=Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français |trans-title=Contribution to the cartography of French Congo |url=[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291](https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291) |journal=[[Annales de géographie]] |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |volume=21 |issue=115 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.3406/geo.1912.7291}} ==== Pumbo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu ==== The name ''Pumbo'' (Pombo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu) also dey appear for explorers records and history books to describe Pool area. For ''[[Description of Africa (Dapper book)|Description of Africa]]'', Dutch scholar [[Olfert Dapper]] describe Pombo as province under authority of Macoco (Makoko), wey be ruler of Téké people.{{Cite book |last=Dapper |first=Olfert |url=[http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999](http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999) |title=Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen |date=1668 |publisher=[[Jacob van Meurs]] |others=[[Getty Research Institute]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=533 |trans-title=An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions}} Belgian historian [[Jan Vansina]] explain am say e dey refer to northern shore of Stanley Pool, wey be political center of [[Tio Kingdom|Téké kingdom]]. Abraham Ndinga Mbo, historian from Republic of the Congo, use name ''Pumbo'' describe Pool during precolonial time, while other scholars connect am to territory of [[Mfinu language|Bahumbu]]. The word ''Pumbo'' also fit mean "large market". For ''Portrait of Kinshasa'', Professor Pascal Kapagama of the [[University of Kinshasa]] talk say for 16th century, big market wey dem call Mpumbu dey exist for this place, including old villages like Insasa. The name Insasa come from ''insa'', meaning market, or ''insa-insa'', meaning small market, then dem add locative prefix ''ki'' form Kinshasa.{{Cite web |last=Kapagama |first=Pascal |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Rachel |date=July 2009 |title=Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge |url=[https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf](https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics|Crisis States Research Centre]] |pages=2 |language=fr |publication-place=London, England |issn=1749-1797}} Congolese researchers Pamphile Mabiala Mantuba-Ngoma and Mathieu Zana Aziza Etambala also talk say "market" na meaning of ''Mpumbu''. For their article ''La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut,'' dem write say: "The zone where the river widened and passed through Mpumbu was the principal [[slave market]] of [[Central Africa]]. This market, located at the terminus of the navigable stretch of the Congo River, encompassed the former villages of what is now Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool). These villages received all products coming from the upper reaches of the river, from the [[Kasai River|Kasai]] Basin and the [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe]] region. It was here that merchants from the south came to obtain goods for resale to Europeans along the Atlantic coast. This commercial zone was called the Congo River zone".{{Cite web |last=Mantuba-Ngoma |first=Pamphile Mabiala |last2=Etambala |first2=Mathieu Zana Aziza |date=2017 |title=La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut |trans-title=Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut |url=[https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Api.pageplace.de |publisher=[[L'Harmattan|Éditions L'Harmattan]] |pages=14–15 |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=978-2-343-11120-9}} 7w3qqv9jsr56nbl87d2ee316hkqvezi 106076 106075 2026-06-30T22:18:39Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Widening of the Congo River; part of the border between the R Congo and the DR Congo}} [[File:Kinshasa & Brazzaville - ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Pool Malebo; the capital cities of Brazzaville, ROC and Kinshasa, DRC are indicated.]] '''Pool Malebo''' (before e be called '''Stanley Pool'''), wey dem also sabi am for history as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda, Lake Nkuna, Lake Ntamo, or Lake Ngobila,William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4{{Cite web |last=Okeseleke |first=Raymond |date=23 August 2022 |title=Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville |trans-title=Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville |url=[https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/](https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Heshima Magazine |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Cite web |last=Malu-Malu |first=Muriel Devey |date=21 July 2024 |title=Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d’une grande zone commerciale |trans-title=From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area |url=[https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/](https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Makanisi |language=fr-FR}} na wide, lake-like widening of the [[Congo River#Basin and course|lower Congo River]] for [[Central Africa]] wey dey form natural [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] wey the river expand inside before e go continue flow go down reach [[Livingstone Falls]].[[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool) "Malebo Pool"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Accessed June 2011. This pool dey serve as international boundary between the [[Republic of the Congo]] for north and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] for south, with the capital cities [[Brazzaville]] and [[Kinshasa]] dey face each other direct for northern and southern shores. The size of am na around 500 square kilometers, and e dey measure about 35 kilometers long by 23 kilometers wide. Pool Malebo get shallow water, normally between 3 to 10 meters depth, but when [[Flood|flood]] season come, e fit change [[Water level|water levels]] plenty. The word ''Malebo'' na plural of ''lilebo'' for [[Lingala]], e mean the ''[[Borassus]]'' palm wey dey grow plenty for the shores of the pool, islands, and surrounding [[Alluvial plain|alluvial plains]]. The word ''pool'' na English word wey mean basin or lake-like water body. Dem rename am Stanley Pool for 1887 to honor explorer [[Henry Morton Stanley]], wey map the area during him expedition. Later, for January 1972, dem officially change am go current African name as part of post-independence policy of [[Authenticité (Zaire)|Africanization]] of place names. Before Europeans come, Pool Malebo be important place for culture, trade, and politics for indigenous [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups for central [[Congo Basin]]. == Geography == === Description and toponymy === Pool Malebo na area where Congo River wide spread turn like lake. The English word ''pool'' dey mean [[body of water]] like [[lake]] or [[pond]]. [[Kinshasa]] dey for southern side of the basin, while [[Brazzaville]] dey for northern side. Before colonial naming, local people get different names for this place like N'Tamo (or Ntamo), Nkouna (Nkuna or Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu, or Ngobila. ==== Ntamo and Nkouna ==== The names ''N'Tamo'' (or ''Ntamo'') and ''Nkouna'' (''Nkuna'' or ''Nkunda'') dey appear for several accounts of European explorers, especially [[Henry Morton Stanley]], plus later historical research. According to Congolese historian Jérôme Olland, for ''L'Histoire du Congo-Brazzaville'', Stanley use the word ''Ntamo'' to describe Stanley Pool for him book ''In Darkest Africa''. For ''Congo français du Gabon à Brazzaville'', published 1889, French explorer Léon Guiral (Léon Pierre Louis Guiral) talk say [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] meet interpreter Ashimbo Taba for Nkouna.{{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Léon |url=[http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir](http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir) |title=Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville |date=1889 |publisher=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |location=Paris, France |pages=106 |language=fr |trans-title=French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville}} But Father Albert Le Gallois, missionary of [[Holy Spirit]], talk for him ''Contribution à la cartographie du Congo français'' say even though early explorers dey call big island of [[Mbamu|Bamu]] Nkouna, he never hear this name among the [[Teke people|Téké people]] for right bank.{{Cite journal |last=Le Gallois |first=Albert |date=1912 |title=Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français |trans-title=Contribution to the cartography of French Congo |url=[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291](https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291) |journal=[[Annales de géographie]] |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |volume=21 |issue=115 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.3406/geo.1912.7291}} ==== Pumbo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu ==== The name ''Pumbo'' (Pombo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu) also dey appear for explorers records and history books to describe Pool area. For ''[[Description of Africa (Dapper book)|Description of Africa]]'', Dutch scholar [[Olfert Dapper]] describe Pombo as province under authority of Macoco (Makoko), wey be ruler of Téké people.{{Cite book |last=Dapper |first=Olfert |url=[http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999](http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999) |title=Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen |date=1668 |publisher=[[Jacob van Meurs]] |others=[[Getty Research Institute]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=533 |trans-title=An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions}} Belgian historian [[Jan Vansina]] explain am say e dey refer to northern shore of Stanley Pool, wey be political center of [[Tio Kingdom|Téké kingdom]]. Abraham Ndinga Mbo, historian from Republic of the Congo, use name ''Pumbo'' describe Pool during precolonial time, while other scholars connect am to territory of [[Mfinu language|Bahumbu]]. The word ''Pumbo'' also fit mean "large market". For ''Portrait of Kinshasa'', Professor Pascal Kapagama of the [[University of Kinshasa]] talk say for 16th century, big market wey dem call Mpumbu dey exist for this place, including old villages like Insasa. The name Insasa come from ''insa'', meaning market, or ''insa-insa'', meaning small market, then dem add locative prefix ''ki'' form Kinshasa.{{Cite web |last=Kapagama |first=Pascal |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Rachel |date=July 2009 |title=Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge |url=[https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf](https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics|Crisis States Research Centre]] |pages=2 |language=fr |publication-place=London, England |issn=1749-1797}} Congolese researchers Pamphile Mabiala Mantuba-Ngoma and Mathieu Zana Aziza Etambala also talk say "market" na meaning of ''Mpumbu''. For their article ''La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut,'' dem write say: "The zone where the river widened and passed through Mpumbu was the principal [[slave market]] of [[Central Africa]]. This market, located at the terminus of the navigable stretch of the Congo River, encompassed the former villages of what is now Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool). These villages received all products coming from the upper reaches of the river, from the [[Kasai River|Kasai]] Basin and the [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe]] region. It was here that merchants from the south came to obtain goods for resale to Europeans along the Atlantic coast. This commercial zone was called the Congo River zone".{{Cite web |last=Mantuba-Ngoma |first=Pamphile Mabiala |last2=Etambala |first2=Mathieu Zana Aziza |date=2017 |title=La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut |trans-title=Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut |url=[https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Api.pageplace.de |publisher=[[L'Harmattan|Éditions L'Harmattan]] |pages=14–15 |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=978-2-343-11120-9}} ==== Stanley Pool and Pool Malebo ==== For 1887, dem rename am Stanley Pool to honor Stanley, di first European explorer wey "discover" am and record im surface area as 400 km².<ref name=":0" /> Na Frank Pocock, wey be Stanley im companion, be di person wey, while e dey work under [[Leopold II of Belgium]], suggest di name as dem enter dis big basin on 12 March 1877, as Stanley talk am for im book ''Through the Dark Continent''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Henry Morton |url=http://archive.org/details/throughdarkconti1878stan2 |title=Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean |date=1878 |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |others=[[Harold B. Lee Library]]}}</ref> After [[Congolese Independence Speech|national independence]] of [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Léopoldville]], dem change di name for January 1972 give am Pool Malebo. Di word ''Malebo'', wey be plural of ''lilebo'' for [[Lingala]], dey refer to di palm trees (''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'' Mart., syn. ''[[Borassus flabellifer]]''), wey plenty for di edges of di pool, islands, and di surrounding [[Alluvial plain|alluvial plains]] of Kinshasa. So, Pool Malebo name be botanical name wey mean literally "Lake of ''Borassus''".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mukendi |first=Michael Tshibangu |last2=Mbale |first2=Henri Kunzi |last3=Ntumba |first3=Jean-Métis |last4=Luyeye |first4=Félicien Lukoki |date=2020 |title=Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands) |url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume20/5-Floristic-Inventory-of-Invasive.pdf |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=Globaljournals.org |publisher=Global Journals |page=31–44 |publication-place=Framingham, Massachusetts, United States |issn=2249-4626}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Terrain and navigation === Pool Malebo get length of about {{convert|35|km}} and width of {{convert|23|km}}, e cover area of about {{convert|500|km2|abbr=on}}, and e get plenty islands inside. Di biggest one na [[Mbamu|M'Bamou Island]], wey dey di center and im size be about {{convert|180|km2|abbr=on}} and e dey part of di [[Republic of the Congo]]. Di pool no too deep, with depth wey dey between 3 and 10 meters, but during [[Flood|flood]] season, [[Water level|water level]] fit rise or drop reach 3 meters every year. Di average height of di area dey around {{convert|272|m}} [[Height above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="britannica" /><ref name=":3" /> For di southern side of di pool, Brazzaville and Kinshasa dey face each other for opposite banks, making dem di closest pair of capital cities for di world (except Rome and Vatican City wey dey inside each other).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buron |first=Thierry |date=22 November 2020 |title=Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées |url=https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215134251/https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=6 November 2017 |title=The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-worlds-closest-capitals-are-just-2-miles-apart |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Condé Nast Traveler]] |language=en-US |publication-place=New York, New York, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordine |first=Michael |date=18 July 2024 |title=These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities |url=https://dailypassport.com/closest-capital-cities/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Daily Passport |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maluku, Kinshasa|Maluku]] dey di upstream entrance to di basin, and from there Pool Malebo start di navigable Congo River go reach [[Mbandaka]], [[Makanza]], [[Bangui]], and even reach [[Kisangani]]. But downstream from [[Ngaliema Bay]], di river dey fall enter strong water steps wey dem dey call [[rapids]] known as di [[Livingstone Falls]], and e dey drop about 300 meters go reach di port of [[Matadi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,255}} ==History== === Early history === {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg | caption1 = Aerial view from northwest side of di [[Congo River]], showing di upstream half of Pool Malebo and [[Mbamu|Mbamu Island]]. Di northern outskirts of [[Brazzaville]] dey show for right front. | caption_align = center | align = left }} European contact with di [[Congo River]] area start for 1483, when Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reach di river mouth and start relation between di [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and di [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. Dis event end di relative isolation of [[Central Africa]] from outside world networks and start written records about di region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayimpam |first=Sylvie |date=2006 |title=Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930) |trans-title=Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930) |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00723326v1/document |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Hal.science |publisher=Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf) |pages=4–23 |language=fr}}</ref> But archaeological and linguistic research, especially for [[Bantu languages]], show say human settlement for [[Congo Basin]] dey exist long before Europeans come, with evidence of [[Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|farming]] and [[Iron metallurgy in Africa|iron]] and [[Copper metallurgy in Africa|copper work]] going back "about two thousand years". From sixteenth century go forward, di area enter Atlantic trade system, especially through [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name=":0" /> Major trade route develop along di Congo River from Atlantic coast reach middle basin. Pool Malebo become very important [[transshipment]] point inside dis system, divide di trade into two zones. Di western zone, from coast reach di pool, depend mostly on land routes and act as corridor for goods movement, with important centers like Tungwa, [[Tshela]], [[M'banza-Kongo|São Salvador]], [[Kimongo District|Kimongo]], and Ludima linked by road networks. Di eastern zone, from Pool Malebo reach [[Ubangi-Uélé District|Ubangi–Uélé]] meeting point, mainly be production area, supplying items like [[pottery]], [[salt]], sugarcane alcohol, [[ivory]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]], and [[copal]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 190 | image1 = Bateke, Congo, c. 1900.jpg | caption1 = [[Teke people|Bateke]] couple, [[Congo Free State]], 1898. | image2 = | caption2 = | caption_align = center | align = right }} Di area around Pool Malebo belong to di [[Tio Kingdom]], whose people dem mostly know as [[Teke people|Batéké]]. [[Jan Vansina]], wey write full study about dis kingdom, explain say ''Batéké'' likely be [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word wey dem use for groups inside Tio Kingdom or to describe their traits.<ref name=":0" /> For whole Kongo region, Batéké plateau, and central Congo valley, di name ''Téké'' dey linked to selling. For Kikongo, ''téké'' mean "to sell", because Tio people get strong trading lifestyle and neighbors see dem as traders. Vansina note say Tio be among di Central African groups wey Europeans and Americans know well because dem dey around Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Plenty enslaved people wey dem export go Americas, plus ivory from Congo Basin, pass through markets for dis area. Tio Kingdom likely start when small communities join together under one leader, di Makoko (king). According to [[Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem]], one of those communities include old ruins of kingdom called N'guunu, wey dey Pool Malebo. Dis unification happen around sixteenth century. Over time, Tio build strong trade link with neighbors like Kingdom of Kongo and [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], make goods move from Atlantic coast reach interior. Pool Malebo become main storage point and central junction for dis trade route.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Makoko-iloo.jpg | caption1 = Iloo I (also known as Illoy Loubath Imoumba or Mboulignaoh Illoh), chief of di Bateke of [[Mbé]] and king of di Bateke from 1874, get title Makoko, Onkô, or Ma-Onkô, wey dem dey use for traditional ruler. E die for 1892. | caption_align = center }} For di southern bank of di pool, di [[Mfinu language|Mfumu]] and Humbu (Bahumbu) people dey live there. Dem relate to Batéké culturally and linguistically but still be different groups. Vansina explain say Bahumbu control di southern part of di Pool. Most of their villages dey inside land behind hills, and their capital dey at [[Lemba, Kinshasa|Lemba]].<ref name=":0" /> Di leader of Lemba, wey dey Mbanza-Lemba, be main authority for di southern shore of di Pool. For many centuries, Europeans no fit enter Pool Malebo area. Compared to [[West Africa]], Congo Basin colonization happen late. Geography block dem small, but strong resistance from Bakongo and Batéké traders stop Europeans and missionaries from coming near di Pool. François Bontinck record how Italian missionaries for seventeenth century struggle enter Makoko Kingdom through Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name=":0" /> Their first try fail, one missionary dem beat am and threaten to kill am. Dem reach di Pool second time, but dem still no allow dem cross river to meet Makoko. Other missionaries face same resistance. After many failed attempts, dem try Ngobila canal route, but warriors loyal to di king attack dem. Dem burn their village, and king later rebuild am far away. Di attackers want keep missionaries out because dem fear say [[baptism]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] influence go spoil trade interest.<ref name=":0" /> Tio people stay far from Kongo Kingdom because dem fear say missionaries wey follow Portuguese trade routes go expose their trade advantages like transit fees and market control. In the end, missionaries return to Kongo without meeting Makoko. Di Makoko Kingdom still remain attractive to missionaries, but strong resistance from traders block their plans.<ref name=":0" /> ktgdqck944bdh8ngfxxpi2tenv95kmc 106077 106076 2026-06-30T22:23:01Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Widening of the Congo River; part of the border between the R Congo and the DR Congo}} [[File:Kinshasa & Brazzaville - ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Pool Malebo; the capital cities of Brazzaville, ROC and Kinshasa, DRC are indicated.]] '''Pool Malebo''' (before e be called '''Stanley Pool'''), wey dem also sabi am for history as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda, Lake Nkuna, Lake Ntamo, or Lake Ngobila,William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4{{Cite web |last=Okeseleke |first=Raymond |date=23 August 2022 |title=Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville |trans-title=Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville |url=[https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/](https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Heshima Magazine |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Cite web |last=Malu-Malu |first=Muriel Devey |date=21 July 2024 |title=Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d’une grande zone commerciale |trans-title=From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area |url=[https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/](https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Makanisi |language=fr-FR}} na wide, lake-like widening of the [[Congo River#Basin and course|lower Congo River]] for [[Central Africa]] wey dey form natural [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] wey the river expand inside before e go continue flow go down reach [[Livingstone Falls]].[[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool) "Malebo Pool"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Accessed June 2011. This pool dey serve as international boundary between the [[Republic of the Congo]] for north and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] for south, with the capital cities [[Brazzaville]] and [[Kinshasa]] dey face each other direct for northern and southern shores. The size of am na around 500 square kilometers, and e dey measure about 35 kilometers long by 23 kilometers wide. Pool Malebo get shallow water, normally between 3 to 10 meters depth, but when [[Flood|flood]] season come, e fit change [[Water level|water levels]] plenty. The word ''Malebo'' na plural of ''lilebo'' for [[Lingala]], e mean the ''[[Borassus]]'' palm wey dey grow plenty for the shores of the pool, islands, and surrounding [[Alluvial plain|alluvial plains]]. The word ''pool'' na English word wey mean basin or lake-like water body. Dem rename am Stanley Pool for 1887 to honor explorer [[Henry Morton Stanley]], wey map the area during him expedition. Later, for January 1972, dem officially change am go current African name as part of post-independence policy of [[Authenticité (Zaire)|Africanization]] of place names. Before Europeans come, Pool Malebo be important place for culture, trade, and politics for indigenous [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups for central [[Congo Basin]]. == Geography == === Description and toponymy === Pool Malebo na area where Congo River wide spread turn like lake. The English word ''pool'' dey mean [[body of water]] like [[lake]] or [[pond]]. [[Kinshasa]] dey for southern side of the basin, while [[Brazzaville]] dey for northern side. Before colonial naming, local people get different names for this place like N'Tamo (or Ntamo), Nkouna (Nkuna or Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu, or Ngobila. ==== Ntamo and Nkouna ==== The names ''N'Tamo'' (or ''Ntamo'') and ''Nkouna'' (''Nkuna'' or ''Nkunda'') dey appear for several accounts of European explorers, especially [[Henry Morton Stanley]], plus later historical research. According to Congolese historian Jérôme Olland, for ''L'Histoire du Congo-Brazzaville'', Stanley use the word ''Ntamo'' to describe Stanley Pool for him book ''In Darkest Africa''. For ''Congo français du Gabon à Brazzaville'', published 1889, French explorer Léon Guiral (Léon Pierre Louis Guiral) talk say [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] meet interpreter Ashimbo Taba for Nkouna.{{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Léon |url=[http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir](http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir) |title=Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville |date=1889 |publisher=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |location=Paris, France |pages=106 |language=fr |trans-title=French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville}} But Father Albert Le Gallois, missionary of [[Holy Spirit]], talk for him ''Contribution à la cartographie du Congo français'' say even though early explorers dey call big island of [[Mbamu|Bamu]] Nkouna, he never hear this name among the [[Teke people|Téké people]] for right bank.{{Cite journal |last=Le Gallois |first=Albert |date=1912 |title=Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français |trans-title=Contribution to the cartography of French Congo |url=[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291](https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291) |journal=[[Annales de géographie]] |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |volume=21 |issue=115 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.3406/geo.1912.7291}} ==== Pumbo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu ==== The name ''Pumbo'' (Pombo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu) also dey appear for explorers records and history books to describe Pool area. For ''[[Description of Africa (Dapper book)|Description of Africa]]'', Dutch scholar [[Olfert Dapper]] describe Pombo as province under authority of Macoco (Makoko), wey be ruler of Téké people.{{Cite book |last=Dapper |first=Olfert |url=[http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999](http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999) |title=Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen |date=1668 |publisher=[[Jacob van Meurs]] |others=[[Getty Research Institute]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=533 |trans-title=An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions}} Belgian historian [[Jan Vansina]] explain am say e dey refer to northern shore of Stanley Pool, wey be political center of [[Tio Kingdom|Téké kingdom]]. Abraham Ndinga Mbo, historian from Republic of the Congo, use name ''Pumbo'' describe Pool during precolonial time, while other scholars connect am to territory of [[Mfinu language|Bahumbu]]. The word ''Pumbo'' also fit mean "large market". For ''Portrait of Kinshasa'', Professor Pascal Kapagama of the [[University of Kinshasa]] talk say for 16th century, big market wey dem call Mpumbu dey exist for this place, including old villages like Insasa. The name Insasa come from ''insa'', meaning market, or ''insa-insa'', meaning small market, then dem add locative prefix ''ki'' form Kinshasa.{{Cite web |last=Kapagama |first=Pascal |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Rachel |date=July 2009 |title=Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge |url=[https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf](https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics|Crisis States Research Centre]] |pages=2 |language=fr |publication-place=London, England |issn=1749-1797}} Congolese researchers Pamphile Mabiala Mantuba-Ngoma and Mathieu Zana Aziza Etambala also talk say "market" na meaning of ''Mpumbu''. For their article ''La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut,'' dem write say: "The zone where the river widened and passed through Mpumbu was the principal [[slave market]] of [[Central Africa]]. This market, located at the terminus of the navigable stretch of the Congo River, encompassed the former villages of what is now Pool Malebo (formerly Stanley Pool). These villages received all products coming from the upper reaches of the river, from the [[Kasai River|Kasai]] Basin and the [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe]] region. It was here that merchants from the south came to obtain goods for resale to Europeans along the Atlantic coast. This commercial zone was called the Congo River zone".{{Cite web |last=Mantuba-Ngoma |first=Pamphile Mabiala |last2=Etambala |first2=Mathieu Zana Aziza |date=2017 |title=La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut |trans-title=Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut |url=[https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D](https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D) |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Api.pageplace.de |publisher=[[L'Harmattan|Éditions L'Harmattan]] |pages=14–15 |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=978-2-343-11120-9}} ==== Stanley Pool and Pool Malebo ==== For 1887, dem rename am Stanley Pool to honor Stanley, di first European explorer wey "discover" am and record im surface area as 400 km².<ref name=":0" /> Na Frank Pocock, wey be Stanley im companion, be di person wey, while e dey work under [[Leopold II of Belgium]], suggest di name as dem enter dis big basin on 12 March 1877, as Stanley talk am for im book ''Through the Dark Continent''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Henry Morton |url=http://archive.org/details/throughdarkconti1878stan2 |title=Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean |date=1878 |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |others=[[Harold B. Lee Library]]}}</ref> After [[Congolese Independence Speech|national independence]] of [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Léopoldville]], dem change di name for January 1972 give am Pool Malebo. Di word ''Malebo'', wey be plural of ''lilebo'' for [[Lingala]], dey refer to di palm trees (''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'' Mart., syn. ''[[Borassus flabellifer]]''), wey plenty for di edges of di pool, islands, and di surrounding [[Alluvial plain|alluvial plains]] of Kinshasa. So, Pool Malebo name be botanical name wey mean literally "Lake of ''Borassus''".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mukendi |first=Michael Tshibangu |last2=Mbale |first2=Henri Kunzi |last3=Ntumba |first3=Jean-Métis |last4=Luyeye |first4=Félicien Lukoki |date=2020 |title=Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands) |url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume20/5-Floristic-Inventory-of-Invasive.pdf |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=Globaljournals.org |publisher=Global Journals |page=31–44 |publication-place=Framingham, Massachusetts, United States |issn=2249-4626}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Terrain and navigation === Pool Malebo get length of about {{convert|35|km}} and width of {{convert|23|km}}, e cover area of about {{convert|500|km2|abbr=on}}, and e get plenty islands inside. Di biggest one na [[Mbamu|M'Bamou Island]], wey dey di center and im size be about {{convert|180|km2|abbr=on}} and e dey part of di [[Republic of the Congo]]. Di pool no too deep, with depth wey dey between 3 and 10 meters, but during [[Flood|flood]] season, [[Water level|water level]] fit rise or drop reach 3 meters every year. Di average height of di area dey around {{convert|272|m}} [[Height above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="britannica" /><ref name=":3" /> For di southern side of di pool, Brazzaville and Kinshasa dey face each other for opposite banks, making dem di closest pair of capital cities for di world (except Rome and Vatican City wey dey inside each other).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buron |first=Thierry |date=22 November 2020 |title=Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées |url=https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215134251/https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=6 November 2017 |title=The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-worlds-closest-capitals-are-just-2-miles-apart |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Condé Nast Traveler]] |language=en-US |publication-place=New York, New York, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordine |first=Michael |date=18 July 2024 |title=These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities |url=https://dailypassport.com/closest-capital-cities/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Daily Passport |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maluku, Kinshasa|Maluku]] dey di upstream entrance to di basin, and from there Pool Malebo start di navigable Congo River go reach [[Mbandaka]], [[Makanza]], [[Bangui]], and even reach [[Kisangani]]. But downstream from [[Ngaliema Bay]], di river dey fall enter strong water steps wey dem dey call [[rapids]] known as di [[Livingstone Falls]], and e dey drop about 300 meters go reach di port of [[Matadi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,255}} ==History== === Early history === {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg | caption1 = Aerial view from northwest side of di [[Congo River]], showing di upstream half of Pool Malebo and [[Mbamu|Mbamu Island]]. Di northern outskirts of [[Brazzaville]] dey show for right front. | caption_align = center | align = left }} European contact with di [[Congo River]] area start for 1483, when Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reach di river mouth and start relation between di [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and di [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. Dis event end di relative isolation of [[Central Africa]] from outside world networks and start written records about di region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayimpam |first=Sylvie |date=2006 |title=Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930) |trans-title=Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930) |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00723326v1/document |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Hal.science |publisher=Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf) |pages=4–23 |language=fr}}</ref> But archaeological and linguistic research, especially for [[Bantu languages]], show say human settlement for [[Congo Basin]] dey exist long before Europeans come, with evidence of [[Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|farming]] and [[Iron metallurgy in Africa|iron]] and [[Copper metallurgy in Africa|copper work]] going back "about two thousand years". From sixteenth century go forward, di area enter Atlantic trade system, especially through [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name=":0" /> Major trade route develop along di Congo River from Atlantic coast reach middle basin. Pool Malebo become very important [[transshipment]] point inside dis system, divide di trade into two zones. Di western zone, from coast reach di pool, depend mostly on land routes and act as corridor for goods movement, with important centers like Tungwa, [[Tshela]], [[M'banza-Kongo|São Salvador]], [[Kimongo District|Kimongo]], and Ludima linked by road networks. Di eastern zone, from Pool Malebo reach [[Ubangi-Uélé District|Ubangi–Uélé]] meeting point, mainly be production area, supplying items like [[pottery]], [[salt]], sugarcane alcohol, [[ivory]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]], and [[copal]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 190 | image1 = Bateke, Congo, c. 1900.jpg | caption1 = [[Teke people|Bateke]] couple, [[Congo Free State]], 1898. | image2 = | caption2 = | caption_align = center | align = right }} Di area around Pool Malebo belong to di [[Tio Kingdom]], whose people dem mostly know as [[Teke people|Batéké]]. [[Jan Vansina]], wey write full study about dis kingdom, explain say ''Batéké'' likely be [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word wey dem use for groups inside Tio Kingdom or to describe their traits.<ref name=":0" /> For whole Kongo region, Batéké plateau, and central Congo valley, di name ''Téké'' dey linked to selling. For Kikongo, ''téké'' mean "to sell", because Tio people get strong trading lifestyle and neighbors see dem as traders. Vansina note say Tio be among di Central African groups wey Europeans and Americans know well because dem dey around Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Plenty enslaved people wey dem export go Americas, plus ivory from Congo Basin, pass through markets for dis area. Tio Kingdom likely start when small communities join together under one leader, di Makoko (king). According to [[Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem]], one of those communities include old ruins of kingdom called N'guunu, wey dey Pool Malebo. Dis unification happen around sixteenth century. Over time, Tio build strong trade link with neighbors like Kingdom of Kongo and [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], make goods move from Atlantic coast reach interior. Pool Malebo become main storage point and central junction for dis trade route.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Makoko-iloo.jpg | caption1 = Iloo I (also known as Illoy Loubath Imoumba or Mboulignaoh Illoh), chief of di Bateke of [[Mbé]] and king of di Bateke from 1874, get title Makoko, Onkô, or Ma-Onkô, wey dem dey use for traditional ruler. E die for 1892. | caption_align = center }} For di southern bank of di pool, di [[Mfinu language|Mfumu]] and Humbu (Bahumbu) people dey live there. Dem relate to Batéké culturally and linguistically but still be different groups. Vansina explain say Bahumbu control di southern part of di Pool. Most of their villages dey inside land behind hills, and their capital dey at [[Lemba, Kinshasa|Lemba]].<ref name=":0" /> Di leader of Lemba, wey dey Mbanza-Lemba, be main authority for di southern shore of di Pool. For many centuries, Europeans no fit enter Pool Malebo area. Compared to [[West Africa]], Congo Basin colonization happen late. Geography block dem small, but strong resistance from Bakongo and Batéké traders stop Europeans and missionaries from coming near di Pool. François Bontinck record how Italian missionaries for seventeenth century struggle enter Makoko Kingdom through Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name=":0" /> Their first try fail, one missionary dem beat am and threaten to kill am. Dem reach di Pool second time, but dem still no allow dem cross river to meet Makoko. Other missionaries face same resistance. After many failed attempts, dem try Ngobila canal route, but warriors loyal to di king attack dem. Dem burn their village, and king later rebuild am far away. Di attackers want keep missionaries out because dem fear say [[baptism]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] influence go spoil trade interest.<ref name=":0" /> Tio people stay far from Kongo Kingdom because dem fear say missionaries wey follow Portuguese trade routes go expose their trade advantages like transit fees and market control. In the end, missionaries return to Kongo without meeting Makoko. Di Makoko Kingdom still remain attractive to missionaries, but strong resistance from traders block their plans.<ref name=":0" /> === River trade and socioeconomic transformation === {{Multiple image | total_width = 250 | image1 = Diapositief glaspositief toverlantaarnplaat – reeks 010.789 – Congo VI. Bevolking (2e verz.) – nr. 29 – Mfinu-mannen, omgeving Kinshasa, asset TwdYoXOYkiH4hcqYV663dQZ5.tif | caption1 = Mfumu men in Kinshasa Léopoldville | caption_align = center | align = left }} For di 19th century, river trade wey dey long distance really grow well well, even though dem don ban slave trade already. From Pool Malebo, caravans of porters dey carry goods go trading stations near mouth of Congo River for Lower Congo. Congolese guides wey dey cross di area dey lead plenty caravans wey dey move enslaved people join things like chili peppers, palm kernels, peanuts, sesame, ivory, and later rubber. For some days, communities for Lower Congo dey supply di stations, where Europeans dey bake bread for big ovens, and people dey easily get European goods like gin, firearms, gunpowder, and cloth.<ref name=":0" /> By dis time, Bobangi don join Batéké for trade around Pool Malebo. Dem come from Ubangi River area, move enter middle Congo, then reach Pool between late 18th and early 19th century. Dem no be invaders; dem just follow trade opportunities. Dem dey call themselves "river people", and dem boost trade well well. One Bobangi trader fit offload at least 1 ton goods every year, totaling around 40 tons yearly. Dem trade mainly ivory and enslaved people wey dey go coastal posts, exchange for European goods like guns and textiles.<ref name=":0" /> Slave export continue till around 1850–1860, then new goods like tobacco take over. For 1870s, Bobangi deliver about 5,000 to 6,000 elephant tusks go Pool Malebo. Dem become expert for navigation of Congo River and tributaries like Alima, Likouala, and Ikelemba. Dem caravans dey move with 10 to 60 pirogues loaded with goods.<ref name=":0" /> Lingala language, wey come from river trade lingua franca, spread as main trade language for di region. Bobangi first participate, then later dominate trade network until Léopoldville post and steam navigation introduced by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881, which disrupt but no totally end their system.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = DUPONT(1889) pg751 Panorama du Stanley Pool.jpg | caption1 = Eastward view across Stanley Pool from Léopoldville terrace, ca. 1889. | caption_align = center | align = right }} As 19th century dey end, Congo River trade system collapse. Dis happen because French and Belgian authorities divide river zones, new trading posts appear, steam transport start, and railway construction begin. The trade once connect Africa, Europe, and Americas into world economy since 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> But control of trade dey with small elite around Pool Malebo, wey get right to sell ivory and enslaved people. Chiefs become rich with captives, weapons, and imported goods. Inland chiefs get less power because dem only participate indirectly.<ref name=":0" /> Local life still depend on farming and craft work. Agriculture grow. Cassava processing for river market need plenty women labor, while tobacco production need men labor, often enslaved. Some crafts like ironworking decline because imported metal cheap pass local tools. Canoe and paddle production also reduce. But pottery increase well well.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Bateke Village, Kinshasa - Starr, Frederick, Congo natives - an ethnographic album (1912).png | caption1 = View of Kinshasa village in 1912 | caption_align = center | align = left }} South side of Pool Malebo get many villages. Some dey riverbank, others inland. Major ones include Ntassa (Kinshasa) and Ntamo (Kintambo), wey be main market centers.<ref name=":0" /> Villages like Kinshasa, Kintambo, and Lemba exist there. Others like Nolo, Kingabwa, Mokilao, Kinsuka dey along river with Batéké people. Inland villages belong to Bahumbu, with Mbanza-Lemba as major hub.<ref name=":0" /> Jan Vansina talk say riverside villages be like commercial towns. Dem mix Tio and Bobangi population, with few free men controlling many enslaved people. Some villages get 500–1,000 people.<ref name=":0" /> Women for riverside villages dey do pottery and make cassava bread (chikwangue). Dem also sell goods in market. Even though work plenty, dem still get more free time than inland women.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = 108 Matadi. - Le marche.jpg | caption1 = Market in Matadi, circa 1899 | image2 = Au Congo Belge-Matadi-Au Marché.jpg | caption2 = Market scene in Matadi, circa 1905 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical }} Bahumbu people focus on farming. Dem grow banana, sugarcane, pineapple, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, beans. Dem also fish, hunt, and sell livestock, peanuts, kaolin, tobacco.<ref name=":0" /> Markets dey very important for trade and social life. Market be place for announcements, laws, disputes, and even entertainment. Barter system start am, later dem introduce shells, cloth, necklaces, metal rods, and motako coins.<ref name=":0" /> European goods later become common and even replace some local products. Items include fabrics, blankets, glassware, salt, cutlery, jewelry, bottles, candles, tableware, gin, rum. But pottery still strong.<ref name=":0" /> African societies change socially because of trade. New elites emerge from commerce, while old chiefs lose some power. Gap between rich and poor increase.<ref name=":0" /> === European penetration, founding of Léopoldville, and Kinshasa emergence === {{Multiple image | total_width = 150 | image1 = No-nb bldsa 1c051 Henry Morton Stanley.jpg | align = right | caption1 = Colonial system begin after Henry Morton Stanley expeditions open Congo Basin }} Trade for Pool Malebo still strong, but no yet capitalist system. Wealth dey circulate, but land no dey sell and labor mainly through slavery. Real disruption come later with colonial system after Stanley open Congo Basin to Europe.<ref name=":0" /> Stanley explore from Zanzibar reach Congo River and Boma in 1877. He name Pool Malebo as Stanley Pool. Later, he plan to open region for global trade under support of King Leopold II.<ref name=":0" /> Léopoldville post establish on 1 December 1881 by Stanley on hill Konzo Ikulu (later Mont Léopold / Mont Ngaliema). Trade continue and Batéké act as middlemen.<ref name=":0" /> From 1890–1911, town grow fast. Missions, port, railways, hospitals, schools, military camps develop. African workers organized into camps Kiliamani and Mampeza.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa post grow slowly at first. Dutch and Portuguese traders set posts. Railway connect Kinshasa and Léopoldville.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa later expand with new river port (1910–1912), attracting companies from Europe. By 1914–1915, population reach about 13,000.<ref name=":0" /> In 1920, Léopoldville and Kinshasa merge, later become capital of Belgian Congo in 1923. After independence, name change to Kinshasa in 1966.<ref name=":0" /> === Economy and Léopoldville growth === ==== Port and river trade ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = A visit to Stanley's rear-guard at Major Barttelot's camp on the Aruhwimi with an account of the river-life on the Congo (1889) (14590891168).jpg | caption1 = En Avant steam launch on Congo River 1889 | caption_align = center }} Léopoldville grow because of river transport. Stanley introduce steamboat En Avant in 1881. Dis start modern river fleet system.<ref name=":0" /> By 1894, 43 steamers dey operate. Port traffic increase to over 16,000 tons by 1907.<ref name=":0" /> Colonial companies move inland to collect rubber, ivory, copal. Motako copper rod become currency for trade.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = Railroad workers building the Matadi-Leopoldville railroad.jpg | caption1 = Railway construction Matadi–Léopoldville 1887 | image2 = Locomotive ndolo.jpg | caption2 = First locomotive reach Léopoldville 1898 }} Railway from Matadi to Stanley Pool complete in 1898. This reduce dependence on porter labor and boost economy.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Colonization and power ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Esclave fouetté avec une chicotte, État indépendant du Congo.jpg | caption1 = Forced labor punishment with chicotte ca. 1905 | caption_align = center }} Colonial rule involve forced labor, flogging, displacement, and control from Brussels. Economic system focus on extraction and profit.<ref name=":0" /> European powers compete for Congo resources like uranium, copper, cobalt, diamonds.<ref name=":0" /> Batéké chiefs resist colonial labor and lose villages after conflicts. Some flee to French side of river.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Vauthier Rene Le Congo Belge 87 Indigenes du Stanley Pool.JPG | caption1 = Batéké people at Stanley Pool c.1900 | caption_align = center }} Villages cleared for plantations, military camps, and infrastructure. Traditional systems weaken.<ref name=":0" /> === Ecology === ==== Climate ==== Kinshasa get tropical climate with rainy season (Sept–May) and dry season (June–Aug). Rain peak for Nov, Dec, March.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Flora ==== River banks get palm, papyrus swamp. Water plants like Eichhornia dey float. Some invasive species spread fast and block native plants.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Fish ==== Over 200 fish species dey area, many be catfish and mormyrids.<ref name="ecoregions" /> <gallery widths="180" heights="120"> File:PoolMalebo.jpg|Aerial view of Pool Malebo File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|Stanley route shown in black line </gallery> ==See also== *Pombeiros ==References== {{Commons category|Pool Malebo}} {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} {{Regions of Africa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Lakes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Lakes of the Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Malebo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Natural pools|Malebo]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] qtn2gy8qwy2m0oor3tw8c6enu4crluy 106079 106077 2026-06-30T22:42:56Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Widening of the Congo River; part of the border between the R Congo and the DR Congo}} The '''Pool Malebo''' (wey dem before dey call am '''Stanley Pool'''), also sabi am for history as Mpumbu, Lake Nkunda, Lake Nkuna, Lake Ntamo, or Lake Ngobila,<ref>William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44</ref><ref>Sylvie Ayimpam, ''Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)'', Centre d’Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Okeseleke |first=Raymond |date=23 August 2022 |title=Stanley Pool, site de naissance des villes de Kinshasa et Brazzaville |trans-title=Stanley Pool, the birthplace of the cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville |url=https://heshimardc.net/v1/2022/08/23/stanley-pool-site-de-naissance-des-villes-de-kinshasa-et-brazzaville/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Heshima Magazine |language=fr-FR |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Malu-Malu |first=Muriel Devey |date=21 July 2024 |title=Du Pumbo au Pool Malebo: l'évolution d’une grande zone commerciale |trans-title=From Pumbo to Pool Malebo: the evolution of a major commercial area |url=https://www.makanisi.org/du-pumbo-au-pool-malebo-levolution-dune-grande-zone-commerciale/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Makanisi |language=fr-FR}}</ref> na wide, lake-like widening of the lower Congo River for Central Africa wey dey form natural basin wey river dey expand before e go drop go downstream enter Livingstone Falls.<ref name="britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool "Malebo Pool"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Accessed June 2011.</ref><ref name=":2" /> This pool dey serve as international border between Republic of the Congo for north and Democratic Republic of the Congo for south, with the capital cities Brazzaville and Kinshasa wey dey face each other directly for opposite shores.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> E dey cover around 500 square kilometers, and e get about 35 kilometers length and 23 kilometers width. The water no too deep; normally e dey between 3 to 10 meters, but during rainy season flood fit make water level change well well.<ref name="britannica" /> The name ''Malebo'', wey be plural of ''lilebo'' for Lingala, dey refer to Borassus palm tree wey dey plenty around the shores, islands, and alluvial plains around the area. The word ''pool'' na English word wey mean basin or lake.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Dem rename am Stanley Pool for 1887 after explorer Henry Morton Stanley, wey be the first European wey map the area during im expedition and talk say the place get about 400 km² surface area.<ref name=":0" /> Later, for January 1972, after independence and Africanization policy, dem change the name come Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Long before white men reach there, Pool Malebo don already be big cultural, trade, and political center for Bantu people for Congo Basin.<ref name=":0" /> == Geography == === Description and toponymy === Pool Malebo na place where Congo River expand turn like lake. The word ''pool'' for English fit mean lake or pond. Kinshasa dey for south side of the water, while Brazzaville dey for north side.<ref name=":0" /> Before colonial naming, local people get different names for the area like N'Tamo (Ntamo), Nkouna (Nkuna or Nkunda), Pumbo, Pumbu, Mpumbu, or Ngobila.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> ==== Ntamo and Nkouna ==== The names Ntamo and Nkouna show for many early explorer records, especially Henry Morton Stanley and other historians. According to Congolese historian Jérôme Olland, Stanley even use Ntamo for im book ''In Darkest Africa''.<ref name=":3" /> French explorer Léon Guiral for 1889 also talk say Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza meet interpreter Ashimbo Taba for Nkouna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guiral |first=Léon |url=http://archive.org/details/elcongofrancaisd00guir |title=Le Congo francais du Gabon a Brazzaville |date=1889 |publisher=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |location=Paris, France |pages=106 |language=fr |trans-title=French Congo from Gabon to Brazzaville}}</ref> But missionary Father Albert Le Gallois talk say even though early explorers dey use Nkouna for big island Mbamu, the name no really dey common among Téké people wey dey live for that side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Le Gallois |first=Albert |date=1912 |title=Contribution à la carthographie du Congo français |trans-title=Contribution to the cartography of French Congo |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1912_num_21_115_7291 |journal=[[Annales de géographie]] |language=fr |location=Paris, France |publisher=[[Armand Colin]] |volume=21 |issue=115 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.3406/geo.1912.7291}}</ref> ==== Pumbo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu ==== The names Pumbo, Pumbu, or Mpumbu also appear for old records. For Olfert Dapper book ''Description of Africa'', he describe Pombo as place under Makoko ruler of Téké.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dapper |first=Olfert |url=http://archive.org/details/gri_33125009359999 |title=Naukeurige Beschrijvinge Der Afrikaensche Gewesten Van Egypten, Barbaryen, Libyen, Biledulgerid, Negroslant, Guinea, Ethiopiën, Abyssinie: Vertoont In de Benamingen, Grenspalen, Steden, Revieren, gewassen, Dieren, Zeeden, Drachten, Talen, Rijkdommen, Godsdiensten en Heerschappyen |date=1668 |publisher=[[Jacob van Meurs]] |others=[[Getty Research Institute]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |pages=533 |trans-title=An Accurate Description of African Places in Egypt, Barbary, Libya, Biledulgerid, Negroland, Guinea, Ethiopia, Abyssinia: Showing place names, boundaries, crops, animals, timbers, costumes, languages, kingdoms, religions, and dominions}}</ref> Historian Jan Vansina explain say the name fit refer to north shore of Stanley Pool, wey be political center of Téké kingdom.<ref name=":3" /> Other scholars also link am to Bahumbu area. Some people even say Mpumbu mean “big market”.<ref name=":3" /> For Kinshasa history, Professor Pascal Kapagama talk say for 16th century, big market wey dem call Mpumbu dey there, and that na where Kinshasa name come from.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapagama |first=Pascal |last2=Waterhouse |first2=Rachel |date=July 2009 |title=Portrait of Kinshasa: City on the Edge |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-working-papers-phase-two/wp53.2-portrait-of-kinshasa-french.pdf |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Lse.ac.uk |publisher=[[London School of Economics|Crisis States Research Centre]] |pages=2 |language=fr |publication-place=London, England |issn=1749-1797}}</ref> Some researchers also talk say Mpumbu be important slave trade market for Central Africa, where goods from inland river regions dey pass go Atlantic coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mantuba-Ngoma |first=Pamphile Mabiala |last2=Etambala |first2=Mathieu Zana Aziza |date=2017 |title=La société congolaise face à la modernité (1700-2010): Mélanges eurafricains offerts à Jean-Luc Vellut |trans-title=Congolese society facing modernity (1700-2010): Euro-African essays offered to Jean-Luc Vellut |url=https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9782140029059_A49332667/preview-9782140029059_A49332667.pdf#:~:text=Ceux%2Dci%20accueillaient%20tous%20les%20produits,Europ%C3%A9ens%20sur%20la%20c%C3%B4te%20atlan%2D |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Api.pageplace.de |publisher=[[L'Harmattan|Éditions L'Harmattan]] |pages=14–15 |language=fr |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=978-2-343-11120-9}}</ref> ==== Stanley Pool and Pool Malebo ==== For 1887, dem rename am Stanley Pool after Henry Morton Stanley.<ref name=":0" /> Frank Pocock, wey follow Stanley and dey work under Leopold II of Belgium, na im suggest the name for 12 March 1877 when dem enter the basin, as Stanley write am for ''Through the Dark Continent''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Henry Morton |url=http://archive.org/details/throughdarkconti1878stan2 |title=Through the Dark Continent: Or, The Sources of the Nile Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean |date=1878 |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]] |others=[[Harold B. Lee Library]]}}</ref> After independence of Congo-Léopoldville, for January 1972, dem change am come Pool Malebo. The name Malebo come from Lingala word ''lilebo'' (plural ''malebo''), wey mean Borassus palm tree wey plenty for the river banks, islands, and flood plains. So Pool Malebo mean “lake of Borassus palm”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mukendi |first=Michael Tshibangu |last2=Mbale |first2=Henri Kunzi |last3=Ntumba |first3=Jean-Métis |last4=Luyeye |first4=Félicien Lukoki |date=2020 |title=Floristic Inventory of Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants Found in Malebo Pool in Congo Rivers, Kinshasa, DR. Congo (Case of MOLONDO, MIPONGO, and JAPON Islands) |url=https://globaljournals.org/GJSFR_Volume20/5-Floristic-Inventory-of-Invasive.pdf |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=Globaljournals.org |publisher=Global Journals |page=31–44 |publication-place=Framingham, Massachusetts, United States |issn=2249-4626}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Terrain and navigation === Pool Malebo get about 35 km length and 23 km width, and e cover around 500 km² area. E get islands inside, and biggest one na M'Bamou Island wey dey for middle. The island area be about 180 km² and e belong to Republic of the Congo. Water depth dey shallow, 3 to 10 meters, but flood fit change water level reach 3 meters every year. Average height of the area na about 272 m above sea level.<ref name="britannica" /><ref name=":3" /> For south side, Brazzaville and Kinshasa dey face each other directly, and dem be one of the closest capital cities for the world (except Rome and Vatican City wey dey inside each other).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buron |first=Thierry |date=22 November 2020 |title=Brazzaville et Kinshasa : proches, mais séparées |url=https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215134251/https://www.revueconflits.com/brazaville-et-kinshasa-proches-mais-separes/ |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Conflits: Revue de Géopolitique |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Ken |date=6 November 2017 |title=The World's Closest Capitals Are Just 2 Miles Apart |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-worlds-closest-capitals-are-just-2-miles-apart |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Condé Nast Traveler]] |language=en-US |publication-place=New York, New York, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordine |first=Michael |date=18 July 2024 |title=These Are the World's Closest Capital Cities |url=https://dailypassport.com/closest-capital-cities/ |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=Daily Passport |language=en-US}}</ref> Maluku dey for upstream entrance of the basin. From there, Pool Malebo mark the beginning of navigable Congo River go reach Mbandaka, Makanza, Bangui, and even Kisangani. Downstream from Ngaliema Bay, river go enter strong rapids wey dem call Livingstone Falls, where water drop about 300 meters before e reach Matadi port.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,255}} ==History== === Early history === {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg | caption1 = Aerial view from northwest side of di [[Congo River]], showing di upstream half of Pool Malebo and [[Mbamu|Mbamu Island]]. Di northern outskirts of [[Brazzaville]] dey show for right front. | caption_align = center | align = left }} European contact with di [[Congo River]] area start for 1483, when Portuguese navigator [[Diogo Cão]] reach di river mouth and start relation between di [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and di [[Kingdom of Kongo]]. Dis event end di relative isolation of [[Central Africa]] from outside world networks and start written records about di region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayimpam |first=Sylvie |date=2006 |title=Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930) |trans-title=Material life, trade, and capitalism on the southern bank of Pool Malebo, Congo River (1815–1930) |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00723326v1/document |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Hal.science |publisher=Éditions du Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf) |pages=4–23 |language=fr}}</ref> But archaeological and linguistic research, especially for [[Bantu languages]], show say human settlement for [[Congo Basin]] dey exist long before Europeans come, with evidence of [[Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|farming]] and [[Iron metallurgy in Africa|iron]] and [[Copper metallurgy in Africa|copper work]] going back "about two thousand years". From sixteenth century go forward, di area enter Atlantic trade system, especially through [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name=":0" /> Major trade route develop along di Congo River from Atlantic coast reach middle basin. Pool Malebo become very important [[transshipment]] point inside dis system, divide di trade into two zones. Di western zone, from coast reach di pool, depend mostly on land routes and act as corridor for goods movement, with important centers like Tungwa, [[Tshela]], [[M'banza-Kongo|São Salvador]], [[Kimongo District|Kimongo]], and Ludima linked by road networks. Di eastern zone, from Pool Malebo reach [[Ubangi-Uélé District|Ubangi–Uélé]] meeting point, mainly be production area, supplying items like [[pottery]], [[salt]], sugarcane alcohol, [[ivory]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]], and [[copal]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 190 | image1 = Bateke, Congo, c. 1900.jpg | caption1 = [[Teke people|Bateke]] couple, [[Congo Free State]], 1898. | image2 = | caption2 = | caption_align = center | align = right }} Di area around Pool Malebo belong to di [[Tio Kingdom]], whose people dem mostly know as [[Teke people|Batéké]]. [[Jan Vansina]], wey write full study about dis kingdom, explain say ''Batéké'' likely be [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word wey dem use for groups inside Tio Kingdom or to describe their traits.<ref name=":0" /> For whole Kongo region, Batéké plateau, and central Congo valley, di name ''Téké'' dey linked to selling. For Kikongo, ''téké'' mean "to sell", because Tio people get strong trading lifestyle and neighbors see dem as traders. Vansina note say Tio be among di Central African groups wey Europeans and Americans know well because dem dey around Pool Malebo.<ref name=":0" /> Plenty enslaved people wey dem export go Americas, plus ivory from Congo Basin, pass through markets for dis area. Tio Kingdom likely start when small communities join together under one leader, di Makoko (king). According to [[Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem]], one of those communities include old ruins of kingdom called N'guunu, wey dey Pool Malebo. Dis unification happen around sixteenth century. Over time, Tio build strong trade link with neighbors like Kingdom of Kongo and [[Kingdom of Loango|Loango]], make goods move from Atlantic coast reach interior. Pool Malebo become main storage point and central junction for dis trade route.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Makoko-iloo.jpg | caption1 = Iloo I (also known as Illoy Loubath Imoumba or Mboulignaoh Illoh), chief of di Bateke of [[Mbé]] and king of di Bateke from 1874, get title Makoko, Onkô, or Ma-Onkô, wey dem dey use for traditional ruler. E die for 1892. | caption_align = center }} For di southern bank of di pool, di [[Mfinu language|Mfumu]] and Humbu (Bahumbu) people dey live there. Dem relate to Batéké culturally and linguistically but still be different groups. Vansina explain say Bahumbu control di southern part of di Pool. Most of their villages dey inside land behind hills, and their capital dey at [[Lemba, Kinshasa|Lemba]].<ref name=":0" /> Di leader of Lemba, wey dey Mbanza-Lemba, be main authority for di southern shore of di Pool. For many centuries, Europeans no fit enter Pool Malebo area. Compared to [[West Africa]], Congo Basin colonization happen late. Geography block dem small, but strong resistance from Bakongo and Batéké traders stop Europeans and missionaries from coming near di Pool. François Bontinck record how Italian missionaries for seventeenth century struggle enter Makoko Kingdom through Kingdom of Kongo.<ref name=":0" /> Their first try fail, one missionary dem beat am and threaten to kill am. Dem reach di Pool second time, but dem still no allow dem cross river to meet Makoko. Other missionaries face same resistance. After many failed attempts, dem try Ngobila canal route, but warriors loyal to di king attack dem. Dem burn their village, and king later rebuild am far away. Di attackers want keep missionaries out because dem fear say [[baptism]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] influence go spoil trade interest.<ref name=":0" /> Tio people stay far from Kongo Kingdom because dem fear say missionaries wey follow Portuguese trade routes go expose their trade advantages like transit fees and market control. In the end, missionaries return to Kongo without meeting Makoko. Di Makoko Kingdom still remain attractive to missionaries, but strong resistance from traders block their plans.<ref name=":0" /> === River trade and socioeconomic transformation === {{Multiple image | total_width = 250 | image1 = Diapositief glaspositief toverlantaarnplaat – reeks 010.789 – Congo VI. Bevolking (2e verz.) – nr. 29 – Mfinu-mannen, omgeving Kinshasa, asset TwdYoXOYkiH4hcqYV663dQZ5.tif | caption1 = Mfumu men in Kinshasa Léopoldville | caption_align = center | align = left }} For di 19th century, river trade wey dey long distance really grow well well, even though dem don ban slave trade already. From Pool Malebo, caravans of porters dey carry goods go trading stations near mouth of Congo River for Lower Congo. Congolese guides wey dey cross di area dey lead plenty caravans wey dey move enslaved people join things like chili peppers, palm kernels, peanuts, sesame, ivory, and later rubber. For some days, communities for Lower Congo dey supply di stations, where Europeans dey bake bread for big ovens, and people dey easily get European goods like gin, firearms, gunpowder, and cloth.<ref name=":0" /> By dis time, Bobangi don join Batéké for trade around Pool Malebo. Dem come from Ubangi River area, move enter middle Congo, then reach Pool between late 18th and early 19th century. Dem no be invaders; dem just follow trade opportunities. Dem dey call themselves "river people", and dem boost trade well well. One Bobangi trader fit offload at least 1 ton goods every year, totaling around 40 tons yearly. Dem trade mainly ivory and enslaved people wey dey go coastal posts, exchange for European goods like guns and textiles.<ref name=":0" /> Slave export continue till around 1850–1860, then new goods like tobacco take over. For 1870s, Bobangi deliver about 5,000 to 6,000 elephant tusks go Pool Malebo. Dem become expert for navigation of Congo River and tributaries like Alima, Likouala, and Ikelemba. Dem caravans dey move with 10 to 60 pirogues loaded with goods.<ref name=":0" /> Lingala language, wey come from river trade lingua franca, spread as main trade language for di region. Bobangi first participate, then later dominate trade network until Léopoldville post and steam navigation introduced by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881, which disrupt but no totally end their system.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = DUPONT(1889) pg751 Panorama du Stanley Pool.jpg | caption1 = Eastward view across Stanley Pool from Léopoldville terrace, ca. 1889. | caption_align = center | align = right }} As 19th century dey end, Congo River trade system collapse. Dis happen because French and Belgian authorities divide river zones, new trading posts appear, steam transport start, and railway construction begin. The trade once connect Africa, Europe, and Americas into world economy since 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> But control of trade dey with small elite around Pool Malebo, wey get right to sell ivory and enslaved people. Chiefs become rich with captives, weapons, and imported goods. Inland chiefs get less power because dem only participate indirectly.<ref name=":0" /> Local life still depend on farming and craft work. Agriculture grow. Cassava processing for river market need plenty women labor, while tobacco production need men labor, often enslaved. Some crafts like ironworking decline because imported metal cheap pass local tools. Canoe and paddle production also reduce. But pottery increase well well.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Bateke Village, Kinshasa - Starr, Frederick, Congo natives - an ethnographic album (1912).png | caption1 = View of Kinshasa village in 1912 | caption_align = center | align = left }} South side of Pool Malebo get many villages. Some dey riverbank, others inland. Major ones include Ntassa (Kinshasa) and Ntamo (Kintambo), wey be main market centers.<ref name=":0" /> Villages like Kinshasa, Kintambo, and Lemba exist there. Others like Nolo, Kingabwa, Mokilao, Kinsuka dey along river with Batéké people. Inland villages belong to Bahumbu, with Mbanza-Lemba as major hub.<ref name=":0" /> Jan Vansina talk say riverside villages be like commercial towns. Dem mix Tio and Bobangi population, with few free men controlling many enslaved people. Some villages get 500–1,000 people.<ref name=":0" /> Women for riverside villages dey do pottery and make cassava bread (chikwangue). Dem also sell goods in market. Even though work plenty, dem still get more free time than inland women.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = 108 Matadi. - Le marche.jpg | caption1 = Market in Matadi, circa 1899 | image2 = Au Congo Belge-Matadi-Au Marché.jpg | caption2 = Market scene in Matadi, circa 1905 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical }} Bahumbu people focus on farming. Dem grow banana, sugarcane, pineapple, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, beans. Dem also fish, hunt, and sell livestock, peanuts, kaolin, tobacco.<ref name=":0" /> Markets dey very important for trade and social life. Market be place for announcements, laws, disputes, and even entertainment. Barter system start am, later dem introduce shells, cloth, necklaces, metal rods, and motako coins.<ref name=":0" /> European goods later become common and even replace some local products. Items include fabrics, blankets, glassware, salt, cutlery, jewelry, bottles, candles, tableware, gin, rum. But pottery still strong.<ref name=":0" /> African societies change socially because of trade. New elites emerge from commerce, while old chiefs lose some power. Gap between rich and poor increase.<ref name=":0" /> === European penetration, founding of Léopoldville, and Kinshasa emergence === {{Multiple image | total_width = 150 | image1 = No-nb bldsa 1c051 Henry Morton Stanley.jpg | align = right | caption1 = Colonial system begin after Henry Morton Stanley expeditions open Congo Basin }} Trade for Pool Malebo still strong, but no yet capitalist system. Wealth dey circulate, but land no dey sell and labor mainly through slavery. Real disruption come later with colonial system after Stanley open Congo Basin to Europe.<ref name=":0" /> Stanley explore from Zanzibar reach Congo River and Boma in 1877. He name Pool Malebo as Stanley Pool. Later, he plan to open region for global trade under support of King Leopold II.<ref name=":0" /> Léopoldville post establish on 1 December 1881 by Stanley on hill Konzo Ikulu (later Mont Léopold / Mont Ngaliema). Trade continue and Batéké act as middlemen.<ref name=":0" /> From 1890–1911, town grow fast. Missions, port, railways, hospitals, schools, military camps develop. African workers organized into camps Kiliamani and Mampeza.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa post grow slowly at first. Dutch and Portuguese traders set posts. Railway connect Kinshasa and Léopoldville.<ref name=":0" /> Kinshasa later expand with new river port (1910–1912), attracting companies from Europe. By 1914–1915, population reach about 13,000.<ref name=":0" /> In 1920, Léopoldville and Kinshasa merge, later become capital of Belgian Congo in 1923. After independence, name change to Kinshasa in 1966.<ref name=":0" /> === Economy and Léopoldville growth === ==== Port and river trade ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 280 | image1 = A visit to Stanley's rear-guard at Major Barttelot's camp on the Aruhwimi with an account of the river-life on the Congo (1889) (14590891168).jpg | caption1 = En Avant steam launch on Congo River 1889 | caption_align = center }} Léopoldville grow because of river transport. Stanley introduce steamboat En Avant in 1881. Dis start modern river fleet system.<ref name=":0" /> By 1894, 43 steamers dey operate. Port traffic increase to over 16,000 tons by 1907.<ref name=":0" /> Colonial companies move inland to collect rubber, ivory, copal. Motako copper rod become currency for trade.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = Railroad workers building the Matadi-Leopoldville railroad.jpg | caption1 = Railway construction Matadi–Léopoldville 1887 | image2 = Locomotive ndolo.jpg | caption2 = First locomotive reach Léopoldville 1898 }} Railway from Matadi to Stanley Pool complete in 1898. This reduce dependence on porter labor and boost economy.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Colonization and power ==== {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Esclave fouetté avec une chicotte, État indépendant du Congo.jpg | caption1 = Forced labor punishment with chicotte ca. 1905 | caption_align = center }} Colonial rule involve forced labor, flogging, displacement, and control from Brussels. Economic system focus on extraction and profit.<ref name=":0" /> European powers compete for Congo resources like uranium, copper, cobalt, diamonds.<ref name=":0" /> Batéké chiefs resist colonial labor and lose villages after conflicts. Some flee to French side of river.<ref name=":0" /> {{Multiple image | total_width = 200 | image1 = Vauthier Rene Le Congo Belge 87 Indigenes du Stanley Pool.JPG | caption1 = Batéké people at Stanley Pool c.1900 | caption_align = center }} Villages cleared for plantations, military camps, and infrastructure. Traditional systems weaken.<ref name=":0" /> === Ecology === ==== Climate ==== Kinshasa get tropical climate with rainy season (Sept–May) and dry season (June–Aug). Rain peak for Nov, Dec, March.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Flora ==== River banks get palm, papyrus swamp. Water plants like Eichhornia dey float. Some invasive species spread fast and block native plants.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Fish ==== Over 200 fish species dey area, many be catfish and mormyrids.<ref name="ecoregions" /> <gallery widths="180" heights="120"> File:PoolMalebo.jpg|Aerial view of Pool Malebo File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|Stanley route shown in black line </gallery> ==See also== *Pombeiros ==References== {{Commons category|Pool Malebo}} {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} {{Regions of Africa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Lakes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Lakes of the Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Malebo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Malebo]] [[Category:Natural pools|Malebo]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] c632dfrk2wxvelh3gdvtvafug81xv7r 0 27970 106078 2026-06-30T22:24:09Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361719094|Msimbazi River]]" 106078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Msimbazi River''' (Swahili: ''Mto Mbezi'') dey locate insyd Dar es Salaam Region of [[Tanzania]]. E dey begin insyd Kisarawe ward, Kisarawe District den eventually dey drain into Zanzibar Channel at de border of Upanga West ward of Ilala MC den Hananasif ward of Kinondoni MC. De length of de Msimbazi River be about 35 kilometers. E dey flow eastward into de Zanzibar Channel of de Indian Ocean via de Pugu den Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves, wey dey join de Sinza, Ubungo, den Luhanga Rivers along de way.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |title=Dar es Salaam City Master Plan 2016-2036 |publisher=Government of [[Tanzania]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092338/https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> E be a significant source of water for drinking, bathing, supporting industry, agriculture, den environmental protection give those wey dey live insyd Dar es Salaam Region over de decades. However, recently, industrial effluents den unauthorized sewage systems dey jeopardize de biological functions wey rivers perform. Heavy metal pollution from industries dey harm de river ein advantages in terms of functionality den even de traditional practice of irrigation of vegetable fields.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |title=Dar es Salaam City Master Plan 2016-2036 |publisher=Government of [[Tanzania]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092338/https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Geography == De Msimbazi River den ein tributaries dey originate insyd de Pugu Hills den Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves insyd Kisarawe District, Pwani Region, den dey flow thru de center of Dar es Salaam insyd Ilala MC. [[File:Msimbazi-River-and-its-main-tributaries.png|thumb|Msimbazi River den ein main tributaries]] === River basin === Plus a land area of 271 km2, de Msimbazi basin dey make up roughly one fifth of Dar es Salaam ein total land area wey e be home to an estimated 1.6 million people (27% of de city ein total population). De basin dey extend from de river ein headwaters insyd de Pugu Forest Reserve eastward over a stretch wey cam be more urbanized as de river get closer to de ocean ein mouth.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Msimbazi Basin Development Project |publisher=Government of [[Tanzania]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Historic annual flooding den fertility === De upper den middle catchments of de Msimbazi once get a sizable portion of natural forestland. Wen na e rain heavily, de dense foliage cover prevent de underlying soil from eroding. Even though rivers like de Msimbazi never be static since dem dey change gradually over chaw years den decades, de lack of excessive erosion den sedimentation lef de river insyd a generally stable form insyd ein natural state. Flooding be common during de 1800s den 1900s; in fact, de region ein fertility be secof de nutrient-rich deposits wey previous [[Flood|floods]] lef behind. De use of de land around de river start to change gradually insyd de late 1980s den early 1990s as a result of rural-urban migration.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Msimbazi Basin Development Project |publisher=Government of [[Tanzania]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Threats == === Metal contamination === De Msimbazi River experience environmental deterioration thru out de years, much like all de oda waterways insyd de city. Sediments from Dar ein rivers be contaminated, plus Msimbazi den Kizinga river sediments be de most contaminated, according to de geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, degree of contamination, modified degree of contamination, potential contamination index, den environmental toxicity quotient. Dis be true even though de enrichment factor dey show varying levels of heavy metal contamination insyd rivers.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> == References == 8fngcqy8nrwut62fz27tvvvpm0i69oe 0 27971 106080 2026-06-30T22:48:56Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328195090|Nduruma River]]" 106080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nduruma River''' (French: ''Rivière Nduruma'') be a river insyd de northeast of Kirundo Province, Burundi, a tributary of Lake Kanzigiri. == Course == De Nduruma River dey form to de north of Tongo colline insyd de Commune of Gitobe, wer de Mukabagabaga River den Ntimba River converge. E dey flow northeast past Gitobe, parallel to de RP62 highway. De lower part of de Nduruma River dey form de boundary between de Commune of Gitobe den Commune of Busoni. Insyd ein lower marshes, between de Shore den Buringa collines, de river dey take de name '''Kanzigiri River''', wich dey converge plus de Gacucu River marshes den dey feed de south end of Lake Kanzigiri. == References == 73m7iwyh9ilry1bdf6yl1ofpck7wh8h 106083 106080 2026-06-30T22:53:17Z Ibnali1 62 Improve article 106083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nduruma River''' (French: ''Rivière Nduruma'') be a river insyd de northeast of Kirundo Province, Burundi, a tributary of Lake Kanzigiri. == Course == De Nduruma River dey form to de north of Tongo colline insyd de Commune of Gitobe, wer de Mukabagabaga River den Ntimba River converge. E dey flow northeast past Gitobe, parallel to de RP62 highway.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} De lower part of de Nduruma River dey form de boundary between de Commune of Gitobe den Commune of Busoni.{{sfn|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} Insyd ein lower marshes, between de Shore den Buringa collines, de river dey take de name '''Kanzigiri River''', wich dey converge plus de Gacucu River marshes den dey feed de south end of Lake Kanzigiri.{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}{{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}} == References == <references /> == Sources == * {{citation |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |date=October 2012 |page=14 |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} |accessdate=2024-08-31}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |title=Way: Nduruma (224724040) |work=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724040#map=12/-2.5830/30.2570 |ref={{harvid|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} g5c8izlqwns3lj3f49jn19f1g381z9v 106090 106083 2026-06-30T22:59:04Z Ibnali1 62 Improve article 106090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nduruma River''' (French: ''Rivière Nduruma'') be a river insyd de northeast of Kirundo Province, Burundi, a tributary of Lake Kanzigiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linke |first=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |first12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=283 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Luling |last2=Cao |first2=Xin |last3=Li |first3=Shijie |last4=Jie |first4=Na |date=2024-01-24 |title=A 31-year (1990–2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-02913-0 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=124 |doi=10.1038/s41597-024-02913-0 |issn=2052-4463}}</ref> == Course == De Nduruma River dey form to de north of Tongo colline insyd de Commune of Gitobe, wer de Mukabagabaga River den Ntimba River converge. E dey flow northeast past Gitobe, parallel to de RP62 highway.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} De lower part of de Nduruma River dey form de boundary between de Commune of Gitobe den Commune of Busoni.{{sfn|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} Insyd ein lower marshes, between de Shore den Buringa collines, de river dey take de name '''Kanzigiri River''', wich dey converge plus de Gacucu River marshes den dey feed de south end of Lake Kanzigiri.{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}{{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}} == References == <references /> == Sources == * {{citation |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |date=October 2012 |page=14 |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} |accessdate=2024-08-31}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |year=1994 |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} * {{citation |title=Way: Nduruma (224724040) |work=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724040#map=12/-2.5830/30.2570 |ref={{harvid|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} |accessdate=2024-09-03}} c1lthn8ua0qus4thmav29zw4s73sw8w 0 27972 106082 2026-06-30T22:51:44Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Di '''Kilungutwe River''' na [[Stream|watercourse]] wey dey for Mwenga Territory for South Kivu Province, wey dey for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-14 |title=Bukavu : Joseph Kabila clôture sa visite au Sud-Kivu |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/politique/2009/08/14/bukavu-joseph-kabila-cloture-sa-visite-au-sud-kivu |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref> E get elevation of 882 meters, and e dey function as tributary to Ulindi River. After di point wey e join Ulindi River about 30 km northwest, Ulindi River continue im flow go join Congo River.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin des séances, Volume 1, Issues 1-6 |publisher=Académie royale des sciences coloniales |year=1955 |location=Paris, France |pages=667–675 |language=French}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kilungutwe,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo//@-2.8217311,28.5311181,21z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x19e9d1a9b11a03e3:0xad97b17e22cbdc93!2m2!1d28.5311644!2d-2.8217604!1m0!3e0?entry=ttu |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Kilungutwe River before be known as gateway wey dey lead go jungle from di highlands for northeast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAHGTnNu8KIC&dq=Kilungutwe+River&pg=PA257 |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |publisher=PublicAffairs |date=March 27, 2012 |isbn=9781610391597 |location=New York, New York |pages=257 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-23 |title=Des Hydrocarbures et de l'environnement |url=https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/arrete_provincial_delimitation_rni_160629.pdf |access-date=2023-05-08 |page=6 |language=French |publication-place=Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Di river na habitat for different species, including catfish, tilapia, and ''Clarias anguillaris''. Further downstream, Kilungutwe village get plenty biodiversity, with thick vegetation and plenty different flora and fauna. Di river sef be important economic resource for di area and e dey serve as big water source for irrigation and fishing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Association française pour l'avancement des sciences |title=Actes du congrès, Volume 72 |publisher=Secrétariat de l'Association |year=1953 |pages=379 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamada |first=Takako |title=Nyindu Culture and the Plant World : The Dynamic Relationship between the Knowledge on Plant Use and the Change in House Form |publisher=Kyoto University |year=1984 |location=Kyoto, Japan |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KILUNGUTWE Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com |url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-cg-v-07-d-m2843042.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.tageo.com}}</ref> == History == Kilungutwe River area don dey occupied traditionally by different Bantu ethnic groups, including Lega, Bembe, Shi, Fuliiru, Nyindu, and Vira people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |title=Statuary from the Pre-Bembe Hunters: Issues in the Interpretation of Ancestral Figurines Ascribed to the Basikasingo-Bembe-Boyo |publisher=Royal Museum of Central Afrika |year=1981 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=English, French, and Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=3 |language=English}}</ref> === Kasika massacre === {{Main article|Kasika massacre}} Kilungutwe River be strategic place for Kasika massacre survivors wey later Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD), wey be Rwanda-backed armed group, come attack and kill dem. Plenty victims dem use machete and sharp objects chop dem to death, while some dem shoot dem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=IV: Eastern Congo: Findings |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/congo/Congoweb-03.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> Some women dem rape dem before dem kill dem in very brutal way, and some children dem smash dem against wall or throw dem inside toilet or even inside di river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=RDC: 22 ans après le massacre, retour à Kasika où la blessure des charniers reste vive |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200904-rdc-22-ans-apr%C3%A8s-le-massacre-retour-%C3%A0-kasika-o%C3%B9-la-blessure-charniers-reste-vive |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=RDC: polémique après un tweet de l'ambassadeur du Rwanda sur le massacre de Kasika |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200827-tweet-ambassadeur-rwanda-colere-activistes-rdc |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Life for women in the country that 'never turned the page of conflict' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/drc-sexual-violence-rape-democratic-republic-congo-war-election-women-a8937586.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ACHPR, Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda {{!}} How does law protect in war? - Online casebook |url=https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/achpr-democratic-republic-congo-v-burundi-rwanda-and-uganda |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=casebook.icrc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20 Years On from the Kasika Massacre, Women Survivors Share Their Stories {{!}} Women For Women |url=https://womenforwomen.org.uk/blog/20-years-kasika-massacre-women-survivors-share-their-stories |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Women for Women International |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * Nyindu people * Lega people * Bembe people * Kasika (village) Kasika * Ulindi River * Mwenga Territory * Congo River == References == {{Reflist}} Category:South Kivu Category:Congo River qm4xtziqtvc4nbzzr31o65e3lv4sxld 0 27973 106097 2026-06-30T23:26:48Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357751458|Lake Jipe]]" 106097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Jipe''' be an inter-territorial lake wey dey straddle de borders of [[Kenya]] den [[Tanzania]]. On de Kenyan side, e dey locate south of de village of Nghonji while on de Tanzanian side, e dey situate within Mwanga District, insyd Kilimanjaro Region. De lake be fed mainly by de [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Lumi River]], wich dey descend from Mount Kilimanjaro, as well as streams from de North Pare Mountains, be on de leeward side.<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{Cite web |date=May 2004 |title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007) |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf |access-date=24 September 2011 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |page=6}}</ref> De lake ein outlet dey form de [[Ruvu River]].<ref name="Ndetei">{{Cite web |last=Ndetei |first=Robert |title=The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA |access-date=6 October 2011 |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service |pages=163}}</ref> Kenya ein unfenced Tsavo West National Park dey protect part of de lake ein northern shore, while on de Tanzania side Mkomazi Game Reserve be nearby.<ref name="Briggs2006">{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227 |title=Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia |date=1 August 2006 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-153-1 |pages=227– |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> De lake be known for ein endemic fish, as well as water birds, mammals, wetland plants den lake-edge swamps, wich fi extend 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Jipe ein shore.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{Cite book |last=Maltby |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854 |title=The wetlands handbook |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-632-05255-4 |pages=854– |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> == Geography == De lake be accessible from de Tanzanian side via de B1 Highway from de village of ''Kifaru'', about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of de Kilimanjaro Region capital of Moshi.<ref name="Briggs2009">{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141 |title=Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar |date=1 August 2009 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-292-7 |pages=141– |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> Jipe dey cover an area of roughly 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi),<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{Cite web |date=May 2004 |title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007) |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf |access-date=24 September 2011 |website=ramsar.org |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |page=6}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf "Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''ramsar.org''. The United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division. May 2004. p.&nbsp;6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> den dey measure approximately 12 miles (19 km) long by 3–4 miles (4.8–6.4 km) broad. Jipe be a shallow backwater of de Lumi river, wich afterwards cam be de Ruvu River, den dey enter insyd de Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir. After joining der plus de ''Kikuletwa'' de stream dey flow as [[Pangani River]] insyd de Indian Ocean at Pangani. De lake dey lack a current as de river wey dey flow insyd, dey turn round den san dey flow out. Ein water only be drinkable after e be well boiled den skimmed. On ein southern bank, de mountains of Ugweno dey rise 6,000–7,000 feet (1,800–2,100 m), wey dey contrast markedly plus de opposite shore, wich be a flat plain, buh little raised above de lake.<ref name="Johnston1886">{{Cite book |last=Johnston, Sir |first=Harry Hamilton |url=https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog |title=The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district |publisher=K. Paul, Trench, and co. |year=1886 |edition=Now in the public domain. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog/page/n351 298], 494– |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> Mount Kilimanjaro ein Kibo Peak be viewable from de lake.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> == References == j5z45ppfg7u5s2863d1x3ajwb03p7ts 0 27974 106098 2026-06-30T23:40:06Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312688908|Ulanga River]]" 106098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ferry over de Kilombero River, near Ifakara, Tanzania]] De '''Ulanga River''', dem sanso know as de '''Kilombero River''', dey rise insyd de highlands of de southwest of Morogoro Region, [[Tanzania]], on de eastern slope of de East African Rift. De river dey flow northeast along de northeastern border of de Lindi Region before e dey flow into de [[Rufiji River]]. De Rufiji eventually dey flow into de Indian Ocean on de southern coast of de Pwani Region. == Geology == De Ulanga Valley be an intact natural wetland ecosystem wey dey comprise myriad rivers, wich dey make up de largest seasonally freshwater lowland floodplain insyd East Africa. De Ulanga River dey supply two thirds of de Rufiji waters.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref> == History == Dey start insyd 1885, Karl Peters begin dey claim areas of East Africa give [[Germany]]. De Tanganyikan coast prove relatively easy, buh conquest of de inland areas of de colony—right up to de [[Belgian Congo]]—na e be more difficult as large parts still be unexplored. For dis reason, Governor Gustav Adolf von Götzen lead an expedition to claim dese hinterlands. He take plus am Georg von Prittwitz den Hermann Kersting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gustav Adolf von Götzen |url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog |title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West |publisher=D. Reimer |year=1895 |location=Berlin |page=[https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog/page/n108 1] |quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06 |year=1909 |location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reinhart Bindseil |title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer |year=1992 |isbn=3-496-00427-4 |location=Berlin}}</ref> == Political den economic == [[File:Tanzania_Regions.png|right|thumb|204x204px|Regions of Tanzania]] De Ulanga River dey form de boundary between de Ulanga District den Kilombero District of de Morogoro Region insyd de southeast of [[Tanzania]]. De majority of de villagers insyd de Ulanga Valley be subsistence farmers of maize den rice, though chaw dey make a living fishing. Der be large plantations of teak wood insyd de Ulanga valley. Insyd de north-west of de district, Illovo Sugar Company ein sugar-cane plantations dey occupy chaw of de lowlying area.<ref>Corti, Graham, Fanning, Eibleis, Hinde, Roy, and Jenkins, Richard, 1999.</ref><ref>Hinde, R., Corti, G., Fanning, E., & Jenkins, R., 1999a, A conservation assessment of large mammal use of miombo woodland, evergreen forest and a teak plantation in the Ulanga Valley, Tanzania, Frontier Tanzania Savanna Research Programme, Technical Report No. 2.</ref><ref>Jenkins R., Roettcher, K, Corti, G & Fanning, E, 2000a, Large mammals and teak plantations in the Ulanga Valley, Annual Report, unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</ref> == Wildlife == De Ulanga Valley be characterized by ein large populations of large mammals such as de buffalo, elephant, hippopotamus, lion, den puku. De majority of de world population of puku antelopes dey live insyd de Ulanga Valley. De valley be home to one of de largest populations of Nile crocodile insyd Africa wey e be an important breeding ground give bird species such as de African openbill, white-headed lapwing, den de African skimmer. De valley be home to a number of species dem find der per, such as de Udzungwa red colobus monkey den three species of birds, de Ulanga weaver den two undescribed species of cisticolas.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal |date=2002-06-19 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands |url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |url-status=dead |location=Dar es Salaam |publisher=United Republic of Tanzania, Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref><ref name="Games">Games I., & Severre E. L. M., 1999, Tanzanian crocodile survey, October 1999, A report to the Director of Wildlife, Tanzania</ref><ref name="Dinesen">Dinesen, L., Lehmberg, T., Rahner, M. & Fjeldsa, J. 2001.</ref><ref name="Stattersfield">Stattersfield, A. J., Crowby, M.J., long, A. J., Wege, D. C. 1998.</ref><ref name="Baker1996">Baker, N. 1996.</ref><ref name="Jenkins2000b">Jenkins, R, Roettcher, K, Corti, G & Fanning, E, 2000b, The Ulanga River Fishery, Annual Report, unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</ref><ref name="Rainey">Rainey, H., Birnie, N., Cameron, A., Mwangomo, E., Starkey, M. 2000.</ref> == Cultural references == [[File:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|''The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River'', painting by Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898)]] De eponymous boat insyd C.S. Forester ein novel ''The African Queen'' (1935) den ein subsequent film adaptation (1951) be a steam-powered launch, wey a Belgian mining corporation own, wey plied de upper reaches of de Ulanga River. De German animal painter Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert depict de river insyd ein 1898 painting ''The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River''. == References == ou637416cajgun48mc5tvksucmwr84p 0 27975 106099 2026-06-30T23:41:17Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Location map|Democratic Republic of the Congo |float = right |width=300 | caption = Situation of Île de Mateba within the DR Congo | label = Île de Mateba|position=right|lat=-5.89945|long=12.84662}} '''Île de Mateba''' ''(Mateba Island)'' na the main [[river]] [[island]] wey dey near the mouth of the big Congo River. The whole island dey inside DR Congo, while the southern side of the river bank dey inside Angola. There dey at least two villages for the island, one dey for the south side of the island and the other one dey for the north side. == Controversial wildlife introductions == For Mateba Island, Blue wildebeest, Waterbuck, Burchell's zebras and even giraffes don dey introduced by the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. The animals dem import am from Namibia in partnership with "Wildlife Vets Namibia". This move dey controversial because Mateba Island be historically rainforest reserve. The partly savanna wey dey now na result of deforestation. All the founder animal populations settle well, except the 4 giraffes wey die within 3 weeks after dem offload dem, because there no be Acacia trees like Vachellia and Senegalia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildlifevetsnamibia.com/documentation.html |title=Documentation |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321195008/https://www.wildlifevetsnamibia.com/documentation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|-5.896909|12.850099|region:CD|display=title}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Islands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] {{DRCongo-geo-stub}} 1uwmqgh5g1vsvfp2uo9oy1fho5yvfhh 106100 106099 2026-06-30T23:42:14Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Île de Mateba''' ''(Mateba Island)'' na the main [[river]] [[island]] wey dey near the mouth of the big Congo River. The whole island dey inside DR Congo, while the southern side of the river bank dey inside Angola. There dey at least two villages for the island, one dey for the south side of the island and the other one dey for the north side. == Controversial wildlife introductions == For Mateba Island, Blue wildebeest, Waterbuck, Burchell's zebras and even giraffes don dey introduced by the Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. The animals dem import am from Namibia in partnership with "Wildlife Vets Namibia". This move dey controversial because Mateba Island be historically rainforest reserve. The partly savanna wey dey now na result of deforestation. All the founder animal populations settle well, except the 4 giraffes wey die within 3 weeks after dem offload dem, because there no be Acacia trees like Vachellia and Senegalia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildlifevetsnamibia.com/documentation.html |title=Documentation |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-date=2020-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321195008/https://www.wildlifevetsnamibia.com/documentation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{coord|-5.896909|12.850099|region:CD|display=title}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Islands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] {{DRCongo-geo-stub}} 0yvsh1dyc1bki4ra1nqp25elwjefh5c 0 27976 106101 2026-06-30T23:49:32Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Chiefdom in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu}} '''Luindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Luindi'''''), also known as '''Lwindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Lwindi'''''), na chiefdom wey dey inside Mwenga Territory, for South Kivu Province for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. E cover area of 856 square kilometers, and e get estimated population of 43,566 as of 2019,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Wassomukokya |first=François |last2=Mukungilwa |first2=Bitondo |last3=Muteleka |first3=Cyprien |last4=Mutimanwa |first4=Jean Michel |last5=Kasese |first5=Richard Minyota |date=2004 |title=Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Élaboration du Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de Mwenga – Province du Sud-Kivu |trans-title=Steering Unit for the Process of Developing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (UPPE-SRP). Final Report of Grassroots Participatory Consultations for the Development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Mwenga Territory – South Kivu Province |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8770813a-ffa6-4bcc-a495-493790506bee/content |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |publisher=Ministry of Planning of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |page=33–37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201911.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> e dey inside mountainous area of the Itombwe Massif.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mutua |first1=Makau |title=Zaire: Repression as Policy : a Human Rights Report |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Peter |publisher=Lawyers Committee for Human Rights |year=1990 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=English}}</ref> t0v5683yv1yq7la4jv0kwuyoj2a35d3 106102 106101 2026-06-30T23:50:34Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Chiefdom in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu}} '''Luindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Luindi'''''), also known as '''Lwindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Lwindi'''''), na chiefdom wey dey inside Mwenga Territory, for South Kivu Province for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. E cover area of 856 square kilometers, and e get estimated population of 43,566 as of 2019,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Wassomukokya |first=François |last2=Mukungilwa |first2=Bitondo |last3=Muteleka |first3=Cyprien |last4=Mutimanwa |first4=Jean Michel |last5=Kasese |first5=Richard Minyota |date=2004 |title=Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Élaboration du Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de Mwenga – Province du Sud-Kivu |trans-title=Steering Unit for the Process of Developing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (UPPE-SRP). Final Report of Grassroots Participatory Consultations for the Development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Mwenga Territory – South Kivu Province |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8770813a-ffa6-4bcc-a495-493790506bee/content |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |publisher=Ministry of Planning of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |page=33–37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201911.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> e dey inside mountainous area of the Itombwe Massif.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mutua |first1=Makau |title=Zaire: Repression as Policy : a Human Rights Report |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Peter |publisher=Lawyers Committee for Human Rights |year=1990 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=English}}</ref> Nyindu people na the main population wey dey the chiefdom.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Les Cahiers du CEDAF |publisher=Centre d'étude et de documentation africaines |year=1978 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=20 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25 |language=English}}</ref> Lwindi Chiefdom dey subdivide into groupements (groupings), wey again dey subdivide into localités (villages).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annuaire des rues de Luindi (chefferie), Mwenga |url=https://rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com/luindi-chefferie |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulebelwa |first=Mukamba |date=17 May 2022 |title=Mwenga: 7 combattants Maï-Maï se rendent aux FARDC à Kasika |trans-title=Mwenga: 7 Mai-Mai fighters surrender to the FARDC in Kasika |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-104795_mwenga_7_combattants_mai_mai_se_rendent_aux_fardc_a_kasika.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Report on sensitization activities |trans-title=Report on awareness activities |url=https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/10010006_SP_Awareness-RaisingActivities_WWF-PCKB_2007.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Carpe.umd.edu |language=en, fr |publication-place=Maryland, United States}}</ref> 8op307mvx02l4gr7ui0go7mvy187oi8 106104 106102 2026-06-30T23:51:19Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Chiefdom in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu}} '''Luindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Luindi'''''), also known as '''Lwindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Lwindi'''''), na chiefdom wey dey inside Mwenga Territory, for South Kivu Province for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. E cover area of 856 square kilometers, and e get estimated population of 43,566 as of 2019,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Wassomukokya |first=François |last2=Mukungilwa |first2=Bitondo |last3=Muteleka |first3=Cyprien |last4=Mutimanwa |first4=Jean Michel |last5=Kasese |first5=Richard Minyota |date=2004 |title=Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Élaboration du Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de Mwenga – Province du Sud-Kivu |trans-title=Steering Unit for the Process of Developing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (UPPE-SRP). Final Report of Grassroots Participatory Consultations for the Development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Mwenga Territory – South Kivu Province |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8770813a-ffa6-4bcc-a495-493790506bee/content |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |publisher=Ministry of Planning of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |page=33–37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201911.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> e dey inside mountainous area of the Itombwe Massif.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mutua |first1=Makau |title=Zaire: Repression as Policy : a Human Rights Report |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Peter |publisher=Lawyers Committee for Human Rights |year=1990 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=English}}</ref> Nyindu people na the main population wey dey the chiefdom.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Les Cahiers du CEDAF |publisher=Centre d'étude et de documentation africaines |year=1978 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=20 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25 |language=English}}</ref> Lwindi Chiefdom dey subdivide into groupements (groupings), wey again dey subdivide into localités (villages).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annuaire des rues de Luindi (chefferie), Mwenga |url=https://rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com/luindi-chefferie |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulebelwa |first=Mukamba |date=17 May 2022 |title=Mwenga: 7 combattants Maï-Maï se rendent aux FARDC à Kasika |trans-title=Mwenga: 7 Mai-Mai fighters surrender to the FARDC in Kasika |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-104795_mwenga_7_combattants_mai_mai_se_rendent_aux_fardc_a_kasika.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Report on sensitization activities |trans-title=Report on awareness activities |url=https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/10010006_SP_Awareness-RaisingActivities_WWF-PCKB_2007.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Carpe.umd.edu |language=en, fr |publication-place=Maryland, United States}}</ref> == Administration and governance == Luindi Chiefdom na officially recognized Decentralized Territorial Entity (Entité Territoriale Décentralisée, ETD) under Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo wey dem adopt for 18 February 2006. The governance dey mix traditional authority and decentralized administration system.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of October 7, 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> nrhe882q4m1cqvgq24pzp2pdwrflew8 106105 106104 2026-06-30T23:52:29Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Chiefdom in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu}} '''Luindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Luindi'''''), also known as '''Lwindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Lwindi'''''), na chiefdom wey dey inside Mwenga Territory, for South Kivu Province for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. E cover area of 856 square kilometers, and e get estimated population of 43,566 as of 2019,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Wassomukokya |first=François |last2=Mukungilwa |first2=Bitondo |last3=Muteleka |first3=Cyprien |last4=Mutimanwa |first4=Jean Michel |last5=Kasese |first5=Richard Minyota |date=2004 |title=Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Élaboration du Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de Mwenga – Province du Sud-Kivu |trans-title=Steering Unit for the Process of Developing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (UPPE-SRP). Final Report of Grassroots Participatory Consultations for the Development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Mwenga Territory – South Kivu Province |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8770813a-ffa6-4bcc-a495-493790506bee/content |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |publisher=Ministry of Planning of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |page=33–37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201911.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> e dey inside mountainous area of the Itombwe Massif.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mutua |first1=Makau |title=Zaire: Repression as Policy : a Human Rights Report |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Peter |publisher=Lawyers Committee for Human Rights |year=1990 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=English}}</ref> Nyindu people na the main population wey dey the chiefdom.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Les Cahiers du CEDAF |publisher=Centre d'étude et de documentation africaines |year=1978 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=20 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25 |language=English}}</ref> Lwindi Chiefdom dey subdivide into groupements (groupings), wey again dey subdivide into localités (villages).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annuaire des rues de Luindi (chefferie), Mwenga |url=https://rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com/luindi-chefferie |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulebelwa |first=Mukamba |date=17 May 2022 |title=Mwenga: 7 combattants Maï-Maï se rendent aux FARDC à Kasika |trans-title=Mwenga: 7 Mai-Mai fighters surrender to the FARDC in Kasika |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-104795_mwenga_7_combattants_mai_mai_se_rendent_aux_fardc_a_kasika.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Report on sensitization activities |trans-title=Report on awareness activities |url=https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/10010006_SP_Awareness-RaisingActivities_WWF-PCKB_2007.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Carpe.umd.edu |language=en, fr |publication-place=Maryland, United States}}</ref> == Administration and governance == Luindi Chiefdom na officially recognized Decentralized Territorial Entity (Entité Territoriale Décentralisée, ETD) under Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo wey dem adopt for 18 February 2006. The governance dey mix traditional authority and decentralized administration system.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of October 7, 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> At the top na the Mwami wey get customary plus statutory power. Dem dey appoint am based on tradition, and three Chief Aldermen (Notables) dey support am.<ref name=":13" /> Boundary of the chiefdom dey set by Prime Minister decree based on Interior Ministry recommendation and approval from South Kivu Provincial Assembly.<ref name=":13" /> Two main bodies dey run the administration: * Chiefdom Council * Chiefdom Executive College The Chiefdom Council na deliberative body made up of councillors wey dem elect through direct and secret universal suffrage. E get president, vice-president and rapporteur.<ref name=":13" /> The Chiefdom Executive College dey handle daily administration and implementation of council decisions. E include the Mwami and three Aldermen. If Mwami no dey, dem dey manage am collectively until new leader come.<ref name=":13" /> Administratively, Luindi dey divide into groupements and localités, each under customary chiefs.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Mushi |first=Ferdinand Mugumo |date=January 2013 |title=Insecurity and Local Governance in Congo's South Kivu |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/7398/IDSB_44_1_10.1111-1759-5436.12004.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=IDS OpenDocs |page=7 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of 7 October 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Luindi get eight groupements: {| class="wikitable" !No. !Groupements !Inhabitants !Name of the chief !Ruling clan !Other clans !Localities (localités) |- |1. |Kalambi |7,645 |Itongwa Kasuli Nakalambi |Batumba |Bagezi, Balambo, Bashitabale, Basele, Bashimwenda |Kakangala, Itumba, Kalimoto, Kalambi |- |2. |Kigogo |6,645 |Baguma Mwati Kigogo |Benemutalwa |Bashinda, Balambo, Balande, Balizi, Basimbi, Batwa |Muhuzi, Kashindaba, Kadete, Ishungwe, Kadita, Muhembeje |- |3. |Kilimbwe |3,561 |Kabumbanyungu Lusenda |Balande |Babulinzi, Balambo, Balimbizi, Bamulinda, Batwa |Kilimbwe, Matembu, Ishongo, Katembu, Kisogo |- |4. |Kiomvu |3,090 |Kisongo Gaston |Bakyoka |Balobola, Batumba, Bakyoka, Bagezi, Balimbizi |Kiomvu, Ngenga, Lutambi, Kalimoto |- |5. |Ihanga |2,922 |Pierre Mulindwa |Bahofa |Batumba, Bashi, Babulinzi, Bahofa, Bawanda |Lukunga, Butongo, Nyakalenge, Kangola, Chowe, Misela, Kibuti, Malangi |- |6. |Irangi |5,868 |Nyirangi Bulambo Palamibo |Banyamuganga |Bagezi, Bakyoka, Batumba, Banamuganga, Bashimwenda |Kataraka, Ilolo, Ngole, Kabukimba, Kitale, Ilibo, Mulole |- |7. |Ilowe |1,183 |Mulamba Mulate Kilande |Balande |Balambo, Balande, Bashinda, Banamuganga, Bamulinda |Ilowe I, Ilowe II, Nyabaleke, Kishele |- |8. |Mukangala |12,652 |Mwenebatende Nabuhombya Joseph |Bahofa |Batumba, Balande, Basimbi, Banamuganga, Babulinji, Basele, Bamulinda, Bahofa |Kasika, Pinga, Mulamba (Kalizi), Kipinda, Muhimbili, Pinga, Mushinga, Kalemba, Kuhulile, Ngendje, Ilemb |- | |Total |43,566 |} Source: Administrative archives of Luindi Chiefdom, rapport annuel de la Chefferie de Lwindi, 2019.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=Annexe IV: De la repartition des sieges pour l'election des conseillers de secteur ou de chefferie |trans-title=Annex IV: Distribution of seats for the election of sector or chiefdom councilors |url=https://www.ceni.cd/assets/bundles/documents/cadre-legal/cadre-legal_1531157427.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234927/https://www.ceni.cd/assets/bundles/documents/cadre-legal/cadre-legal_1531157427.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Ceni.cd |pages=370–371 |language=fr}}</ref> Historically, Mwami authority na monarchical and initiatory. Story talk say kingdom start around 1620 by Data wa Nyabatwa from Mukuju go Kalungu to meet chief Nakabumbano.<ref name=":5" /> Na there dem say e declare “Nyi'tolera bwani bwami” meaning e pick up the kingdom, which start Batumba dynasty of Luindi.<ref name=":5" /> King selection dey under Benenamishungwe Kalazambango lineage, assisted by Banyamuganga wey dey keep royal insignia. One important symbol na Ishungwe cap made from leopard or lion skin with bones of past kings.<ref name=":5" /> When Mwami die, Batumba family dey choose successor with elders Nabulizi and Nashimbi involved.<ref name=":5" /> Key titles: * Mutambo – groupement chief * Mugula – localité head * Changalume – soldier/police role * Mwambali wa Mwami – king bodyguard<ref name=":5" /> 91y54rg2l8mbem6snr8lw4x7t8ka87n 106106 106105 2026-06-30T23:53:12Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 106106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Chiefdom in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu}} '''Luindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Luindi'''''), also known as '''Lwindi Chiefdom''' (French: '''''Chefferie de Lwindi'''''), na chiefdom wey dey inside Mwenga Territory, for South Kivu Province for eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. E cover area of 856 square kilometers, and e get estimated population of 43,566 as of 2019,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Wassomukokya |first=François |last2=Mukungilwa |first2=Bitondo |last3=Muteleka |first3=Cyprien |last4=Mutimanwa |first4=Jean Michel |last5=Kasese |first5=Richard Minyota |date=2004 |title=Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Élaboration du Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Rapport final des consultations participatives de la base pour l'élaboration du Document de Stratégies de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), Territoire de Mwenga – Province du Sud-Kivu |trans-title=Steering Unit for the Process of Developing the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (UPPE-SRP). Final Report of Grassroots Participatory Consultations for the Development of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Mwenga Territory – South Kivu Province |url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/8770813a-ffa6-4bcc-a495-493790506bee/content |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |publisher=Ministry of Planning of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |page=33–37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201911.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> e dey inside mountainous area of the Itombwe Massif.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mutua |first1=Makau |title=Zaire: Repression as Policy : a Human Rights Report |last2=Rosenblum |first2=Peter |publisher=Lawyers Committee for Human Rights |year=1990 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=English}}</ref> Nyindu people na the main population wey dey the chiefdom.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Les Cahiers du CEDAF |publisher=Centre d'étude et de documentation africaines |year=1978 |location=Tervuren, Belgium |pages=20 |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biebuyck |first=Daniel P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C |title=Lega Culture; Art, Initiation, and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780520020856 |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25 |language=English}}</ref> Lwindi Chiefdom dey subdivide into groupements (groupings), wey again dey subdivide into localités (villages).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annuaire des rues de Luindi (chefferie), Mwenga |url=https://rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com/luindi-chefferie |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Rues-rd-congo.openalfa.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulebelwa |first=Mukamba |date=17 May 2022 |title=Mwenga: 7 combattants Maï-Maï se rendent aux FARDC à Kasika |trans-title=Mwenga: 7 Mai-Mai fighters surrender to the FARDC in Kasika |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-104795_mwenga_7_combattants_mai_mai_se_rendent_aux_fardc_a_kasika.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Mediacongo.net |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Report on sensitization activities |trans-title=Report on awareness activities |url=https://carpe.umd.edu/sites/default/files/publications/10010006_SP_Awareness-RaisingActivities_WWF-PCKB_2007.pdf |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=Carpe.umd.edu |language=en, fr |publication-place=Maryland, United States}}</ref> == Administration and governance == Luindi Chiefdom na officially recognized Decentralized Territorial Entity (Entité Territoriale Décentralisée, ETD) under Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo wey dem adopt for 18 February 2006. The governance dey mix traditional authority and decentralized administration system.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of October 7, 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> At the top na the Mwami wey get customary plus statutory power. Dem dey appoint am based on tradition, and three Chief Aldermen (Notables) dey support am.<ref name=":13" /> Boundary of the chiefdom dey set by Prime Minister decree based on Interior Ministry recommendation and approval from South Kivu Provincial Assembly.<ref name=":13" /> Two main bodies dey run the administration: * Chiefdom Council * Chiefdom Executive College The Chiefdom Council na deliberative body made up of councillors wey dem elect through direct and secret universal suffrage. E get president, vice-president and rapporteur.<ref name=":13" /> The Chiefdom Executive College dey handle daily administration and implementation of council decisions. E include the Mwami and three Aldermen. If Mwami no dey, dem dey manage am collectively until new leader come.<ref name=":13" /> Administratively, Luindi dey divide into groupements and localités, each under customary chiefs.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Mushi |first=Ferdinand Mugumo |date=January 2013 |title=Insecurity and Local Governance in Congo's South Kivu |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/7398/IDSB_44_1_10.1111-1759-5436.12004.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=IDS OpenDocs |page=7 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2008 |title=Loi organique n° 08/016 du 07 octobre 2008 portant composition, organisation et fonctionnement des Entités Territoriales Décentralisées et leurs rapports avec l'Etat et les Provinces |trans-title=Organic Law No. 08/016 of 7 October 2008 on the composition, organization and operation of Decentralized Territorial Entities and their relations with the State and the Provinces |url=https://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Administration.ter/L.08.16.17.10.2008.htm |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=Leganet.cd |language=fr |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Luindi get eight groupements: {| class="wikitable" !No. !Groupements !Inhabitants !Name of the chief !Ruling clan !Other clans !Localities (localités) |- |1. |Kalambi |7,645 |Itongwa Kasuli Nakalambi |Batumba |Bagezi, Balambo, Bashitabale, Basele, Bashimwenda |Kakangala, Itumba, Kalimoto, Kalambi |- |2. |Kigogo |6,645 |Baguma Mwati Kigogo |Benemutalwa |Bashinda, Balambo, Balande, Balizi, Basimbi, Batwa |Muhuzi, Kashindaba, Kadete, Ishungwe, Kadita, Muhembeje |- |3. |Kilimbwe |3,561 |Kabumbanyungu Lusenda |Balande |Babulinzi, Balambo, Balimbizi, Bamulinda, Batwa |Kilimbwe, Matembu, Ishongo, Katembu, Kisogo |- |4. |Kiomvu |3,090 |Kisongo Gaston |Bakyoka |Balobola, Batumba, Bakyoka, Bagezi, Balimbizi |Kiomvu, Ngenga, Lutambi, Kalimoto |- |5. |Ihanga |2,922 |Pierre Mulindwa |Bahofa |Batumba, Bashi, Babulinzi, Bahofa, Bawanda |Lukunga, Butongo, Nyakalenge, Kangola, Chowe, Misela, Kibuti, Malangi |- |6. |Irangi |5,868 |Nyirangi Bulambo Palamibo |Banyamuganga |Bagezi, Bakyoka, Batumba, Banamuganga, Bashimwenda |Kataraka, Ilolo, Ngole, Kabukimba, Kitale, Ilibo, Mulole |- |7. |Ilowe |1,183 |Mulamba Mulate Kilande |Balande |Balambo, Balande, Bashinda, Banamuganga, Bamulinda |Ilowe I, Ilowe II, Nyabaleke, Kishele |- |8. |Mukangala |12,652 |Mwenebatende Nabuhombya Joseph |Bahofa |Batumba, Balande, Basimbi, Banamuganga, Babulinji, Basele, Bamulinda, Bahofa |Kasika, Pinga, Mulamba (Kalizi), Kipinda, Muhimbili, Pinga, Mushinga, Kalemba, Kuhulile, Ngendje, Ilemb |- | |Total |43,566 |} Source: Administrative archives of Luindi Chiefdom, rapport annuel de la Chefferie de Lwindi, 2019.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=Annexe IV: De la repartition des sieges pour l'election des conseillers de secteur ou de chefferie |trans-title=Annex IV: Distribution of seats for the election of sector or chiefdom councilors |url=https://www.ceni.cd/assets/bundles/documents/cadre-legal/cadre-legal_1531157427.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234927/https://www.ceni.cd/assets/bundles/documents/cadre-legal/cadre-legal_1531157427.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=Ceni.cd |pages=370–371 |language=fr}}</ref> Historically, Mwami authority na monarchical and initiatory. Story talk say kingdom start around 1620 by Data wa Nyabatwa from Mukuju go Kalungu to meet chief Nakabumbano.<ref name=":5" /> Na there dem say e declare “Nyi'tolera bwani bwami” meaning e pick up the kingdom, which start Batumba dynasty of Luindi.<ref name=":5" /> King selection dey under Benenamishungwe Kalazambango lineage, assisted by Banyamuganga wey dey keep royal insignia. One important symbol na Ishungwe cap made from leopard or lion skin with bones of past kings.<ref name=":5" /> When Mwami die, Batumba family dey choose successor with elders Nabulizi and Nashimbi involved.<ref name=":5" /> Key titles: * Mutambo – groupement chief * Mugula – localité head * Changalume – soldier/police role * Mwambali wa Mwami – king bodyguard<ref name=":5" /> == Economy == Economy of the chiefdom mainly depend on agriculture like most rural areas of South Kivu.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ajabu |first=Debyason Byamungu |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Présentation du milieu d’étude et approche méthodologique |trans-title=Chapter II: Presentation of the study area and methodological approach |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-chap-ii-presentation-du-milieu-detude-et-approche-methodologique-1589.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Farming na mostly slash-and-burn style. Households dey cultivate about 0.26 hectares per season. Main crops include cassava, bananas, groundnuts, maize, beans and yams. Fruit like avocado, guava, lemon and pineapple also dey grow small scale.<ref name=":6" /> Oil palm na important cash crop.<ref name=":6" /> {{Multiple image | image1 = Ranunculite.jpg | caption1 = Deep yellow microcrystals of extremely rare Al–U mineral ranunculite from Kobokobo Pegmatite, Mwenga Territory | image2 = Phuralumite.jpg | caption2 = Yellow crystals of very rare uranium mineral phuralumite from Kobokobo Pegmatite, Mwenga Territory | caption_align = center | total_width = 400 }} People dey also keep livestock like pigs, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks and pigeons.<ref name=":6" /> Fishing dey small scale using line fishing, mainly for household consumption, small sales to buy flour or basic needs.<ref name=":6" /> Trade dey limited. Main market na Limanga rural market for Irangi groupement. Other trading centers dey Kidasa, Mulamba and Mukasa.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-201923.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Some people for Mukangala dey trade minerals like gold and cassiterite.<ref name=":52" /> Transport network weak, only land transport dey. Handicraft almost no exist because training no dey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajabu |first=Debyason Byamungu |date=2016 |title=Chapitre II: Présentation du milieu d’étude et approche méthodologique |trans-title=Chapter II: Presentation of the study area and methodological approach |url=https://www.africmemoire.com/part.4-chap-ii-presentation-du-milieu-detude-et-approche-methodologique-1589.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Africmemoire.com |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Bukavu (ISDR-Bukavu) |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> == Security problems == === Regional conflicts and wars === {{Further information|Kasika massacre|Second Congo War}} Luindi Chiefdom suffer from wars wey happen for DR Congo during late 1990s. Research show say violence for Kivu during First and Second Congo War include killings of Rwandan Hutu refugees, Interahamwe atrocities and human rights abuses by AFDL and allies.<ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last=Mulungula |first=Alexandre Mukamba |date=2021 |title=Histoire du groupement de mukangala dans la chefferie de Luindi en territoire de Mwanga de 1930-2019 |trans-title=History of the Mukangala groupement in the Luindi Chiefdom of Mwenga Territory from 1930 to 2019 |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/23/14394/m_Histoire-du-groupement-de-mukangala-dans-la-chefferie-de-Luindi-en-territoire-de-Mwanga-de-1930-20192.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |publisher=Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Second Congo War start after conflict between Laurent-Désiré Kabila and former Rwandan and Ugandan allies.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Muiu |first1=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve_GAAAAQBAJ&dq=Laurent+Kabila+James+Kabarebe+of+his+position&pg=PA128 |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |last2=Martin |first2=G. |date=5 January 2009 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-61831-2 |location=London, England, United Kingdom |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Katulondi |first=Hubert Kabasu Babu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzKNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Laurent+Kabila+James+Kabarebe+of+his+position&pg=PT124 |title=Democratisation in the Dr Congo from Joseph Mobutu to Joseph Kabila: A Modelled Exploration |date=14 March 2019 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |isbn=978-1-7283-8287-6 |location=Bloomington, Indiana, United States |language=en}}</ref> Some reports talk say United States support Rwanda military before war for access to mineral resources.<ref name=":142">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Keith Harmon |date=17 December 2023 |title=Exposing U.S. agents of low intensity warfare in Africa: The policy wonks behind covert warfare and humanitarian fascism |url=https://africanagenda.net/exposing-u-s-agents-of-low-intensity-warfare-in-africa-the-policy-wonks-behind-covert-warfare-humanitarian-fascism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124012146/https://africanagenda.net/exposing-u-s-agents-of-low-intensity-warfare-in-africa-the-policy-wonks-behind-covert-warfare-humanitarian-fascism/ |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=African Agenda |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":152">{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Wayne |date=30 August 2001 |title=America's covert operations in the Great Lakes Region |url=https://l-hora.org/en/americas-covert-operations-in-the-great-lakes-region-wayne-madsen-august-2001/ |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=L'HORA |language=en-US}}</ref> War divide country into two sides: Kabila government control west and south, while rebels control east.<ref name=":202">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=The Second Congo War (August 1998–January 2001) |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/the-second-congo-war/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Mapping-report.org |publisher=[[DRC Mapping Exercise Report|The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Violence continue with groups like RCD, MLC, Mai-Mai and others. Many civilians suffer sexual violence, killings and torture.<ref name=":212">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu |url=https://www.mapping-report.org/en/second-congo-war-attacks-on-other-civilian-populations-south-kivu/ |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=Mapping-report.org |publisher=[[DRC Mapping Exercise Report|The Democratic Republic of the Congo 1993-2003 United Nations Mapping Report]] |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Multiple image | total_width = 240 | image1 = Kasika Village.jpg | caption1 = Kasika village, where first cases of Kasika massacre happen. | caption_align = center }} On 24 August 1998, ANC and RPA carry out Kasika massacre wey kill over 1,000 civilians for Kasika, Kilungutwe and Kalama. Women and children suffer rape, torture and mutilation before dem kill them.<ref name=":212" /> More killings follow in Kitutu, Kamituga and other villages between 1998 and 1999, including mass executions, rape, burning of houses and burial of victims in mass graves.<ref name=":212" /> Civilians also suffer repeated torture, sexual violence and extrajudicial killings across Mwenga area during the war period.<ref name=":212" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kivu conflict]] [[Category:South Kivu]] [[Category:Congo Crisis]] [[Category:Congo River]] fcycsj2cmnyyueil5ofnprzc3wa9lpn 0 27977 106103 2026-06-30T23:50:38Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1260191713|Great Ruaha River]]" 106103 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Great Ruaha River''' be a river insyd south-central [[Tanzania]] wey dey flow thru de Usangu wetlands den de Ruaha National Park east into de [[Rufiji River]]. E dey traverse den dey mark de borders between Iringa Region, Dodoma Region den Morogoro Region. De Great Ruaha river get a basin catchment area of 83,970 square kilometres (32,421 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large‐scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2012-09-10 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}</ref> De population of de basin mainly be sustained by [[irrigation]] den water-related livelihoods such as fishing den livestock keeping. == Size == Great Ruaha be about 475 kilometres (295 mi) long, ein tributary basin get a catchment area of 68,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi) den de mean annual discharge be 140 cubic metres (4,900 cu ft) per second. De Great Ruaha River dey supply 22 percent of de total flow of de Rufiji catchment system. Thirty-eight species of fish be identified insyd de Great Ruaha River. De river ein headwaters be insyd de Kipengere Range insyd west Njombe Region. From der de Great Ruaha River dey descend to de Usangu plains, an important region give irrigated agriculture den livestock insyd Tanzania. De river eventually dey reach de Mtera Dam den then dey flow south to de Kidatu Dam. Dese two dey generate about 50 percent of Tanzania ein electricity. De river dey continue southwards den dey flow across de Selous Game Reserve before reaching de Rufiji River. De major rivers wey dey contribute to de Great Ruaha River be Lukosi, Yovi, Kitete, Sanje, Little Ruaha, Kisigo, Mbarali, Kimani, den Chimala whereas de small ones dey include Umrobo, Mkoji, Lunwa, Mlomboji, Ipatagwa, Mambi, den Mswiswi rivers. == Issues == Decreased flows insyd de Great Ruaha be recorded since de early 1990s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> wey dey result in complete drying of sections of de river insyd 1993 den insyd dry years since (''illustration above''). Dis be attributed to uncontrolled den poor water management, plus de large rice irrigation schemes dey play a major role. [[File:Ruaha_National_Park_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|800x800px|Panorama of Ruaha National Park, plus a view on de Great Ruaha River on 27 July 2003.]] == References == 4frs7zhgx5n48uoykidgw7jymxdktdx 0 27978 106107 2026-06-30T23:56:23Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264350577|Mbezi River]]" 106107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbezi River''' (''Mto Mbezi'' insyd Swahili) be located insyd de Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. E dey begin insyd Kwembe ward insyd Ubungo MC den eventually dey drain into Zanzibar Channel at Kawe ward of Kinondoni MC. Several neighborhoods den two wards be named give de river.<ref>Justin, Mhina Given, et al. "Mapping the gap of water and erosion control measures in the rapidly urbanizing Mbezi river catchment of Dar es Salaam." Water 10.1 (2018): 64.</ref><ref>Mhina, G. J., et al. "Suitability of storm water runoff for water supply in fast urbanizing cities: The case of Mbezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." Journal of Building and Land Development 21.1 (2020): 1–13.</ref> == Threats == === Metal contamination === Like all de rivers insyd de city, de Mbezi River face environmental degradation over decades. Geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, degree of contamination, modified degree of contamination, potential contamination index, den environmental toxicity quotient all dem indicate say sediments from Dar ein rivers be polluted, plus Msimbazi den Kizinga river sediments be more polluted. Dis be true even though enrichment factor dey indicate varying contamination status of heavy metals insyd rivers. Metal contamination levels for Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, den Zn be assessed dey use sediments from de Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, den Mzinga coastal rivers. Na dem find chaw of de higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, den Zn insyd de Msimbazi River. While na dem find higher Ni den Cu concentrations insyd de Kizinga River, higher Mn concentrations be found insyd de Mbezi River. Except for Mn, Mzinga River get de lowest amounts of most metals. Mn concentrations be lowest insyd de Kizinga River.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> === Erosion === Residents of de historic hamlet wey dey live insyd de river plain near de outlet insyd de informal settlement of Ukwamani. De area be declared a flood danger zone by de government, den habitation anaa construction be outlawed der. De authorities begin dey relocate de citizens; owners be given compensation, buh de majority reject de transfer. Dis region ein river dey serve as a garbage disposal site, agriculture, den backyard. De most abrupt event among river behaviors, unexpected [[Flood|floods]] frequently dey affect de residents of Ukwamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Quarry mining === De middle den lower reaches of de river be home to seasonal sand miners. Sand be removed from de dried riverbed wey dem sell as de primary ingredient insyd brickmaking. Although mining be a lucrative river-related industry, na e be made illegal to safeguard de banks. De practice ein outlawry result in de establishment of criminal enterprises wey now run de industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == References == 2q4tnpfd9w2de2uun84sop7q2b59ffu 0 27979 106108 2026-06-30T23:56:54Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Island in the Republic of the Congo}} {{coord|4|15|S|15|25|E|display=title|type:isle_region:CG}} [[File:Kinshasa & Brazzaville - ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|Satellite picture wey show Malebo/Stanley Pool]] [[File:Stanley pool01.jpg|thumb|Map of Malebo/Stanley Pool and Mbamu, wey dem label as "Bamu Island"]] '''Mbamu''' (wey dem also dey call am '''M´Bamou''' and '''Bamu''') na island wey dey inside '''Pool Malebo''', wey be big lake wey form as River Congo don widen. Di island dey under territory of di Republic of the Congo. Mbamu be demilitarized zone under neutral regime wey dem establish for Franco-Belgian Convention of 1908, when di two countries dey carry colonial rule for di areas wey dey both side of River Congo.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0YC55a-GTEC&dq=Mbamu+island+neutral&pg=PA511 |title = International Law in Historical Perspective|isbn = 9789021890500|last1 = Verzijl|first1 = J. H. W.|date = 1970-12-31}}</ref> Pool Malebo get surface area of 180&nbsp;km².<ref name="britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359978/Malebo-Pool "Malebo Pool"]. [http://www.britannica.com Encyclopædia Britannica]. Accessed June 2017.</ref> Two national capitals dey downstream: for northwest side along di river na [[Brazzaville]], wey be capital of Republic of the Congo. For south side of di pool and river na [[Kinshasa]], wey be capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islands of the Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Demilitarized zones]] [[Category:Geography of Brazzaville]] [[Category:Geography of Kinshasa]] [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Lake islands of Africa]] {{RCongo-geo-stub}} {{geopolitics-stub}} 140pbdsehyf43p6xs3fyyi188uo9b3u 0 27980 106110 2026-07-01T00:01:11Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 I don start an article 106110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Department of the Republic of the Congo}} {{Databox}} '''Pool''' ({{langx|kg|Mpumbu, Nsundi, Mbula Ntangu}}<ref>William Graham Lister Randles, ''L’ancien royaume du Congo des origines à la fin du XIXe siècle'', Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013, p. 44</ref><ref> Jean Félix YEKOKA, ''L’HOMME ET SA TERRE AU PAYS DE BOKO-SONGHO DU XVIIe AU DEBUT DU XXIe SIECLES'', UNIVERSITE MARIEN NGOUABI - FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES FORMATION DOCTORALE « HISTOIRE ET CIVILISATIONS AFRICAINES » (HCA), 2013, p. 36 </ref>) na department we dey inside Republic of the Congo, for the southeastern side of di country. E dey share border with Bouenza Department, Lékoumou Department, and Plateaux Department. E still dey border Democratic Republic of the Congo for international side. Di department also dey surround di commune district of di national capital, Brazzaville. Di regional capital na Kinkala. Main towns for di area include Boko, Kindamba and Mindouli. For early 2000s, Pool region bin be home of small insurgency wey Pastor Ntumi lead. Di people wey dey live for di department na Kongo people, Téké people and native population (Pygmies).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01279960/document |title= Une zone enclavée en situation post-confit: le district de Kindamba (Pool, République du Congo). Diagnostic territorial dans en vue d'un Projet d'appui au Développement Communautaire |language=fr |date=2011|website=HAL OPEN SCIENCE |author1= Elisabeth Dorier|author2=Rodrigue Kinouani|author3=Erwan Morand|author4=Damien Rouquier|author5=Quentin Fleuret}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170329152251/http://gitpa.org/Autochtone%20GITPA%20300/gitpa300-16-58congobrazzaTEXTREFOCDH%20RAPPORT%20.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= March 29, 2017 |title= LES PEUPLES AUTOCHTONES DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU CONGO : DISCRIMINATION ET ESCLAVAGE |language=fr|date=2011|website=GITPA.ORG |author1= Roger BOUKA OWOKO|author2= Roch Euloge N’ZOBO|author3=OBSERVATOIRE CONGOLAIS DES DROITS DE L’HOMME (OCDH)|author4=UNION EUROPÉENNE}}</ref> Di region get name from Pool Malebo (wey dem before dey call am Stanley Pool), wey be very wide part of Congo River. [[Image:Pool districts.png|thumb|right|250px|Districts of Pool]] == Administrative divisions == Pool Department dem divide am into thirteen districts: # Kinkala District # Boko District # Mindouli District # Kindamba District # Goma Tsé-Tsé District # Mayama District # Ngabé District # Mbanza–Ndounga District # Louingui District # Loumo District # Ignié District # Vindza District # Kimba District ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/repcongo.asx Republic of the Congo at GeoHive]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Regions and capital district of the Republic of the Congo}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|3|34|S|14|46|E|type:adm1st_region:CG|display=title}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Pool Department| ]] [[Category:Departments of the Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Congo River]] {{RCongo-geo-stub}} 6u8fsenikbf9vxd5g9ccefifd8saygd 106111 106110 2026-07-01T00:04:52Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Corrected content 106111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Databox}} [[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|right|thumb|200px|Mozambique]] [[Image:Cyclone Favio 22 February 2007 0820Z.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cyclone Favio made landfall on February 22, 2007.]] The '''2007 Mozambican flood''' start for late December 2006 when Cahora Bassa Dam overflow sake of heavy rain wey fall for Southern Africa. E later turn worse on February 22, 2007, when Category 4 Cyclone Favio make landfall for central province of Inhambane; experts wey dey track the cyclone talk say e go make the flooding for Zambezi River valley worse.<ref>Beatty, Sean. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228131611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/news/23022007news.shtml Tropical cyclone slams into flood-stricken Mozambique]. BBC News, February 24, 2007</ref> The Zambezi River overflow im bank, flood all surrounding areas for Mozambique.<ref name="SABC12">[http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html Mozambique floods displace 68 000, more at risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131346/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html |date=2007-09-29 }} SABC News, February 12, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html Mozambique issues flood warning as Zambezi breaches banks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004234224/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html |date=2007-10-04 }} Vanguard Online, February 10, 2007.</ref> Chire River and Rivubue River tu also flood.<ref name ="WFP"/> 80,600 people dem evacuate comot from their houses for Tete Province, Manica Province, Sofala Province and Zambezia Province by February 14.<ref name ="washingtonpost">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021401206.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Michelle | last=Faul | title=Some Refuse to Flee Mozambique Flood | date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> By February 22, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report say about 121,000 people don already displaced because of the flood.<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6YNPGE?OpenDocument Mozambique: Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 7]. OCHA, February 22, 2007</ref> Some people still refuse to commot for their houses and livestock.<ref name ="washingtonpost"/> There be 29 confirmed death cases and another 10 wey still no confirm.<ref name = "BBC14">{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6361957.stm | work=BBC News | title=Mozambique seeks urgent flood aid | date=February 14, 2007}}</ref> For early February, Mozambican authorities no expect say the flooding go serious reach like the 2000 and 2001 floods. Paulo Zucula, wey be head of Mozambique national relief agency, talk say: "We expect more water than we had in 2001. The situation is deteriorating and it will get worse but this time we are better prepared than in 2001".<ref name ="SABC12"/> World Food Programme (WFP) estimate say fit be up to 285,000 people go need food aid.<ref name="WFP">[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2367 Floods wreak havoc in parts of southern Africa, billions need help] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213190957/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2367 |date=2007-02-13 }}. World Food Programme. February 9, 2007</ref> WFP start to deliver food aid on February 15.<ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L15816589.htm Helicopters aid Mozambique flood victims]. Reuters. February 15, 2007</ref> One single United Nations helicopter dem give am to help carry aid go evacuation centres.<ref>[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2371 WFP starts helicopter rescue and food deliveries to victims of Mozambique floods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314014544/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2371 |date=2007-03-14 }}. World Food Programme. February 15, 2007</ref> However, plenty people still never receive food or drinking water, and disease outbreak risk also increase; Paulo Zucula later change im earlier talk about readiness, talk say "We were not prepared... it's another disaster".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6377427.stm | work=BBC News | title=Flood aid struggle in Mozambique | date=February 19, 2007}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}}{{Floods in Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Mozambican Flood}} [[Category:Floods in Mozambique]] [[Category:2007 in Mozambique|Flood]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:December 2006 in Africa]] [[Category:January 2007 in Africa]] [[Category:March 2007 in Africa]] [[Category:2007 floods]] [[Category:2000s floods in Africa]] [[Category:2006 floods]] [[Category:2006 in Mozambique]] [[Category:2006 disasters in Africa]] [[Category:21st-century disasters in Mozambique]] [[Category:2007 disasters in Africa]] 2gys7dwhjjbmfil9bb3rq3w4gs6w7j9 14 27981 106113 2026-07-01T00:06:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106113 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27982 106114 2026-07-01T00:08:14Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106114 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1