Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1508 106141 93995 2026-07-01T19:16:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fela Aníkúlápó Kuti''' (name dem take give am for birth be '''Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti'''; 15 October 1938<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/may/05/fela-kuti-10-best-songs "Fela Kuti – 10 of the best"]. ''The Guardian''. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</ref> – 2 August 1997), aka '''Abami Eda''', be Nigerian musician, bandleader, composer, political activist, den Pan-Africanist. Everybro dey talk say ein carry afrobeat come. Afrobeat be Nigerian music genre wey dey combine [[West Africa|West African]] music plus American funk den` jazz.<ref name=":2">Albert Oikelome. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240923102408/https://naijafindmp3.com.ng/stylistic-analysis-of-afrobeat-music-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-en/ "Stylistic Analysis of Afrobeat Music of Fela Anikulapo Kuti"] (PDF). [https://naijafindmp3.com.ng/ NaijaFindMp3.com.ng]. Retrieved 27 January 2013.</ref> Den time na he dey de peak of ein popularity, na every bro dey talk sey ein be de most "challenging den charismatic music performer" for [[Africa]].<ref name=":0">Grass, Randall F. (1 January 1986). "Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: The Art of an Afrobeat Rebel". ''The Drama Review: TDR''. '''30''' (1): 131–148. doi:[[doi:10.2307/1145717|10.2307/1145717]]. JSTOR[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145717 &nbsp;1145717].</ref> Every music for ein era talk sey he be de "musical den sociopolitical voice" for ein time wey san get international significance.<ref name=":1">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000138833 Fela Kuti] at AllMusic</ref> Kuti be son of Nigerian women rights champ, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti. After him waka plenty for abroad, e and him band Africa '70 (with drummer and music boss Tony Allen) burst come shine for Nigeria during 1970s, where e dey talk true as e no dey fear Nigeria military juntas<ref name=":0" />. For 1970, him start Kalakuta Republic commune wey show say dem no go fit control dem again. But dem destroy de commune for 1978 when army raid show, dem em plus him mama don injure, em mama no survive. <ref name=":1" />Government of Muhammadu Buhari lock am for prison in 1984, but after 20 months, dem free am. E still dey record and perform for 1980s and 1990s. Since e die for 1997, him son, Femi Kuti dey manage all him music reissues plus compilations.<ref name=":0" /> == Ein Life plus career == === Ein early life === [[File:Family Ransome Kuti c1940.jpg|thumb|De Ransome-Kuti family c 1940]]Kuti<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/17/arts/celebrating-the-life-and-impact-of-the-nigerian-music-legend-fela.html?pagewanted=1|title=Celebrating the Life and Impact of the Nigerian Music Legend Fela|last=Ogunnaike|first=Lola|date=17 July 2003|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref> dey come from Ransome-Kuti family, dem dey upper-middle-class, born for 15 October 1938 for Abeokuta, Colonial Nigeria.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|editor-first=Dale H.|editor-last=Hoiberg|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Abeokuta|edition=15th|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|volume=I: A-ak Bayes|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/27 27]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/27}}</ref> Him mama, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, na anti-colonial feminist, and him papa, Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, na Anglican minister, school principal, and first president of Nigeria Union of Teachers.<ref name="NUT">{{cite web|title=Origin of NUT|url=https://www.nut-nigeria.org/index.php/2016-01-08-15-02-20/origin-of-nut|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926145650/http://nut-nigeria.org/index.php/2016-01-08-15-02-20/origin-of-nut|archive-date=26 September 2020|access-date=13 January 2020|website=nut-nigeria.org|publisher=Nigeria Union of Teachers}}</ref> Kuti paddy dem dey do plenty work for anti-colonial movement for Nigeria, especially Abeokuta Women Riot wey him mama lead for 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olukayode Segun |first1=Eesuola |last2=Ojakorotu |first2=Victor |date=20 March 2019 |title=Indigenised popular songs for oppositional political communication : Fela Kuti and Miriam Makeba in perspectives |journal=African Renaissance |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=233–251 |doi=10.31920/2516-5305/2019/v16n1a12 |s2cid=242156522 |id=ProQuest 2233905339}}</ref> Him brothers Beko Ransome-Kuti and Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, both na doctors, dem dey popular nationally.<ref name=":1" /> Kuti be cousin<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-30|title=Fela Kuti remembered: 'He was a tornado of a man, but he loved humanity'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/31/fela-kuti-musical-neil-spencer|access-date=2022-03-09|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> to Wole Soyinka, wey be writer and Nobel Prize winner for Literature.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1986|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1986/press-release/}}</ref> Dem dey come from Josiah Ransome-Kuti, wey be Kuti papa side grandpapa and Soyinka mama side great-grandpapa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/oct/31/fela-kuti-musical-neil-spencer|title=Fela Kuti remembered: 'He was a tornado of a man, but he loved humanity'|last=Spencer|first=Neil|date=2010-10-30|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> Kuti go Abeokuta Grammar School. For 1958, dem send am go London make e study medicine, but e decide say make e study music for Trinity College of Music, trumpet na him best instrument.<ref name=":1" /> While e dey there, e form band wey dem call Koola Lobitos, and dem dey play jazz plus highlife mix.<ref name="yabis">{{cite journal |last1=Olatunji |first1=Michael |year=2007 |title=Yabis: A Phenomenon in the Contemporary Nigerian Music |url=http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol1no9/Yabis.pdf |journal=[[The Journal of Pan African Studies]] |volume=1 |pages=26–46}}</ref> Di band get people like Bayo Martins for drums and Wole Bucknor for piano.<ref>''Loyal Nana'', February 26, 2019 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032629/https://www.loyalnana.com/stories-1/2019/2/26/fela-kuti FELA KUTI - Eleanor Igwe]</ref> For 1960, Kuti marry im first wife, Remilekun (Remi) Taylor, wey dem get three pikin together (Yeni, Femi, and Sola).<ref>{{cite web|title=VANGUARD|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201510151630.html|access-date=27 August 2020|website=allafrica}}</ref> For 1963, Kuti come move back go di new independent Federation of Nigeria, re-form Koola Lobitos again, and him come learn as radio producer for Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation. E play small time with Victor Olaiya plus him All-Stars.<ref name="exclaim">{{cite magazine|url=http://exclaim.ca/musicreviews/generalreview.aspx?csid1=136&csid2=849&fid1=40282|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101012030/http://exclaim.ca/musicreviews/generalreview.aspx?csid1=136&csid2=849&fid1=40282|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2013|title=Victor Olaiya, All Star Soul International|author=David Ryshpan|magazine=[[Exclaim!]]|access-date=3 November 2009}}</ref> E call im style Afrobeat, mix of Apala, funk, jazz, highlife, salsa, calypso, and traditional Yoruba music. For 1969, Kuti carry di band go United States and stay for Los Angeles for ten months. While for there, e discover di Black Power movement through Sandra Smith (wey dem sabi as Sandra Izsadore or Sandra Akanke Isidore),<ref>{{cite web|last=Arogundade|first=Funsho|date=12 October 2015|title=Sandra Iszadore, Fashola, Ajibade, others speak at Felabration|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/10/12/sandra-iszadore-fashola-ajibade-others-speak-at-felabration/|access-date=7 November 2021|website=PM News|location=Nigeria}}</ref> wey dey support di Black Panther Party. Dis experience really shape im music plus how e dey see politics.<ref name="L.A. Weekly">{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/fela-kutis-lover-and-mentor-sandra-smith-talks-about-afrobeats-la-origins-as-fela-musical-arrives-at-the-ahmanson-2370345|title=Fela Kuti's Lover and Mentor Sandra Smith Talks About Afrobeat's L.A. Origins, as Fela! Musical Arrives at the Ahmanson|work=[[L.A. Weekly]]|date=December 13, 2011|access-date=April 3, 2016|author=Tewksbury, Drew}}</ref> E change di band name to Nigeria 70. Not long after, Immigration and Naturalization Service hear say Kuti and im band dey US without work permit. Di band do small recording session for Los Angeles wey later dem go release as The '69 Los Angeles Sessions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olaniyan |first1=Tejumola |title=Arrest the Music!: Fela and His Rebel Art and Politics |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11034-3 |oclc=65189067}}</ref> ==== 1970s ==== After Kuti and him band come back Nigeria, dem change dem name to Africa '70 cause di songs don shift from love to social matter.<ref name="yabis" /> E form Kalakuta Republic—na place wey dey serve as commune, recording studio, and home for plenty people wey dey link with di band—wey later him come claim say e dey independent from di Nigerian state. Kuti don set up nightclub for Empire Hotel. He first call am Afro-Spot but later change am to Afrika Shrine, where e dey perform regular and dey do special Yoruba traditional rites to honor im roots. E also change im name to Anikulapo (wey mean 'Person wey carry death for im bag', with meaning say: 'I go fit be master of my own destiny and go decide when death go come collect me').<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|date=11 January 2008|title=Meaning of Anikulapo in|url=http://www.nigerian.name/w/index.php?title=Anikulapo|access-date=1 October 2011|publisher=Nigerian.name}}</ref> He stop to use di hyphen name 'Ransome' sekof e no wan carry slave name for body.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fela Aníkúlápó Kuti (Abami Eda)|url=https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/fela-anikulapo-kuti-abami-eda/|access-date=2024-09-09|website=Africa Boku Talent|language=en-US}}</ref> Kuti music dey popular for Nigeria plus Africa as whole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fela Anikulapo Kuti: The 'ghost' resurrects and the beat goes on, a preview by The Independence|url=http://emn-news.com/fela-anikulapo-kuti-the-ghost-resurrects-and-the-beat-goes-on-a-review-by-the-independence/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117023623/http://emn-news.com/fela-anikulapo-kuti-the-ghost-resurrects-and-the-beat-goes-on-a-review-by-the-independence/|archive-date=17 January 2014|access-date=1 October 2011|publisher=Emnnews.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> E decide make e sing for Pidgin English so people for all over Africa fit enjoy im music, because de local languages wey dem sabi plenty and different. E music don blow well well for Nigeria and other places, but government no like am at all, and dem dey raid Kalakuta Republic too much. For 1972, Ginger Baker record Stratavarious, wey Kuti jam with vocalist and guitarist Bobby Tench.<ref>[Bobby Gass credits], AllMusic</ref> Around dis time, Kuti dey gree more for Yoruba religion.<ref name=":2" /> For 1977, Kuti and Africa 70 drop album wey dem call Zombie, wey e dey fire plenty shot for Nigerian soldiers, use zombie yawa to describe how dem dey work. The album blow big big, but e vex the government, wey come send 1,000 soldiers go raid Kalakuta Republic. During di wahala, dem beat Kuti well well, and him mama (di first woman wey drive car for Naija) get serious injury after dem throw am from window.<ref name=":1" /> Di place burn down, Kuti studio, instruments, and master tapes scatter. Kuti say if no be for one officer wey come rescue am, dem for don kill am. As response to di attack, Kuti carry him mama coffin go Dodan Barracks for Lagos, wey Fada Olusegun Obasanjo dey stay, and he write two songs, "Coffin for Head of State" plus "Unknown Soldier," referencing de official inquiry wey talk say an unknown soldier don destroy de commune.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matthew McKinnon|date=12 August 2005|title=Rebel Yells: A protest music mixtape|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/photoessay/protest/index14.html|access-date=22 November 2009|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703033106/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/photoessay/protest/index14.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuti plus him band move enter Crossroads Hotel after dem don destroy the Shrine and de commune. For 1978, he marry 27 women, plenty of dem be dancers, composers, and singers wey he dey work with. The marriages no be just for celebrate the attack on Kalakuta Republic, but to protect Kuti plus him wives from some false claims say Kuti dey kidnap women.<ref>{{cite book|last=See: Washington|first=Teresa N.|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|isbn=978-0991073016|pages=218–219}}</ref> Later, he come start to dey rotate 12 wives wey dey with am at once.<ref name="music.guardian.co.uk">{{cite news|last=Culshaw|first=Peter|title=The big Fela|url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1927705,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=15 August 2004|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> That year, two concerts happen: de first one for Accra, where wahala burst during the song 'Zombie', make dem ban Kuti from entering Ghana; de second one after Berlin Jazz Festival when plenty of Kuti's musicians leave am because dem hear rumor say he wan use all de money for him presidential campaign. For 1978, Fela perform for Berliner Jazztage for Berlin with him band Africa 70. De fees no sweet dem, so Tony Allen, wey be band leader plus almost all de musicians, gree resign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/arts/music/tony-allen-dead.html|title=Tony Allen, Drummer Who Created the Beat of Afrobeat, Dies at 79|work=The New York Times|date=2 May 2020|last1=Pareles|first1=Jon}}</ref> After that, Baryton player Lekan Animashaun take over as band leader and Fela start new group wey dem call Egypt 80. For 1979, Kuti form him political party, wey he name Movement of de People (MOP), to 'clean society like mop',<ref name=":1" /> but e quickly turn inactive because of the wahala wey him get with the government. MOP dey preach Nkrumahism plus Africanism.<ref name=":12">{{cite book|last=Collins|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmBcCAAAQBAJ|title=Fela: Kalakuta Notes|date=5 June 2015|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=9780819575401}}</ref><ref>''Fela Kuti: Music is the Weapon''. Directors Jean-Jacques Flori and Stephane Tchalgadjieff. 1982. Universal Import. March 2004.</ref> ===== 1980s den beyond ===== {{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=180|image1=Femi Kuti 2.jpg|image2=Seun kuti.jpg|caption2=Two of Kuti's sons are musicians: [[Femi Kuti|Femi]] and [[Seun Kuti|Seun]].}}For 1980, Fela sign exclusive management with French producer Martin Meissonnier wey fit manage am sign record deal with Arista records London through A&R Tarquin Gotch. First album drop for February 1981 wey dem call am "Black President" wey get track "ITT" plus the B-Side be "Colonial Mentality" plus edited version of "Sorrow Tears and Blood" (those two tracks wey dem record with Africa 70 and Tony Allen no come out for Europe).<ref>{{cite web|date=1981|title=Fela Anikulapo Kuti - Black President|url=https://www.discogs.com/fr/release/515650-Fela-Anikulapo-Kuti-Black-President|website=[[Discogs]]}}</ref> After dem release am, Fela do him first European tour (4 concerts for one week) with 70 people for him squad. The tour begin for Paris on March 15, 1981, with plenty crowd wey dem fit count am 10000 people,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1981/03/16/fela-anikulapo-kuti-a-l-hippodrome-de-paris_2712170_1819218.html|title=Fela Anikulapo Kuti à l'Hippodrome de Paris|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=16 March 1981}}</ref> then go Brussels, Wien and Strasbourg. "Black President" no long pass another album wey dem record for Paris for July 1981: "Original Sufferhead",<ref>{{cite web|date=1982|title=Felá Anikũlapo-Kuti - Original Sufferhead|url=https://www.discogs.com/fr/release/10150757-Fel%C3%A1-Anik%C5%A9lapo-Kuti-Original-Sufferhead|website=[[Discogs]]}}</ref> plus "Power Show" for the B-side. Fela still record track "Perambulator" for Paris. Arista give Fela im freedom back at de end of 1981.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 2017|title=Fela Kuti, une histoire française|url=https://musique.rfi.fr/musique-africaine/20170801-fela-kuti-france-meissonnier-kertekian}}</ref> French filmmaker Jean Jacques Flori waka come Lagos early 1982 to direct di classic film wey dem dey call "Music be Weapon". Dem show di film for Antenne 2 (French TV) for 1982. Di producer, Stephane Tchalgaldjieff no like di film, so e make am chop and change for international release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music is the Weapon|url=https://felakuti.com/eu/products/142320-music-is-the-weapon/20413315-dvd}}</ref> "V.I.P. (Vagabonds in Power)" and "Authority Stealing" drop for 1980, and di first one na live show wey dem do for Berlin, West Germany. For 1983, Kuti dey nominate himself for president<ref name=":1" /> for Nigeria first election wey don take place for long, but dem no gree am. E come create new band wey dem call Egypt 80, wey show say Egyptian civilization, knowledge, philosophy, mathematics, and religious beliefs na African own, and we suppose claim am. Kuti talk for interview say: "Make I make our people sabi say Egyptian civilization na African own. Na why I change my band name to Egypt 80."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gFY-6x1qTzU Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140319145405/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFY-6x1qTzU Wayback Machine]: {{cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Fela Kuti & Egypt 80 Arsenal TV3 Catalonian TV 1987-08-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFY-6x1qTzU |access-date=2020-05-01 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Kuti dey continue record albums and dey tour country. E come vex political people more by mentioning ITT Corporation vice-president, Moshood Abiola, plus Obasanjo for hin popular 25-minute talk wey dem call "I.T.T. (International Thief-Thief)".<ref name=":1" /> For 1984, Muhammadu Buhari wey Kuti no gree, lock him up because dem talk say e dey carry money wey no be im own. Amnesty International and plenty other people talk say dem case na politics matter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/feb/15/guardianobituaries.mainsection|location=London|work=The Guardian|first=Shola|last=Adenekan|title=Obituary: Dr Beko Ransome-Kuti|date=15 February 2006}}</ref> Amnesty even call am prisoner of conscience,<ref>{{cite web|title=Success stories|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/content.asp?CategoryID=10097|access-date=9 June 2012|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> plus other human rights groups join for him side. After 20 months, General Ibrahim Babangida free am from jail. When e come out, Kuti chop him 12 wives. E talk say 'marriage dey bring jealousy plus selfishness' since ein wives dey always dey want show say dem better pass each other.<ref name="music.guardian.co.uk" /><ref name="Ayobade2019">{{cite journal |last1=Ayobade |first1=Dotun |date=2019 |title='We Were On Top of the World': Fela Kuti's Queens and the Poetics of Space |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=24–39 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2017.1400954 |s2cid=194782043}}</ref> Kuti dey drop albums with Egypt 80 and dey tour for USA and Europe while e still dey do politics. For 1986, e perform for Giants Stadium for New Jersey as part of Amnesty International's A Conspiracy of Hope concert wey get Bono, Carlos Santana, and the Neville Brothers inside. For 1989, Kuti and Egypt 80 release the anti-apartheid album Beasts of No Nation wey show U.S. President Ronald Reagan, UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and South Africa President Pieter Willem Botha for cover. The title come from wetin Botha talk: 'This uprising [against apartheid] go bring that beast come out from, us.'<ref name=":1" /> Kuti's album drop slow down for 1990s, and e later stop drop album at all. On 21 January 1993,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akinyemi|first=Oluwamayowa|title=NOSTALGIA: 28 Years Ago Today, Fela Kuti Was Arrested On Suspicion Of Murder - A New Touch of Africa|url=https://anewtouchofafrica.com/nostalgia-28-years-ago-today-fela-kuti-was-arrested-on-suspicion-of-murder/|access-date=2021-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref> em plus four guys from Africa 70 dey arrested and dem charge dem on 25 January for murder of electrician.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-01-25|title=NIGERIAN MUSICIAN FELA CHARGED WITH MURDER|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/01/26/nigerian-musician-fela-charged-with-murder/53f09d58-3ad4-47c3-b6e6-8b2fd2b21643/|access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref> People talk say he dey sick but e no wan take treatment. But Kuti no talk anything wey go make dem confirm about this wahala. ===== Ein Death ===== For 3 August 1997, Kuti brother Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, wey don dey fight AIDS matter<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adewole |first1=Isaac F. |date=2003 |title=Olikoye Ransome-Kuti: Nigeria's outstanding Minister of Health: A tribute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27250235#:~:text=In%201986%2C%20he%20announced%20Nigeria's,in%20the%20Nigeria's%20healthcare%20system. |journal=African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de la Santé Reproductive |volume=27, No. 5s |issue=Special Edition in honor of Late Profesor Olikoye Ransome Kuti (May 2023) |pages=27–30}}</ref> plus be ex-Minister of Health, talk say Kuti don die for di day wey pass from heart wahala sekof of AIDS complications.<ref>{{cite news|last1=David|first1=Herszenhorn|title=Fela, 58, Dissident Nigerian Musician, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/04/arts/fela-58-dissident-nigerian-musician-dies.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=4 August 1997|access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/08/04/nigerian-musician-fela-anikulapo-kuti-dies/54641ca2-e236-4687-a262-b2e86c535e73/|title=NIGERIAN MUSICIAN FELA ANIKULAPO-KUTI DIES|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 4, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-04-mn-19298-story.html|title=Fela Anikulapo Kuti; Nigerian Musician|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 4, 1997}}</ref> Kuti be AIDS denialist, and him wife still dey argue say e no die from di sickness.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2015|title=Fela Did Not Die of AIDS, Widow Insists|url=https://dailytimes.ng/fela-did-not-die-of-aids-widow-insists/|website=Daily Times Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=See: Washington|first=Teresa N.|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|isbn=978-0991073016|pages=285n105}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Kuti marry 27 women at the same time for 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-22|title=The Untold story of how Fela Kuti married 27 women same day|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/the-untold-story-of-how-fela-kuti-married-27-women-same-day-2.html|access-date=2025-03-05|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Him youngest pikin, Seun, dey lead Kuti former band, Egypt 80. As we dey talk for 2022, the band still dey grind, dey drop music under Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seun Kuti & Egypt 80 {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/seun-kuti-egypt-80-mn0000999542/biography|access-date=2020-09-06|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref> Him other pikin dem be musicians Femi plus Yeni Kuti.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Osiebe|first=Garhe|date=2020-08-20|title=The daughters and sons of Fela in African Pop|url=https://theconversation.com/the-daughters-and-sons-of-fela-in-african-pop-138739|access-date=2025-03-05|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Music == {{main|Afrobeat}}[[File:James Brown Live Hamburg 1973 1702730029.jpg|thumb|[[James Brown]] na an important American influence on Kuti ein musical style.|left]] === Music === Kuti dey call him music style Afrobeat.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2012|title=Fela Kuti and the Legacy of Afrobeat|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/fela-kuti-s-afrobeat-legacy/}}</ref> E be style wey he create well-well, blend jazz, funk, highlife, plus traditional Naija and African chants and rhythms. E get small touch of Afro-Cuban music, psychedelic soul, and e dey resemble James Brown music. Afrobeat dey chop plenty from native 'tinker pan'.<ref>As Iwedi Ojinmah points out in his article "Baba is Dead – Long Live Baba,"</ref> Tony Allen, wey be Kuti drummer for twenty years, really help bring Afrobeat come life. Tony drumming dey use 2 & 4 backbeat style small-small, but e dey craft time for hard-bop way, throwing strong downbeat, sometimes with double kick-drum for the 1. You fit hear clear connection between Kuti’s songs and electric-era Miles Davis, Sly Stone, plus Afrofunk papa Orlando Julius, plus how Davis plus Coltrane run demma mod arrangements for funk idiom. Kuti's band dey different because dem get two baritone saxophones, when other bands dey use just one. Dis one na common way wey you go see for African music and style wey influence am, e dey show for funk and hip hop. Dem always get two or more guitar players. De electric West African style guitar wey dey for Afrobeat bands na key part of de sound, e dey help give am structure, wey dey play repeating chord or groove. Some elements wey dey Kuti music na the call-and-response for chorus and the lyrics dey simple but deep. Him songs dey long well, at least 10–15 minutes, plenty go reach 20 or 30 minutes, and some unreleased tracks fit last up to 45 minutes live. This long thing be one of the plenty reasons wey him music no catch huge buzz outside Africa. Him LP records dey often get one 30-minute track for each side. Usually, dem go start with one 'instrumental introduction' jam section wey dey about 10–15 minutes long before Kuti go start sing the 'main' part of the song, wey go still dey for another 10–15 minutes. For some recordings, him songs dey split into two parts: Part 1 be de instrumental, den Part 2 him go add vocals. Kuti dey sing plenty songs for Nigerian Pidgin English, but e don jam small songs for Yoruba too. Him main instruments na saxophone and keyboards, but e go still fit blow trumpet, electric guitar, and once-in-a-while drum solo. Kuti no gree perform songs wey him don record before, wey make im no too popular outside Africa.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Kuti songs dey talk plenty things wey no easy. E dey challenge wetin people sabi for inside political matter as e dey use song reply dem. Plenty of him songs dey show parody and satire too. De main gist wey him dey push for him music na how we fit find justice as we dey waka through political and social wahala wey dey affect de ordinary people.<ref>{{Citation|last=Olorunyomi|first=Sola|title=1. Tradition and Afrobeat|date=2013-04-03|url=http://books.openedition.org/ifra/522|work=Afrobeat! : Fela and the Imagined Continent|pages=1–32|series=African Dynamics|place=Ibadan|publisher=IFRA-Nigeria|isbn=979-10-92312-07-2|access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref> ==== Showmanship ==== Kuti be big man for show, and him concerts dey be wahala and gidi gidi. E call him stage act 'Underground Spiritual Game'. Plenty people dey expect make e perform like dem Western shows, but for 1980s, e no wan do any 'show'. Him European performance be wetin make sense for that time plus him other inspiration.<ref name=":2" /> E try make movie but fire wey military government wey dey power set for him house spoil all him work.<ref name=":22">{{cite news|last1=Darnton|first1=John|title=NIGERIA'S DISSIDENT SUPERSTAR|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/24/archives/nigerias-dissident-superstar-fela.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 July 1977}}</ref> E believe say art, plus him own music too, suppose get political meaning.<ref name=":2" /> Kuti concerts dey always get women wey be singers and dancers, wey dem later call "Queens." Dem Queens be women wey help make Kuti music popular. Dem dey wear bright colors and plenty makeup wey show their creativity. De singers for de group dey backup Kuti, dey go dey follow am talk or hum along, while the dancers dey perform plenty erotic styles. Dis one start to cause wahala because as dem dey involved with Kuti political matter, e be true say plenty of dem women be young.<ref name="Ayobade2019" /> Kuti be part of one Afrocentric consciousness movement wey him start and dey deliver through him music. For one interview wey dey insyde Hank Bordowitz's Noise of de World, Kuti talk say: Music suppose get effect. If you dey play music and people no dey feel anything, you no dey do anything. Na wetin African music be. When you hear music, you suppose move your body. I wan make people dey dance, but make dem dey reason too. Music suppose carry message for better life, against bad life. If you dey listen to jam wey show say better life dey but you no dey enjoy am, e go surely touch you.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bordowitz|first1=Hank|title=Noise of the World: Non-Western Musicians In Their Own Words|date=2004|publisher=Soft Skull Press|location=Canada|page=170}}</ref> == Political views den activism == === Activism === Kuti dey involve big-time for politics for Africa since 1970s till him go. Him dey talk say dem government people for Naija dey chop money and dey treat citizens bad. Him also dey shout say colonialism na di root cause of all di wahala wey dey worry African people for socio-economics and politics. Corruption na one of di biggest wahala wey dey face Africa for di 1970s and Naija dey among di most corrupt places. Dem government dey rig election plus do coup wey just make poverty, economic inequality, and unemployment worse, plus dem dey promote more corruption and crime. Kuti’s protest songs dey jam about all dis corruption matter plus socio-economic problems for Africa. People dey hear Kuti’s political messages all over Africa.<ref name=":22" /> Kuti dey talk loud about di violent regime wey dey control Nigeria, but e no come without wahala. Dem don arrest am over 200 times, and e spend plenty time for jail, including 20 months wey e no fit come out after dem arrest am for 1984. E no stop there, di corrupt government send soldiers make dem beat Kuti, for family den friends, plus dem go destroy everywhere wey e dey live and any instrument or recording wey him get.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-03|title=20 years after Fela's death, his music, lifestyle and influence lives on » YNaija|url=https://naija.yafri.ca/20-years-after-felas-death-his-music-lifestyle-and-influence-lives-on/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> For 1970s, Kuti dey drop bold political talk for de advert space of daily and weekly papers like The Daily Times PLUS The Punch, bypassing de media wahala wey government dey control for Nigeria.<ref>This section includes material copied verbatim from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804141056/http://www.chimurengalibrary.co.za/periodicals.php?id=17 "Chief Priest Say"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804141056/http://www.chimurengalibrary.co.za/periodicals.php?id=17|date=4 August 2008}}, at chimurenga library.co.za, released under [[GFDL]].</ref> Dem publish that column from 1970s to early 1980s wey dem name "Chief Priest Say", e be continuation of Kuti's Yabi Sessions—wey him dey raise consciousness with word plus sound, as him be chief priest for him nightclub for Lagos. Dem organize am around strong Afrocentric history and black beauty matter, "Chief Priest Say" focus on how cultural control dey keep Africans down. Kuti run plenty topics, from harsh talk about Nigerian Government criminal behavior, the wahala wey Islam and Christianity dey cause, and bad multinational companies; to how Western medicine no dey help, Black Muslims matter, sex, pollution, plus poverty. Later, The Daily Times and The Punch cancel "Chief Priest Say". People talk say dem editors fit dey under pressure to stop am, even if dem dey threaten with violence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporters|first=Greenbarge|date=2015-10-15|title=The Legend Lives On: Profile Of Fela Anikulapo Kuti At Birthday Today|url=https://greenbreporters.com/art-entertainment/the-legend-lives-on-profile-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-at-birthday-today.html/amp|access-date=2024-09-09|website=Greenbarge Reporters|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Political views ==== {{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote="Imagine [[Che Guevara]] and [[Bob Marley]] rolled into one person and you get a sense of Nigerian musician and activist Fela Kuti."|source=—''[[Herald Sun]]'', February 2011<ref>Blanche Clarke, [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/man-of-beats-brings-a-message-with-him/story-e6frf96f-1225999739892 "Man of Beats Brings a Message with him"], ''[[Herald Sun]]'', 4 February 2011.</ref>}} Kuti's lyrics dey show wetin dey happen for him mind. As he blow up for 1970s, e show say music dey change how we dey talk about Nigerian wahala and politics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shonekan |first=Stephanie |date=1 January 2009 |title=Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria |journal=Black Music Research Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=127–144 |jstor=20640673}}</ref> For 1984, he talk plenty bad tin about Mohammadu Buhari wey dey be de president of de Federal Republic of Nigeria then.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/apr/01/nigerias-new-president-muhammadu-buhari-is-the-man-who-put-fela-kuti-in-jail|title=Nigeria's new president Muhammadu Buhari – the man who jailed Fela Kuti|last=Denselow|first=Robin|date=1 April 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> One of him popular jam, "Beast of No Nation", na when he call Buhari "animal for mad man body"; for Pidgin, we go talk say: "No be outside Buhari dey ee / na craze man be dat / animal for craze man skin." Kuti love Africa well well, e dey preach make people dey live in peace. E believe say to fight European wahala, dem suppose support their own culture plus beliefs.<ref name=":2" /> De American Black Power movement self gree influence Kuti for him political eye; he dey for Pan-Africanism and socialism, dey shout for united, democratic Africa republic.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Alexander |date=5 December 2013 |title=Make It Funky: Fela Kuti, James Brown and the Invention of Afrobeat |url=http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4463 |journal=American Studies |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=99–118 |doi=10.1353/ams.2013.0124 |s2cid=145682238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hadj-Moussa|first1=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-hCBAAAQBAJ&q=fela+democratic+african+republic&pg=PT157|title=Suffering, Art, and Aesthetics|last2=Nijhawan|first2=M.|date=9 July 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137426086}}</ref> Some leaders wey he support while e dey live include Kwame Nkrumah den Thomas Sankara.<ref name=":12" /> Kuti no dey fear to talk for human rights, plenty of him songs na direct jab for dictators, especially the military wey dey rule Nigeria for 1970s and 1980s. Him still call out other Africans (especially the upper class) wey dey turn back on traditional African culture. For 1978, Kuti be polygamist when e marry 27 women at once.<ref name=":1a">{{cite book|last=Collins|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmBcCAAAQBAJ|title=Fela: Kalakuta Notes|date=5 June 2015|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=9780819575401}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Carlos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbMDyvjYIyMC|title=Fela: This Bitch of a Life|last2=Gil|first2=Gilberto|date=1982|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=9781556528354}}</ref> Dem wedding wey everybody dey talk about get plenty meanings: e mark one year wey Kuti plus him wives survive Nigerian government wahala for Kalakuta Republic for 1977,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Washington|first=Teresa N.|title=The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature|publisher=Oya's Tornado|year=2014|isbn=978-0991073016|pages=218}}</ref> plus e also make Kuti relationship with di women wey dey stay with am official. Dis one go fit stop Nigerian government from raiding Kuti compound say him don kidnap di women.<ref name=":02" /> Kuti dey talk say polygamy dey make sense and e dey easy: "Man suppose dey collect plenty women from start. Like for Europe, when man don marry, when him wife dey sleep, he go dey waka dey chop other women. E suppose carry dem come house, make dem live with am, make e no dey run for street!"<ref>{{cite web|title=Naija News|url=https://www.naijatab.com/|access-date=1 October 2011|publisher=NaijaTab.com}}</ref> Some people dey see him thoughts on women as no good, and dem dey use songs like "Mattress" show say he dey disrespect women.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanovsky|first=Derek|year=1998|title=Fela and His Wives: The Import of a Postcolonial Masculinity|url=http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/STAN.HTM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103741/http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/STAN.HTM|archive-date=17 June 2010|access-date=16 March 2010|work=Jouvert|publisher=english.chass.ncsu.edu}}</ref><ref name="Olaniyan 76–89">{{cite journal |last1=Olaniyan |first1=Tejumola |date=June 2001 |title=The Cosmopolitan Nativist: Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and the Antinomies of Postcolonial Modernity |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=76–89 |doi=10.2979/RAL.2001.32.2.76 |s2cid=161060935 |id=Project MUSE 29585}}</ref> For one complex matter, e dey mock African women wey wan fit European lady standard while e dey praise market women for song wey call "Lady."<ref name="Olaniyan 76–89" /> But Kuti no too dey like wetin e see as wrong show of African manliness. For him songs "J.J.D. (Johnny Just Drop)" and "Gentleman", Kuti dey laugh African men wey dey follow European standard wey no fit for our culture, and him dey claim say him be "African man: Original."<ref name=":02" /> Kuti no dey shy for talk him mind about America. For one meeting during him 1981 tour for Amsterdam, he bin dey 'yarn' how di psychological wahala wey American people like ITT plus CIA dey bring come developing countries no be fair. He talk say terms like Third World, undeveloped, or non-aligned countries dey show say dem dey below others, so e no believe say dem suppose use am.<ref name=":1a" /> == Legacy == [[File:Fela_New_Shrine,_Lagos_02.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fela_New_Shrine,_Lagos_02.jpg|right|thumb|De [[:en:New_Afrika_Shrine|New Afrika Shrine]], [[:en:Lagos|Lagos]]]] Kuti be one big legend wey dey inspire plenty people dem. Him dey talk him mind about wetin dey hunger the country through him music. Since 1998, dem dey run Felabration festival, wey him pikin Yeni Kuti start,<ref>{{cite web|date=22 September 2019|title=Felabration 2019: How We Came About the Theme, 'From Lagos, With Love!' – Yeni Kuti|url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2019/09/22/felabration-2019-how-we-came-about-the-theme-from-lagos-with-love-yeni-kuti/|access-date=6 November 2021|website=The News}}</ref> every year for New Afrika Shrine to celebrate dis music king and him birthday. Since Kuti die for 1997, him influence don come back strong for music and popular culture. E don bring another re-release of him songs wey UMG, Broadway, and off-Broadway shows dey control, plus new bands like Antibalas wey dey carry Afrobeat go new generation. For 1999, Universal Music France, wey Francis Kertekian dey run am, remastered 45 albums wey dem get, and drop am for 26 compact discs. Dis title dem license am worldwide, but for Nigeria and Japan, another companies dey hold Kuti music. For 2005, UMG for America carry all their world-music title license go Wrasse Records for UK, wey come repack the same 26 discs for US (wey fit change the titles wey MCA drop) and UK. Then for 2009, Universal come arrange new deal for US and Europe, with Knitting Factory Records and PIAS for respectively, wey include the Broadway cast recording of the musical Fela! Later for 2013, FKO Ltd., wey hold all Kuti compositions rights, BMG Rights Management buy am. For 2003, de Black President exhibition come show for New Museum for Contemporary Art, New York, e get concerts, symposia, films, plus 39 artists work wey dem dey represent from different countries.<ref>[http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/403 "Black President: the Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti"], New Museum Digital Archive.</ref><ref name=":1a" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Koirala, Snigdha|title=—Black President: The Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo Kuti, New Museum of Contemporary Art|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/5518/black-president-the-art-and-legacy-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-new-museum-of-contemporary-art|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110172858/http://bombmagazine.org/article/5518/black-president-the-art-and-legacy-of-fela-anikulapo-kuti-new-museum-of-contemporary-art|archive-date=10 November 2014|access-date=29 November 2016|website=BOMB Magazine}}</ref> American singer Bilal don remake Kuti 1977 jam wey dem dey call 'Sorrow Tears and Blood' for him second album, Love for Sale, and e get Common wey dey rap for am. Bilal talk say Kuti blend of jazz and folk style dey inspire him music. Di 2007 film The Visitor, wey Thomas McCarthy direct, show say one professor wey dey disconnected (Richard Jenkins) wan play djembe; e sabi from one young Syrian (Haaz Sleiman) wey tell am say e no go fit sabi African music well well unless e listen Fela. Di film get clips of Kuti's 'Open and Close' and 'Je'nwi Temi (No Gag Me)'. [[File:Antibalas_afrobeat_orchestra.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibalas_afrobeat_orchestra.jpg|left|thumb|De Afrobeat band [[:en:Antibalas|Antibalas]] insyde 2005]] For 2008, dem do one show wey no dey Broadway about Kuti life, dem call am Fela! and e dey inspired by one book wey dem write for 1982 wey be Fela, Fela! This Bitch of a Life by Carlos Moore.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bossler, Gregory|date=13 July 2012|title=Fela!: Review Roundup|url=http://gregorybossler.com/topics/shows/fela-review-roundup|access-date=27 January 2013|publisher=Gregorybossler.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Reedy, R. Scott|date=3 May 2012|title=Theatergoers can't stay in their seats during 'Fela!'|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/marshfield/fun/entertainment/arts/x1942573570/THEATER-REVIEW-Theatergoers-can-t-stay-in-their-seats-during-Fela#axzz22GB2xo7j|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100513/http://www.wickedlocal.com/marshfield/fun/entertainment/arts/x1942573570/THEATER-REVIEW-Theatergoers-can-t-stay-in-their-seats-during-Fela#axzz22GB2xo7j|archive-date=15 January 2013|access-date=27 January 2013|publisher=Marshfield Mariner|df=dmy-all}}</ref> E start with collaboration wey Antibalas Afrobeat band and Tony award winner Bill T. Jones do together. Di show mash up, e sell out plenty shows and everybody praise am. On 22 November 2009, Fela! start dem run for Broadway for Eugene O'Neill Theatre. Jim Lewis dey help write di script together with Jones, and dem get support from producers like Jay-Z and Will Smith plus some others. For 4 May 2010, Fela! collect 11 Tony Awards nomination, including Best Musical, Best Book of Musical, Best Direction of Musical for Bill T. Jones, Best Leading Actor in Musical for Sahr Ngaujah, and Best Featured Actress in Musical for Lillias White.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tony Award Nominations, 2010|url=http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/shows/201004241272141059439.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509020130/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/shows/201004241272141059439.html|archive-date=9 May 2010}}</ref> For 2011, dem film di London version of Fela! at di Royal National Theatre.<ref name=":1a" /> Then for 11 June 2012, dem announce say Fela! go come back to Broadway for 32 performances.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/166944-Fela-Will-Play-Limited-Summer-Return-Engagement-on-Broadway|author=Gans, Andrew, and Adam Hetrick|title=Fela! Will Play Limited Summer Return Engagement on Broadway|magazine=Playbill|access-date=21 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103150105/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/166944-Fela-Will-Play-Limited-Summer-Return-Engagement-on-Broadway|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For 18 August 2009, DJ J.Period drop one free mixtape wey dem dey call The Messengers. Na collaboration with Somali hip-hop artist K'naan wey dey show love for Kuti, Bob Marley, plus Bob Dylan. Two months later, Knitting Factory Records dey begin bring back di 45 titles wey UMG get control over, dem start with another re-release for US of di compilation wey dem call The Best of di Black President, wey dem complete den drop for 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chick|first=Stevie|date=2013-03-04|title=BBC - Music - Review of Fela Kuti - The Best of the Black President 2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/26b6/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=[[BBC]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Fela Son of Kuti: The Fall of Kalakuta na stage play wey Onyekaba Cornel Best write for 2010. E don shine well well for dat year Felabration and come back for 2014 for National Theatre and Freedom Park for Lagos. Dis play dey talk wetin happen for one hideout, one day after Kalakuta fall. Di full-length documentary film Finding Fela, wey Alex Gibney direct, show for 2014 Sundance Film Festival. [[File:Fela_Anikulakpo-kuti,_off_Allen_roundabout,_Lagos.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fela_Anikulakpo-kuti,_off_Allen_roundabout,_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Fela Kuti statue at [[:en:Ikeja,_Lagos|Ikeja, Lagos]]]] One biographical film wey Focus Features dey work on, direct by Steve McQueen and write by Biyi Bandele, people dey talk say dem go start am for 2010, with Chiwetel Ejiofor as de lead role.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Fleming Jr|date=4 May 2010|title=As 'Fela!' Lands 11 Tony Noms, Pic On The Musician/Activist Signs Chiwetel Ejiofor|url=https://deadline.com/2010/05/as-fela-lands-11-tony-noms-pic-on-the-musicianactivist-signs-chiwetel-ejiofor-38010/|access-date=27 January 2021|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> But by 2014, the whole plan no dey go under Focus Features again, and even tho McQueen still be main writer, dem bring Andrew Dosunmu come direct am. McQueen tell The Hollywood Reporter say de film don dey "dead".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ginsberg|first1=Merle|last2=Baum|first2=Gary|date=2014-01-09|title=Fela Kuti Biopic Soldiers On, Without Steve McQueen or Focus Features|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fela-kuti-biopic-soldiers-steve-669532|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> Di 2019 documentary film My Friend Fela (Meu amigo Fela) wey Joel Zito Araújo do, dey show di wahala wey dey Kuti life through di eyes plus talk of em biographer Carlos Moore.<ref>[https://iffr.com/en/2019/films/my-friend-fela "My Friend Fela"], IFFR.</ref> De album wey Tony Allen and Hugh Masekela do together, Rejoice, drop for 2020. E get one track wey dem call "Never (Lagos Never Gonna Be the Same)" wey be tribute to Kuti, na im make Allen and Masekela meet for 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Denselow|first=Robin|author-link=Robin Denselow|date=19 March 2020|title=Tony Allen: Afrobeat's master on Hugh Masekela, Damon Albarn and friction with Fela Kuti|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/mar/19/tony-allen-afrobeats-master-on-hugh-masekela-damon-albarn-and-friction-with-fela-kuti|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Music News|date=23 March 2020|title=Tony Allen & Hugh Masekela Pay Tribute to Fela In 'Never (Lagos Never Gonna Be The Same)'|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrobeat-tony-allen-hugh-masekela-never-lagos-gonna-be-the-same-listen/|access-date=6 November 2021|website=[[OkayAfrica]]}}</ref> Kuti song dem, "Zombie" and "Sorrow Tears and Blood" don show for Grand Theft Auto: IV game, and dem even nominate am after him die for Rock & Roll Hall of Fame for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Latesha|date=10 February 2021|title=Jay-Z, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner Among 16 Nominees For Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966298198/jay-z-mary-j-blige-tina-turner-among-16-nominees-for-rock-roll-hall-of-fame|access-date=2021-02-11|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref> For 2021, Hulu bring come six-episode documentary dem dey call McCartney 3,2,1. For that one, Paul McCartney talk say when e go see Fela Kuti for African Shrine, the club wey dey outside Lagos, for early 1970s: "The music be so incredible say I dey cry. Hearing that na one of the greatest music moments for my life."<ref>Ruggieri, Melissa. "Paul recalls The Beatles' 'laboratory'", ''[[USA Today]]'', Monday, 19 July 2021, p. 7B.</ref> For 1 November 2021, dem unveil blue plaque for 12 Stanlake Road, Shepherd's Bush from Nubian Jak Community Trust. Na dere be di first place wey Kuti stay when e land London for 1958 wey e dey study music for Trinity College.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 November 2021|title=Afrobeat legend Fela Kuti honoured with blue plaque in Shepherds Bush|url=https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/articles/news/2021/11/afrobeat-legend-fela-kuti-honoured-blue-plaque-shepherds-bush|access-date=4 November 2021|website=H&F (Hammersmith & Fulham)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=Fela Kuti honoured with Blue Plaque at former London home|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/news/uk-news/2021/11/04/fela-kuti-honoured-with-blue-plaque-at-former-london-home/|access-date=5 November 2021|website=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]}}</ref> Di event carry plenty people wey dey show love, like Kuti pikin Shalewa Ransome-Kuti, Resonance FM presenter Debbie Golt, Kuti old manager Rikki Stein, cover artist Lemi Ghariokwu, plus plenty others.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Eugene|date=3 November 2021|title=Another Fela Kuti Plaque unveiled in London|url=https://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/another-fela-kuti-plaque-unveiled-in-london/|access-date=7 November 2021|website=African Voice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=4 November 2021|title=New Blue Plaque Honours Local Afrobeat Legend|url=https://chiswickherald.co.uk/new-blue-plaque-honours-local-afrobeat-legend-p13823-313.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107125519/https://chiswickherald.co.uk/new-blue-plaque-honours-local-afrobeat-legend-p13823-313.htm|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|work=The Chiswick Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nkrumah|first=Afrikatu Kofi|date=1 November 2021|title=Fela Kuti, godfather of Afrobeat, honoured with a blue heritage plaque in London, England|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/Fela-Kuti-godfather-of-Afrobeat-honoured-with-a-blue-heritage-plaque-in-London-England-1392583|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107125505/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/Fela-Kuti-godfather-of-Afrobeat-honoured-with-a-blue-heritage-plaque-in-London-England-1392583|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|website=[[GhanaWeb]]}}</ref> For 2022, dem carry Kuti enter the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Conteh|first=Mankaprr|date=2022-02-22|title=More Excellence: Snoop Dogg, Fela Kuti, Berry Gordy Honored at Atlanta's Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-pictures/black-music-and-entertainment-walk-fame-atlanta-induction-1302579/|access-date=2022-02-22|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> For 2023, Rolling Stone rank Kuti for number 188 for dem list of 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=1 January 2023|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/fela-kuti-2-1234642341/|access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> == Discography == ; Studio albums * ''Fela Fela Fela'' (1970) * ''Fela's London Scene'' (1971) * ''Why Black Man Dey Suffer'' (1971) * ''Open & Close'' (1971) * ''Na Poi'' (1971) * ''Shakara'' (1972) * ''Roforofo Fight'' (1972) * ''Afrodisiac'' (1973) * ''Gentleman'' (1973) * ''Alagbon Close'' (1974) * ''Noise for Vendor Mouth'' (1975) * ''Confusion'' (1975) * ''Everything Scatter'' (1975) * ''Expensive Shit'' (1975) * ''He Miss Road'' (1975) * ''Unnecessary Begging'' (1976) * ''Kalakuta Show'' (1976) * ''Upside Down'' (1976) * ''Ikoyi Blindness'' (1976) * ''Before I Jump Like Monkey Give Me Banana'' (1976) * ''Excuse-O'' (1976) * ''Yellow Fever'' (1976) * ''Zombie'' (1977) * ''Stalemate'' (1977) * ''No Agreement'' (1977) * ''Sorrow Tears and Blood'' (1977) * ''Shuffering and Shmiling'' (1978) * ''Unknown Soldier'' (1979) * ''I.T.T. (International Thief Thief)'' (1980) * ''Music of Many Colours'' (1980) (with Roy Ayers) * ''Authority Stealing'' (1980) * ''Original Sufferhead'' (1981) * ''Perambulator'' (1983) * ''Army Arrangement'' (1985) * ''I Go Shout Plenty'' (1986) * ''Teacher Don't Teach Me Nonsense'' (1986) * ''Beasts of No Nation'' (1989) * ''Confusion Break Bones'' (1990) * ''O.D.O.O. (Overtake Don Overtake Overtake)'' (1990) * ''Underground System'' (1992) * ''Lagos Baby 1963 to 1969'' (2008) ; Live albums * ''Live!'' <small>(with Ginger Baker)</small> (1971) * ''J.J.D. (Johnny Just Drop!!)'' (1977) * ''V.I.P. (Vagabonds in Power)'' (1979) * ''Live in Amsterdam'' (1983) * ''Live in Detroit 1986'' (2010) ; Compilations * ''The Best Best of Fela Kuti'' (1999) * ''The Underground Spiritual Game'' (2004) * ''The Best of the Black President 2'' (2013) == Filmography == * ''Arena - Fela Kuti: Father of Afrobeat'',2020 Plimsoll MamaPut Film for BBC * ''My Friend Fela'', 2019, Joel Zito Araújo (Casa de Criação Cinema) * ''Finding Fela'', 2014, Alex Gibney and Jack Gulick (Jigsaw Productions) * ''Femi Kuti — Live at the Shrine'', 2005, recorded live in Lagos, Nigeria (Palm Pictures) * ''Fela Live! Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and the Egypt '80 Band'', 1984, recorded live at Glastonbury, England (Yazoo) * ''Fela Kuti: Teacher Don't Teach Me Nonsense & Berliner Jazztage '78'' (Double Feature), 1984 (Lorber Films) * ''Fela in Concert'', 1981 (VIEW) * ''Music Is the Weapon'', 1982, Stéphane Tchalgadjieff and Jean-Jacques Flori (Universal Music) == References == <references /> == Read further == * Alimi, Shina; Anthony, Iroju Opeyemi (15 September 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231101094400/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no4/6.4-ready5.pdf "No agreement today, no agreement tomorrow: Fela Anikulapo-Kuti and human rights activism in Nigeria"] (PDF). ''Journal of Pan African Studies''. '''6''' (4): 74–95. Gale [https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA356354162 A356354162]. * Bordowitz, Hank (2004). ''Noise of the World:Non-Western Musicians In Their Own Words''. Soft Skull Press. Canada. * Chude, Olisaemeka (11 November 2015), [http://ayibamagazine.com/lets-keep-felabrating/ "Let's keep felabrating"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211231090246/http://ayibamagazine.com/lets-keep-felabrating/ Archived] 31 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, ''Ayiba'' magazine * Idowu, Mabinuori Kayode (2002). ''Fela, le Combattant''. Le Castor Astral. France. * Moore, Carlos (1982). ''Fela, Fela! This Bitch of a Life''. Allison & Busby. UK. (Authorised biography). New edition Chicago Review Press, 2009 (with Introduction by Margaret Busby and foreword by Gilberto Gil); Nigerian edition Cassava Republic Press (with Prologue by Lindsay Barrett). * Ogunyemi, Christopher Babatunde (2 October 2021). "Fela Kuti's Black consciousness: African cosmology and the re-configuration of Blackness in 'colonial mentality'". ''African Identities''. '''19''' (4): 487–501. doi:[[doi:10.1080/14725843.2020.1803793|10.1080/14725843.2020.1803793]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225491880 225491880]. * Olorunyomi, Sola (2002). ''Afrobeat: Fela and the Imagined Continent''. Africa World Press. USA. * Olaniyan, Tejumola (2004). ''Arrest the Music! Fela and his Rebel Art and Politics''. Indiana University Press. USA. * Schoonmaker, Trevor, ed. (2003). ''Fela: From West Africa to West Broadway''. Palgrave Macmillan. USA. * Schoonmaker, Trevor, ed. (2003). ''Black President: The Art & Legacy of Fela Anikulapo Kuti''. New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-915557-87-8|0-915557-87-8]]</bdi>. * Sithole, Tendayi (July 2012). "Fela Kuti and the oppositional lyrical power". ''Muziki''. '''9''' (1): 1–12. doi:[[doi:10.1080/18125980.2012.737101|10.1080/18125980.2012.737101]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142993486 142993486]. * Stewart, Alexander (2013). [http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4463 "Make It Funky: Fela Kuti, James Brown and the Invention of Afrobeat"]. ''American Studies''. '''52''' (4): 99–118. doi:[[doi:10.1353/ams.2013.0124|10.1353/ams.2013.0124]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24589271 24589271]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145682238 145682238]. Gale [https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA426625632 A426625632] Project MUSE [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/528297 528297] ProQuest [https://search.proquest.com/docview/1498087584 1498087584]. * Veal, Michael E. (1997). ''Fela: The Life of an African Musical Icon''. Temple University Press. USA. * Wilmer, Val (September 2011), "Fela Kuti in London", in ''The Wire'', No. 331. == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q313868|c=Category:Fela Kuti|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://felakuti.com/ Official website] * [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000138833 Fela Kuti] at AllMusic * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/19812 Fela Kuti] discography at Discogs * Fela Kuti at IMDb * Alex Hannaford, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/jul/25/popandrock.worldmusic "'He was in a godlike state'"], ''The Guardian'', 25 July 2007. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240613204955/https://worldmusiccentral.org/2016/08/05/artist-profiles-fela-kuti/ Fela Kuti biography] at World Music Central; wey dey include biography den discography {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuti, Fela}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Fela Kuti| ]] [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:AIDS-related deaths insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience dem hold by Nigeria]] [[Category:Capitol Records artists]] [[Category:EMI Records artists]] [[Category:Nigerian bandleaders]] [[Category:MCA Records artists]] [[Category:Mercury Records artists]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian male musicians]] [[Category:Nigerian songwriters]] [[Category:Koola Lobitos members]] [[Category:Nigerian pan-Africanists]] [[Category:Nigerian socialists]] [[Category:Musicians wey komot Abeokuta]] [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]] [[Category:Nigerian world music musicians]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS denialists]] [[Category:Highlife musicians]] [[Category:Yoruba musicians]] [[Category:Ransome-Kuti family]] [[Category:Nigerian political music artists]] [[Category:Yoruba activists]] [[Category:English-language singers wey komot Nigeria]] [[Category:Yoruba-language singers of Nigeria]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian saxophonists]] [[Category:20th-century multi-instrumentalists]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian male singers]] [[Category:Culture of de African diaspora]] [[Category:Nigerian prisoners den detainees]] [[Category:Nigerian composers]] [[Category:Nigerian satirists]] [[Category:Knitting Factory Records artists]] [[Category:Nigerian critics of Christianity]] [[Category:Critics of Islam]] [[Category:Counterculture of de 1970s]] [[Category:Counterculture of de 1980s]] [[Category:Counterculture of de 1990s]] [[Category:People educated at Abeokuta Grammar School]] [[Category:Africa '70 members]] rqek5b69pjg95uxnemttlzqw4wbrew4 0 4989 106160 77665 2026-07-02T02:52:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ladoke Akintola University of Technology''' ('''LAUTECH''') be tertiary institution wey dey locate insyd Ogbomoso, Oyo State, [[Nigeria]]. De varsity dey enroll ova 30,000 students wey edey employ more dan 3,000 workers wey dey include contract staff.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110612120739/http://www.lautech.edu.ng/vcwelcome.php "VC's Welcome"]. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology. 2009. Archived from [http://www.lautech.edu.ng/vcwelcome.php the original] on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</ref> == History == Insyd 1987, Governor Adetunji Olurin, de Military Governor of Oyo State then, (now nu dem split into two states: Oyo den Osun), receive request from de Polytechnic, Ibadan ein Governing Council make dem establish State varsity. Insyd 1988, he form seven-member interministerial committee, chair by Mrs. Oyinkan Ayoola, wey na he recommend de varsity ein creation. For 13 March 1990, Nigeria ein federal military government government approve de State ein request. Dem sign de edict na dey establish Oyo State University of Technology for 23 April 1990, by Colonel Sasaenia Oresanya.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091127073938/http://www.lautech.edu.ng/aboutlautech.php "Overview of LAUTECH"]. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology. 2009. Archived from [http://www.lautech.edu.ng/aboutlautech.php the original] on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</ref> Olusegun Ladimeji Oke serve as de inaugural Vice-Chancellor of de varsity, den insyd January 1991, Late Bashorun M.K.O. Abiola assume de role of de first Chancellor. De varsity commence ein initial academic session for 19 October 1990, plus 436 candidates dem enroll over four faculties namely : Agricultural Sciences, Environmental science Sciences, Engineering den Management Sciences, den Pure den Applied Sciences. Na dem establish College of Health Sciences year later.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:LAUTECH_MAIN_GATE.jpg|alt=Image of LAUTECH Entrance|thumb|LAUTECH Entrance]] De follow de separation of Osun State from Oyo State, dem change de varsity name go Ladoke Akintola University of Technology.<ref name=":0" /> == Campus den academics == De varsity dey enroll nearly 30,000 students insyd seven faculties den college.<ref name=":0" /> LAUTECH sanso dey admit more dan 150 students via JUPEB Direct Entry into 200/Level yearly. For two consecutive seasons, insyd 2003 den 2004, de Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC) rate LAUTECH as de best state varsity for Nigeria insyd.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Faith, Adeoye (13 December 2021). [https://tribuneonlineng.com/lautech-retains-nuc-ranking-as-best-state-university/ "LAUTECH retains NUC ranking as best state university"]. ''Tribune Online''. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</ref> For de recent World Universities ranking by Webometrics insyd, de institution achieve de seventh position among Nigerian varsities wey e secure de top spot among Universities of Technology.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://oyoaffairs.net/lautech-ranked-no-7-in-nigeria-beats-other-universities-of-technology/ "LAUTECH Ranked No. 7 in Nigeria, Beats Other Universities of Technology | Oyo State News"]. ''oyoaffairs.net''. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</ref> De main campus dey insyd Ogbomoso, Oyo state. Dis campus be de site of de varsity ein administration as well as home to six faculties den de post-graduate school.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110512223040/http://lautech.edu.ng/campuses.php "LAUTECH Campuses"]. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology. 2009. Archived from [http://www.lautech.edu.ng/campuses.php the original] on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.</ref> Fields of study dey include pure den applied science, medicine, agriculture, engineering den technology, den environmental science. De Osogbo campus, wey na dey host de college of health science dem rename am UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH) after de recent takeover of LAUTECH by de Oyo state government.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205211928/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/lautech-teaching-hospital-now-uniosun-teaching-hospital/ "LAUTECH Teaching Hospital now UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital"]. Archived from [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/lautech-teaching-hospital-now-uniosun-teaching-hospital the original] on 5 December 2020.</ref> Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) dey offer wide range of undergraduate programmes<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613211348/https://www.lautech.edu.ng/undergraduatestudy "Undergraduate Study | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria"]. ''www.lautech.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</ref> den postgraduate programmes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613194023/https://www.lautech.edu.ng/node/5 "Postgraduate Study | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria"]. ''www.lautech.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</ref> LAUTECH sanso dey run open distance learning wey dey give students access to high quality, international standard den appropriate education insyd setting wey be flexible den conducive.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613210408/https://www.lautech.edu.ng/node/6 "Open Distance Learning | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria"]. ''www.lautech.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</ref> == Library == Dem establish Ladoke Akintola University of Technology for July, 1990.<ref name=":2">Ladoke Akintola University, LAUTECH. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231223214434/https://www.adequatetravel.com/haunted/jamaica/ladoke-akintola-university-of-technology-library-ogbomosho-horror-story-history-information-paranomial-activity#google_vignette "Ladoke Akintola University Library"]. ''Adequatetravel''.</ref> From July 1990 to January 1999, na de University library dey situate insyd compact area within de building wey currently dey house de university bookshop. Insyd February 1999, dem relocate de library go ein current den permanent site for de campus top. De library now get de capacity make e comfortably accommodate three thousand users simultaneously.<ref name=":2" /> == Affiliate institutions == Na Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) establish bilateral cooperation agreements plus variety of varsities den organizations around de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240425154351/https://lautech.edu.ng/affiliateinstitutions "Affiliate Institutions"]. ''lautech.edu.ng''.</ref> Sam of de varsities dem list below: # Osun State College of Education, Ila-Orangun, # PAN African College of Education, Offa and Lagos State, # Squap Olatunde/Igbajo Polytechnic CAMPU, # Diplomats Institute of Business Studies (DIBBS), Uyo, Akwa-Ibom # Federal College of Dental and Therapy College, Enugu # Ajayi Polytechnic, Ikere Ekiti == Administration == De current principal officers of de varsity be:<ref>[http://www.lautech.edu.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=117 "Principal Officers | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH)"]. .lautech.edu.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !People !Position |- |Seyi Makinde |Visitor |- |Professor Oladapo Afolabi |Pro-Chancellor & Chairman |- |His Royal Majesty Onha Sergeant Chidi Awus<ref name=":1">[https://www.lautech.edu.ng/ "Home | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria"]. ''www.lautech.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</ref> |Chancellor |- |Professor Razaq Olatunde Rom Kalilu<ref name=":1" /> |Vice-Chancellor |- | |Deputy Vice-Chancellor |- |Dr. Kayode Ogunleye |Registrar |- |Mr. Abayomi Abiodun Okediji |Bursar |} == Faculties den departments == {| class="wikitable" |'''Faculty of Agricultural Sciences''' | * Department of Agricultural Economics * Department of Agricultural Extension den Rural Development * Department of Crop Production den Soil Science * Department of Crop den Environmental Protection * Department of Animal Nutrition den Bio-Technology * Department of Animal Production den Health |- |'''Faculty of Computing den Informatics''' | * Department of Computer Science * Department of Cyber Security Science * Department of Information System |- |''' Faculty of Food den Consumer Science ''' | * Food Science * Nutrition den Dietetics * Consumer Science |- |'''Faculty of Environmental Sciences''' | * Department of Architecture * Department of Fine den Applied Arts * Department of Urban den Regional Planning |- |'''Faculty of Engineering den Technology''' | * Department of Agricultural Engineering * Department of Chemical Engineering * Department of Civil Engineering * Department of Computer Engineering * Department of Electronic den Electrical Engineering * Department of Food Engineering * Department of Mechanical Engineering |- |'''Faculty of Pure den Applied Science''' | * Department of Earth Science * Department of General Studies * Department of Pure den Applied Biology * Department of Pure den Applied Chemistry * Department of Pure den Applied Mathematics * Department of pure den Applied Physics * Department of Science Laboratory Technology * Department of Statistics |- |'''Faculty of Management Sciences''' | * Department of Management den Accounting * Department of Transport Management * Department of Marketing * Department of Economics * Department of Business Management |- |'''Faculty of Centers den academic establishments''' | * School of Postgraduate Studies * Open den Distance Learning center * Information Communication Technology center * Lautech Staff School |- |'''Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences''' | * Department of Medical Microbiology den Pathology * Department of Physiology * Department of Biochemistry * Department of Medical Laboratory Science * Department of Morbid Anatomy / Histo-pathology * Department of Haematology den Blood Transfusion * Department of Chemical Pathology | |- |'''Faculty of Arts den Social Sciences''' | * Department of Sociology * Department of History * Department of English den Literary Studies * Department of Philosophy |- |'''Faculty of Clinical Sciences''' | * Department of Community Medicine. * Department of Medicine * Department of Surgery * Department of Radiology * Department of Paediatrics * Department of Obstetrics * Department of Ophthalmology * Department of Psychiatry * Department of Oto-Rhino Zarincology * Department of Anaesthesia |- |'''Faculty of Nursing Sciences''' |• Department of Nursing |} <ref>[https://www.lautech.edu.ng/ "Home | Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo-State, Nigeria"]. ''www.lautech.edu.ng''. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</ref> == Units == * Office of de Vice Chancellor * Registry # Office of de Registrar # Academic Affairs Unit # Council Affairs Unit # Planning, Budgeting & Monitoring Unit # Personal Affairs Unit # Academic Planning Unit # Sports Development Unit # Students Affairs Unit * Bursary * Library * Physical Planning Unit * Works den Maintenance Department * Information den Communication Technology Center * Open den Distant Learning Center * Bookshop * Farm * Health Center == Notable alumni == * Samson Abioye - co-founder of Pass.ng * Peju Alatise - artist, poet, writer den fellow for de National Museum of African Art, part of de Smithsonian Institution. * Oluwaseun Olaegbe - Tech entrepreneur den musician * Seyi Olofinjana * Shina Peller - politician, owner Club Quilox, CEO Aquila records. == Architectures den monuments == <gallery mode="packed" caption="Campus of LAUTECH"> File:LAUTECH_MAIN_GATE.jpg|Main gate File:SECOND_ENTRANCE_OF_LAUTECH.jpg|Second entrance File:SENATE_BUILDING_IN_LAUTCH.jpg|Senate building File:LAUTCH_SENATE_BUILDING.jpg|Senate building File:The_outer_structure_of_Ladoke_Akintola_University_of_Technology_(LAUTECH).jpg|Olusegun Oke Library File:LAUTECH_DEPARTMENT_OF_STATISTICS.jpg|Department of statistics File:Statue_of_PA_Ladoke_Akintola.jpg|Statue of Pa Ladoke Akintola </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.lautech.edu.ng/ Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240531220053/https://choir.lautech.edu.ng/ Lautech Choir] * [http://lautech.edu.ng/inaugural/ Lautech Inaugural Lectures] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153135/http://lautech.edu.ng/inaugural/ Archived] 10 August 2021 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153202/https://www.pgschool.lautech.edu.ng/portal/ Lautech Postgraduates Portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231219032707/https://student.lautech.edu.ng/ Lautech Undergraduates Portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216080830/https://portal.lautech.edu.ng/ptportal/ Lautech Undergraduates (Part-Time) Portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603233944/https://pds.lautech.edu.ng/ Lautech Predegree Students Portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240530225350/https://jupeb.lautech.edu.ng/ Lautech JUPEB Portal] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603094908/https://lodlc.lautech.edu.ng/ Lautech Open and Distance Learning Centre] [[Category:Ladoke Akintola University of Technology]] [[Category:Technological universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Oyo State]] [[Category:Public universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1990]] [[Category:1990 establishments insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1990]] 6mcrqtpcwqiac4bamqk42s3jhiybemr 0 7288 106162 36567 2026-07-02T10:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Penelope Oleksiak''' (born June 13, 2000) be Canadian competitive swimmer. Ein country ein most decorated Olympian, Oleksiak rise to fame during de 2016 Summer Olympics, wer she cam turn de first Canadian make she win four medals insyd de same Summer Games, den de country ein youngest Olympic champion plus ein her medal win insyd de 100 m freestyle. Na she be de first athlete born insyd de 2000s make she claim Olympic gold medal for individual event insyd.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-12/rio-2016-swimmers-who-beat-campbell-sisters-make-olympic-history/7729036 "Rio 2016: Simone Manuel and Penny Oleksiak make Olympic history with 100 metres freestyle gold"]. ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation''. August 12, 2016.</ref> Ein success lead am make dem award am de 2016 Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada ein top athlete, de Bobbie Rosenfeld Award as Canada ein top female athlete for 2016, den member of de Canadian Press team of de year. Five years later she win three additional medals for de 2020 Summer Olympics, she break de national record for Olympic medals.<ref>[https://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/penny-oleksiak-wins-7th-medal-becomes-canadas-decorated-olympian/ "Penny Oleksiak wins 7th medal, becomes Canada's most decorated Olympian"]. ''Sportsnet.ca''. Retrieved August 1, 2021.</ref> Dem widely consider am de face of resurgent Canadian women's swimming team insyd de 2010s, Oleksiak sanso be Canada ein most decorated athlete for de World Aquatics Championships den multi-medallist for de World Swimming Championships, World Junior Championships, den Commonwealth Games. She be de current junior world den Canadian record holder insyd de 100 m freestyle, den formerly she hold de world junior den Canadian records insyd de 100 m butterfly, as well as de Olympic record insyd de 100 m freestyle alongsyd Simone Manuel. == Career == After she learn to swim for neighbour ein pool, Oleksiak take up de sport for de age of 9 wey ein poppie encourage am. Na she sanso take up gymnastics den competitive dance.<ref>Kevin Sherrington (August 8, 2016). [http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/other-sports/olympics/2016/08/08/16-year-old-penny-oleksiak-stars-defenseman-jamies-sister-became-latest-olympic-star "How 16-year-old Penny Oleksiak, Stars defenseman Jamie's sister, became the latest Olympic star"]. ''Dallas News''.</ref> Oleksiak attempt make she join several swim clubs insyd Toronto, buh na dem reject am secof she get trouble swimming de length of pool. Na she be eventually taken in by coach Gary Nolden for de Toronto Olympian Swim Team, wer na she gain de foundation wey start ein swimming career. Oleksiak say, "The coach there really helped me. He had a lot of faith in me. If I hadn't gone to that club, I don't think I would be where I am today."<ref>Morris, Jim (August 3, 2016). [https://swimming.ca/en/news/2016/08/03/teenager-penny-oleksiak-still-growing-swimming-potential/ "Teenager Penny Oleksiak still growing into her swimming potential"]. Swimming Canada. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</ref> Within a year, race by Oleksiak for de University of Toronto draw de attention of coach Ben Titley, wey go go on make he lead Canada ein Olympic team.<ref>Gatehouse, Jonathon (August 7, 2016). [https://www.macleans.ca/olympics/the-amazing-penny-oleksiak-i-just-tried-to-hold-on/ "The Amazing Penny Oleksiak: 'I just tried to hold on'"]. ''Maclean's''. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</ref> Titley go begin dey work plus am, sporadically at first, then for monthly den weekly basis. As a 14-year-old for de 2014 Canadian Age Group Championships, Oleksiak win 10 individual medals, five gold, three silver den two bronze, wey she set personal best for every race insyd, den then she tack for three relay golds.<ref name=":1">Gatehouse, Jonathon (August 17, 2016). [http://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/making-penny-oleksiak-canadas-best-ever-summer-olympian/ "The making of Penny Oleksiak"]. Sportsnet. Retrieved August 18, 2016.</ref> Extra investments cam as de data analytics division of Canadian Tire appoint Oleksiak, wey na ein top FINA ranking for de time be 319th, as possible Olympic medallist insyd de 2020 Summer Games.<ref name=":0">[https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2016/12/10/the-future-of-canadian-swimming-is-in-the-numbers.html "The future of Canadian swimming is in the numbers"]. ''Toronto Star''. December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</ref> === 2015–16 seasons === Na first indications of great potential give Oleksiak den identify be wen, six weeks after she fracture ein elbow insyd cycling accident, na she still be able make she win six medals for de 2015 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships. Dis include gold insyd de mixed 4 × 100 m freestyle relay; silver insyd ein signature 100 m freestyle event; silver insyd de 50 den 100 m butterfly; silver insyd de 4 × 200 m relay den bronze insyd de 4 × 100 m freestyle events.<ref>[http://swimming.ca/en/swimmer/penelope-oleksiak/ "Penny Oleksiak"]. Swim Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2016.</ref> Na ein next goal be make she qualify for de 2016 Summer Olympics insyd Rio de Janeiro as part of de Canadian national team; der she set de Junior world record insyd wey she qualify for de 100 m freestyle. After she win de race she say "Being able to get the world junior record means quite a bit to me".<ref>Spencer, Donna (April 9, 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/oleksiak-records-swim-trials-1.3528976 "Teenage star Oleksiak mows down records at Olympic swimming trials"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</ref> Oleksiak sanso beat Chantal Van Landeghem ein Canadian record for de process insyd; Van Landeghem join Oleksiak insyd de 100 den 4 × 100 m freestyle events for de Olympics. Oleksiak sanso set de Canadian den World Junior records insyd de 100 m butterfly en route to de Olympics for dat event insyd.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180422215245/https://www.sportsnet.ca/Olympics/person-interest-swimming-Canada%27s-best-kept-secret-penny-oleksiak/ "Person of interest: Swimming Canada's best-kept secret, Penny Oleksiak"]. SportsNet. August 9, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.</ref> Before de Olympics, na Oleksiak rise to 49th insyd de 100-metre freestyle rankings den 37th insyd de 100-metre butterfly, den de Canadian Tire analysts appoint am make she possibly win medal insyd Rio.<ref name=":0" /> ==== 2016 Summer Olympics ==== Oleksiak go compete give Canada ein swimming team for de Rio 2016 Olympics insyd five races.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2016/04/10/swimming-canada-team-nominated-rio-2016-2/ "Olympic Team Nominated for Rio 2016"]. ''Swimming Canada''. April 10, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.</ref> Ein competition begin for day one. Insyd de heats of de 100 m butterfly, she break de national record den world junior record plus time of 56.73 for ein way to de semi-finals. Oleksiak sanso anchor de final leg of de women's 4×100 m freestyle relay team plus Taylor Ruck, Chantal van Landeghem, Sandrine Mainville, den Michelle Williams plus de latter swimming per insyd de heat. Insyd de final of de relay event she hold on to de third position against de United States den Australia, she win Canada ein first Olympic medal insyd de women's freestyle relay insyd 40 years.<ref name=":2">Gatehouse, Jonathon (August 6, 2016). [https://www.macleans.ca/olympics/canadian-swimmers-win-relay-bronze/ "The Young and the Fast: Canada wins relay bronze in Rio"]. ''Maclean's''.</ref> After de race, de 16-year-old say, "No one expected this of Canada coming into the meet, but now that we are here, people are going to be surprised at what we do."<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |2016 Summer Olympics |- | |4×100 m freestyle |3:32.89 (NR) |- | |100 m butterfly |56.46 (WJR)(NR) |- | |4×200 m freestyle |7:45.39 (NR) |- | |100 m freestyle |52.70 (OR)(WJR)(AM) |} De next nightie she compete insyd de 100 m butterfly final. Oleksiak start out fast, she touch de halfway wall insyd third before she fini characteristically strong for second place insyd, wey she win de silver medal. She san better ein world junior record den Canadian record insyd de 100 m butterfly for de process insyd. Oleksiak cam turn de first Canadian make she ever win medal for each of de first two days of de Olympics. Plus de win, she exclaim say "I'm just happy that I made Canada proud and getting to look up into the stands and find my parents, it's just amazing for me and it's such a great feeling."<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/rio2016/swimming/swimming-night-two-1.3711206 "Canada's Penny Oleksiak wins 2nd medal of Rio Olympics"]. CBC Sports. August 7, 2016.</ref> [[File:Penny_Oleksiak.jpg|right|thumb|Oleksiak for de 2016 Summer Olympics.]] She return to de pool for day five, Oleksiak san get record-breaking qualifier follow by relay medal. She break de world junior record of de 100 m freestyle plus 52.72, de second fastest time of de qualifying heats, wey she anchor de 4×200 m freestyle relay, she san win de bronze (along plus Katerine Savard, Taylor Ruck, den Brittany MacLean). Na Oleksiak ein leg time of 1:54.94 be de 4th fastest insyd de field after de three medallists of de 200 m freestyle.<ref>Callum Ng (August 10, 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/rio2016/swimming/canada-olympic-swimming-1.3716138 "Penny Oleksiak leads Canada to bronze in 4×200 freestyle relay"]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://swimswam.com/oleksiak-leads-canada-destroys-national-4x200-free-relay-record/ "Oleksiak Leads As Canada Destroys National 4×200 Free Relay Record"]. SwimSwam. August 11, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</ref> For day six, na Oleksiak be seventh for de 50-metre turn of de 100 m freestyle, den eventually she surge for gold medal finish, she tie plus Simone Manuel wey she set Olympic record of 52.70.<ref>Ng, Callum (August 12, 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/rio2016/swimming/swimming-night-thursday-1.3717731 "Penny Oleksiak wins gold, captures historic 4th Olympic medal"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Oleksiak be de youngest Canadian make she cam turn Olympic champion, de first make she win four Summer Olympics medals insyd de same edition, wey she get de second most medals of de country insyd single edition after Cindy Klassen insyd de 2006 Winter Olympics. She sanso be de first athlete born insyd de 2000s make she win individual Olympic gold.<ref>Little, Simon (August 11, 2016). [http://www.cknw.com/2016/08/11/penny-oleksiak-gives-canada-its-first-gold-a-rio-shattering-records/ "Penny Oleksiak gives Canada its first gold a Rio, shattering records"]. CKNW. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</ref><ref>Arthur, Bruce (August 11, 2016). [https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/11/canadas-penny-oleksiak-begins-journey-toward-greatness-arthur.html "Swimming phenom Penny Oleksiak earns Canada's first gold in Rio: Arthur"]. ''Toronto Star''. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</ref> Day eight mark Oleksiak ein fifth Olympic race den de one per she no medal for dat edition insyd, she be de butterfly swimmer of de 4 ×100 m medley relay wey she fini for fifth place insyd.<ref>Wyman, Ted (August 14, 2016). [http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/a-true-champion-despite-record-penny-oleksiak-worried-she-let-her-team-down "'A true champion': Despite record medal haul, Penny Oleksiak worried she let her team down"]. ''National Post''. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</ref> Na dem announce de morning of de closing ceremony say Oleksiak go be Canada ein flag bearer give de event.<ref>Rumley, Jonathan (August 21, 2016). [https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/21/penny-oleksiak-to-carry-canadas-flag-in-rio-olympics-closing-ceremony.html "Penny Oleksiak to carry flag for Canada at Rio closing ceremony"]. ''Toronto Star''. Retrieved August 21, 2016.</ref> Just days before de closing ceremony, Penny quietly return to ein home insyd Toronto for two days make she go to Canada ein Wonderland plus ein paddies, before she head back to Rio.<ref>[http://www.ocean985.com/2016/08/26/4-time-gold-medalist-penny-oleksiak-talks-sneaking-home-rio-wonderland-roz-mocha/ "Penny Oleksiak Talks Sneaking Home From Rio to Go to Wonderland with Roz & Mocha"]. CIOC-FM. August 26, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</ref> ==== 2016 World Swimming Championships ==== Insyd December 2016 Oleksiak participate insyd de short course world championships insyd de Canadian city of Windsor. As na de event be ein first international competition dey follow de Olympics, in front of ein own crowd, na Oleksiak be de centre of attentions of fans den media. Oleksiak win bronze medal insyd de women's 100-metre freestyle for de third day of competition,<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2016/12/08/canadas-penny-oleksiak-finds-success-despite-distractions-at-world-championships.html "Canada's Penny Oleksiak finds success despite distractions at world championships"]. ''Toronto Star''. December 8, 2016.</ref> she break ein 3rd World Junior record, den two days later she help de Canadian team win gold insyd de 4 × 200-metre freestyle relays.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/oleksiak-relay-gold-short-course-swimming-world-1.3891307 "Oleksiak anchors Canada to short-course relay gold"]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</ref> Insyd de final day of competition, Oleksiak anchor Canada to another gold, insyd de 4 × 50-metre freestyle relay, den silver medal for de 4 × 100-metre medley relay.<ref>[http://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/canada-wins-gold-4x50m-freestyle-relay-short-course-worlds/ "Canada wins gold in 4x50m freestyle relay at short-course worlds"]. Sportsnet. The Canadian Press. December 11, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</ref> Canada sanso fini third insyd de 4 × 100-metre freestyle relay, buh wound up disqualified.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2016/12/06/canadas-womens-relay-swim-team-dqd-for-lineup-snafu.html "Canada's women's relay swim team DQ'd for lineup snafu"]. ''Toronto Star''. December 6, 2016.</ref> As result of ein performances for de 2016 Summer Olympics den de 2016 short course championships na dem award Oleksiak de Lou Marsh Award as Canada ein top athlete of de year wey dem name am CBC's athlete of de year as well.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/swimmer-penny-oleksiak-wins-lou-marsh-trophy-as-canadas-top-athlete/article33308322 "Swimmer Penny Oleksiak wins Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's top athlete"]. ''The Globe and Mail''. December 13, 2016.</ref><ref>Callum Ng (December 18, 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/sportslongform/entry/penny-oleksiak-canadian-athlete-of-the-year "Penny Oleksiak: Canadian athlete of the year"]. CBC Sports.</ref> Na dem sanso give am de Bobbie Rosenfeld Award as Canada ein female athlete of de year,<ref>[http://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/penny-oleksiak-voted-canadian-press-female-athlete-year/ "Penny Oleksiak voted Canadian Press female athlete of year"]. Sportsnet. The Canadian Press. December 27, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2017.</ref> wey na dem name am insyd de team of de year, dey anchor de Canadian women's swim team insyd Rio den Windsor.<ref>Donna Spencer (December 28, 2016). [https://www.thestar.com/sports/2016/12/28/canadas-female-swimmers-win-canadian-press-team-of-the-year.html "Canada's female swimmers win Canadian Press team of the year"]. ''Toronto Star''.</ref> === 2017 season === Na Oleksiak ein first competition insyd 2017 be de Arena Pro Swim Series insyd Mesa, Arizona, dem hold insyd March. Hinder by injuries, she fini fourth insyd de 100 m freestyle.<ref>Hodges, Coleman (March 4, 2017). [https://swimswam.com/penny-oleksiak-successfully-training-injuries-video/ "Penny Oleksiak Successfully Training Through Injuries (Video)"]. SwimSwam. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref> Oleksiak get troubles plus shoulder injury for most of de year before she suffer concussion wen na she hit ein head plus medicine ball insyd de gym.<ref>[https://swimming.ca/en/news/2017/07/18/adapting-fame-dealing-injury-part-olympic-champion-penny-oleksiaks-learning-curve/ "Adapting to Fame, Dealing with Injury, Part of Olympic Champion Penny Oleksiak's Learning Curve"]. Swimming Canada. July 18, 2017.</ref> Despite dis she get more success for de Team Canada trials one month later, she win de 100m freestyle den butterfly races wey she earn spots give both insyd de 2017 World Aquatics Championships.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2017/04/07/penny-oleksiak-shows-fight-win-100-metre-freestyle-team-canada-trials/ "Penny Oleksik Shows Fight to Win 100-Metre Freestyle at Team Canada Trials"]. ''Swimming Canada''. April 7, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2017/04/09/kylie-masse-surprises-hilary-caldwell-win-200-m-backstroke-team-canada-trials/ "Kylie Masse Surprisees Hilary Caldwell to Win 200-m Backstroke at Team Canada Trials"]. Swimming Canada. April 9, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref> For de world championships Oleksiak anchor de team insyd de 4 x 100 m relay, though de team fini just off de podium insyd fourth place. Insyd de 100 m butterfly Oleksiak just miss de podium wey she get fourth place wen na she swim insyd 56.94,<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/fina-swimming-worlds-oleksiak-1.4218755 "Penny Oleksiak misses podium, Masse close to world record"]. CBC Sports. July 24, 2017.</ref> follow by 5th insyd 50 m fly (25.62, Canadian record),<ref>Sporer, Evan (July 28, 2017). [http://www.sportingnews.com/ca/athletics/news/penny-oleksiak-results-2017-fina-world-championships-budapest-100-meter-freestyle-final/169msr9itlzbc1q8qzudlcuwgt "Oleksiak breaks Canadian 50m butterfly record at 2017 FINA World Championships"]. ''Sporting News''.</ref> den 6th insyd de 100 m freestyle (52.94).<ref>Harrison, Doug (July 28, 2017). [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/oleksiak-100-free-final-world-aquatics-championships-1.4225992 "Penny Oleksiak 6th in 100m freestyle final at aquatics worlds"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved July 28, 2017.</ref> However, she win two bronze medals insyd de mixed relays, after she swim de butterfly leg of de mixed 4 × 100 m medley – plus de Canadian team tie for bronze plus de Chinese team after Yuri Kisil swim de anchor leg -<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/mixed-medley-relay-world-championships-1.4222706 "World record-breaking swimmer Masse adds bronze in mixed relay"]. CBC Sports. July 26, 2017.</ref> den as anchor of de 4 × 100 m freestyle.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/world-aquatics-championships-saturday-1.4227594 "Canadian mixed relay team swims to bronze at aquatics worlds"]. CBC Sports. July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.</ref> Oleksiak compete for de World Junior Swimming Championships insyd Indianapolis.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2017/04/10/fisu-games-world-junior-teams-announced/ "FISU Games, World Junior Teams Announced"]. Swimming Canada. April 10, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.</ref> Oleksiak no participate insyd any individual events, buh she swim insyd all five possible relay events wey she help Canada make dem win all five gold medals, wey she break de junior world record den championship record insyd four of dem. Dey follow de junior championships Oleksiak switch coaches from Ben Titley to Bill O'Toole, ein original age group coach insyd de Toronto Swim Club.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2017/08/23/penny-oleksiak-canada-win-relay-gold-at-world-junior-swimming-championships.html "Penny Oleksiak, Canada win relay gold at world junior swimming championships"]. ''Toronto Star''. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/4-time-olympic-medallist-oleksiak-returning-to-former-coach-1.4269993 "4-time Olympic medallist Oleksiak returning to former coach O'Toole"]. ''CBC Sports''. August 31, 2017.</ref> === 2018–19 seasons === Insyd September 2017, na dem name Oleksiak to Canada ein 2018 Commonwealth Games team.<ref>[https://swimming.ca/en/news/2017/09/26/swimming-canada-nominates-26-athletes-canadas-2018-commonwealth-games-team/ "Swimming Canada Nominates 26 Athletes to Canada's 2018 Commonwealth Games Team"]. ''swimming.ca/''. Swimming Canada. September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/oleksiak-masse-canada-commonwealth-games-1.4307648 "Oleksiak, Masse headline Canadian swim team for Commonwealth Games"]. ''cbc.ca/''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.</ref> While unsuccessful insyd de individual races, Oleksiak win three silvers insyd de relays.<ref>[https://results.gc2018.com/en/swimming/athlete-profile-n6022731-penny-oleksiak.htm "Athlete Profile: Penny Oleksiak"]. Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</ref> Despite she qualify wins for de Canadian Swim Trials, Oleksiak opt she no go compete insyd de 2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships insyd August, instead make she rest before resuming training insyd September.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2018/07/22/oleksiak-withdraws-from-pan-pacs-to-prepare-for-push-to-2020/ "Oleksiak withdraws from Pan Pacs to prepare for push to 2020"]. Swimming Canada. July 22, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.</ref> She go later say na dis be necessary as way of make she deal plus de pressures of fame after de Rio Olympics, having found that "there was a lot of pressure behind my name. It wasn't really enjoyable for me, and no time was ever really good enough for me." She subsequently return to training plus Ben Titley for de national team training centre.<ref name=":3">Rachel Brady (July 16, 2021). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/article-penny-oleksiak-bears-the-hopes-of-a-nation-in-toyko-and-thats-just/ "Penny Oleksiak bears the hopes of a nation in Tokyo – and that's just fine with her"]. Globe & Mail.</ref> Insyd de autumn of 2019 na Oleksiak be member of de inaugural International Swimming League wey she swim give de Energy Standard Swim Club, wey she win de team title insyd Las Vegas, Nevada, insyd December.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191022045209/https://isl.global/club-rosters/ "Club Rosters – International Swimming League"]. Retrieved April 17, 2020.</ref> With de onset of de COVID-19 pandemic insyd March of 2020, Oleksiak take an enforced break from training, she get no access to de pool for four months. She go subsequently cite dis as opportunity make she rethink ein approach to training, wey she contemplate dat on return "I knew that we would just be head-down training, and we weren't going to really have any racing opportunities, so I knew I had to change my mindset. Now, I love training, and I find a lot of joy in looking at technique stuff." Dem delay de 2020 Summer Olympics insyd Tokyo by full year. She sanso cam turn de first female global ambassador give Phelps Brand, swim gear company co-founded by famed Olympian Michael Phelps. Oleksiak bell Phelps valuable mentor.<ref name=":3" /> === 2020 Summer Olympics === She appear for de Canadian Olympic swim trials for ein first proper competition since de pandemic, Oleksiak win de 100 m event plus time of 52.89 seconds, ein fastest since de Rio Olympics den de fourth-best women's 100 m time to dat point for de year insyd.<ref>Grant Robertson (July 24, 2021). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/article-penny-oleksiak-womens-swimming-team-face-olympic-sized-expectations-in/ "Penny Oleksiak, Canada's women's swimming team face Olympic-sized expectations in Tokyo"]. Globe & Mail.</ref> She cam second for de 200 m trial, wey she fini behind 14-year-old training partner Summer McIntosh. Oleksiak joke afterward "I love Summer. I hate training with Summer."<ref>Matthew De George (June 20, 2021). [https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/canadian-olympic-trials-summer-mcintosh-rallies-past-penny-oleksiak-to-win-200-free/ "Canadian Olympic Trials: Summer McIntosh Rallies Past Penny Oleksiak to Win 200 Free"]. ''Swimming World''.</ref> For June 24, 2021, na dem name Oleksiak to Canada ein 2020 Olympic team.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/canadian-olympic-swimming-team-announced-june-24-1.6078127 "26 athletes nominated to Canada's Olympic swimming team"]. ''www.cbc.ca/''. CBC Sports. June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2021/06/24/canadas-tokyo-2020-swimming-team-announced/ "Canada's Tokyo 2020 Swimming Team Announced"]. ''www.swimming.ca/''. Swimming Canada. June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.</ref><ref>Nichols, Paula (June 24, 2021). [https://olympic.ca/2021/06/24/team-canada-to-have-26-swimmers-at-tokyo-2020/ "Team Canada to have 26 swimmers at Tokyo 2020"]. ''www.olympic.ca/''. Canadian Olympic Committee. Retrieved June 24, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://olympic.ca/games/2020-tokyo/ "Tokyo 2020"]. ''Team Canada – Official Olympic Team Website''. August 26, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |2020 Summer Olympics |- | |4×100 m freestyle |3:32.78 |- | |200 m freestyle |1:54.70 |- | |4x100 m medley |3:52.60 (NR) |} Oleksiak begin ein Olympics swimming de anchor leg give Canada insyd de 4×100 m freestyle relay. De team qualify for de final insyd third place den wen Oleksiak dive make she swim de last 100 m na she be behind familiar rival Simone Manuel buh she manage to overtake am insyd de last touch for second place make she win Canada ein first medal of de games.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympics-swimming-day-2-finals-heroux-1.6116255 "Penny Oleksiak powers Canadian women to 1st medal of Tokyo Olympics"]. ''CBC Sports''. July 24, 2021.</ref> Oleksiak next compete insyd de 200 m freestyle, event she no participate during Rio Olympics. She get de fourth-fastest time insyd de heats, buh sixth per insyd de semi-finals. Insyd de event final, she set fresh personal best time of 1:54.70 make she take de bronze medal. Na dis be ein sixth Olympic medal, wey make am de most decorated Summer Olympian insyd Canadian history, den tie am plus Clara Hughes den Cindy Klassen for de most Olympic medals win by Canadian.<ref>Heroux, Devin (July 27, 2021). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympics-swimming-day-5-oleksiak-heroux-1.6120052 "Penny Oleksiak wins bronze in 200m freestyle, becoming most decorated Summer Olympian in Canadian history"]. CBC Sports.</ref> Oleksiak san be part of de Canadian team insyd de 4×200 m freestyle relay, buh despite she break de Canadian record insyd de event final, de team fini insyd fourth place, one ordinal lower dan dema bronze medal performance insyd Rio.<ref>Devin Heroux (July 28, 2021). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympics-swimming-day-6-womens-4x200relay-heroux-1.6121849 "Canadian women just miss podium in 4x200m freestyle relay"]. CBC Sports.</ref> She next compete insyd de 100 m freestyle, wer na she win gold four years prior. She qualify thru de heats den semi-finals to de final round, she set fresh personal best den national record plus 52.59 second final performance, wey she fini fourth behind bronze medallist Cate Campbell by 0.07 seconds. She describe ein turn as "frustrating", buh "it's still fourth in the world so I'm not complaining." Na dis be Oleksiak ein highest placement insyd major individual 100 m contest since ein gold medal insyd Rio.<ref>Heroux, Devin (July 29, 2021). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/penny-oleksiak-olympics-swimming-1.6123311 "Canada's Penny Oleksiak brushes off latest 4th-place finish, still looking to set medal record"]. CBC Sports.</ref> Ein final event of de Games, den thus ein final chance insyd Tokyo make she break de national record for Olympic medals, na ebe de 4 × 100 m medley relay, wer na de Canadian team fini fifth five years earlier. Oleksiak perform de butterfly leg of de relay insyd Rio, buh insyd Tokyo dat dem assign to Maggie Mac Neil, plus Oleksiak anchor de freestyle leg. Dem win de bronze medal wey dem set fresh national record insyd de process, plus Oleksiak ein 52.26 time be de second-fastest insyd de freestyle segment of de race. She dey reflect for ein cam turn Canada ein most-decorated Olympian, she say she prefer she no achieve de result for individual event top, as e "makes it ten times sweeter knowing that I've accomplished this history with girls that are also making history."<ref>Heroux, Devin (July 31, 2021). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/penny-oleksiak-womens-medley-relay-olympics-swimming-day-9-heroux-1.6125843 "Oleksiak earns historic medal No. 7 as Canadian women win bronze in 4x100m medley relay"]. CBC Sports.</ref> === 2022 season === Ben Titley, longtime coach of Canada ein high performance program, unexpectedly lef ein post before de start of de 2022 season. Oleksiak, wey work plus Titley for chaw of de ten years wey precede, acknowledge na de change be "different" now, buh she say she get "a lot of faith and trust" insyd fresh head coach Ryan Mallette.<ref>Heroux, Devin (April 9, 2022). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/canada-swim-trials-ben-titley-1.6414571 "Canadian swim team adjusting to life without longtime head coach Ben Titley"]. CBC Sports.</ref> Na ein preparations give de 2022 swimming season be complicated by she contract COVID-19 insyd early March, three weeks before de Canadian swimming trials. She nevertheless fini second insyd de 200 m race, behind Summer McIntosh den ahead of Taylor Ruck.<ref>Heroux, Devin (April 8, 2022). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/canada-swim-trials-penny-oleksiak-1.6413391 "Penny Oleksiak wearing her success with ease following historic Olympic performance in Tokyo"]. CBC Sports.</ref> Na she be second as well insyd de 100 m trial, 0.02 behind Kayla Sanchez.<ref>Li, Yanyan (April 9, 2022). [https://swimswam.com/canadian-roster-update-sanchez-and-cieplucha-make-worlds-team-with-1-day-left/ "Canadian Roster Update: Sanchez and Cieplucha make Worlds team with 1 day left"]. ''SwimSwam''.</ref> Dey begin de 2022 World Aquatics Championships insyd de 4×100 m freestyle relay, na Oleksiak be part of Canada ein silver medal-winning team, first give Canadian women for de World Championships.<ref>Steiner, Ben (June 18, 2022). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/aquatics-world-championships-roundup-1.6493580 "Canada's Summer McIntosh, 15, swims to silver at world aquatics championships in Budapest"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved June 18, 2022.</ref> Na ein time of 52.51 be de fastest for any swimmer insyd de event.<ref>Li, Yanyan (June 18, 2022). [https://swimswam.com/2022-world-championships-womens-4x100-free-relay-analysis/ "2022 World Championships: Women's 4x100 free relay analysis"]. ''SwimSwam''.</ref> Oleksiak post de third-fastest time insyd de heats of de 200 m freestyle, buh na dem disqualify am insyd de semi-final after she start too quickly off de blocks.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/kylie-masse-aquatics-world-championships-june-20-1.6494723 "Masse's bid for 3rd straight world 100m backstroke title spoiled by Regan Smith"]. ''CBC Sports''. June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.</ref> She say afterward dat na she know de error before she hit de water, wey she note na she "never false started before in my life. Hopefully it never happens again."<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2022/06/20/masse-continues-incredible-run-of-consistency-with-100-m-backstroke-silver/ "Masse continues incredible run of consistency with 100-m backstroke silver"]. ''Swimming Canada''. June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.</ref> For June 22, she win ein second medal of de championships insyd de 4×200 m freestyle relay, wer na de Canadian team fini third.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/swimming-worlds-roundup-june-22-1.6497298 "Teen swimming sensation Summer McIntosh leads Canadian medal haul with world title, relay bronze"]. ''CBC Sports''. June 22, 2022.</ref> For de same day, Oleksiak compete insyd de heats den semi-finals of de 100 m freestyle, wey she qualify to de event final insyd fourth place.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2022/06/22/mcintosh-and-masse-win-gold-to-highlight-historic-night-at-worlds/ "McIntosh and Masse win gold to highlight historic night at Worlds"]. ''Swimming Canada''. June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</ref> She fini fourth insyd de event final, wich she say na ebe "a bit frustrating," wey she note anoda turn she miss.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2022/06/23/liendo-completes-double-double-oleksiak-and-wog-place-fourth/ "Liendo completes double-double, Oleksiak and Wog place fourth"]. ''Swimming Canada''. June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</ref> She then record personal best split time of 52.11 swimming de anchor leg insyd de 4×100 m mixed freestyle relay, wey she take de third-place Canadian team into de silver medal position insyd de final stretch. Na dis be Oleksiak ein eighth World medal, she tie Ryan Cochrane as de most-decorated Canadian swimmer for those championships.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2022/06/24/two-more-medals-make-for-canadas-best-ever-worlds/ "Two more medals make for Canada's best ever Worlds"]. ''Swimming Canada''. June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</ref> She then win record ninth medal as part of de Canadian team insyd de 4×100 m medley relay.<ref>[https://www.swimming.ca/en/news/2022/06/25/summer-mcintosh-wins-record-second-gold-fourth-medal-as-canada-completes-best-ever-performance/ "Summer McIntosh wins record second gold, fourth medal as Canada completes best-ever performance"]. ''Swimming Canada''. June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.</ref> For ein success, she note dat all na ein medals be insyd relay events, Oleksiak say na ebe "obvious at this point I wouldn't be here without the team, so it feels weird to claim that title on my own. I feel really lucky to be part of Team Canada."<ref>Harrison, Doug (June 25, 2022). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/world-aquatics-roundup-june-25-1.6501660 "Canada's Summer McIntosh, 15, wins 2nd gold medal at world aquatics"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved June 26, 2022.</ref> Oleksiak announce say she no go compete for de 2022 Commonwealth Games, dey cite de compression of de international swimming calendar as result of de pandemic.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/swimming-commonwealth-oleksiak-withdraws-1.6489316 "Canada's Penny Oleksiak withdraws from Commonwealth Games"]. CBC Sports. June 15, 2022.</ref> Later insyd de summer, she suffer meniscus tear while she dey vacation insyd Florida. She immediately undergo knee surgery for Women's College Hospital insyd Toronto make dem repair am, wey she state dat na de recovery process be "probably about to be the longest and most tentative" of her career.<ref>[https://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/article/penny-oleksiak-canadas-most-decorated-olympian-undergoes-knee-surgery/ "Penny Oleksiak, Canada's most decorated Olympian, undergoes knee surgery"]. ''Sportsnet''. August 31, 2022.</ref> === 2023 season === Oleksiak no attend de national swim trials while she continue dey rehabilitate ein knee, buh she nevertheless provisionally name to de Canadian delegation give de 2023 World Aquatics Championships.<ref>Keith, Braden (April 2, 2023). [https://swimswam.com/swimming-canada-names-31-to-world-championships-roster-including-ruck-oleksiak742795-2/ "Swimming Canada names 31 to World Championships roster, including Ruck & Oleksiak"]. ''SwimSwam''.</ref> She make ein return to competition insyd May for de Mare Nostrum tour insyd Barcelona.<ref>Heroux, Devin (May 16, 2023). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympics-swimming-oleksiak-returns-1.6844985 "Penny Oleksiak returns to the pool 9 months after knee surgery"]. ''CBC Sports''.</ref> However, she subsequently announce ein withdrawal from de World Championships, dey cite both ein ongoing knee recovery den fresh shoulder ailment.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympics-swimming-world-championships-oleksiak-out-1.6861861 "Canadian swimmer Penny Oleksiak withdraws from world championships with injury"]. ''CBC Sports''. June 1, 2023.</ref> For September 12, dem announce say Oleksiak move to train under coach Jeff Julian insyd Mission Viejo, California.<ref>Heroux, Devin (September 12, 2023). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/swimming-oleksiak-training-california-paris-olympics-1.6963990 "Penny Oleksiak moving her training to California to prepare for Paris Olympics"]. ''CBC Sports''.</ref> She compete for de 2023 U.S. Open Swimming Championships insyd November, buh she sustain fresh knee injury der wey go subsequently require surgery.<ref name=":4">Heroux, Devin (April 10, 2024). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/swimming-canadian-open-penny-oleksiak-april-10-1.7169368 "Having been through 'hell and back,' Penny Oleksiak returns to pool with full focus on Olympics"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref> === 2024 season === Dey follow knee surgery recovery, Oleksiak make ein return to competition for de inaugural edition of de Canadian Swimming Open. For advance of de event, she say dat na ein recent experiences den fresh training environment revive ein love for swimming, wey she now envision she dey compete thru to de 2028 Summer Olympics insyd Los Angeles: "I'm really happy with where I'm at right now and what I'm trying to do is going to be transcending the sport. Right now I'm content with where I'm at with my life and what I've accomplished and what I want to do in the future."<ref name=":4" /> Insyd ein first event for de Open, Oleksiak post 1:59.75 time insyd de final of de 200 m freestyle, wich she say "felt pretty good," wey she add "I just wanted to be under two minutes and I did it."<ref>Heroux, Devin (April 10, 2024). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/swimming-canadian-open-summer-mcintosh-april-10-1.7169994 "McIntosh records world's fastest 200m free time of 2024 at Canadian Swimming Open"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref> De national Olympic swimming trials begin plus disappointment give Oleksiak, wey she fini ninth insyd de 200 m freestyle final wey she miss qualification for de event.<ref>Gillespie, Kerry (May 14, 2024). [https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics-and-paralympics/penny-oleksiak-misses-first-chance-to-qualify-for-paris-olympics-in-the-event-she-won/article_1fb98a2e-11f3-11ef-b60a-178797161cef.html "Penny Oleksiak misses first chance to qualify for Paris Olympics, in the event she won bronze in at Tokyo Games"]. ''The Toronto Star''. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</ref> She go on make she win de 100 m freestyle plus time of 53.66, wey she cam 0.05 seconds short of de Olympic qualifying time make e guarantee competitive berth insyd de individual event. Na dem name Oleksiak nevertheless to de relay team, wey na wat she say be "just excited to be part of the team right now. It definitely takes some weight off my shoulders knowing that I'm going."<ref>Robertson, Grant (May 17, 2024). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/article-bittersweet-results-for-oleksiak-as-she-secures-relay-spot-in-paris/ "Bittersweet results for Oleksiak as she secures relay spot in Paris but misses cut in 100m freestyle"]. ''The Globe & Mail''. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</ref> She conclude de trials plus win insyd de 50 m freestyle event, albeit again below de Olympic qualifying time. She explain ein participation as "just kind of practice for the front end of my 100." Oleksiak indicate dat she go seek make she obtain de Olympic standard insyd de 100 m prior to de June 23 deadline.<ref>[https://www.sportsnet.ca/olympics/article/torontos-penny-oleksiak-wins-womens-50m-freestyle-at-olympic-swim-trials/ "Toronto's Penny Oleksiak wins women's 50m freestyle at Olympic swim trials"]. ''Sportsnet''. May 19, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.</ref> She go subsequently compete for de Sette Colli International insyd Rome, buh she san cam short of de Olympic standard plus 53.77.<ref>Heroux, Devin (June 22, 2024). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/penny-oleksiak-last-chance-qualifier-june-22-1.7243794 "Penny Oleksiak just misses qualifying for 100m freestyle Olympic event"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved June 23, 2024.</ref> For de 2024 Summer Olympics, Oleksiak begin by she participate for both de heats den de final of de 4×100 m freestyle relay insyd, wer de Canadian team fini fourth.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/olympic-swimming-mcintosh-mac-neil-july27-paris-1.7277569 "Summer McIntosh grabs Canada's 1st medal in Paris with women's 400m freestyle silver"]. ''CBC Sports''. July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.</ref> She swim de freestyle leg insyd de heats of de 4×100 m medley relay, wey help Canada qualify to de final insyd second position.<ref>Harrison, Doug (August 3, 2024). [https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/aquatics/swimming/taylor-ruck-penny-oleksiak-roundup-olympic-swimming-heats-aug3-1.7284669 "7-time Olympic medallist Oleksiak leads Canadian women's charge into 100m medley relay final"]. ''CBC Sports''. Retrieved August 4, 2024.</ref> Summer McIntosh replace am insyd de final, wer de Canadian team cam fourth.<ref>Robertson, Grant (August 4, 2024). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/article-canadian-womens-relay-team-narrowly-misses-historic-medal-in-swimming/ "Canadian women's relay team narrowly misses historic medal in swimming; men place fifth"]. ''The Globe & Mail''. Retrieved August 5, 2024.</ref> == Ein life matter == Na dem born Oleksiak to immigrant parents, Polish American poppie den Scottish mommie,<ref>[https://ampoleagle.com/stars-fall-but-oleksiak-and-pavelski-shine-p14799-208.htm Stars fall, but Oleksiak and Pavelski shine]</ref> wey she be de youngest of five siblings, one of whom be NHL defenseman Jamie Oleksiak,<ref>Gillespie, Kerry (April 7, 2016). [https://www.thestar.com/sports/amateur/2016/04/07/canadas-penny-oleksiak-makes-waves-at-olympic-swim-trials.html "Canada's Penny Oleksiak makes waves at Olympic swim trials"]. ''Toronto Star''.</ref> wey dey play give de Seattle Kraken. De rest of de family sanso get athletic tradition: ein poppie, Richard, komot Buffalo, New York wey he play basketball, football den field athletics den ein mommie hold multiple Scottish Age Group swimming records insyd freestyle den backstroke.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034126/https://buffalonews.com/2016/08/07/canadas-swimming-sensation-penny-oleksiak-16-is-an-honorary-western-new-yorker/#link_time=1470654231 "Canada's swimming sensation Penny Oleksiak, 16, is an 'honorary' Western New Yorker"]. ''The Buffalo News''. August 7, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2017.</ref> Na older sisto Hayley be rower for Northeastern University, den older bro Jake play college hockey.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/08/get-to-know-penny-oleksiak-canadas-16-year-old-swimming-medallist.html "Get to know Penny Oleksiak, Canada's 16-year-old swimming medalist"]. ''Toronto Star''. August 8, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.</ref> She attend Monarch Park Collegiate Institute insyd Toronto, Ontario til she leave for de end of de 2016–17 school year.<ref name=":5" /> As teenager, Oleksiak get dog dem name Jagr after hockey player Jaromír Jágr, den cat dem name Rio.<ref>Share-Cohen, Brandon (August 16, 2016). [http://thehockeywriters.com/olympian-penny-oleksiak-names-dog-after-jaromir-jagr/ "Olympian Penny Oleksiak Names Dog After Jaromir Jagr"].</ref> == Personal bests == ===Long course (50-metre pool)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Event ! Time<ref name="sca">[https://www.swimming.ca/en/swimmer/penelope-oleksiak/ "Penelope Oleksiak"]. Swimming Canada. Retrieved December 12, 2016.</ref> ! Venue ! Date ! Notes |- | 50 m freestyle | '''25.38''' | 26th International Meeting, Uster | February 4, 2018 | |- | 100 m freestyle | '''52.59''' | Tokyo Aquatics Centre, Tokyo | July 30, 2021 | '''NR''' |- | 200 m freestyle | '''1:54.70''' | Tokyo Aquatics Centre, Tokyo | July 27, 2021 | |- | 50 m butterfly | '''25.62''' | Danube Arena, Budapest | July 29, 2017 | '''NR''' |- | 100 m butterfly | '''56.46''' | Olympic Aquatics Stadium, Rio de Janeiro | August 7, 2016 | '''NR''' |- | 200 m butterfly | '''2:09.96''' | University of British Columbia, Vancouver | June 3, 2018 | |} === Short course (25-metre pool) === {| class="wikitable" !Event !Time<ref name="sca" /> !Venue !Date !Notes |- |100 m freestyle |'''52.01''' |WFCU Centre, Windsor |December 8, 2016 |'''NR''', '''WJR''' |} == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Penny_Oleksiak|Penny Oleksiak]]'''''. * [https://www.swimming.ca/en/swimmer/penelope-oleksiak/ Penelope Oleksiak] at Swimming Canada (archive) * [https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1035859/-#main-content Penny Oleksiak] at World Aquatics * [https://olympic.ca/team-canada/penny-oleksiak/ Penny Oleksiak] at Team Canada * [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/penny-oleksiak Penny Oleksiak] at Olympics.com * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/129511 Penny Oleksiak] at Olympedia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ol/penny-oleksiak-1.html Penny Oleksiak] at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Canadian female freestyle swimmers]] [[Category:Canadian people of Czech descent]] [[Category:Canadian people of Polish descent]] [[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Canadian people of Ukrainian descent]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists insyd swimming]] [[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Canada]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists insyd swimming]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Canada]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists insyd swimming]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Canada]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists insyd swimming]] [[Category:Olympic swimmers for Canada]] [[Category:Swimmers at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Swimmers at de 2018 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Swimmers at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Swimmers wey komot Toronto]] [[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists insyd swimming]] [[Category:Medallists at de 2018 Commonwealth Games]] [[Category:Swimmers at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] 3cg6j0yx1gb3dukxvvxkuldm8vzts6p 0 14018 106159 55627 2026-07-02T01:39:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olukemi "Kemi" Omololu-Olunloyo''' (wey dem born 6 August 1964) be popular [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] journalist, blogger, den activist against gun violence, wey she be social media personality. She be well known for de Nigerian online community. == Background == Omololu-Olunloyo be de daughter of former Oyo State governor Victor Omololu Olunloyo<ref>D Obi, Wasswa (13 July 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221130173210/https://www.legit.ng/486310-i-earn-50-per-tweet-ex-govs-daughter-kemi-olunloyo.html "I Earn $50 Per Tweet - Ex-gov's Daughter Kemi Olunloyo"]. ''Legit.ng''. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</ref> wey she be de second of ten kiddies. She live for 14 years for Nigeria insyd, 20 years for de [[United States]], den five years insyd [[Canada]] before she return to Nigeria.<ref>A, Olumide (3 December 2021). [https://www.kemifilani.ng/breaking-news/kemi-olunloyos-bio-father-age-daughter-husband-net-worth "Kemi Olunloyo's bio: Father, age, daughter, husband, net worth"]. ''Kemi Filani News''. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</ref> == Career == Na Omololu-Olunloyo appear as guest wey dem dey discuss terrorism den health topics for CBC News top, Ruptly, CTV News, BBC den Nigerian Television Authority. She sana dey work briefly as music journalist plus de ''Nigerian Tribune''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130201145003/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/1543-music-on-trial "Music on Trial"]. ''Nigerian Tribune''. 21 December 2012. Archived from [http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/1543-music-on-trial the original] on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</ref> == Community den social activism == While na she dey [[Canada]], Omololu-Olunloyo be active against gun violence.<ref>Chris Doucette (25 November 2010). [http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/11/25/16320616.html "Rappers rally Against Gun Violence"]. ''The Toronto Sun''. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</ref><ref>Alex Consiglio (9 July 2012). [http://www.torontosun.com/2012/07/09/call-for-ceasefire-in-torontos-somali-community-planned "Call for ceasefire in Toronto's Somali community planned"]. ''The Toronto Sun''. Retrieved 26 June 2015.</ref> For 2014, she release de names den photographs of de men wey solicit sex anaa dem expose dema sef for social media top.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/kemi-omololu-olunloyo-activist-release-names-and-photos-of-men-who-beg-her-for-sex-id3192845.html|title=Activist Release Names And Photos Of Men Who Beg Her For Sex|author=Isaac Dachen|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> For 2014, she dey among de top three nominees for de Social Media Awards Africa's Social Media Influencer of de Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/164675/1/here-they-are-2014-social-media-awards-africa-fina.html|title=Here They Are: 2014 Social Media Awards Africa Finalists Announced!|work=The Nigerian Voice|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> == Deportation from Canada == Insyd August 2012, na dem arrest Omololu-Olunloyo insyd ein apartment insyd Toronto by agents of de Canada Border Services Agency. After dem determine say she be a flight risk wen na dem no renew ein refugee visa, na dem remand am into custody for de Vanier Centre for Women for seven days before na dem deport am to Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/18/no-reprieve-for-kemi-omololu-olunloyo/|title=No reprieve for Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo|author=Kevin Connor|work=The Toronto Sun|date=18 August 2012|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/21/kemi-omololu-olunloyo-deportation-set-for-friday/|author=Chris Doucette|title=Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo deportation set for Friday|work=The Toronto Sun|date=21 August 2012|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Wikiquote}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Omololu-Olunloyo, Kemi}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian journalists]] [[Category:Writers wey komot Ibadan]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriates insyd Canada]] [[Category:People dem deport from Canada]] [[Category:Nigerian women activists]] [[Category:Crime victim advocates]] [[Category:Nigerian women bloggers]] [[Category:Nigerian bloggers]] [[Category:Nigerian expatriates insyd de United States]] [[Category:Social media influencers]] 1rmrwgixu4karz4j9obub5z6h8ze7p5 0 17236 106142 80151 2026-07-01T19:53:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Félix-Roland Moumié''' (1 November 1925 – 3 November 1960)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nj4jmvPndXwC&q=F%C3%A9lix-Roland+Moumi%C3%A9+1926&pg=PA251|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon|isbn=9780810873995|last1=Delancey|first1=Mark Dike|last2=Mbuh|first2=Rebecca Neh|last3=Delancey|first3=Mark W.|date=3 May 2010}}</ref> na he be an anti-colonialist [[Cameroon]]ian leader, dem assassinate insyd Geneva on 3 November 1960 by an agent of the SDECE (French secret service) plus thallium, dey follow official independence from France earlier dat year.<ref>Jacques Foccart, counsellor to Charles de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou and Jacques Chirac for African matters, recognized it in 1995 to ''Jeune Afrique'' review. See also ''Foccart parle, interviews with Philippe Gaillard'', Fayard - ''Jeune Afrique'' (in French) and also [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 "The man who ran Francafrique - French politician Jacques Foccart's role in France's colonization of Africa under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle - Obituary"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052053/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_n49/ai_20319603 Archived] 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine in ''The National Interest'', Fall 1997; [http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0 Documentary : DEATH IN GENEVA - The Poisoning of Félix Moumié] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007101808/http://www.ictv-solferino.com/Va/programme.asp?prog_id=36703&origine=docs.asp&pos=8&nb=39&recherche=&categ_id=72&sur=&cpt=0 Archived] 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Na Félix-Roland Moumié succeed Ruben Um Nyobé, wey na dem kill insyd September 1958, as leader of de ''Union des Populations du Cameroun'' (UPC - anaa sanso be ''Union du Peuple Camerounais'' &mdash; "Cameroon's People Union"). == Biography == Na dem born Félix Moumié insyd 1925 at de Protestant hospital of Njissé insyd Foumban, to Samuel Mekou Moumié, evangelist at de Protestant mission, den Suzanne Mvuh. Na he begin ein primary studies at de Bandjo school, wey he continue dem at de Protestant school insyd Njissé, then at de public school insyd Bafoussam (CMI), wey na he plete dem at de regional school insyd Dschang (CMII) wer na he brilliantly obtain de primary school certificate. Na he be sensitized to anti-colonialist den communist ideas during ein studies, notably plus Gabriel d'Arboussier (de future Secretary General of de African Democratic Rally) den de historian Jean Suret-Canale. Insyd April 1958, na he attend de "Conference of Independent African States" wey be organized by de Ghanaian Presido [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. Na he befriend [[Frantz Fanon]], wey represent de Algerian FLN. Accompanied by Osendé Afana, na he go to Congo insyd 1960 to meet plus Presido [[Patrice Lumumba]], wey na he show sympathy for de UPC cause, buh wey na he then be overthrown by Colonel Mobutu ein troops, wey na he drive dem out of de country. Dey know say na he be constantly under surveillance by de French intelligence services, na he ensure say he never fly over French territory wey na he avoid de airspace of de countries wey na dem be members of de French Community. Na he fear dat ein plane go be intercepted, as de plane of [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] den FLN leaders be insyd 1956. Na he live mainly between [[Ghana]] den [[Guinea]] wer na he seek to gain support for de UPC. == Check am too == * [[:en:Colonialism|Colonialism]] * [[:en:Decolonization#Assassinated_anti-colonialist_leaders|List of assassinated anti-colonialist leaders]] from article ''[[:en:Decolonization|Decolonization]]'' * [[:en:Cameroon's_People_Union|Cameroon's People Union]] (UPC) * [[:en:Jacques_Foccart|Jacques Foccart]] * [[:en:Marthe_Ekemeyong_Moumié|Marthe Ekemeyong Moumié]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028/http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/dossier/e-docs/00/00/3D/EA/document_article_dossier.phtml?cle_dossier=15851 "Cameroun: Il faut tuer l’UPC et Félix Moumié"], from ''Marianne'' magazine, March 30, 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250611075847/https://www.dibussi.com/2006/10/frances_dirty_w.html "France's Dirty War in Cameroon: The Assassination of Félix-Roland Moumié"] from ''[http://www.dibussi.com/ Scribbles from the Den]'' {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moumie, Felix-Roland}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:1960 deaths]] [[Category:Cameroonian rebels]] [[Category:Contemporary French history]] [[Category:Cameroonian politicians dem assassinate]] [[Category:Cameroonian people dem murder abroad]] [[Category:People dem murder insyd Switzerland]] [[Category:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon politicians]] [[Category:People of French Equatorial Africa]] [[Category:People dem murder insyd 1960]] [[Category:People dem kill insyd French intelligence operations]] [[Category:Politicians dem assassinate insyd 1960]] [[Category:Cameroonian people]] 40idroldtmopiasi7mj7d2vv3mt6mar 0 19427 106161 98334 2026-07-02T10:25:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Biya''' (weh dem born am '''Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo''', 13 February 1933) na Cameroonian politician wey don dey rule as di second president of Cameroon since 1982. Before dis, he be di fifth prime minister under President Ahmadou Ahidjo from 1975 to 1982. By 2025, he go still be di second-longest-ruling president for Africa (after Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo for Equatorial Guinea), di second longest wey dey serve non-royal leader for di world, plus di oldest head of state wey dey for di world. Biya wey come from south Cameroon, e rise quick as bureaucrat under President Ahmadou Ahidjo for 1960s, as Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1968 to 1975 and later become prime minister. When Ahidjo shockingly resign for 1982, Biya take over as president and e gather power well during 1983–1984 coup wey e use eliminate all him major rivals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emvana|first=Michel Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypWQjMONIlcC&q=Paul+Biya+premier+fils+est+adopt%C3%A9&pg=PA187|title=Paul Biya: les secrets du pouvoir|date=2005|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-684-3|language=fr|trans-title=Paul Biya: the secrets of power|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypWQjMONIlcC&q=Paul+Biya+premier+fils+est+adopt%C3%A9&pg=PA187#v=snippet&q=Paul%20Biya%20premier%20fils%20est%20adopt%C3%A9&f=false|archive-date=7 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Biya bring political change when e dey run one-party system for 1980s, later accept say make dem fit try multiparty politics for early 1990s when pressure plenty. E win 1992 presidential election wey dey cause gbege with 40% vote, plus him win again well well for 1997, 2004, 2011, den 2018. Opposition politicians plus Western governments dey talk say dem see voting wahala plus fraud for all dis elections. Plenty people don talk say he no win di elections for 1992,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 October 2012|title=Elections. La fraude "made in Cameroon" fait fureur|trans-title=Elections. Fraud "made in Cameroon" is raging.|url=http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-8679.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819200643/http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-8679.html|archive-date=19 August 2019|access-date=11 July 2018|website=www.cameroonvoice.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gros |first1=Jean-Germain |date=July 1995 |title=The Hard Lessons of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=112–127 |doi=10.1353/jod.1995.0048 |id=Project MUSE 16689}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huband |first1=Mark |date=January 1993 |title=Cameroon: A flawed victory |journal=Africa Report |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=41 |id=ProQuest 195170870}}</ref> plus di opposition den some other pipo don accuse say di next elections wey follow get plenty wahala with fraud.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroon poll marred by fraud|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/7/23/cameroon-poll-marred-by-fraud|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105946/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/7/23/cameroon-poll-marred-by-fraud|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-20|title=Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081350/https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador|archive-date=23 February 2023|access-date=2024-05-28|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Maclean|first1=Ruth|last2=Kiven|first2=Brenda|date=2018-10-22|title=Biya wins again in Cameroon as crackdown disrupts anglophone vote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/paul-biya-cameroon-85-year-old-president-wins-re-election-landslide|access-date=2024-05-28|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105946/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/paul-biya-cameroon-85-year-old-president-wins-re-election-landslide|url-status=live}}</ref> == Early life den education == Ethnically Beti, , Paul Biya born for Mvomeka'a<ref name="Elect2">{{Cite web|title=Candidate's biography :Paul Biya - 2004 Presidential Election|url=http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071121131006/http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm:80/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en|archive-date=2007-11-21|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.presidential2004.gov.cm}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cameroonian President Paul Biya Marks 40 Years in Power|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroonian-president-paul-biya-marks-40-years-in-power/6823157.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205120120/https://www.voanews.com/amp/cameroonian-president-paul-biya-marks-40-years-in-power/6823157.html|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=2024-08-26|website=Voice of America}}</ref> village wey dey for di South Region of Cameroon now. E study for Lycée General Leclerc for Yaoundé, later jump go France, for Lycée Louis-le-Grand for Paris. Him finish for Institut des hautes études d'Outre-Mer, where him collect him higher education diploma for public law for 1961.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105950/https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=22 November 2017|website=www.prc.cm}}</ref> == Early career == As Chargé de Mission weh don dey waka for post-independence 1960s Cameroon,<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105950/https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=22 November 2017|website=www.prc.cm}}</ref> Biya don blow under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. He take director position for minister of national education for January 1964, then become secretary-general for that ministry for July 1965. By December 1967, dem make am director of civil cabinet for president den secretary-general of presidency for January 1968, wey he still dey hold civil cabinet position. He rise to minister rank for August 1968 plus become minister of state for June 1970, while still dey hold secretary-general for presidency. == Leadership (1975–present) == === Premiership (1975–1982) === After dem create one state wey dey united for 1972, na wetin make President Ahidjo fit appoint am prime minister for 30 June 1975. For June 1979, dem pass new law wey make de prime minister be the one wey go take over if anything happen to Ahidjo, so if wahala show for Ahidjo, Biya go carry de president cap. But on 4 November 1982, Ahidjo just komot for presidency like say him dey sick, den two days later for 6 November, Biya take over as president sharp sharp.<ref name="Elect2" /> === Presidency (1982–present) === E be like say Biya wey be Catholic from south side of Cameroon, people dey surprise say Ahidjo wey be Muslim from north go choose am as him successor.<ref>{{cite web|author=IsongAsu|date=2021|title=Paul Biya: A Psychopath responsible for enormous damage|url=https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/paul-biya-a-psychopath-responsible-for-enormous-damage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124737/https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/paul-biya-a-psychopath-responsible-for-enormous-damage/|archive-date=21 May 2024|access-date=21 May 2024|website=www.cameroonintelligencereport.com}}</ref> Biya papa wey be catechist, dem want make him join church work, but at 16 when e dey for Catholic school, dem come expel am. After Biya don become president, Ahidjo still dey run de Cameroon National Union (CNU/ UNC). Biya join de CNU Central Committee plus Political Bureau, them elect am as vice-president of the CNU.<ref name="enc">{{cite web|last1=Eigo|first1=Tim|last2=Donaldson|first2=Catherine Victoria|date=2018|title=Paul Biya|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/paul-biya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131504/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/paul-biya|archive-date=29 March 2024|access-date=2024-03-29|website=encyclopedia.com|lang=en|type=three essays on Paul Biya's presidency with the following source information: ''Contemporary Black Biography'' (May 2018, author Tim Eigo), ''Newsmakers 2006 Cumulation'' (May 2018, author Catherine Victoria Donaldson) and ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'' (May 2018)}}</ref> On 11 December 1982, dem put am for charge to manage party matter when Ahidjo no dey around. For di first months after Biya take over, e dey show loyalty to Ahidjo, and Ahidjo dey support Biya too, but for 1983, wahala begin. Ahidjo waka go exile for France, from there e dey talk say Biya dey misuse power plus dey fear say people dey plan against am. After Ahidjo step down as CNU leader, Biya come take over di party for one big meeting wey dem hold for 14 September 1983.<ref name="KT">{{Cite web|title=African State And Society In The 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads|url=https://www.routledge.com/African-State-And-Society-In-The-1990s-Cameroons-Political-Crossroads/Takougang-Krieger/p/book/9780813338958|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Routledge & CRC Press|language=en}}</ref> [[File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg|left|thumb|224x224px|Ahidjo for July 1982, three months before him resign.]] For November 1983, Biya talk say di next presidential election go happen for 14 January 1984; dem don plan am for 1985 before. Na him be di only candidate for dis election and e win 99.98% of di vote.<ref name="KT" /> For February 1984, dem put Ahidjo for trial no dey, wey dem accuse am say e dey involve for 1983 coup plan, wit two other guys; dem wan give dem death sentence, but Biya change am to life for prison.<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|title=Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon - washingtonpost.com|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html|access-date=2025-05-25|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Biya survive military coup wey happen on 6 April 1984, because he decide on top di previous day to scatter di Republican Guard den mix dem with di military.<ref name="KT" /> Some people talk say e fit be 71 people dem put for death roll (according to di government)<ref name="WP" /> while some say na nearly 1,000.<ref name="KT" /> Di northern Muslims na di main people wey take part for dis coup wey plenty pipo see as dem wan bring back dia own power. But Biya, e dey stress say make we be one nation and no lay blame on northern Muslims.<ref name="KT" /><ref name="WP" /> De people sabi say Ahidjo be person wey dey behind de coup wahala,<ref name="WP" /> plus dem talk say Biya don hear say dem wan do am before e happen. E come scatter de Republican Guard sharp sharp. Dis one force di coup people to move fast fast before dia plan, wey fit be wetin make di coup no succeed.<ref name="KT" /><ref name="WP" /> [[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|thumb|Biya with U.S. president Ronald Reagan for 1986]] Under him rule, dem country take one plan wey IMF plus World Bank bring come. E involve make dem privatize things, dey open market make competition fit happen, plus reduce social spending. Civil servants' pay take big wahala, dem slash am 60%, den de people wey dey hustle for street own increase plenty.<ref name="modik">Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> For 1985, dem change CNU change to de Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement for Bamenda plus dem take Biya elect as him president, wey no be correct move. Dem still re-elect am as President of Cameroon on 24 April 1988.<ref name="Elect2" /> Biya first start to dey take small steps to open up de regime, e end up decide say make opposition parties dey legal for 1990. Base on de official results, Biya win di first multiparty presidential election, wey dem hold for 11 October 1992, wit about 40% of di vote. No plan for any runoff; opposition no fit come together find one candidate. There was no provision for a runoff; the opposition was unable to unite around a single candidate. No be any runoff we get; di opposition no fit gather round one candidate. Di guy wey come second, John Fru Ndi wey dey represent di opposition Social Democratic Front (SDF), officially collect like 36%.<ref name="Mbaku">{{Cite web|title=THE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE IN AFRICA: Cameroon Under Paul Biya, Edited by John Mukum Mbaku & Joseph Takougang, HARDCOVER|url=https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-leadership-challenge-in-africa-cameroon-under-paul-biya-edited-by-john-mukum-mbaku-joseph-takougang-hardcover/|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Africa World Press & The Red Sea Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DB">{{Cite web|title=Elections in Cameroon|url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html|access-date=2025-05-25|website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> Opposition people dey hotly argue de results, dem talk say e be fraud.<ref name="Mbaku" /> [[File:Paul_biya_and_colin_powell.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_biya_and_colin_powell.jpg|left|thumb|Biya plus U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell insyde September 2002]] For October 1997 presidential election, main opposition parties no show face, Biya win am with 92.6 percent of votes;<ref name="DB" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=UK Home Office Immigration and Nationality Directorate Country Assessment – Cameroon|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c2b4e020.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220927024548/https://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c2b4e020.html|archive-date=2022-09-27|access-date=2025-05-25|work=UNHCR|language=en}}</ref> dem swear am in on 3 November.<ref>[http://web.peacelink.it/africa/weekly/06_11_97 "Cameroun. Biya reinstalle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025420/http://web.peacelink.it/africa/weekly/06_11_97|date=4 March 2016}}, ANB-BIA, 3 November 1997.</ref> E don dey win di National President seat for RDPC back to back; dem re-elect am for di party ein second extra big congress for 7 July 2001 den for di third extraordinary one on 21 July 2006..<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084909/http://www.camerounlink.net/fr/news.php?nid=24113&kat=1&seite=195 "21 ANS DE TÂTONNEMENT"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084909/http://www.camerounlink.net/fr/news.php?nid=24113&kat=1&seite=195|date=8 February 2012}}, Camerounlink.net, 21 July 2007 (in French).</ref><ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/079/article_45203.asp "Paul Biya réélu sans surprise à la tête du RDPC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921065206/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/079/article_45203.asp|date=21 September 2008}}, rfi.fr, 22 July 2006 (in French).</ref> Biya win anoda seven-year term for de 11 October 2004 presidential election, him take 70.92 percent of di vote,<ref name="Confirm">"Cameroon's Supreme Court confirms Biya's re-election" ''Agence France Presse'', 25 October 2004.</ref><ref name="Gov">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004546/http://www.spm.gov.cm/detail_art.php?id_art=271&type=simpl&lang=en "President Biya is sworn in for another seven-year mandate."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004546/http://www.spm.gov.cm/detail_art.php?id_art=271&type=simpl&lang=en|date=25 November 2009}}, Cameroonian government website].</ref> but di opposition still talk say plenty fraud dey happen.<ref name="Confirm" /> Dem swear Biya in on 3 November.<ref name="Gov" /> After dem re-elect am for 2004, Biya no fit run again for 2011 because Constitution wey dem put for 1996 talk say make dem no allow person run pass two term; but he still wan change am make e fit run again. For him 2008 New Year message, Biya talk say make dem change Constitution, because e no make sense to dey limit people choice like that.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroun: Paul Biya va modifier la Constitution|trans-title=Cameroon: Paul Biya will amend the Constitution.|url=http://www.afriquenligne.fr/actualites/politique/cameroun:-paul-biya-va-modifier-la-constitution-2008010214343/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130305170820/http://www.afriquenligne.fr/actualites/politique/cameroun%3a-paul-biya-va-modifier-la-constitution-2008010214343/|archive-date=2013-03-05|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.afriquenligne.fr|language=fr-fr}}</ref> Dem talk say dem go remove term limits as people dey vex for street during de violent protest wey happen for late February 2008. But for 10 April 2008, National Assembly sey make dem change Constitution make dem delete term limits. See as RDPC dey control National Assembly, dem don approve di change well well,, 157 votes say yes, five votes say no; 15 SDF deputies just decide say dem no go join vote as protest. Di change still give President chance make e dey enjoy immunity from prosecution for any wahala wey e start as President after e don leave office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroun: adoption d'une révision constitutionnelle controversée|trans-title=Cameroon: Adoption of a controversial constitutional revision.|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=44617|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120320113643/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=44617|archive-date=2012-03-20|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.jeuneafrique.com}}</ref> [[File:Biya_and_Bush-2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biya_and_Bush-2.jpg|thumb|Biya with U.S. president George W. Bush for 2003]] For 12 June 2006, e sign Greentree Agreement with Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo wey officially end di Bakassi peninsula border wahala.<ref>{{cite web|title=AGREEMENT TRANSFERRING AUTHORITY OVER BAKASSI PENINSULA FROM NIGERIA TO CAMEROON 'TRIUMPH FOR THE RULE OF LAW', SECRETARY-GENERAL SAYS IN MESSAGE FOR CEREMONY - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm|website=www.un.org}}</ref> For February 2008, gbege start, pipo dey shout make dem reduce prices plus make Paul Biya comot as president. Demonstrators face severe wahala as report say hundred don die plus dem don arrest plenty people.<ref name="modik" /> For October 2011 presidential election, Biya carry sixth term come, him get 77.9% of de votes wey dem cast. John Fru Ndi na him biggest challenger, e get 10%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameroonian president wins vote, extending 29-year-rule|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-election-outcome/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=CNN|date=22 October 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051150/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-election-outcome/|url-status=live}}</ref> Biya’s opponents talk say e be plenty fraud for di election, plus dem don see some wahala wey no follow di rules for di French an US governments.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court declares Cameroon's Biya landslide poll winner, despite accusations of fraud|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/court-declares-cameroons-biya-landslide-poll-winner-despite-accusations-of-fraud/2011/10/21/gIQAhpjD4L_story.html|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=21 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=Cameroon's Biya promises youth jobs after poll win|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/cameroonNews/idAFL5E7LP4KO20111025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225121955/http://af.reuters.com/article/cameroonNews/idAFL5E7LP4KO20111025|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2016|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=25 October 2011}}</ref> For him victory talk, Biya promise say e go boost growth plus create jobs with some public works plan wey go make our country turn big construction site.<ref name="reuters" /> For 3 November 2011, dem swear am in again as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameroon: Biya sworn in for sixth presidential term|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15574922|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 November 2011|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15574922|url-status=live}}</ref> Biya win di 2018 presidential election with 71.3% of di vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-paul-biya-gets-seventh-term/index.html?no-st=9999999999|title=Cameroon's Paul Biya wins seventh term in office|work=CNN|first1=Eyong|last1=Blaise|first2=Bukola|last2=Adebayo|date=22 October 2018|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007050702/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-paul-biya-gets-seventh-term/index.html?no-st=9999999999|url-status=live}}</ref> Di election no smooth, plenty wahala plus low voter turnout happen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameroon's President Paul Biya wins seventh term|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414|work=BBC News|date=22 October 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012842/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414|url-status=live}}</ref> For July 2025, Biya don put his name down say e wan run for im eighth term for di 2025 Cameroon presidential election wey go happen for October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroon's presidential election gathers momemtum as candidates file for the October vote|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/18/cameroons-presidential-election-gathers-momemtum-as-candidates-file-for-the-october-vote/|access-date=2025-07-19|website=Africanews|language=en-US}}</ref> === Foreign relations === ==== France ==== France dey back him regime, one of de old colonial powers for Cameroon, wey dey supply dem weapons plus de train demma military forces. France self be di top foreign investor for Cameroon.<ref name="modik" /> ==== China ==== Di People Republic start link up with Cameroon for 26 March 1971.<ref name="HronikaBelgrade">{{cite book|url=|title=Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971|date=1972|publisher=[[Institute of International Politics and Economics]]|isbn=|editor=Milutin Tomanović|location=[[Belgrade]]|page=2598|language=sh|trans-title=The Chronicle of International Events in 1971}}</ref> For di 2000s, big politicians dey waka go each other side; for example, President Biya come for conference insyde 2006 plus Hu Jintao come visit Cameroon for 2007.<ref name="Backgrounder">[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6927680.html Backgrounder: Relations between China, Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016201141/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6927680.html|date=16 October 2012}} People's Daily Online, March 23, 2010</ref> Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi don visit Cameroon on 12 January 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-05|title=Chinese Foreign Minister Due In Cameroon Soon|url=http://www.cameroononline.org/chinese-foreign-minister-due-cameroon-soon/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021157/http://www.cameroononline.org/chinese-foreign-minister-due-cameroon-soon/|archive-date=2015-01-06|access-date=2015-01-05|work=CameroonOnline.org}}</ref> Cameroon be one of 53 countries wey, for June 2020, support Hong Kong national security law for United Nations.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|last1=Lawler|first1=Dave|date=2 July 2020|title=The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong|url=https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112070158/https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|access-date=3 July 2020|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|language=en}}</ref> ==== Israel ==== Cameroon don vote against plenty anti-Israel UN resolutions, plus e be di only country wey join Israel to say no to di UN resolution wey dem call 'Assistance to Palestine Refugees'.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 November 2013|title=Fourth Committee Forwards 28 Drafts to General Assembly for Adoption, Concluding Work for Session|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/gaspd550.doc.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120014422/https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/gaspd550.doc.htm|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 June 2023|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Cameroon shutdown link with Israel from 1973 to 1986<ref>{{cite web|date=27 August 1986|title=Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110043/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=15 August 2024|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> plus na one of di first countries wey join back di relationship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel-Cameroon Relations|url=http://embassies.gov.il/yaounde/Bilateral-Relations/Pages/Israel-Cameroon-Relations.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210733/http://embassies.gov.il/yaounde/Bilateral-Relations/Pages/Israel-Cameroon-Relations.aspx%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=Embassy Of Israel In Cameroon}}</ref> Cameroon government dey use Israeli armored vehicles,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon's Presidential Guard first known user of Israel Musketeer vehicle|url=http://www.janes.com/article/58950/cameroon-s-presidential-guard-first-known-user-of-israel-musketeer-vehicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210717/https://www.janes.com/article/58950/cameroon-s-presidential-guard-first-known-user-of-israel-musketeer-vehicle%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=IHS Jane's 360}}</ref> plus dem Rapid Reaction Force wey dem dey call BIR for short, na Israel dey equip den train dem.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hilsum|first=Lindsey|date=13 May 2015|title=On the border and in the crossfire: Cameroon's war with Boko Haram|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210718/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram+|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Youssef|first=Nancy A.|date=25 February 2015|title=Boko Haram Are Finally Losing. And That Makes Them Extra Dangerous.|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/25/boko-haram-are-finally-losing-and-that-makes-them-extra-dangerous.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210730/https://www.thedailybeast.com/boko-haram-are-finally-losing-and-that-makes-them-extra-dangerous|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Freudenthal|first1=Emmanuel|last2=van der Weide|first2=Youri|date=23 June 2020|title=Making a killing: Israeli mercenaries in Cameroon|work=African Arguments|url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/06/making-a-killing-israeli-mercenaries-in-cameroon/|access-date=4 October 2021|language=en-GB|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120173715/https://africanarguments.org/2020/06/making-a-killing-israeli-mercenaries-in-cameroon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Students for Cameroon get 11 months visa wey go carry dem go Israel make dem learn about agriculture,<ref>{{cite web|date=3 November 2014|title=Cameroon /Israel Cooperation: Cameroonian students receive scholarship|url=http://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroon-Israel-Cooperation-Cameroonian-students-receive-scholarship-313905|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210722/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroon-Israel-Cooperation-Cameroonian-students-receive-scholarship-313905%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> while dem train poultry farmers for poultry production insyde Israel.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 June 2008|title=Israel To Help the Industry in Cameroon|url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/15236/israel-to-help-the-industry-in-cameroon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071557/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/15236/israel-to-help-the-industry-in-cameroon/|archive-date=10 December 2017|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> Israelis also train personnel at six hospitals insyde Cameroon on how to fight de Ebola virus.<ref>{{cite web|last=Leichman|first=Abigaiel Klein|date=6 October 2014|title=Israeli aid on way to fight Ebola spread|url=http://www.israel21c.org/israeli-aid-on-way-to-fight-ebola-spread/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210725/https://www.israel21c.org/israeli-aid-on-way-to-fight-ebola-spread/|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=ISRAEL21c: Uncovering Israel}}</ref> ==== Nigeria ==== Biya carry matter go International Court of Justice for 29 March 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=Julius A. |date=March 2020 |title=Cameroon's relations toward Nigeria: a foreign policy of pragmatism |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X19000545 |s2cid=214047726}}</ref>{{rp|p=12}} Cameroon dey claim say Bakassi na dem own based on di Anglo-German deal wey dem sign for 1913 and di Maroua Declaration wey happen for 1975. Nigeria on de other hand dey argue say di peninsula be di land wey di chiefs of Old Calabar own, dem gree transfer di title to Nigeria when e gain independence. Dem talk say for this matter e de point say Ngeria dey collect taxes insyde dat region, Plenty People de use de Nigerian passports, plus other signs wey show dat de Nigerian state dey closely involved for de governance of de peninsula.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Konings |first=Piet |date=2005 |title=The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria Boundary: Opportunities and Conflicts |journal=African Affairs |volume=104 |issue=415 |pages=275–301 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adi004 |jstor=3518445 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/3500}}</ref>{{rp|pp=289-90}} For 10th October 2002, after more than eight years of wahala den arguments, de court talk say Cameroon win, make Nigeria comot quick quick from di area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cornwell |first1=Richard |date=January 2006 |title=Nigeria and Camerron: Diplomacy in the Delta |journal=African Security Review |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2006.9627621 |s2cid=144062623}}</ref>{{rp|p=54}} E be true say Nigeria first no gree for di decision, and although e cause plenty wahala for Bakassi, but Olusegun Obasanjo government no too dey fight am, dem just follow di ruling.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} For June 2006, for Greentree estate wey dey Long Island, New York, di countries sign di Greentree Agreement, wey gree Nigeria make dem comot dem soldiers from Bakassi by 4 August 2008, plus e also gree Cameroon make dem protect di rights of di Nigerian people wey dey live for Bakassi.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} Dem transfer di land give Cameroon peacefully under de agreement.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} Di Cameroon government dey now talk say di matter na just small 'misunderstanding', plus how dem settle am na 'model for peaceful conflict resolution for Africa'.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} Biya plus Obasanjo talk say make Kofi Annan wey be UN Secretary-General set up de Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission so dem go fit lot for how to carry out de International Court of Justice 2002 ruling well. De commission get responsibilities wey de include dey mark all de Cameroon–Nigeria border, make cross-border cooperation dey happen, withdraw troops from Bakassi, plus make sure say locals rights dey protected.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} De commission wey Mohamed Ibn Chambas d dey lead don meet 38 times before 2015.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} As July 2019, dem don survey 2,001 kilometres of boundary (from 2,100 wey dem estimate), den both countries don agree, including de border wey dey Bakassi.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} For May 2007 for Abuja, di commission don finish di maritime boundary, but for 2015, di Cameroonian government talk say "small small kilometres dey remain" wey dey hold dem back from finishing di land boundary.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} ==== United States ==== Cameroon den U.S. dey enjoy beta economic relationship for 1982, when dem change Ahidjo wey be president with im prime minister, Biya. From 1982 to 1984, U.S. carry higher pass France as Cameroon's top export market, mainly because dem sabi chop Cameroonian oil well well.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Takaugang |first=J. |date=1993 |title=Continuity and Change in Cameroon's Foreign Policy in the Post-Ahidjo Era |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages=135–153 |jstor=45341604}}</ref> Biya dey push Cameroonian foreign relations level up more than Ahidjo do am, e dey talk say im foreign policy na 'development diplomacy', 'co-operation wey no get boundaries', plus 'open door' diplomacy.<ref name=":32" /> Since 2013 o, dem relationship wey dey happen between dem two countries don focus plenty on how dem go fit join body tackle Boko Haram plus Islamic State West Africa area, plus other regional security matter especially for de Gulf of Guinea.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Husted|first=Tomás F.|date=2021-09-22|title=Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy|url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R46919.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320165517/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R46919.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2023|access-date=4 June 2023|website=[[U.S. Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> From 2015 go 2020, Dem send about 300 U.S. military people go northern Cameroon make dem conduct regional intelligence, surveillance, plus reconnaissance.<ref name=":4" /> == Opposition den criticism == [[File:Paul_Biya_with_Obamas.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_with_Obamas.jpg|left|thumb|US president Barack Obama plus First Lady Michelle Obama pose for photo during reception at de Metropolitan Museum insyde New York with Biya plus him wife Chantal, 2009.]] Biya no dey show face for public plenty, plus some people sabi am as person wey dey aloof. Since early 1990s, di Anglophone people for di old Southern Cameroons for di west don give am wahala well well. Although Biya try small to open up de political environment, him regime still get much authoritarian vibes, e no dey follow democracy trend wey dey happen for Africa since de 1990s. According to de constitution, Biya dey hold plenty executive den legislative powers. E even get strong control over de judiciary; de courts fit only check law constitutionality if na him ask dem. De RDPC still dey run things for National Assembly, wey dem no dey do much, just dey approve him policies. Dem dey call am "Tyrants, de World's 20 Worst Living Dictators" by David Wallechinsky, plus dem rank Biya join three other big men for sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe wey dey Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo wey dey Equatorial Guinea, plus King Mswati III wey dey Swaziland (now Eswatini). E talk say how Cameroon dey do dem elections be like dis: 'Every few years, Biya go organize election to make am look like him still get power, but dem elections no get any credibility. Truth be say, Biya sabi act well for fake elections matter. For 2004, he dey vex well well for di yawa wey international vote-monitoring guys dey talk, so he carry im own international observers come, six former U.S. congressmen wey certify say im election dey free den fair.'<ref name="tyrants">{{cite book|last=Wallechinsky|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/tyrantsworlds20w00wall|title=Tyrants: the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators|publisher=Regan Press|year=2006|isbn=9780060590048|pages=286–290|access-date=March 31, 2023|url-access=registration}}</ref> For one 2005 interview, William Quantrill wey don retire from British Diplomatic Service talk say Biya no wan hand over responsibility, e dey make governance dey suffer. Small-small decisions dey take time before e fit handle am, plus government dey too much insyde economy matter overall.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kometa|first1=Georgiana Magho|title=There Was Disparity Between Biya's Professed Policies And Reality -Former British Ambassador|url=https://www.postnewsline.com/2005/06/strongthere_was.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415001309/https://www.postnewsline.com/2005/06/strongthere_was.html|archive-date=15 April 2022|access-date=25 June 2019|website=Up Station Mountain Club}}</ref> Biya dey spend plenty time for Switzerland insyde Hotel InterContinental Geneva wey di old director Herbert Schott talk say him dey come dere to work sekof him no wan make dem disturb am.<ref>{{cite web|last=Belibi|first=Jean Francis|title=Cameroun: Herbert Schott – Paul Biya est un sacré personnage|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200710300790.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110629144705/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200710300790.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=1 September 2016}}. fr.allafrica.com. 30 October 2007 (in French)</ref> Dis stays wey dey far from Cameroon – sometimes e fit be just two weeks, or sometimes e fit reach three months – dem dey almost always call am 'short stays' for di government owned press plus other media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Chef de l'Etat en séjour privé en Europe|trans-title=The Head of State on private stay in Europe|url=http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=magazine/sejour_prive_europe_310507|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930112500/http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=magazine/sejour_prive_europe_310507|archive-date=30 September 2011|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Prc.cm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Le Président est de retour|trans-title=The President is back.|url=http://www.prc.cm/index_en.php?link=magazine/retour_sejour_prive_europe_190607|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Prc.cm|language=fr}}</ref> For February 2008, e pass bill wey go allow extra term for president position, but e spark civil unrest wahala everywhere for di country. Di main violent fights happen for di Western side wey dey speak English, e start from taxi drivers for Douala wey start strike, den dem talk say e don cause more than 200 casualties for de end.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anatomie eines Aufstandes: Dunkle Krawalle – Der Freitag|trans-title=Anatomy of an Uprising: Dark Riots – Der Freitag|url=http://www.freitag.de/2008/27/08270301.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804091315/http://www.freitag.de/2008/27/08270301.php|archive-date=4 August 2012|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Freitag.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dissent violently repressed in Cameroon|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/dissent-violently-repressed-cameroon-20090129|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317052250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/dissent-violently-repressed-cameroon-20090129|archive-date=17 March 2011|access-date=2010-12-04|df=dmy}}. amnesty.org. 29 January 2009</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon &#124; Amnesty International Report 2009|url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008000900/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|archive-date=8 October 2011|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Report2009.amnesty.org|df=dmy}}</ref> For 2009, dem talk say him holiday insyde France cost $40,000 per day wey e dey spend for 43 hotel rooms.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8236962.stm "Cameroon defends Biya hotel bills"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927235255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8236962.stm|date=27 September 2021}}, BBC, 3 September 2009 (in French).</ref> [[File:Secretary_Kerry_greets_President_Biya_2014.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_greets_President_Biya_2014.jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State John Kerry dey greet President Biya, 2014]] For 2009, Biya dey sit 19th for Parade Magazine Top 20 list wey be 'The World's Worst Dictators'.<ref name="parade">{{cite web|title=The World's Worst Dictators|url=https://www.parade.com/dictators/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235408/http://www.parade.com/dictators/|archive-date=24 October 2011|access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> For November 2010, Bertrand Teyou drop one book wey dem call La belle de la république bananière: Chantal Biya, de la rue au palais (English: "De beauty of de banana republic: Chantal Biya, from de streets to di palace"), wey show how Chantal Biya take rise from small beginning come become Paul Biya First Lady.<ref name="PEN3">{{cite web|date=25 March 2011|title=CAMEROON: Author jailed for insulting President's wife|url=http://www.penusa.org/ran-1211|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423083633/http://penusa.org/ran-1211|archive-date=23 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|publisher=[[International PEN]]}}</ref> Subsequently dem give am two years wey e go dey prison because dem say e insult person character plus e organize 'illegal demonstration' dey attempt to hold public reading.<ref name="PEN3" /> Amnesty International plus International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee don dey shout for im arrest plus make appeals for him behalf; Amnesty International even name am prisoner wey get conscience.<ref name="PEN3" /><ref name="AI">{{cite web|date=12 April 2011|title=Urgent Action:CAMEROONIAN WRITER HELD IN HARSH CONDITIONS|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr17/001/2011/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504002537/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR17/001/2011/en/|archive-date=4 May 2020|access-date=21 April 2011|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|df=dmy}}</ref> Dem free am on 2 May 2011 when de London chapter of International PEN agree say dem go pay him fine so dat him go fit seek treatment for him worsening health condition.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 2011|title=Cameroun: L'écrivain Bertrand Teyou Sort De Prison|trans-title=Cameroon: Writer Bertrand Teyou released from prison.|url=http://www.camerpress.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=543:cameroun-lecrivain-bertrand-teyou-sort-de-prison&catid=67:politique&Itemid=66|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201013830/http://www.camerpress.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=543:cameroun-lecrivain-bertrand-teyou-sort-de-prison&catid=67:politique&Itemid=66|archive-date=1 December 2011|access-date=5 May 2011|publisher=camerpress.net}}</ref> For February 2014, French guy Michel Thierry Atangana come out from one makeshift prison for Yaoundé, wey Biya order make dem hold am for 17 years under false talk say e dey embezzle money because e be dey too close to presidential candidate Titus Edzoa.<ref>{{cite web|last=Desnos|first=Marie|date=22 October 2015|title=Français emprisonné 17 ans au Cameroun - Michel Thierry Atangana, le citoyen oublié|trans-title=Frenchman imprisoned 17 years in Cameroon - Michel Thierry Atangana, the forgotten citizen|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Michel-Thierry-Atangana-le-citoyen-oublie-850735|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428113711/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Michel-Thierry-Atangana-le-citoyen-oublie-850735|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=16 October 2022|work=Paris Match|language=fr}}</ref> Dem don consider am as political prisoner plus person wey dey suffer for conscience by U.S. State Department, Amnesty International, Freedom House plus de U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Since 2005,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroun: Selon Amnesty international, Michel Atangana prisonnier d'opinion|url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,39574,@,cameroun-selon-amnesty-international-michel-atangana-prisonnier-d-opinion.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322034501/http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0%2C39574%2C%40%2Ccameroun-selon-amnesty-international-michel-atangana-prisonnier-d-opinion.html|archive-date=22 March 2016|website=www.cameroon-info.net}}</ref> E finally come out because Biya give am one order, but di Working Group still dey wait for wetin dem demand wey no happen yet.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|url=https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/38-2013.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910014453/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/38-2013.html|archive-date=10 September 2015|access-date=12 April 2016|website=University of Minnesota}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Olivier|first=Mathieu|date=21 October 2015|title=Michel Thierry Atangana : 'Je dois être réhabilité pour reprendre le cours de ma vie'|trans-title=Michel Thierry Atangana: 'I must be rehabilitated to resume the course of my life.'|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/273095/societe/michel-thierry-atangana-dois-etre-rehabilite-reprendre-cours-de-vie/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404110444/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/273095/societe/michel-thierry-atangana-dois-etre-rehabilite-reprendre-cours-de-vie/|archive-date=4 April 2016|access-date=12 April 2016|work=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}</ref> [[File:Bayero_Fadil_&_Paul_Biya.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayero_Fadil_&_Paul_Biya.jpg|left|thumb|Bayero Fadil with Paul Biya, 2020]] For 2016, Cameroonians wey dey insyde nation's capital city of Yaoundé no fit keep quiet, dem criticize Biya for how e take handle di worst train accident wey happen for di country, 79 people die insyde. Some of dem wey dey criticize na government people wey no wan show dem face, dem dey fear wahala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/818654/cameroons-paul-biya-is-slammed-by-his-country-for-his-lukeware-reaction-to-the-eseka-train-crash/|title=Cameroonians are furious with their 'absent' president after a national tragedy|work=Quartz|first=Amindeh Blaise|last=Atabong|date=25 October 2016|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en-US|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115185936/https://qz.com/818654/cameroons-paul-biya-is-slammed-by-his-country-for-his-lukeware-reaction-to-the-eseka-train-crash/|url-status=live}}</ref> Di Anglophone protests wey happen for late 2016 na English-speaking lawyers wey dey vex say dem dey use French for court wey dey cause wahala with police. Edna Njilin wey be di leader for opposition party, Cameroon People's Party, don talk say make dem stop to force French for class. For January 2017, di government order dem to shut down Internet for di Northwest den Southwest provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monks|first=Kieron|date=3 February 2017|title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706180932/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/index.html|archive-date=6 July 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|website=CNN}}</ref> Di people vex plus dey criticize di shutdown plus more opposition make dem restart di services for late April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39665244|title=Cameroon ends internet shutdown on orders of President Paul Biya|date=2017-04-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152805/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39665244|url-status=live}}</ref> By June 2017, people dey protest for Cameroon's English-speaking areas, police come react with force, four protesters don lose dem life and over 100 don land for jail. Worldwide people dey criticize United States say dem no dey act on this Cameroonian wahala wey dey grow.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/02/cameroon-has-been-in-crisis-for-six-months-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|title=Analysis: Cameroon has been in crisis for six months. Here's what you need to know.|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Yonatan L.|last=Morse|date=2 June 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/02/cameroon-has-been-in-crisis-for-six-months-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live}}</ref> For April 2017, one Cameroonian journalist wey dey work for Radio France Internationale, Ahmed Abba, dem gree give am 10 years insyde prison by military court because he no report terrorism wahala. Human rights groups severely criticize de judgement even Amnesty International sef no like that judgement at all.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-journalist-jailed-for-ten-years-under-anti-terrorism-law/3824341.html|title=Cameroon Journalist Jailed for 10 Years Under Anti-terrorism Law|agency=[[Reuters]]|work=VOA|date=24 April 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174745/https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-journalist-jailed-for-ten-years-under-anti-terrorism-law/3824341.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For 7 November 2018, another Cameroonian journalist, Mimi Mefo, catch arrest after she go talk for social media say Cameroonian military dey behind de murder of American missionary wey dem call Charles Trumann for October that year. Dem charge Mefo say she dey 'publish den spread information wey go spoil Cameroon territorial integrity,' but dem later release am plus drop di charges for 12 November after local plus international media groups shout for di matter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46194532|title=Cameroon drops fake news charges against Mimi Mefo|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418073043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46194532|url-status=live}}</ref> For March 2024, di NGO Human Rights Watch (HRW) dey shout say Cameroonian government dey do serious wahala for di opposition, after de government of Paul Biya declare de grouping of dem main parties for two platforms na 'illegal'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition|trans-title=Human Rights Watch again accuses Paul Biya's Cameroon of repressing all opposition.|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323214138/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html|archive-date=23 March 2024|access-date=2024-03-23|work=Le Monde|language=fr|agency=AFP}}</ref> === Anglophone Cameroon === [[File:Paul_Biya_à_l'ouverture_de_la_CAN_2021.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_%C3%A0_l'ouverture_de_la_CAN_2021.jpg|thumb|Biya plus him wife Chantal at de opening of CAN 2021 on 9 January 2022]] For 2016 den 2017, when Paul Biya dey rule, plenty people for Anglophone Cameroon begin protest well-well for where dem dey call former British Southern Cameroons. Dem wey dey protest talk say Biya plus him government no dey care for Anglophone areas like Northwest den Southwest Region, plus dem no dey involve dem for power matter.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last1=Leroy|first1=Aliaume|last2=Freudenthal|first2=Emmanuel|date=25 June 2018|title=Witnessing Cameroon's descent towards civil war|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44584122|access-date=2021-09-08|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104024729/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44584122|url-status=live}}</ref> For dis time, di Anglophone separatists dey talk say government forces don kill plenty protestors, and dem don do bad things wey fit pass human rights, like genocide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crimes against humanity and genocide in Southern Cameroons: Mechanisms for redress|url=http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide-in-southern-cameroons-mechanisms-for-redress/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722204931/http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide-in-southern-cameroons-mechanisms-for-redress/|archive-date=22 July 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|work=Cameroon Concord News|language=en-US}}</ref> Some protestors don dey urge Biya plus di Cameroon government make dem gree give dem independence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-26|title=Southern Cameroonians agitate for independence from Republic of Cameroon|language=en-GB|work=Tribune|url=http://tribuneonlineng.com/southern-cameroonians-agitate-independence-republic-cameroon/|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628171541/http://tribuneonlineng.com/southern-cameroonians-agitate-independence-republic-cameroon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, dem separatists shout say dem don declare independence for October 2017 wey dem call Ambazonia. Plenty civilians and activists don accuse Biya's government soldiers say dem dey burn villages, dey rape women, dey kill people without trial, plus dem dey do genocide matter.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zongo|first=Peter|date=2018-05-30|title='This is a genocide': villages burn as war rages in blood-soaked Cameroon|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/30/cameroon-killings-escalate-anglophone-crisis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110500/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/30/cameroon-killings-escalate-anglophone-crisis|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=2021-09-08|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Dem don write petition go United Nations wey dey expose how police dey use force rap students for university. National Commission for Human Rights den Freedoms don begin fact-finding mission for Buea to check wetin dey happen wey de violate human rights for di area. One June 2018 report wey BBC News gree drop show say plenty villages for Southwest Region dey burn. E even get one video wey men dey wear BIR (Bataillon d'Intervention Rapide) equipments wey government give dem.<ref name=":02" /> BIR be special force wey dey report straight to President Biya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dismissed BIR says superior planning coup d’etat|url=https://cameroonnewsagency.com/dismissed-bir-says-superior-planning-coup-detat/#google_vignette|access-date=2024-10-09|website=Cameroon News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref> De report add video wey show one man wey dem dey torture by some men wey be Cameroonian gendarmes.<ref name=":02" /> Biya minister for communication, Issa Tchiroma, talk say anybody fit use government equipment to do false flag attacks, plus him talk say Biya government go investigate am.<ref name=":02" /> People dey talk say all dose pipo wey dem send to fight de secessionist militia na pipo wey sabi speak French, wey dey make de language division bigger between de community people. For 14 November 2019, Biya talk for Paris forum say dem try fit join former British Southern Cameroons into de majority Francophone system, wey be formerly East Cameroon State, but e no work,<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2019|title=Cameroon from Biya - a mea culpa on the Angliphone Crisis in Paris|url=https://panafricanvisions.com/2019/11/cameroon-from-biya-a-mea-culpa-on-the-anglophone-crisis-in-paris/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112005537/https://panafricanvisions.com/2019/11/cameroon-from-biya-a-mea-culpa-on-the-anglophone-crisis-in-paris/|archive-date=12 January 2021|access-date=2020-01-28|website=panafricanvisions.com|language=en-US}}</ref> because of identity wahala, that one spark de fight.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forum de Paris sur la paix : Paul Biya explique la crise anglophone en cours au Cameroun|url=https://www.investiraucameroun.com/economie/1311-13564-forum-de-paris-sur-la-paix-paul-biya-explique-la-crise-anglophone-en-cours-au-cameroun|access-date=2024-07-11|website=Investir au Cameroun|language=fr-fr}}</ref> == Personal life == Biya be naturalized citizen for France when e go school there, but later e give up him French citizenship when e come back Cameroon to do government work. For 1961, him marry Jeanne-Irène Biya, wey no get pikin, but she adopt Franck Biya, wey dem born for 1971 from de relationship between Biya den Jeanne-Irène ein sister<ref>Francis B. Nyamnjoh: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&pg=PA213 ''Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110534/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q=%22Jeanne%20Ir%C3%A8ne%20Biya%22%20son&f=false|date=7 September 2024}}, p. 213, Zed Books, 2005. In: books.google.de</ref> or niece.<ref name="cw">[https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Secrets-d-Etoudi-voici-les-v-ritables-parents-de-Franck-Biya-649820 ''Secrets d'Etoudi : voici les véritables parents de Franck Biya''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328133041/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Secrets-d-Etoudi-voici-les-v-ritables-parents-de-Franck-Biya-649820|date=28 March 2024}}, 24. March 2022. In: camerounweb.com</ref><ref name="enc" /> Dem dey talk say Franck Biya fit be him papa successor for di presidential elections wey go happen for 2025.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 March 2021|title=Cameroon: Is Franck Biya the president's son and successor?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606121159/https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="monarchy">{{cite news|date=30 April 2021|title=Cameroon Groups Call for President's Son to Succeed Father|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_cameroon-groups-call-presidents-son-succeed-father/6205267.html|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628022226/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_cameroon-groups-call-presidents-son-succeed-father/6205267.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeanne-Irène Biya die for 29 July 1992 after small sickness, while Paul Biya dey attend conference for abroad. People dey talk say she plus some close pipo no die sekof natural cause.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140826/https://www.dibussi.com/2006/02/a_review_of_not.html A Review of Notable Political Rumors from Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140826/https://www.dibussi.com/2006/02/a_review_of_not.html|date=28 March 2024}} (english)</ref><ref name="cw" /> Paul Biya marry Chantal Vigouroux, wey be 36 years younger than am, for 23 April 1994,<ref name="Elect2" /> plus dem get two pikin together: Paul Jr den Brenda Biya. Brenda Biya, wey be LGBTQ activist too, don come out public talk say she dey do same-sex with Brazilian model Layyons Valença on 5 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akhimien|first=Nosakhale|date=2024-07-05|title=Cameroon's president's daughter, Brenda, reveals lesbian status|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/709864-cameroons-presidents-daughter-brenda-reveals-lesbian-status.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708184509/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/709864-cameroons-presidents-daughter-brenda-reveals-lesbian-status.html|archive-date=8 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-08|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hints at same-sex relationship|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj7dnm3elkdo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709000057/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj7dnm3elkdo|archive-date=9 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-08|website=BBC.com}}</ref> She talk say she dey hope say dis post go fit change di anti-LGBT laws for Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hopes to help change anti-gay laws|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1we656754eo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713104854/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1we656754eo|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-13|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> But she don delete de post den break up with Valença after some hot photographs of dem drop online without her permission. Report talk say en talk say Valença share de photographs just to catch social media followers eye plus even chop money for TikTok.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 July 2024|title=Cameroun : le coming out de Brenda Biya, fille du président, « tourne au vinaigre »|trans-title=Cameroon: The coming out of Brenda Biya, daughter of the president, "turns sour."|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/11/cameroun-le-coming-out-de-brenda-biya-fille-du-president-tourne-au-vinaigre_6248726_3212.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713075847/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/11/cameroun-le-coming-out-de-brenda-biya-fille-du-president-tourne-au-vinaigre_6248726_3212.html|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-13|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|location=France}}</ref> Biya don dey mix with plenty secret societies for Europe, one of dem na freemasonry. E later change go Rosicrucianism, plus e fit dey part of Rosicrucian group wey dem call CIRCES, wey French guy wey sabi esoteric, Raymond Bernard dey lead. Bernard be him personal advisor; Biya dey give am allowance wey pass several million francs, plus him organization sef get 40 million francs for Bernard service.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geschiere |first=Peter |date=September 2017 |title=A “Vortex of Identities”: Freemasonry, Witchcraft, and Postcolonial Homophobia |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=7–35 |doi=10.1017/asr.2017.52 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Anyangwe|first=Carlson|title=Imperialistic Politics In Cameroun: Resistance & The Inception of The Restoration of the Statehood of Southern Cameroons|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2008|isbn=978-9956-558-50-6|location=Bamenda|pages=122|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Orock|first=Rogers|title=Conspiracy Narratives from Postcolonial Africa: Freemasonry, Homosexuality, and Illicit Enrichment|last2=Geschiere|first2=Peter|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|year=2024|isbn=978-0-226-83584-6|pages=107–134|language=en|chapter=The Return of Dr. Aujoulat: Decolonization and the Genealogy of a Homo-Masonic Complex|author-link2=Peter Geschiere}}</ref> === Health === By 2024, him be di longest serving non-royal head of state, he don dey in power since 30 June 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=91-Year-Old President Paul Biya's Prolonged Absence Sparks Death Rumours In Cameroon|url=https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/08/91-year-old-president-paul-biyas-prolonged-absence-sparks-death-rumours-cameroon|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> Sekof him no dey young again, people dey talk plenty about him health plus who go fit take over. For October 2024, di government talk say di rumors wey people dey hear say e don die no be true. E no show for public events since last month, e make people dey worry.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 October 2024|title=Cameroon's 91-Year-Old President Biya in Good Health, Government Says|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-10-08/cameroons-91-year-old-president-biya-in-good-health-government-says|work=US News & World Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mom|first=Claire|date=2024-10-08|title='Malicious people at work' -- Cameroon says Paul Biya is not dead|url=https://www.thecable.ng/malicious-people-at-work-cameroon-says-paul-biya-is-not-dead/|access-date=2024-10-09|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> De officials talk say e dey Geneva plus him dey alright.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 October 2024|title=Where has Cameroon’s 91-year-old leader been? In Europe, an official says|url=https://apnews.com/article/biya-cameroon-president-europe-health-bd43c57c7c2643749f0d8df9eeffcc1f|work=Associated Press|first=Chinedu|last=Asadu|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2024|title=The 91-year-old African president who keeps defying death rumours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgl05rp8r1o|work=BBC|first=Paul|last=Melly|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> For 9 October de Minister of Territorial Administration Paul Atanga Nji don ban all de media insyde de country make dem no talk about president health matter.<ref>{{cite news|date=2024-10-10|title=Cameroon bans media talk of president's health amid rumours|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241010-cameroon-bans-media-talk-of-president-s-health-amid-rumours|access-date=2024-10-20|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> For 21 October, dem show Biya for state TV as e land for Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport after him come back from Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2024|title=President Paul Biya returns to Cameroon amid rumors his health is failing|url=https://apnews.com/article/cameroon-president-biya-return-health-60c15abc848d5de766b72c1139d147f3|access-date=21 October 2024|work=Associated Press}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Official website] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cameroon.html Cameroon] at World Statesmen {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biya, Paul}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Biya family|Paul Biya]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Cameroonian people]] [[Category:Sciences Po alumni]] [[Category:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement politicians]] [[Category:Presidents of Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroonian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of de Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:People wey komot South Region (Cameroon)]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Cameroon]] [[Category:École nationale d'administration alumni]] [[Category:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer alumni]] [[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]] e477mkg4r4tsmrvdcgjrp55gwoycatd 0 27537 106157 106096 2026-07-02T01:27:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Kariba Dam''' be a double curvature concrete arch dam insyd de Kariba Gorge of de [[Zambezi]] river basin between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]]. De dam dey stand {{Convert|128|m}} tall den {{Convert|579|m}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/kariba-dam.jsp?l=K&p=1 |title=Kariba Dam |publisher=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. |access-date=2007-07-31 }} </ref> De dam dey form [[Lake Kariba]], wich dey extend for {{convert|280|km}} den dey hold {{convert|185|km3|acre.ft}} of water. == Construction == Na dem construct de dam on de orders of de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, a 'federal colony' within de British Empire. De consulting engineers, wey be Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, a joint venture of consulting engineers, wich include Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, wey ein team be led by Sir Angus Paton,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.newcivilengineer.com/archive/obituary-sir-angus-paton-15-04-1999/ |title=Obituary Sir Angus Paton|date=15 April 1999|newspaper = New Civil Engineer|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> den Coyne et Bellier, wey ein team be led by André Coyne.<ref name="spurwing">{{cite web|url=http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |title=Kariba Dam|publisher=Spurwing facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105204805/http://www.spurwing.co.zw/facts_kariba.htm |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> De double curvature concrete arch dam be constructed between 1955 den 1959 by Cogefar-Impresit of Italy<ref name="spurwing"/> at a cost of $135,000,000 for de first stage plus only de Kariba South power cavern. Final construction den de addition of de Kariba North Power cavern by Mitchell Construction<ref>Indictment: Power & Politics in the Construction Industry, David Morrell, Faber & Faber, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-571-14985-8}}</ref> na dem no plete am til 1977, secof largely political problems, for a total cost of $480,000,000. During construction, 86 construction workers loose dema lives.<ref name="spurwing"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm | title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa | publisher=Industry Cards | work=Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery | access-date=20 February 2014 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm | archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref> De dam officially be opened by [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]] on 17 May 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2039917|title=Opening of Kariba Dam by HM The Queen Mother, May 1960|publisher=National Archives|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PHmuseum: The Double Spiritual Nature of Lake Kariba |date=19 July 2021|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/the-double-spiritual-nature-of-lake-kariba|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> == Power generation == De Kariba Dam dey supply {{convert|2010|MW}} of electricity to parts of both [[Zambia]] (de Copperbelt) den [[Zimbabwe]] wey dey generate {{convert|6400|GWh}} per annum. Each country get ein own power station on de north den south bank of de dam, respectively. De south station wey dey belong to Zimbabwe be insyd operation since 1960 wey e get six generators of {{convert|125|MW}} capacity each for a total of {{convert|750|MW}}.<ref>{{cite web |year=2000 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |page=VI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in Southern Africa |url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-africa-southern.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090719030742/http://www.industcards.com/hydro%2Dafrica%2Dsouthern.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=IndustCards}}</ref> == Location == [[File:The way to Zambia through Kariba Dam.jpg|thumb|left|De way to Zambia thru Kariba Dam]] [[File:Zambezi.svg|frame|right|Zambezi river basin]] Na dem plan den carry out de Kariba Dam project by de Government of de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. De Federation often be referred to as de Central African Federation (CAF). Na de CAF be a 'federal colony' within de British Empire insyd southern Africa wey exist from 1953 to de end of 1963, wey dey comprise de former self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia den de former British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia den Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia decide earlier insyd 1953 (before na dem found de Federation) to build a dam within ein territory, on de [[Kafue River]], a major tributary of de [[Zambezi]]. Na e go be closer to Northern Rhodesia ein Copperbelt, wich be in need of more power. Dis go be a cheaper den less grandiose project, plus a smaller environmental impact. Southern Rhodesia, de richest of de three, object to a Kafue dam wey dem insist dat de dam be sited instead at Kariba. Also, de capacity of de Kafue dam be much lower dan dat at Kariba.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |page=9 |title=Kariba Dam, Zambia and Zimbabwe; Final Report: November 2000 |publisher=World Commission on Dams |year=2000 |access-date=2010-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111114/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzmain.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, na de dam be managed den maintained by de Central African Power Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7414b/w7414b16.htm|title=Agreement relating to the Central African power corporation signed at Salisbury|date= 25 November 1963|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> De Kariba Dam now be owned den operated by de Zambezi River Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/02/17/kariba-dam-water-levels-will-soon-improve-says-zambezi-river-authority/|title=Kariba Dam water levels will soon improve, says Zambezi River Authority|publisher=Lusaka Times|date=17 February 2016|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> wich be jointly den equally owned by [[Zimbabwe]] den [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Legal Status}} |url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |title=Legal Status |publisher=Zambezi River Authority |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406050532/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/legal-status.html |archive-date=2010-04-06 }}</ref> Since Zambia's independence, three dams have been built on de Kafue River: de Kafue Gorge Upper Dam, [[Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station|Kafue Gorge Lower Dam]] den de Itezhi-Tezhi Dam.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050907062009/http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html Zesco: "History of Itezhi-Tezhi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907062009/http://www.zesco.co.zm/iterzhitezhi.html |date=2005-09-07 }} website accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> == Environmental impacts == == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Lake Kariba]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Arch dams]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Mashonaland West Province]] [[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 1959]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Northern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Southern Rhodesia]] [[Category:1959 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Rhodesia–Zambia relations]] [[Category:Zambia–Zimbabwe border]] qaj7ai6q3p1f7ig3yelms65vaws7c5b 0 27721 106135 104127 2026-07-01T17:07:35Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de '''Kazungula Ferry''' be a pontoon ferry across de {{Convert|400|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Na ebe one of de largest ferries insyd south-central Africa, wey get a capacity of {{Convert|70|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> Na de service be provided by two motorised pontoons wey dem be operated between border posts at Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana.<ref>Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> E link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wich dey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo den dey form part of de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway of Botswana thru Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den sanso to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road thru [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic of three countries directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe den Botswana) den of three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]).<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000.</ref> Whether Botswana den Zambia actually share a common border, anaa whether na de ferry illegally dey cross into [[Namibia]]n anaa Rhodesian territory, be de subject of dispute. Insyd 1970, [[South Africa]] (wich at de time occupy Namibia) inform Botswana say na der no be common border between Botswana den Zambia, wey dey claim say a quadripoint exist. As a result, South Africa claim, de Kazungula Ferry, wich dey link Botswana den Zambia at de quadripoint, na e be illegal. Botswana firmly reject both claims. Der be actually a confrontation wey dem fire shots at de ferry;<ref>{{cite book |last= Griffiths |first= Ieuan Ll |title= The African Inheritance |year= 1995 |publisher= Psychology Press |isbn= 978-0-415-01092-4 |page= 56 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56}}</ref> sam years later, de Rhodesian Army attack den sink de ferry, wey dey maintain say na e dey serve military purposes. Insyd 2003 na de ferry be de site of a disaster wen a severely overloaded Zambian truck capsize one of de pontoons wey 18 people drown. De accident be blamed on de lack of weighbridges insyd Zambia at de time to check de weight of trucks.<ref>[http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 Times of Zambia website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225149/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 |date=2007-09-27 }} "Stiffer law against overloading ready" 7 February 2007, accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> Insyd August 2007, de governments of Zambia den Botswana announce a deal to construct de Kazungula Bridge at de site to replace de ferry.<ref>[http://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ "Zambia and Botswana reach Kazungula bridge deal."] ''Palapye News blog.'' Retrieved 12 November 2007.</ref> De existence of a short boundary of about {{Convert|150|m}} between Zambia den Botswana be apparently agreed to during various meetings wey dey involve heads of state den/anaa officials from all four states insyd de 2006-10 period wey e be clearly shown insyd de African Development Fund project map.<ref> {{Cite book |url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational__Zambia-Bostwana__-_AR_-_Kazungula_Bridge_Project_.pdf |title= Kazungula Bridge Project |last= Darwa |first= P. Opoku |publisher= African Development Fund |year= 2011 |page= Appendix IV |accessdate=2015-05-13}}</ref> Dis dey match de US Department of State Office of de Geographer depiction insyd Google Earth. De planned route give de new bridge dey cross dis boundary widout entering Zimbabwe anaa Namibia. Na construction of de bridge start insyd December 2014<ref>{{Citation |title=Zambia Botswana Kazungula Bridge Project ESIA Summary July 2011 |date=July 2011 |page=2 |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106151807/https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |chapter=2. Project description and Justification |publisher=African Development Bank Group |quote=The bridge has been designed as an extra-dosed road-rail bridge configuration with middle deck sections of 129m, and 4 piers in the river, with a total length of 923m. It follows a curved alignment layout to avoid the border area in the Zambezi waters between Botswana and Zimbabwe, where the exact border positions have not been ratified.}}</ref> wey e be officially opened on 10 May 2021 to replace de ferry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganetsang |first=Godfrey |date=4 September 2014 |title=Daewoo E&C wins $161m tender for Kazungula Bridge |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724151946/http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |work=Sunday Standard}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Zambezi Bridge construction at Kazungula.jpg|De bridge under construction, March 2019 File:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|Map of de Kazungula Bridge in relation to de Kazungula, Botswana (southwest) den Kazungula, Zambia (northeast) </gallery> ==References== <references /> == External links == n8qpbi8n3ivg26gmuq7xgrevc1q9adu 106136 106135 2026-07-01T17:10:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de '''Kazungula Ferry''' be a pontoon ferry across de {{Convert|400|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Na ebe one of de largest ferries insyd south-central Africa, wey get a capacity of {{Convert|70|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> Na de service be provided by two motorised pontoons wey dem be operated between border posts at Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana.<ref>Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> E link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wich dey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo den dey form part of de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway of Botswana thru Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den sanso to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road thru [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic of three countries directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe den Botswana) den of three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]).<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000.</ref> Whether Botswana den Zambia actually share a common border, anaa whether na de ferry illegally dey cross into [[Namibia]]n anaa Rhodesian territory, be de subject of dispute. Insyd 1970, [[South Africa]] (wich at de time occupy Namibia) inform Botswana say na der no be common border between Botswana den Zambia, wey dey claim say a quadripoint exist. As a result, South Africa claim, de Kazungula Ferry, wich dey link Botswana den Zambia at de quadripoint, na e be illegal. Botswana firmly reject both claims. Der be actually a confrontation wey dem fire shots at de ferry;<ref>{{cite book |last= Griffiths |first= Ieuan Ll |title= The African Inheritance |year= 1995 |publisher= Psychology Press |isbn= 978-0-415-01092-4 |page= 56 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56}}</ref> sam years later, de Rhodesian Army attack den sink de ferry, wey dey maintain say na e dey serve military purposes. Insyd 2003 na de ferry be de site of a disaster wen a severely overloaded Zambian truck capsize one of de pontoons wey 18 people drown. De accident be blamed on de lack of weighbridges insyd Zambia at de time to check de weight of trucks.<ref>[http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 Times of Zambia website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225149/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 |date=2007-09-27 }} "Stiffer law against overloading ready" 7 February 2007, accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> Insyd August 2007, de governments of Zambia den Botswana announce a deal to construct de Kazungula Bridge at de site to replace de ferry.<ref>[http://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ "Zambia and Botswana reach Kazungula bridge deal."] ''Palapye News blog.'' Retrieved 12 November 2007.</ref> De existence of a short boundary of about {{Convert|150|m}} between Zambia den Botswana be apparently agreed to during various meetings wey dey involve heads of state den/anaa officials from all four states insyd de 2006-10 period wey e be clearly shown insyd de African Development Fund project map.<ref> {{Cite book |url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational__Zambia-Bostwana__-_AR_-_Kazungula_Bridge_Project_.pdf |title= Kazungula Bridge Project |last= Darwa |first= P. Opoku |publisher= African Development Fund |year= 2011 |page= Appendix IV |accessdate=2015-05-13}}</ref> Dis dey match de US Department of State Office of de Geographer depiction insyd Google Earth. De planned route give de new bridge dey cross dis boundary widout entering Zimbabwe anaa Namibia. Na construction of de bridge start insyd December 2014<ref>{{Citation |title=Zambia Botswana Kazungula Bridge Project ESIA Summary July 2011 |date=July 2011 |page=2 |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106151807/https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |chapter=2. Project description and Justification |publisher=African Development Bank Group |quote=The bridge has been designed as an extra-dosed road-rail bridge configuration with middle deck sections of 129m, and 4 piers in the river, with a total length of 923m. It follows a curved alignment layout to avoid the border area in the Zambezi waters between Botswana and Zimbabwe, where the exact border positions have not been ratified.}}</ref> wey e be officially opened on 10 May 2021 to replace de ferry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganetsang |first=Godfrey |date=4 September 2014 |title=Daewoo E&C wins $161m tender for Kazungula Bridge |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724151946/http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |work=Sunday Standard}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Zambezi Bridge construction at Kazungula.jpg|De bridge under construction, March 2019 File:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|Map of de Kazungula Bridge in relation to de Kazungula, Botswana (southwest) den Kazungula, Zambia (northeast) </gallery> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Ferries of Zambia]] [[Category:Botswana–Zambia border crossings]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Ferries of Botswana]] [[Category:Southern Province, Zambia]] orw0hcplogqt8egms8xsxl2wi9aixr7 106158 106136 2026-07-02T01:34:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Na de '''Kazungula Ferry''' be a pontoon ferry across de {{Convert|400|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}} [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Na ebe one of de largest ferries insyd south-central Africa, wey get a capacity of {{Convert|70|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> Na de service be provided by two motorised pontoons wey dem be operated between border posts at Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana.<ref>Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> E link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wich dey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo den dey form part of de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway of Botswana thru Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den sanso to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road thru [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic of three countries directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe den Botswana) den of three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa den [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]).<ref>Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000.</ref> Whether Botswana den Zambia actually share a common border, anaa whether na de ferry illegally dey cross into [[Namibia]]n anaa Rhodesian territory, be de subject of dispute. Insyd 1970, [[South Africa]] (wich at de time occupy Namibia) inform Botswana say na der no be common border between Botswana den Zambia, wey dey claim say a quadripoint exist. As a result, South Africa claim, de Kazungula Ferry, wich dey link Botswana den Zambia at de quadripoint, na e be illegal. Botswana firmly reject both claims. Der be actually a confrontation wey dem fire shots at de ferry;<ref>{{cite book |last= Griffiths |first= Ieuan Ll |title= The African Inheritance |year= 1995 |publisher= Psychology Press |isbn= 978-0-415-01092-4 |page= 56 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56}}</ref> sam years later, de Rhodesian Army attack den sink de ferry, wey dey maintain say na e dey serve military purposes. Insyd 2003 na de ferry be de site of a disaster wen a severely overloaded Zambian truck capsize one of de pontoons wey 18 people drown. De accident be blamed on de lack of weighbridges insyd Zambia at de time to check de weight of trucks.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225149/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 Times of Zambia website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225149/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1170838563 |date=2007-09-27 }} "Stiffer law against overloading ready" 7 February 2007, accessed 1 March 2007.</ref> Insyd August 2007, de governments of Zambia den Botswana announce a deal to construct de Kazungula Bridge at de site to replace de ferry.<ref>[http://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/zambia-botswana-reach-kazungula-bridge-deal/ "Zambia and Botswana reach Kazungula bridge deal."] ''Palapye News blog.'' Retrieved 12 November 2007.</ref> De existence of a short boundary of about {{Convert|150|m}} between Zambia den Botswana be apparently agreed to during various meetings wey dey involve heads of state den/anaa officials from all four states insyd de 2006-10 period wey e be clearly shown insyd de African Development Fund project map.<ref> {{Cite book |url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational__Zambia-Bostwana__-_AR_-_Kazungula_Bridge_Project_.pdf |title= Kazungula Bridge Project |last= Darwa |first= P. Opoku |publisher= African Development Fund |year= 2011 |page= Appendix IV |accessdate=2015-05-13}}</ref> Dis dey match de US Department of State Office of de Geographer depiction insyd Google Earth. De planned route give de new bridge dey cross dis boundary widout entering Zimbabwe anaa Namibia. Na construction of de bridge start insyd December 2014<ref>{{Citation |title=Zambia Botswana Kazungula Bridge Project ESIA Summary July 2011 |date=July 2011 |page=2 |url=https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106151807/https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Botswana%20and%20Zambia-Kazungula%20Bridge-ESIA%20Summary.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |chapter=2. Project description and Justification |publisher=African Development Bank Group |quote=The bridge has been designed as an extra-dosed road-rail bridge configuration with middle deck sections of 129m, and 4 piers in the river, with a total length of 923m. It follows a curved alignment layout to avoid the border area in the Zambezi waters between Botswana and Zimbabwe, where the exact border positions have not been ratified.}}</ref> wey e be officially opened on 10 May 2021 to replace de ferry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganetsang |first=Godfrey |date=4 September 2014 |title=Daewoo E&C wins $161m tender for Kazungula Bridge |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724151946/http://www.sundaystandard.info/daewoo-ec-wins-161m-tender-kazungula-bridge |archive-date=24 July 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |work=Sunday Standard}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Zambezi Bridge construction at Kazungula.jpg|De bridge under construction, March 2019 File:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|Map of de Kazungula Bridge in relation to de Kazungula, Botswana (southwest) den Kazungula, Zambia (northeast) </gallery> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Ferries of Zambia]] [[Category:Botswana–Zambia border crossings]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Ferries of Botswana]] [[Category:Southern Province, Zambia]] 2uakfpwzzb0czu7tmd128zg16qjeseu 0 27722 106133 104101 2026-07-01T16:41:35Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chavuma Falls''' be a small waterfall for de [[Zambezi]] River top insyd northwestern [[Zambia]] close to de town of Chavuma, wey dey lie immediately south of de border plus [[Angola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chavuma: A fast developing district – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chavuma-fast-developing-district/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> During de wet season, de waterfalls generally be overwhelmed by de flow of de river buh e cam be visible as de dry season dey progress. De falls get a mean annual discharge of 555 m³/s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balek |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqfrZnMwXusC&dq=Chavuma+Falls&pg=PA108 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources in Tropical Africa |date=2011-08-30 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-086999-5 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> wey e be only a few meters high. Insyd 2018, Zambia propose to develop a hydroelectric power station at Chavuma Falls to boost energy production den stimulate economic activities insyd de area. == References == <references /> [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Geography of North-Western Province, Zambia]] 6icqva36l5ea3so26egxvar65iizdaz 0 27723 106130 104105 2026-07-01T13:54:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ngonye Falls<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngonye Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngonye Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ngonye-Falls |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>''' anaa '''Sioma Falls''' be waterfall wey dey de [[Zambezi]] river top for Western province insyd [[Zambia]], wey dey near de town dem dey call Sioma. Edey hundred kilometres from [[Victoria Falls]]. Edey de southern part of Barotseland. De falls be a day ein journey by car from de capital, Lusaka. Demma inaccessibility dey make dem much less known dan Victoria Falls. De Ngonye Falls Community Partnership Park dey locate at de falls. [[File:Ngonye_falls_at_Zambezi_river,_Zambia_(aerial_view).jpg|thumb|299x299px|Main branch of de Zambezi River for Ngonye falls, Zambia]] De falls be formed by de erosion of a hard sandstone layer make edey form de drop.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Money |first=N J |date=1972 |title=An outline of the geology of Western Zambia |journal=Record of the Geological Survey of Zambia |volume=12 |pages=103–123}}</ref> Demma height be only 10–25 meters (33–82 ft), but de width of de falls be impressive. Dem dey form a broad crescent, interrupted by rocky outcrops. [[File:Ngonye_falls_at_Zambezi_river,_Zambia_(panoramic_aerial_view).jpg|thumb|300x300px|panoramic aerial view of Ngonye falls for Zambezi river, Zambia]] Upstream from de falls, de river be broad and shallow as edey flow for the Kalahari sands top, but below de falls, extensive white water rapids dey exist, as de river be hemmed in by gorges wey dey enter sandstone rock insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] [[Category:Barotse Floodplain]] [[Category:Geography of Western Province, Zambia]] 01y52ts7xtnfs0h56x6b0bf36xp7j73 0 27724 106128 104115 2026-07-01T13:46:09Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Baoulé River''' (French: ''Fleuve Baoulé'', from Manding for "Red River") be a river insyd [[Mali]] insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey flow from a source west of Bamako to de Bakoy downstream of Toukoto den dey form part of de [[Senegal River|Senegal]] watershed.<ref name="omvs">{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144235/http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | archive-date=16 July 2013 | url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref name="Maïga">{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Insyd Manding languages, Baoulé dey signify 'red river', Bakoye 'white river' den [[Bafing River|Bafing]] 'black river'.<ref name="omvs"/><ref name="Maïga"/> == References == <references /> == External links == 2rivx8i6uknflsrrkcxzrfi3zjow1w5 106129 106128 2026-07-01T13:48:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Baoulé River''' (French: ''Fleuve Baoulé'', from Manding for "Red River") be a river insyd [[Mali]] insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey flow from a source west of Bamako to de Bakoy downstream of Toukoto den dey form part of de [[Senegal River|Senegal]] watershed.<ref name="omvs">{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716144235/http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | archive-date=16 July 2013 | url-status=dead}}.</ref><ref name="Maïga">{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Insyd Manding languages, Baoulé dey signify 'red river', Bakoye 'white river' den [[Bafing River|Bafing]] 'black river'.<ref name="omvs"/><ref name="Maïga"/> ==Flow== De average monthly flow, dem track over a period of 39 years (1952-1990) at a station opposite de small town of Bougouda at de Bakoy-Baoule confluence, be {{convert|64|m3|cuft}} for a drainage area of approximately {{convert|65000|km2|sqft}}.<ref>Numbers calculated on the basis of measurements made on the Bakoye at Toukoto [http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1112340.html GRDC - Le Bakoye à Toukoto] and Oualia[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1112320.html GRDC - Le Bakoye à Oualia], upstream and downstream respectively of the confluence.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baloue River}} [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Senegal River]] elboel966eqk4lrysaex7cw8nyi35jw 0 27725 106126 104129 2026-07-01T13:34:13Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Inga Falls''' be a rapid {{convert|40|km|mi}} from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] wer de [[Congo River]] dey drop {{convert|96|m|ft}} over de course of {{convert|15|km|mi}}.<ref name="Inga">World Waterfalls Database [http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217203005/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 |date=2018-02-17 }}</ref> De falls be part of a larger group of rapids insyd de lower Congo River. [[Livingstone Falls]] dey locate upstream closer to de [[Pool Malebo]]. Dese falls form insyd a sharp bend of Congo River wer de width of river dey fluctuate from more dan {{convert|4|km|ft}} to only {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>[http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015235/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm |date=2014-07-15 }} Wondermondo</ref> Plus a median discharge of {{convert|1500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}, dem fi consider de falls de largest insyd de world,<ref>World Waterfalls Database [http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 World's Largest Waterfalls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215622/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> buh e no be widely considered to be a true waterfall. Ein maximum recorded volume be {{convert|2500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}.<ref name="Inga" /> Inga falls sanso be de site of two large hydroelectric dams, dem name Inga I den Inga II, as well as two projected dams, Inga III den de Grand Inga Dam, de latter of wich go be de largest (by power production) insyd de world.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7358542.stm Africa plans biggest dam project]. [[BBC]], Monday, 21 April 2008.</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/transmission/africa-europe-electrical-interconnection-and-the-prospects-of-worldwide-interconnections/page10.shtml GENI Inga III page] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] pavguarmgtwchwnf8a6xsgapw1fbhvt 106127 106126 2026-07-01T13:35:34Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 106127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Inga Falls''' be a rapid {{convert|40|km|mi}} from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] wer de [[Congo River]] dey drop {{convert|96|m|ft}} over de course of {{convert|15|km|mi}}.<ref name="Inga">World Waterfalls Database [http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217203005/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 |date=2018-02-17 }}</ref> De falls be part of a larger group of rapids insyd de lower Congo River. [[Livingstone Falls]] dey locate upstream closer to de [[Pool Malebo]]. Dese falls form insyd a sharp bend of Congo River wer de width of river dey fluctuate from more dan {{convert|4|km|ft}} to only {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>[http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015235/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm |date=2014-07-15 }} Wondermondo</ref> Plus a median discharge of {{convert|1500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}, dem fi consider de falls de largest insyd de world,<ref>World Waterfalls Database [http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 World's Largest Waterfalls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215622/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> buh e no be widely considered to be a true waterfall. Ein maximum recorded volume be {{convert|2500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}.<ref name="Inga" /> Inga falls sanso be de site of two large hydroelectric dams, dem name Inga I den Inga II, as well as two projected dams, Inga III den de Grand Inga Dam, de latter of wich go be de largest (by power production) insyd de world.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7358542.stm Africa plans biggest dam project]. [[BBC]], Monday, 21 April 2008.</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/transmission/africa-europe-electrical-interconnection-and-the-prospects-of-worldwide-interconnections/page10.shtml GENI Inga III page] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] mro377xd9y4f0akkm8gthwbki5j2c3f 106144 106127 2026-07-01T23:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Inga Falls''' be a rapid {{convert|40|km|mi}} from Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] wer de [[Congo River]] dey drop {{convert|96|m|ft}} over de course of {{convert|15|km|mi}}.<ref name="Inga">World Waterfalls Database [https://web.archive.org/web/20180217203005/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217203005/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=788 |date=2018-02-17 }}</ref> De falls be part of a larger group of rapids insyd de lower Congo River. [[Livingstone Falls]] dey locate upstream closer to de [[Pool Malebo]]. Dese falls form insyd a sharp bend of Congo River wer de width of river dey fluctuate from more dan {{convert|4|km|ft}} to only {{convert|260|m|ft}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015235/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm Inga Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015235/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/CongoDR/BasCongo/Inga.htm |date=2014-07-15 }} Wondermondo</ref> Plus a median discharge of {{convert|1500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}, dem fi consider de falls de largest insyd de world,<ref>World Waterfalls Database [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215622/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 World's Largest Waterfalls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215622/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> buh e no be widely considered to be a true waterfall. Ein maximum recorded volume be {{convert|2500000|ft3/s|m3/s|order=flip}}.<ref name="Inga" /> Inga falls sanso be de site of two large hydroelectric dams, dem name Inga I den Inga II, as well as two projected dams, Inga III den de Grand Inga Dam, de latter of wich go be de largest (by power production) insyd de world.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7358542.stm Africa plans biggest dam project]. [[BBC]], Monday, 21 April 2008.</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [http://geni.org/globalenergy/library/technical-articles/transmission/africa-europe-electrical-interconnection-and-the-prospects-of-worldwide-interconnections/page10.shtml GENI Inga III page] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River]] [[Category:Waterfalls of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] bei70a3htmk3xotlh4jg253ax9h3c8x 0 27726 106118 104121 2026-07-01T13:12:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Western Guinean lowland forests''' ecoregion (WWF #AT0130) be tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion wey dey [[West Africa]]. Ebe centered on [[Liberia]], plus portions wey dey surround countries. Ebe de westernmost tropical rainforest wey dey Africa, wey e get high level insyd species endemism, for over 200 species of endemic plants.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0130 |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Resolve |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30130 |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Guinean_lowland_forests |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Geography == De ecoregion dey include de lowland forests wey dey extend from de [[Atlantic Ocean]] a few hundred kilometres inland, den from western [[Ivory Coast]] across [[Liberia]], southeastern [[Guinea]], most of [[Sierra Leone]], den into southwest Guinea. == Protected areas == A 2017 assessment find say 24,028 km², anaa 12%, of de ecoregion dey insyd protected areas. Only 2% of de unprotected area be covered by relatively-intact forest.<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref> Protected areas dey include: * Taï National Park insyd Ivory Coast, * Lofa-Mano National Park, insyd Liberia, * Sapo National Park insyd Liberia, * Diecké Forest Reserve insyd Guinea, den * Kangari Hills Forest Reserve, insyd [[Sierra Leone]]. == References == doumfnbkhzo0p3vw1v5lu1xjwqwxz4k 106119 106118 2026-07-01T13:15:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Western Guinean lowland forests''' ecoregion (WWF #AT0130) be tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion wey dey [[West Africa]]. Ebe centered on [[Liberia]], plus portions wey dey surround countries. Ebe de westernmost tropical rainforest wey dey Africa, wey e get high level insyd species endemism, for over 200 species of endemic plants.<ref name="wwf">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0130 |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Resolve |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30130 |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{cite web |title=Western Guinean lowland forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Guinean_lowland_forests |access-date=August 20, 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Geography == De ecoregion dey include de lowland forests wey dey extend from de [[Atlantic Ocean]] a few hundred kilometres inland, den from western [[Ivory Coast]] across [[Liberia]], southeastern [[Guinea]], most of [[Sierra Leone]], den into southwest Guinea. == Protected areas == A 2017 assessment find say 24,028 km², anaa 12%, of de ecoregion dey insyd protected areas. Only 2% of de unprotected area be covered by relatively-intact forest.<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref> Protected areas dey include: * Taï National Park insyd Ivory Coast, * Lofa-Mano National Park, insyd Liberia, * Sapo National Park insyd Liberia, * Diecké Forest Reserve insyd Guinea, den * Kangari Hills Forest Reserve, insyd [[Sierra Leone]]. == References == <references /> ==External links== {{commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060418174814/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/west_africa/ Guinean Forests of West Africa (Conservation International)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522062541/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/ImageCache/Hotspots/content/west_5fafrica_2d13/ci_5fmap13_2epdf/v1/ci_5fmap13.pdf Map of the Guinean Forests of West Africa (Conservation International)] (PDF file) [[Category:Afrotropical ecoregions]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Guinea]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Liberia]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Forests of Ivory Coast]] [[Category:Forests of Guinea]] [[Category:Forests of Liberia]] [[Category:Forests of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Tropical den subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] jihq1z5e8o0x2nx3w1ecgpge7s4ntgs 0 27727 106117 104124 2026-07-01T12:05:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kabwelume Falls''' be a waterfall on de Kalungwishi River insyd de Northern Province of [[Zambia]]. De falls be about 6&nbsp;km down stream of [[Lumangwe Falls]]. Wen viewed at peak water volume (April/May), a month after de wet season, de falls dey make a spectacular semi circle of falling water. Der be plans to build a hydro power station on dis falls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris McIntyre & Susie |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Zambia_Safari_Guide/_iP2EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kabwelume%20Falls%20is%20a%20waterfall%20on%20the%20Kalungwishi%20River&pg=PA405&printsec=frontcover |title=Zambia Safari Guide |date=2023-08-11 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-80469-015-4 |pages=405-406 |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Northern Province, Zambia]] ol2y3q7zxnjpkcau8j8hiig9fecv4jg 0 27728 106116 106115 2026-07-01T12:00:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chisimba Falls''', sanso '''Chishimba Falls''' wey be series of waterfalls wey dey locate for Kasama District, for de Northern Province for [[Zambia]]. De waterfalls dey host de [[Chishimba Hydroelectric Power Station]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=Zambia to rehabilitate US $46m Chishimba falls power station |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/zambia-to-rehabilitate-us-46m-chishimba-falls-power-station/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> De scenic views around de falls, togeda plus a museum under development, wey be major tourist attractions.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=World of Waterfalls |date=16 August 2010 |title=Chishimba Falls, Northern Province, Zambia |url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-chishimba-falls/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=World of Waterfalls}}</ref> ==Location== De falls dey locate approximately {{convert|40|km|0}}, northwest of de city of Kasama, in Kasama District, insyd Zambia ein Northern Province, off of de Kasama–Mporokoso Road (Road D20).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kasama, Zambia And Chishimba Falls, Zambia |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kasama,+Zambia/Chishimba+Falls,+Kasama,+Zambia/@-10.1660421,31.0558217,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908c61c8157db03:0x7fd2be5b3fca24be!2m2!1d31.193945!2d-10.2290555!1m5!1m1!1s0x1908df97c0da462f:0x2b95fa9ff0c67828!2m2!1d30.9174984!2d-10.1083493!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Chishimba Falls be: 10°06'30.0"S, 30°55'03.0"E (Latitude:-10.108333; Longitude:30.917500).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Location of Chishimba Falls |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B006'30.0%22S+30%C2%B055'03.0%22E/@-10.1083333,30.9175,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x1036fa7af82323ea!8m2!3d-10.1083333!4d30.9175 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Leaflet "Chishimba falls", ''National Heritage Conservation Commission'', 2009 * Zambia's waterfall Wonderland: [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/waterfalls.htm Zambia Tourism ] * The Geographical Journal, Vol 86, No 4 (Oct 1935), pp. 356–357: [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1786226 1786226] * {{Google books |title=Bradt Travel Guide |id=p1DfesuY5HsC |page=339 }} [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Northern Province, Zambia]] rojn6gr2yk1wtw75sdb0ctgdte9xizx 0 27742 106151 104154 2026-07-02T00:04:26Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lunsemfwa Lower Hydroelectric Power Station''', be a planned {{convert|255|MW|abbr=on}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station dey under development by a consortium wey dey comprise Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), a Zambian independent power producer den ''EleQtra'', a United Kingdom-based financial den development company. De off-taker be planned to be Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility parastatal company.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |work=Power-Technology.com |access-date=14 August 2022 | author=Carmen |location=New York City}}</ref> ==Location== De power station go be located across de Lunsemfwa River, insyd Zambia ein Central Province, downstream of de 40 MW Mulungushi Hydroelectric Power Station den de 18 MW Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station.<ref name="1R"/> == References == 5yk041e1reqja05pe25t6agir2su9we 106152 106151 2026-07-02T00:08:13Z DaSupremo 9 /* Overview */ Improve article 106152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lunsemfwa Lower Hydroelectric Power Station''', be a planned {{convert|255|MW|abbr=on}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station dey under development by a consortium wey dey comprise Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), a Zambian independent power producer den ''EleQtra'', a United Kingdom-based financial den development company. De off-taker be planned to be Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility parastatal company.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |work=Power-Technology.com |access-date=14 August 2022 | author=Carmen |location=New York City}}</ref> ==Location== De power station go be located across de Lunsemfwa River, insyd Zambia ein Central Province, downstream of de 40 MW Mulungushi Hydroelectric Power Station den de 18 MW Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== De design dey call for generation capacity of 255 megawatts. De power station be planned as a run of river project, widout a large reservoir. De gross hydraulic head be planned at {{convert|488|m|0}}. Three penstocks each plus diameter of {{convert|2.2|m|ft}} den {{convert|1000|m|0}} long, go carry water to three electric generators, each dem rate at 85 MW. De 1,630 GWh dem generate hie annually be expected to be purchased by ZESCO for integration into de Zambian national grid.<ref name="1R"/> == References == aiiup9pxfm1wc2d9l4f4plqaxuec7u4 106153 106152 2026-07-02T00:16:14Z DaSupremo 9 /* Developers */ Improve article 106153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lunsemfwa Lower Hydroelectric Power Station''', be a planned {{convert|255|MW|abbr=on}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station dey under development by a consortium wey dey comprise Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), a Zambian independent power producer den ''EleQtra'', a United Kingdom-based financial den development company. De off-taker be planned to be Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility parastatal company.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |work=Power-Technology.com |access-date=14 August 2022 | author=Carmen |location=New York City}}</ref> ==Location== De power station go be located across de Lunsemfwa River, insyd Zambia ein Central Province, downstream of de 40 MW Mulungushi Hydroelectric Power Station den de 18 MW Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== De design dey call for generation capacity of 255 megawatts. De power station be planned as a run of river project, widout a large reservoir. De gross hydraulic head be planned at {{convert|488|m|0}}. Three penstocks each plus diameter of {{convert|2.2|m|ft}} den {{convert|1000|m|0}} long, go carry water to three electric generators, each dem rate at 85 MW. De 1,630 GWh dem generate hie annually be expected to be purchased by ZESCO for integration into de Zambian national grid.<ref name="1R"/> ==Developers== As far back as 2010, Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company and InfraCo Africa Limited, plan to develop a power station for de Lunsemfwa River top. At dat time, na a 120 MW project be anticipated at a projected cost of between US$220 million den US$275 million.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-electricity-zambia-plant-20100603-idAFJOE65208120100603/ | title=Zambia plans to build 120 MW power plant |date=3 June 2010 | work=[[Reuters.com]] |access-date=14 August 2022 |author=Chris Mfula}}</ref> Eleven years later, a 255 MW plant be planned plus InfraCo wey dem pass de responsibility to ein subsidiary EleQtra. De owner remain LHPC.<ref name="1R"/> == References == <references /> == External links == rcjqhywpqvld8xugtzpg54y9bpdx6k8 106154 106153 2026-07-02T00:19:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lunsemfwa Lower Hydroelectric Power Station''', be a planned {{convert|255|MW|abbr=on}} hydroelectric power station insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station dey under development by a consortium wey dey comprise Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company (LHPC), a Zambian independent power producer den ''EleQtra'', a United Kingdom-based financial den development company. De off-taker be planned to be Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), de national electricity utility parastatal company.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/lunsemfwa-lower-zambia/ |date=9 December 2021 |title=Lunsemfwa Lower, Zambia |work=Power-Technology.com |access-date=14 August 2022 | author=Carmen |location=New York City}}</ref> ==Location== De power station go be located across de Lunsemfwa River, insyd Zambia ein Central Province, downstream of de 40 MW Mulungushi Hydroelectric Power Station den de 18 MW Lunsemfwa Hydroelectric Power Station.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== De design dey call for generation capacity of 255 megawatts. De power station be planned as a run of river project, widout a large reservoir. De gross hydraulic head be planned at {{convert|488|m|0}}. Three penstocks each plus diameter of {{convert|2.2|m|ft}} den {{convert|1000|m|0}} long, go carry water to three electric generators, each dem rate at 85 MW. De 1,630 GWh dem generate hie annually be expected to be purchased by ZESCO for integration into de Zambian national grid.<ref name="1R"/> ==Developers== As far back as 2010, Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Company and InfraCo Africa Limited, plan to develop a power station for de Lunsemfwa River top. At dat time, na a 120 MW project be anticipated at a projected cost of between US$220 million den US$275 million.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-electricity-zambia-plant-20100603-idAFJOE65208120100603/ | title=Zambia plans to build 120 MW power plant |date=3 June 2010 | work=[[Reuters.com]] |access-date=14 August 2022 |author=Chris Mfula}}</ref> Eleven years later, a 255 MW plant be planned plus InfraCo wey dem pass de responsibility to ein subsidiary EleQtra. De owner remain LHPC.<ref name="1R"/> == Cost den timeline == De cost of construction be reported as approximately US$300 million. Construction be expected to start insyd 2023 den last approximately three years.<ref name="1R" /> == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lungu-orders-solution-for-upper-lunsemfwa-dam/ Lungu orders solution for Upper Lunsemfwa Dam] As of 18 June 2017. * [https://zambianbusinesstimes.com/low-power-production-at-lunsefwa-attributed-to-us50m-zesco-debt/ Low power production at Lunsemfwa attributed to US$50m ZESCO debt] As of 25 June 2020. [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Central Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Zambia]] kbtm8p4ujzm6qib2j83g75stm8soxan 0 27751 106146 104283 2026-07-01T23:53:12Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sous region''' (dem sanso spell '''Sus''', '''Suss''', '''Souss''' anaa '''Sousse''') (Arabic: سوس, romanized: sūs, Tachelhit: ⵙⵓⵙ, romanized: sus) wey historical, cultural den geographical region of [[Morocco]], wich dey constitute part of de region administration of Souss-Massa den Guelmim-Oued Noun. De region wey dem know for de endemic argan tree (wich cam be a symbol of Souss) as well as for being de capital of de Shilha Berber ethnic group. Ebe major commercial den tourist agricultural region of Morocco. Vegetable production, shared between very large farms den small producers, dey contribute to de economic development of de region. De Souss plain dey produce 40% of Moroccan citrus fruits, den 60% of de production of early vegetables.<ref name="Brill">{{Cite book |last=Lévi Provençal |first=E. |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-sus-al-aksa-SIM_5549 |title=Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition |date=1913–1936 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004082656 |chapter=al-Sūs al-Aḳṣā |format=Web |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> wey be historically a stage of [[trans-Saharan trade]]. == History == Medieval Arab geographers generally divide de Sous region into two distinct sub-regions: '''''as-Sūs al-Aqṣā''''' (السوس الأقصى 'de far Sus'), den '''''as-Sūs al-Adnā''''' (السوس الأدنى 'the near Sus').<ref name="Brill">{{Cite book |last=Lévi Provençal |first=E. |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-sus-al-aksa-SIM_5549 |title=Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition |date=1913–1936 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004082656 |chapter=al-Sūs al-Aḳṣā |format=Web |access-date=8 March 2022}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLévi_Provençal1913–1936">Lévi Provençal, E. (1913–1936). "al-Sūs al-Aḳṣā". [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-sus-al-aksa-SIM_5549 ''Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition''] <span class="cs1-format">(Web)</span>. BRILL. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9004082656|<bdi>978-9004082656</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">ISBN / Date incompatibility ([[Help:CS1 errors#invalid isbn date|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: ISBN date]]</ref><ref name="Mohamed 2012">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Mohamed Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbQyAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA110 |title=Between Caravan and Sultan: The Bayruk of Southern Morocco: A Study in History and Identity |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004183827 |location=Leiden, Boston |pages=19–20 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Coppée 1881">{{Cite book |last=Coppée |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Sus+al-Aksa%22&pg=PA68 |title=History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors: With a Sketch of the Civilization which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe, Volume 1 |date=1881 |publisher=Little, Brown, & Company |location=Boston |pages=68, 190, 351 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> ''Sus al-Aqsa'' consist of de southern/western part, wey ''Sus al-Adna'' consist of de northern/eastern part; however, na der never be any precise boundaries between de two.<ref name="Coppée 1881" /> Na de capital of de Sous be at Igli.<ref name="Jenkins 1979">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=R. G. |title=Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature |date=1979 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-25160-3 |editor1-last=Willis |editor1-first=John Ralph |location=Abingdon |pages=81–3 |chapter='Abd Allāh b. Yāsīn and the Almoravids |access-date=8 March 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0sBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA81}}</ref> Der sanso be a ribat at Massa near de Atlantic coast.<ref name="Jenkins 1979" /> == Bibliography == * Boogert, Nico van den. De ''Berber Literary Tradition of de Sous: with an edition den translation of 'de Ocean of Tears' by Muḥammad Awzal (d. 1749)'', Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1997.   * Montagne, Robert. ''Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le sud du Maroc; essai sur la transformation politique des Berbères sédentaires (groupe Chleuh)''. Rabat: Dar Al-Aman, 2013  . * UNESCO Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <references /> == External links == 71txzxyzhpd4066okm9yn3s07xk1znx 106147 106146 2026-07-01T23:56:24Z DaSupremo 9 Fix reference 106147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sous region''' (dem sanso spell '''Sus''', '''Suss''', '''Souss''' anaa '''Sousse''') (Arabic: سوس, romanized: sūs, Tachelhit: ⵙⵓⵙ, romanized: sus) wey historical, cultural den geographical region of [[Morocco]], wich dey constitute part of de region administration of Souss-Massa den Guelmim-Oued Noun. De region wey dem know for de endemic argan tree (wich cam be a symbol of Souss) as well as for being de capital of de Shilha Berber ethnic group. Ebe major commercial den tourist agricultural region of Morocco. Vegetable production, shared between very large farms den small producers, dey contribute to de economic development of de region. De Souss plain dey produce 40% of Moroccan citrus fruits, den 60% of de production of early vegetables.<ref name="Brill2">{{cite book |last1=Lévi Provençal|first1=E.|title=Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition|date=1913|isbn=978-9004082656|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-sus-al-aksa-SIM_5549|access-date=8 March 2022|format=Web|chapter=al-Sūs al-Aḳṣā|publisher=BRILL|publication-date=1936}}</ref> wey be historically a stage of [[trans-Saharan trade]]. == History == Medieval Arab geographers generally divide de Sous region into two distinct sub-regions: '''''as-Sūs al-Aqṣā''''' (السوس الأقصى 'de far Sus'), den '''''as-Sūs al-Adnā''''' (السوس الأدنى 'the near Sus').<ref name="Brill2" /><ref name="Mohamed 2012">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Mohamed Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbQyAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA110 |title=Between Caravan and Sultan: The Bayruk of Southern Morocco: A Study in History and Identity |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004183827 |location=Leiden, Boston |pages=19–20 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Coppée 1881">{{Cite book |last=Coppée |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Sus+al-Aksa%22&pg=PA68 |title=History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors: With a Sketch of the Civilization which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe, Volume 1 |date=1881 |publisher=Little, Brown, & Company |location=Boston |pages=68, 190, 351 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> ''Sus al-Aqsa'' consist of de southern/western part, wey ''Sus al-Adna'' consist of de northern/eastern part; however, na der never be any precise boundaries between de two.<ref name="Coppée 1881" /> Na de capital of de Sous be at Igli.<ref name="Jenkins 1979">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=R. G. |title=Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature |date=1979 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-25160-3 |editor1-last=Willis |editor1-first=John Ralph |location=Abingdon |pages=81–3 |chapter='Abd Allāh b. Yāsīn and the Almoravids |access-date=8 March 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0sBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA81}}</ref> Der sanso be a ribat at Massa near de Atlantic coast.<ref name="Jenkins 1979" /> == Bibliography == * Boogert, Nico van den. De ''Berber Literary Tradition of de Sous: with an edition den translation of 'de Ocean of Tears' by Muḥammad Awzal (d. 1749)'', Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1997.   * Montagne, Robert. ''Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le sud du Maroc; essai sur la transformation politique des Berbères sédentaires (groupe Chleuh)''. Rabat: Dar Al-Aman, 2013  . * UNESCO Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] <references /> == External links == tqcdeon8gvbctsp03a0eq7b0bzuxip5 106148 106147 2026-07-01T23:59:08Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sous region''' (dem sanso spell '''Sus''', '''Suss''', '''Souss''' anaa '''Sousse''') (Arabic: سوس, romanized: sūs, Tachelhit: ⵙⵓⵙ, romanized: sus) wey historical, cultural den geographical region of [[Morocco]], wich dey constitute part of de region administration of Souss-Massa den Guelmim-Oued Noun. De region wey dem know for de endemic argan tree (wich cam be a symbol of Souss) as well as for being de capital of de Shilha Berber ethnic group. Ebe major commercial den tourist agricultural region of Morocco. Vegetable production, shared between very large farms den small producers, dey contribute to de economic development of de region. De Souss plain dey produce 40% of Moroccan citrus fruits, den 60% of de production of early vegetables.<ref name="Brill2">{{cite book |last1=Lévi Provençal|first1=E.|title=Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition|date=1913|isbn=978-9004082656|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/al-sus-al-aksa-SIM_5549|access-date=8 March 2022|format=Web|chapter=al-Sūs al-Aḳṣā|publisher=BRILL|publication-date=1936}}</ref> wey be historically a stage of [[trans-Saharan trade]]. == History == Medieval Arab geographers generally divide de Sous region into two distinct sub-regions: '''''as-Sūs al-Aqṣā''''' (السوس الأقصى 'de far Sus'), den '''''as-Sūs al-Adnā''''' (السوس الأدنى 'the near Sus').<ref name="Brill2" /><ref name="Mohamed 2012">{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Mohamed Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbQyAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA110 |title=Between Caravan and Sultan: The Bayruk of Southern Morocco: A Study in History and Identity |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004183827 |location=Leiden, Boston |pages=19–20 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Coppée 1881">{{Cite book |last=Coppée |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtcPAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Sus+al-Aksa%22&pg=PA68 |title=History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors: With a Sketch of the Civilization which They Achieved, and Imparted to Europe, Volume 1 |date=1881 |publisher=Little, Brown, & Company |location=Boston |pages=68, 190, 351 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> ''Sus al-Aqsa'' consist of de southern/western part, wey ''Sus al-Adna'' consist of de northern/eastern part; however, na der never be any precise boundaries between de two.<ref name="Coppée 1881" /> Na de capital of de Sous be at Igli.<ref name="Jenkins 1979">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=R. G. |title=Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature |date=1979 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-25160-3 |editor1-last=Willis |editor1-first=John Ralph |location=Abingdon |pages=81–3 |chapter='Abd Allāh b. Yāsīn and the Almoravids |access-date=8 March 2022 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0sBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sus+al-aqsa%22&pg=PA81}}</ref> Der sanso be a ribat at Massa near de Atlantic coast.<ref name="Jenkins 1979" /> == Bibliography == * Boogert, Nico van den. De ''Berber Literary Tradition of de Sous: with an edition den translation of 'de Ocean of Tears' by Muḥammad Awzal (d. 1749)'', Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1997.   * Montagne, Robert. ''Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le sud du Maroc; essai sur la transformation politique des Berbères sédentaires (groupe Chleuh)''. Rabat: Dar Al-Aman, 2013  . * UNESCO Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1600/entity_15001.html Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Suss in Year 1600] [[Category:Natural regions of Africa]] [[Category:Geography of Morocco]] 93bhqzbe3h91ikbrea6gbob5y2bmcxz 0 27752 106145 104289 2026-07-01T23:26:16Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Onive River''' be river wey dey eastern [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow down from de Ankaratra massif, wey e be de largest tributary of de [[Mangoro River]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| access-date = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Notable waterfalls, plus a 30m vertical drop, wey dey locate southwest of de village of Tsinjoarivo. ==References== <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]] atf1yid6tf9le46mcwfefv862lwayqc 0 27836 106143 105622 2026-07-01T20:48:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012</ref><ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam. De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power & Dam Construction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}</ref> De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012</ref> Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,<ref name="BBC">BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam "at any cost", wey e say de dam ein critics "no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum."<ref>News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Design == De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km³ (3.5 mi³) den a surface area of 210 km² (81 mi²), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km² (13,190 mi²). De reservoir ein live (active anaa "useful") storage be 11.75 km³ (2.82 mi³) den dead storage of 2.95 km³ (0.71 mi³). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m³/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}</ref> De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete. == Benefits == De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).<ref>[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html "Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project"] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006</ref> Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd. Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.<ref>Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.<ref name="IRN">[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.<ref name="IRN" /> Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.<ref>[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.<ref name="IRN" /> A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,<ref>Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.<ref name="Oakland Institute">{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}</ref> == Controversy == De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.<ref name="BBC" /> De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat "De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam"<ref name="ARWG">African Resources Working Group:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go "produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic."<ref name="ARWG" /> Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat "de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd".<ref>[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009</ref> For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref> == Environmental den social impact == According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: "De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show."<ref>Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10</ref> According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.<ref name="ARWG" /> De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be "de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd." De project go condemn "half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> === Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top === [[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.<ref name="ARWG" /> De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.<ref name="IRN" /> Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, "De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project." Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.<ref name="ARWG" /> Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.<ref>[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010</ref> Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.<ref name="Salini">Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010</ref> As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Reports about human rights violations === Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, "dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs", (...) "wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans."<ref name="Oakland Institute" /> === Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top === De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km² of forest to "dry out" from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.<ref name="ARWG" /> A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}</ref> Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG). "Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose" dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region. De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem. De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd. Professor Carr for ein new book insyd <ref>Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}</ref> dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am. === Impact for Lake Turkana top === De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels & Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}</ref> Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.<ref>Bank_Information_Center:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&#x20;g/L.<ref name="ARWG" /> Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis "go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death."<ref name="BBC" /> According to dam proponents, de impact for Lake Turkana top go dey limited to de temporary reduction for flows insyd during de filling of de reservoir. Various sources state dat de filling fi take between one den three wet seasons.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Salini" /> De total storage volume of de reservoir of Gibe III dam go dey between 11.75 den 14 billion cubic metres, wey dey depend for sources top. According to de company dat dey build de dam, dis go reduce de water level for de lake insyd by "less dan 50 cm per year give three years" den dat salinity "no go change for any way insyd".<ref name="Salini" /> According to de International Lake Environment Committee, de Omo River deliver 90% of Lake Turkana ein water for wey dem go build de Dam.<ref name="ILEC">{{cite web |title=Lake Turkana |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125746/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/databook_html/afr/afr-20.html |archive-date=24 October 2014 |accessdate=18 October 2014 |website=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation}}</ref> Plus no outlet, Lake Turkana dey lose 2.3 meters of water every year to evaporation, den ein level dey sensitive to climatic den seasonal fluctuations. For purposes of comparison, de historic level of Lake Turkana decline from a high of 20&#x20;m above today ein level for de 1890s insyd to de same level as today for de 1940s den 1950s insyd. E then increase again gradually by 7 metres to reach a peak around 1980, den subsequently decrease again.<ref name="ILEC" /> De Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) summary of de project no assess de impact of de dam for de water level den water quality of Lake Turkana top.<ref>Gibe III Hydroelectric Project:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Summary for Gibe III hydroelectric project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153201/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ESIA%20SUMMARY.htm|date=2011-07-20}}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> De director of Kenya ein Water Services Regulatory Board, John Nyaoro, argue say de dam go get no negative impact for Lake Turkana top.<ref name="IWA">Water 21, Magazine of the [[International Water Association]]:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam funding under review after protests against its impact, p. 5, October 2009</ref> === Oda impacts === Dem predict am dat der dey about a 50-75% leakage of waters from de reservoir sekof multiple fractures for de basalt insyd at de planned reservoir site.<ref name="IRN" /> Sekof de loss of water for reservoir insyd, de dam no go dey able to produce as much electricity den less hydro power go dey available to export to oda nearby countries. Sanso, de dam den reservoir dey vulnerable to seismic activity sekof earthquakes den massive landslides for de Gibe III project region insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Earthquakes fi cause even larger fractures to de dam den dey susceptible to more water leakage as well as decreasing de economic inputs. Moreova, de landslides go fill up de reservoir den dem fi store less water. Dis sanso go mean say dem go produce less hydro power.<ref name="IRN" /> === Environmental den social impact assessment === Controversy sanso arise sekof de environmental den social impact assessment den dem no do preceding environmental impact study (EIS) until two years after dem dey begin construction for de dam top.<ref name="BBC" /> De Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority dey require dat dem for do an environmental impact assessment give any project "likely to entail significant adverse environmental impacts" den dat "dem suppose submit de EIS before commencing any construction anaa any oda implementation of de project."<ref name="Permit Requirement">Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14 Permit Requirement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820025525/http://www.epa.gov.et/epa/departments/eia_services/eia_services.asp?dep_Id=4&sub_depId=14|date=2007-08-20}} Published 2006. Accessed 8 June 2010.</ref> ==== Official environmental den social impact assessment ==== Dem already carry out an Environmental den Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) by Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) den Agriconsulting of Italy, for association insyd plus MDI Consulting Engineers from Ethiopia. According to Anthony Mitchell, an engineer wey submit an independent feasibility study of de dam to de African Development Bank, CESI ein owners dey include vendors wey fi benefit from de project den dem no disclose dis conflict of interest for de impact statement insyd.<ref name="Mitchell">[http://anthonymitchell.com/ Anthony Mitchell]:[https://www.slideshare.net/anthony_mitchell/gilgel-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-dam-ethiopia-technical-engineering-and-economic-feasibility-study-report Gilgel Gibe III dam Ethiopia: technical, engineering and economic feasibility study report], April 15, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> As part of de assessment, according to de Project Company, dem carry out public consultations plus "officials den institutions, pippoe wey de project affect am den non-governmental organizations".<ref name="Gibe" /> According to critics, dem already minimal dem consultations. Most importantly, dem only complete de assessment for July 2008 insyd, nearly two years after dem begin construction, for violation of Ethiopian law insyd den for contrast insyd to global good practice of environmental assessments.<ref name="IRN" /> Sanso, dem already establish an independent environmental advisory panel only as late as July 2009,<ref name="Gibe" /> apparently for a belated effort insyd to appease criticism of de project. ==== Alternative environmental impact statement ==== De Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around de world, conduct an independent environmental impact statement of demma own give de Gibe III dam. Dem perform de alternative impact statement sekof de alleged corruption den inaccuracy of de official impact assessment.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG dey criticize many of de statements wey dem make for de official Gibe III ESIA insyd. Regarding de flow of water into Lake Turkana, dem dey state dat de Gibe III dam go result for a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> De ARWG sanso dey note dat e no be necessarily de volume of water dat be important to de Omo River den Turkana ecosystems, but dat de seasonality den timing of de water flow dey crucial, sekof dem adapt certain biota to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. for response insyd to seasonal changes for water flow insyd.<ref name="ARWG" /> Artificially releasing water from de Gibe III dam into de Omo River no go dey sufficient to meet de needs of dem biota. Additionally, de ARWG dey state dat der dey "no precedent of successful den sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program for sub-Saharan Africa, so dem no guarantee am dat dem go maintain such a program at de Gibe III dam.<ref name="ARWG" /> == Award of construction contract == Dem award de contract give de construction of de dam for 2006 insyd to Salini Costruttori of Italy. Dem award de engineering design to Studio Pietrangeli<ref>{{cite web |last=www.pietrangeli.com |title=Gibe III dam project on Studio Pietrangeli Website |url=http://www.pietrangeli.com/gibe-3-rcc-dam-ethiopia-africa |accessdate=28 Oct 2014}}</ref> den supervision of ELC-COB (ELC Electroconsult, Italy - Coyne et Bellier, France) as representative of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. Dem award de contract to Salini Construttori after direct negotiation rada dan allowing bidding for de contract top from oda qualified companies. Public international financial institutions dey require competitive bidding of construction contracts, wey e make am difficult give de Ethiopian government to get a loan from dem.<ref name="BBC" /> General manager of de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, Mihert Debeba, defend de bypassing of de standard process, as skipping a set of "luxurious preconditions" dat Ethiopia no fi meet, one wey go completely halt any development of hydroelectric power.<ref name="BBC" /> For 2010 insyd, dem sign a construction contract plus a Chinese hydropower company Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, wey complete de work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gibe III dam Ethiopia |url=https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064310/https://www.banktrack.org/project/gibe_iii_dam/pdf |archive-date=2022-11-13}}</ref> == Cost den financing == Dem estimate de financial costs of de dam den hydroelectric power plant to be 1.55 billion Euro. Dem estimate de cost of a transmission line from de power plant to de nearby Wolayta Sodo Substation at 35 million Euro. Dem costs no dey include de costs of constructing anaa upgrading power transmission lines to Addis Abeba den onwards to Djibouti to de Northeast of de dam, to Sudan for de West insyd den to Kenya for de South insyd, dem all locate am at a distance between 500 den 1000&#x20;km from de dam. De cost estimate no dey include de costs of extending de electricity distribution network to effectively increase access to electricity. As of 2009, electricity access for de prospective beneficiary countries insyd still dey low at 16% for Kenya insyd den 36% for Sudan insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> According to de official website of Gibe III, dem finance most of de construction cost of de dam einself by de Ethiopian government plus ein own funds.<ref name="Gibe" /> Howeva, dem finance part of de project thru a corporate bond wey dem bell am "Millennium Bond" wey de Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) issue am den dem market am plus de Ethiopian diaspora.<ref>Genet Mersha, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331 Abugida Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823115806/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?page_id=7331|date=2010-08-23}}:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524 LET THERE BE LIGHT!—THE GILGEL GIBE SAGA, THE BOND & DILEMMA OF ETHIOPIAN DIASPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707080306/http://www.abugidainfo.com/?p=8524|date=2011-07-07}}, April 6, 2009, accessed on March 24, 2010</ref> De Ethiopian government sanso request financing of US$250 million from de Italian government give civil works. For 2008 insyd, JPMorgan Chase den de Italian export credit agency SACE refuse to provide financing. For May 2010 insyd EEPCo den Dongfang Electric Machinery Corporation, a Chinese state-owned company, sign a memorandum of understanding to provide electrical den mechanical equipment give de project. Dem back de agreement by a loan from de Industrial den Commercial Bank of China reportedly dey cover 85% of de US$495 million cost.<ref name="International Rivers">[[International Rivers]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/2010513/china’s-biggest-bank-support-africa’s-most-destructive-dam China’s Biggest Bank to Support Africa’s Most Destructive Dam] Published 13 May 2010. Accessed 8 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/about/ CEE Bankwatch Network]:[http://www.bankwatch.org/newsroom/releases.shtml?x=2237651#two European bank rightly withdraws from controversial Ethiopian dam but decision brings more questions than answers]{{Dead link|date=November 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, 21 July 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hydroworld.com |title=Ethiopia, China sign agreement for Gibe III hydro project construction |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2010/05/ethiopia--china-sign.html |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> International environmental groups criticize de loan as "hypocritical" den a violation of ICBC ein commitment to China ein Green Credit Policy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gleick |first=Peter |title=China Dams |work=The Worlds Water, Vol. 7 |year=2012 |pages=134}}</ref> Previously dem already dey consider de European Investment Bank (EIB) financing of de dam ein electrical dem mechanical equipment plus a loan of US$341 million. E finance economic, financial den technical studies give de dam.<ref name="Gibe" /><ref name="IRN" /> For July 2010 insyd de EIB stop financing environmental den social studies give de dam, wey e state say dem already find "alternative financing".<ref>Bloomberg:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/ EIB Halts Funding of Gibe III Dam Studies in Ethiopia 19 July 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074926/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/eib-halts-funding-of-gibe-iii-dam-studies-in-ethiopia/|date=24 August 2010}}, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> De African Development Bank sanso already dey consider a US$250 million loan give de electro-mechanical equipment of de plant. De World Bank sanso already consider funding de project. For 2008 insyd de World Bank no decide to pursue a full feasibility study give de dam, sekof de absence of competitive bidding give de prime contractor.<ref name="Mitchell" /> De Exim Bank of China finance de transmission line to de Addis Ababa. Dem award de contract to de Chinese Company Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Co., Ltd. (TBEA) for July 24, 2009 top.<ref name="Gibe" /> For July 2012 insyd de World Bank approve a US$684 million loan give an Eastern Electricity Highway Project dat go finance a 500 Kilovolt High Voltage Direct Current transmission line between de Wolayta/Sodo substation for Ethiopia insyd den de Suswa substation for Kenya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=World Bank |title=The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program |url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126579/regional-eastern-africa-power-pool-project-apl1?lang=en |accessdate=2 September 2012}}</ref> Environmental groups already criticize de loan as funding give de Gilgel Gibe III Dam thru de backdoor.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bosshard |first=Peter |date=22 May 2012 |title=Ethiopia: World Bank to Fund Destructive Dam through the Backdoor? |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040130/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/05/22/ethiopia-world-bank-to-fund-destructive-dam-through-the-backdoor/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |work=International Policy Digest}}</ref> == Gilgel Gibe IV dam == A $1.9 billion deal between China ein Sino Hydro Corporation den de Ethiopian Electric Power Authority to construct de Gibe IV den ''De Shanghai Daily'' report Halele Werabesa hydroelectric dams for 15 July 2009 top. Both dams dey "expected to be completed for five years insyd", den go get a combined capacity of ova 2,000 megawatts.<ref>[http://www.ecoseed.org/index.php/general-news/green-politics/green-policies/africa-a-the-middle-east/3390 "China, Ethiopia strike $ 1.9-B hydroelectric deal"], Ecoseed Portal website, published 17 July 2009 (accessed 19 August 2009)</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303 De "white oil" of Ethiopia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Commentary for Gibe III Dam top] * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7959444.stm De dam dat dey divide Ethiopians] March 2009 BBC News report == References == ez24sgp1qh909meigz3y4sj8j1kn80w 14 27983 106120 2026-07-01T13:16:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106120 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27984 106121 2026-07-01T13:16:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106121 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27985 106122 2026-07-01T13:17:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106122 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27986 106123 2026-07-01T13:19:04Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106123 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27987 106124 2026-07-01T13:20:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106124 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27988 106125 2026-07-01T13:20:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106125 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27989 106131 2026-07-01T13:55:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106131 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27990 106132 2026-07-01T13:55:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106132 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27991 106134 2026-07-01T16:42:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106134 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27992 106137 2026-07-01T17:11:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106137 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27993 106138 2026-07-01T17:11:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106138 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27994 106139 2026-07-01T17:12:07Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106139 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27995 106140 2026-07-01T17:12:19Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106140 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27996 106149 2026-07-01T23:59:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106149 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27997 106150 2026-07-01T23:59:57Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106150 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27998 106155 2026-07-02T00:20:39Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106155 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27999 106156 2026-07-02T00:20:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106156 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1