Candlemas

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    <title>Candlemas</title>
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'''Candlemas''', alias de '''Mary''', anaa de '''Feast of de Holy Encounter''', be sam Christian holiday wey dey commemorate de presentation of Jesus for de Temple. Ebe based upon de account of de presentation of Jesus for Luke 2:22–40 insyd. Under Leviticus 12, na dem for purify sam woman by say dem go present lamb as burnt offering, den either sam young pigeon anaa dove as sin offering, 33 days afta sam boy ein circumcision. Edey fall for 2 February top, wey traditionally be de 40th day (postpartum period) of den de conclusion of de Christmas–Epiphany season.&lt;ref&gt;Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). ''[[iarchive:apracticalcomme00knecgoog|A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture]]''. B. Herder. p.&amp;nbsp;[[iarchive:apracticalcomme00knecgoog/page/n452|410]]. Retrieved 27 December 2016. &lt;q&gt;We keep a feast on the 2nd of February, forty days after Christmas, in memory of our Lord's Presentation in the Temple. This feast has several names. First, it is known as the Feast of the Presentation of our Lord Jesus. Secondly, it is called the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. But the usual and popular name for this Feast is Candlemas-day, because on this day candles are blessed before Mass, and there takes place a procession with lighted candles. Candles are blessed and lighted on this particular feast.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; While ebe customary give Christians for sam countries say dem go comot demma Christmas decorations for Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve) top,&lt;ref&gt;''A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's &quot;Twelfth Night&quot;'' (2nd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Cengage Learning. 2016. p.&amp;nbsp;29. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781410361349|9781410361349]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; menners wey dey oda Christian countries historically dey remove dem afta Candlemas.&lt;ref&gt;Edworthy, Niall (2008). ''The Curious World of Christmas''. Penguin Group. p.&amp;nbsp;83. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780399534577|9780399534577]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. &lt;q&gt;The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd...Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when 'fine old leisure' reigned, were far longer than they are now.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roud, Steve (31 January 2008). ''The English Year''. Penguin Books Limited. p.&amp;nbsp;690. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780141919270|9780141919270]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. &lt;q&gt;As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; For Candlemas top, chaw Christians (especially Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, den sam mainline Protestant denominations wey dey include Lutherans, Anglicans den Methodists) too dey take demma candles dey go demma local church, wer dem dey bless dem den use for de rest of de year;&lt;ref&gt;Hothersall, Barbara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231208071741/http://www.fulwoodmethodist.org.uk/fmcmag/archives/saints/candlemas/candlemas.htm &quot;Candlemas – Festival of Light&quot;]. ''Fulwood Methodist Church Magazine''. Retrieved 27 December 2016. &lt;q&gt;In some countries special candles are brought along to the blessing by the worshippers. These are often very elaborate and are highly treasured. Afterwards they are taken home and kept to be lighted at times of stress – during storms, in sickrooms and at the bedside of the dying.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pappas, Christopher A. (18 January 2012). [http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/ &quot;Ecumenical Candlemas (Feast of the Presentation)&quot;]. Holy Trinity Anglican Church. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073917/http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/ Archived] from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; for Christians, dese candles wey dem dey bless dey serve as symbol of Jesus Christ, who be Light of de World.&lt;ref&gt;Mazar, Peter (6 March 2015). ''To Crown the Year: Decorating the Church Through the Seasons'' (2nd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Liturgy Training Publications. p.&amp;nbsp;253. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781618331328|9781618331328]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein History ==
De Feast of de Presentation anaa Purification be one of de oldest feasts of de church. De pilgrim Egeria record how dem celebrate am for Jerusalem for de 380s insyd:&lt;ref&gt;Holweck, Frederick (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03245b.htm &quot;Candlemas&quot;]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Customs ==

=== France den Belgium ===
Catholic churches wey dey France, Belgium, den Swiss Romandy dey celebrate Candlemas (French: ''La Chandeleur'', Dutch: ''Maria-Lichtmis'') for 2 February. Tradition dey talk say dem for nor put away manger scenes till Candlemas, wey be de last feast of de Christmas cycle.

=== Germany ===
Na Candlemas be sam important date ''(Lostag)'' for de year insyd. Na ebe associated plus payment deadlines, fixed employment relationships, den de beginning of de &quot;farmer's year&quot;. For addition, chaw customs, weather proverbs, oda sayings, den rhymes be related for dis feast insyd.

=== Luxembourg ===
Sam descendant of sam ancient torchlight procession, de current tradition of ''Liichtmëssdag'' for Luxembourg be sam holiday wey dey children demma body. For small groups insyd, dem dey roam for de streets for afternoon insyd anaa evening of 2 February, wey dem dey hold sam lighted lantern anaa homemade wand, singing traditional songs for each house anaa store, especially &quot;Léiwer Härgottsblieschen&quot;. For exchange for de music insyd, dem dey hope say dem go receive sam reward for de form of sweets anaa loose change (formerly bacon, peas, anaa biscuits).&lt;ref&gt;[https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/a-propos-des-fetes-et-traditions-au-luxembourg/a-propos-des-fetes-et-traditions-au-luxembourg-de.pdf &quot;Feste und Traditionen in Luxemburg&quot;] (PDF). ''Apropos'' (in Luxembourgish). The official portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Puerto Rico ===
Dis festivity officially dey finalize de end of Christmas for Catholics for Puerto Rico insyd; de festivities dey include sam procession wer de statue of Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (Our Lady of de Light) dem dey carry am for demma shoulders top. Odas dey follow plus lit candles till dem go reach de church wer dem dey celebrate sam mass. For evening insyd, de festivities may continue plus sam giant bonfire den singing. Sam families for de countryside dey burn demma dried Christmas trees for dis date top as sam culmination of de holiday season.

=== Canary Islands den Philippines ===
''La Virgen de la Candelaria'' or Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of Light anaa Our Lady of Candles), wey dem popularly dey bell am ''La Morenita'', dey celebrate de Virgin Mary for de island of Tenerife top, one of de Canary Islands (Spain). Our Lady of Light be de patron saint of de Canary Islands. De Basilica of Candelaria wey dey Candelaria insyd, dem dey consider Tenerife say ebe de main church wey dem dedicate give de Virgin Mary den sam Basilica minor since 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Bayor, Ronald H. (31 July 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&amp;q=Virgin+of+Candelaria+is+the+patron+saint+of+%5B%5BJacaltenango%5D%5D&amp;pg=PA814 ''Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans''.] ABC-CLIO. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313357862|9780313357862]]&lt;/bdi&gt; &amp;#x2013; via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey celebrate feast for 2 February (Candlemas, ''Fiesta de la Candelaria'') den 15 August as de patronal feast of de Canary Islands.

For Philippines insyd, Our Lady of Candles sana be de patroness give Western Visayas region. For Silang insyd, Cavite, dem dey observe de feast locally as sam triduum from 1 go 3 February, plus 2 February as de actual feast day.&lt;sup&gt;[''citation needed'']&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Guatemala ===
De Virgin of Candles be de patron saint give Jacaltenango, wey ein feast dey mark de end of de Christmas season.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Epiphany (holiday)]]
[[Category:Pancakes]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Christian processions]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agnes Binagwaho</title>
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'''Agnes Binagwaho''' be Rwandan politician, pediatrician, co-founder wey sanso be de former vice chancellor give de University of Global Health Equity (2017-2022).1996 insyd, she go back Rwanda dey provide clinical care for de public sector wey na she sanso dey hold chaw positions wey dey include Permanent Secretary give de Ministry of Health of Rwanda for October 2008 til May 2011 den Minister of Health for May 2011 til July 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025616/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f &quot;New Ministry of Health PS Takes Office - Rwanda&quot;]. ''Government of Rwanda''. Archived from [https://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f the original] on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso be de professor for global health delivery practice since 2016 plus professor for pediatrics since 2017 for de University of Global Health Equity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804170212/http://ughe.org/who-we-are/meet-the-team/agnes-binagwaho/ &quot;Dr. Agnes Binagwaho's UGHE Faculty Page&quot;]. ''University of Global Health Equity''. Archived from [http://www.ughe.org/who-we-are/meet-the-team/agnes-binagwaho/ the original] on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso serve for de health sector give various high-level government positions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419052445/https://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/agnes-binagwaho &quot;Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. ''ghsm.hms.harvard.edu''. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; She dey reside for Kigali.

== Ein Early life den education ==
Dem born am for Nyamagabe, Southern Province, [[Rwanda]]. As she come turn three years old, she plus ein family move go Belgium where na ein poppie dey plete ein medical degree. She plete ein medical degree (MD) for general medicine for Université libre de Bruxelles 1976 to 1984 den ein master's degree for pediatrics (MA) for de Université de Bretagne Occidentale1989 to 1993. 2010 insyd, Dartmouth College award am an honorary Doctor of Science for Dartmouth,United states insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160819230201/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2010/05/21.html#agnes &quot;Dartmouth's 2010 honorary degree recipients to be recognized at Commencement ceremonies on June 13&quot;]. ''Dartmouth College''. Archived from [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2010/05/21.html#agnes the original] on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 2014 insyd, she cam turn de first person wey dem award Doctorate for Philosophy (PhD) for de College of Medicine den Health Sciences for de University of Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160818014252/http://www.moh.gov.rw/index.php?id=34&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=522&amp;cHash=03e3f3df79c125f7b1c0251bf5192b1d &quot;Binagwaho gets first PhD from University of Rwanda (The New Times)&quot;]. ''Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Health''. Republic of Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.moh.gov.rw/index.php?id=34&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=522&amp;cHash=03e3f3df79c125f7b1c0251bf5192b1d the original] on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; De title of ein PhD dissertation, ''&quot;Children's Right to Health in the Context of the HIV Epidemic: The Case of Rwanda&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160821003110/http://www.ur.ac.rw/sites/default/files/Final_AB_Dissertation_2014October_Submit.pdf &quot;Dr. Agnes Binagwaho PhD Dissertation: &quot;Children's Right to Health in the Context of the HIV Epidemic: The Case of Rwanda&quot;&quot;] (PDF). ''University of Rwanda''. Archived from [http://www.ur.ac.rw/sites/default/files/Final_AB_Dissertation_2014October_Submit.pdf the original] (PDF) on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Binagwaho earn ein Certificate of Tropical Medicine for de Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium, for 1984 den 1985 insyd. She plete de Université de Bretagne Occidentale, she plete three certificates: Certificate for Axiology (General Emergencies) (1991-1992) insyd; Certificate for Pediatric Emergencies (1992-1993); den Certificate for HIV Patient Care plus ein Treatment for (1994-1995) insyd. She go back Rwanda July 1996, two years after de 1994 genocide wey dey against Tutsi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tedmed.com/speakers/show?id=686658 &quot;Lessons from Rwanda's journey to an equitable health system&quot;]. ''TEDMED''. TED Conferences, LLC. Retrieved 29 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; For July go August 1997, she plete ein training program for AIDS prevention den surveillance studies for Kigali thru de World AIDS Foundation, wey de University of New Mexico School of Medicine's Health Sciences center host. For November 2009 go April 2010, she plete ein certificate for Health den Human Rights - Dimensions den Strategies plus InWEnt - Capacity Building International (Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.medicalpeacework.org/uploads/tx_mpwobjects/InWEnt_HHR_en.pdf &quot;Online-Course Health and Human Rights&quot;] (PDF). ''Medical Peace Work''. Retrieved 7 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; US-based Organization Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative award am Social plus Behavioral Research Investigators Certificate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.citiprogram.org/ &quot;Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative&quot;]. ''Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative''. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Career ==
Binagwaho begin ein clinical practice for Belgium den France, where she fina ein medical education. She specialize for pediatrics, after sey she earn ein master's for pediatrics insyd, she sanso specialize for emergency medicine for adults den kiddies, den de treatment of HIV/AIDS give kiddies plus adults. She sanso work intensely for neonatology insyd plus wen she return Rwanda for 1996 insyd, She san work 20 years for public health sector for Rwanda insyd, first as clinician for public hospitals for four years. Afterward, she sanso work for various high-level government positions between 2002 den 2016, wey na she serve first as de Executive Secretary give Rwanda ein National AIDS Control Commission, then sanso be de Permanent Secretary give de Ministry of Health, lastly na she serve as de Minister of Health for five years.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231231152941/https://www.umaryland.edu/global/our-global-campus/ghs/summit-speakers/agnes-binagwaho/ &quot;work in rwanda between 1996 - 2016&quot;]. ''centere for global engagment''. Retrieved 27 November 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she be member for de Global Fund's Rwanda Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) from 2002 to 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170203234851/http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/ccm/ &quot;Country Coordinating Mechanism&quot;]. ''The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria''. Archived from [https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/ccm/ the original] on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2006 go 2009 insyd, she sanso co-chair de Joint Learning Initiative give Children den HIV/AIDS (JLICA),&lt;ref name=&quot;jlic&quot;&gt;[http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/JLICA_-_2009_-_Home_Truths_Children_AIDS_poverty.pdf &quot;Final Report of the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS&quot;] (PDF). ''unicef.org''. 27 August 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160911081037/http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/JLICA_-_2009_-_Home_Truths_Children_AIDS_poverty.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; na ebe independent alliance of researchers, implementers, policymakers, activists, den people wey dey live plus HIV. She sanso serve for de Rwandan High Level Implementation Committee of de Aid Policy for 2006 go 2008 insyd. Na she san be member of de Multi-Country Support Program on SSR/HIV/AIDS Steering Committee den de Advisory Body give de Royal Tropical Institute for Amsterdam, Netherlands, for 2004 go 2009 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;rtian&quot;&gt;[http://kit.nl/-/INS/52859/Royal-Tropical-Institute &quot;Royal Tropical Institute of Amsterdam, Netherlands&quot;]. ''kit.nl''. 25 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110626030156/http://kit.nl/-/INS/52859/Royal-Tropical-Institute Archived] from the original on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2001 til 2005, na she be de co-chair give de United Nations&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/en/ &quot;United Nations&quot;]. ''United Nations''. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Task Force give de Millennium Development Goals&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ &quot;Millennium Development Goals&quot;]. ''United Nations''. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Project give HIV/AIDS den Access to Essential Medicines, under de leadership of Jeffrey Sachs give de Secretary General of the United Nations.

for 2004 insyd, na she sanso serve for de Health Advisory Board give ''Time'' magazine.&lt;ref&gt;[https://content.time.com/time/press_releases/release10.06.pdf &quot;Time Magazine to Convene Leaders to Develop Solutions to Global Health Challenges&quot;] (PDF). ''Time''. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; She sit for de editorial board give de Public Library of Science.&lt;ref name=&quot;plos&quot;&gt;[https://www.plos.org/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''PLOS''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso serve for de United Nations Tracking and Accountability Working Group, wey na she dey co-chair plus Margaret Biggs (CIDA) plus Margaret Chan (WHO) wey she dey report give de Director General give de United Nations, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.Na She sanso be member give de Join Action Plan give Women's plus Children's Health for dat same year wey she be Member give de Innovation Working Group.

Na Binagwaho served as de Permanent Secretary&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025616/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f &quot;New Ministry of Health PS Takes Office&quot;]. ''Government of Rwanda''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025616/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f the original] on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; give de Ministry of Health for Rwanda for October 2008 go May 2011 den Executive Secretary give Rwanda dema National AIDS Control Commission for 2002 go 2008 insyd. For de time na she dey serve as de Executive Secretary give Rwanda dema National AIDS Control Commission for 2002 go 2008, na she sanso be de chair give de Rwandan Steering Committee give de United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).&lt;ref name=&quot;epa&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/pepfar/ &quot;The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief - United States Department of State %&quot;]. ''United States Department of State''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, na she dey responsible for de management of de World Bank MAP Project for Rwanda insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;map&quot;&gt;[https://maps.worldbank.org/ &quot;World Bank Maps&quot;]. ''maps.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

She sanso serve as de Minister of Health give Rwanda for May 2011 til July 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025616/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f &quot;NewMinistry of Health PS Takes Office&quot;]. ''Government of Rwanda''. Archived from [http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=333&amp;cHash=0781449e8dbb7bc16f924035c991976f the original] on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; For July 12, 2016 insyd, after she serve five years, Rwanda dema President Paul Kagame relieve am for ein duties.&lt;ref name=&quot;Government of Rwanda Official Letter&quot;&gt;[https://www.scribd.com/document/320266479/DOC-20160727-WA0000-1-copy-2 &quot;Government of Rwanda Official Letter&quot;]. ''Scribd''. Retrieved 4 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2013 go 2015 insyd, na she be member of de International Advisory Board give Lancet Global Health Journal.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/latestcontent &quot;Lancet Global Health Journal&quot;]. ''Lancet Global Health Journal''. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; She be Founding Board Member for de Tropical Institute give de Community Health and Development for Africa,&lt;ref name=&quot;tichd&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326030853/http://www.healthtraining.org/schools/kisumu.php Tropical Institute of the Community Health and Development in Africa]. Accessed 25 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey base for insyd Kisumu, Kenya. Additionally, na she serve for de advisory board give de Friends of the Global Fund Africa,&lt;ref name=&quot;fgfa&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240321173536/https://www.friends-africa.org/ &quot;friends-africa.org&quot;]. ''www.friends-africa.org''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Advisory Committee give de International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;iavi&quot;&gt;[https://www.iavi.org/Pages/home.aspx &quot;International AIDS Vaccine Initiative&quot;]. ''iavi.org''. 25 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629065305/http://www.iavi.org/Pages/home.aspx Archived] from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso serve for de International Strategic Advisory Board give de Institute of Global Health Innovation for Imperial College London&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imperial.ac.uk/global-health-innovation/ &quot;Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London&quot;]. ''Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London''. Imperial College London. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scribd.com/document/320366938/IGHI-Advisory-Board-Binagwaho-A &quot;IGHI Advisory Board Invitation Letter for Dr. Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. ''Scridb''. Private User. Retrieved 6 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;  In addition, she san serve as Advisory Committee Member give de Disease Control Priorities 3 (DCP3).&lt;ref&gt;[https://dcp-3.org/news/dcp3-advisory-committee-member-minister-agnes-binagwaho-honored-roux-prize &quot;Disease Control Priorities Advisory Committee Member: Dr. Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. ''Disease Control Priorities''. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Prof. Binagwaho be de former Vice Chancellor give de University of Global Health Equity (2017-2022).

== Ein Later career ==

=== Teaching ===
Since 2008, Binagwaho be senior lecturer for de Department of Global Health den Social Medicine for Harvard Medical School.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240318024508/https://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/agnes-binagwaho &quot;Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. January 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso be professor give de practice of global health delivery den professor of pediatrics give de University of Global Health Equity for Rwanda wey she be adjunct clinical professor of pediatrics for de Geisel School of Medicinefor Dartmouth.&lt;ref&gt;[https://geiselmed.dartmouth.edu/faculty/facultydb/view.php/?uid=5119 &quot;Agnes Binagwaho, MD – Faculty Expertise Database – Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, Professor Binagwaho dey serve as faculty affiliate give de Center for African Studies&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240318024508/https://africa.harvard.edu/home &quot;Harvard University Center for African Studies&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; for Harvard University insyd.

=== Oda activities ===
For 2019 insyd, Binagwaho join de Rockefeller Foundation board of trustees&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/profile/agnes-binagwaho/ &quot;Agnes Binagwaho&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; wey she cam turn member for de executive advisory board give de Wellcome Trust Global Monitor.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wellcome.org/sites/default/files/wellcome-global-monitor-2018.pdf &quot;Wellcome Global Monitor&quot;] (PDF). ''wellcome.org''. 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2022 insyd, she san cam turn member of de Global Advisory Board give de Economist Impact project on Confidence for Scientific Research, member give de community of trustees for Cummings Foundation&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cummingsfoundation.org/about/trustees.html &quot;Trustees &amp;#x7C; Cummings Foundation&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; den board member give de International Center for Research on Women.

Since 2010, Binagwaho serve as member give de Global Task Force as dem dey Expand Access give Cancer Care den Control for Developing Countries.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210517064805/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2411/2018/09/01_GTF-CCC_GTF-Members_05-10_13.pdf &quot;GTF CCC GTF Members&quot;] (PDF). ''harvard.edu''. 1 September 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Binagwaho san be member for de joint scientific committee wey dey in charge for de Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations/ China Ministry of Science and Technology.&lt;ref&gt;[https://cepi.net/ &quot;CEPI &amp;#x7C; New Vaccines For A Safer World&quot;]. ''CEPI''.&lt;/ref&gt; She san be member give de Africa Europe Strategy Group on Health&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.friendsofeurope.org/insights/africa-europe-foundation-call-for-action-on-vaccines/ &quot;Africa Europe Foundation call for action on vaccines&quot;]. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she san dey serve for de Women Leaders Network give de Africa Europe Foundation.

She be member for de Science Innovation Platform give Rwanda. She dey serve as de co-chair give de expert panel for de Commonwealth Road Safety Initiative.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.commonwealthrsi.org/ &quot;Commonwealth Road Safety Initiative&quot;]. ''Commonwealth Road Safety Initiative''.&lt;/ref&gt; She san dey serve as chair give de steering committee for Clearly Research Program. Since 2021, she dey serve as co-chair give de International Conference for Public Health for Africa insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240318024507/https://cphia2021.com/organization/ &quot;Organizing Committee&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso recently join de Scientific committee we dey organize de 5th Edition of de Forum Galien Afrique.

Binagwaho sanso dey serve as de co-chair give de Science &amp; Strategic Advisory Council (SSAC) give de International COVID-19 Data Research Alliance&lt;ref&gt;[https://icoda-research.org/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''ICODA - A globally coordinated, health data-led research response to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic''.&lt;/ref&gt; den co-chair give de Global Health and COVID-19 Task Force give de T20.&lt;ref&gt;[https://taskforce.org/ &quot;Taking on big problems and making real impact&quot;]. ''The Task Force for Global Health''.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2021, she be member for African Commission on COVID-19 give de [[African Union]]. Most recently, Professor Binagwaho join as advisor give de Stanford Research Coordinating Center so sey she go Support Climate Change den Health Community of Practice.

Binagwaho be member for de editorial board give de ''Health and Human Rights''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hhrjournal.org/about-hhr/editorial-board-and-terms-of-reference/ &quot;Editorial Board and Terms of Reference&quot;]. 16 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; plus de ''Health Economics and Management Review''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://armgpublishing.com/journals/hem/ &quot;Health Economics and Management Review &amp;#x7C; ArmgPublishing&quot;]. Retrieved 21 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso dey serve for de editorial team of ''Annals give Global Health''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.annalsofglobalhealth.org/about/editorialteam/ &quot;Annals of Global Health&quot;]. ''www.annalsofglobalhealth.org''.&lt;/ref&gt; plus de editorial board give de ''International Journal Of Health Policy And Management''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ijhpm.com/journal/editorial.board &quot;International Journal of Health Policy and Management - Editorial Board&quot;]. ''www.ijhpm.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2017, she dey for de editorial board give de ''East African health research journal''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eac.int/institutions/eahrc/ea-health-research-journal &quot;EA Health Research Journal&quot;]. ''www.eac.int''.&lt;/ref&gt; plus member for de editorial board give de ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.who.int/publications/journals/bulletin &quot;Bulletin of the World Health Organization&quot;]. ''www.who.int''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research den activism ==
Binagwaho ein studies den ein publications dey aim make e improve access wey go prevent, care den treat HIV/AIDS plus oda diseases. She dey speak frequently about significant role wey research play for de improvement give de health sector for ein country.&lt;ref&gt;News Releases (27 July 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240318024507/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/rwandas-health-minister-deliver-global-health-lecture-nih &quot;Rwanda's Health Minister to deliver global health lecture at NIH&quot;]. ''National Institutes of Health''. U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services. Retrieved 26 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ein PhD dissertation dey focus give de analysis for de opportunities wey children miss secof HIV affect dem so sey dem go fulfil dema human right to health.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160821003110/http://www.ur.ac.rw/sites/default/files/Final_AB_Dissertation_2014October_Submit.pdf &quot;Professor Agnes Binagwaho's PhD Dissertation: &quot;Children's Right to Health in the Context of the HIV Epidemic: The Case of Rwanda&quot;&quot;] (PDF). ''University of Rwanda''. Archived from [http://www.ur.ac.rw/sites/default/files/Final_AB_Dissertation_2014October_Submit.pdf the original] (PDF) on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

As na she dey serve as Minister of Health, Binagwaho launch series of online discussions thru Twitter for topics wey dey relate global health policy den Rwanda dema national health sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jan/04/saving-world-social-media-development-digital &quot;Saving the world through social media? How development is going digital &amp;#x7C; Maeve Shearlaw&quot;]. ''the Guardian''. 4 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; For ein tenure as Minister, Twitter users wey dey around Rwanda den de world join ein biweekly discussions using #MinisterMondays. For December 2011, na she partner plus de Rwandan-American ICT company Nyaruka so sey dem go allow Rwandans wey no get access Internet to contribute dema questions plus comments to #MinisterMondays discussions via SMS.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Minister_of_Health,_Dr._Agnes_Binagwaho.jpg|left|thumb|Binagwaho speaks at the NIH, October 2015.]]

== Ein Honors den awards ==
For 2013 insyd, na Binagwaho deliver de University College London Lancet Lecture Series. For 2015, na she be de Honorary David E. Barmes Global Health Lecturer&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fic.nih.gov/news/events/pages/barmes-lecture.aspx &quot;Rwandan Health Minister Dr Agnes Binagwaho presents Barmes Global Health Lecture at NIH&quot;]. ''National Institute of Health''. National Institute of Health, Fogarty International Center. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; thru de National Institutes of Health wey she present de lecture, &quot;David E. Barmes Global Health Lecture: Medical Research and Capacity Building for Development: The Experience of Rwanda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=16414&amp;bhcp=1 &quot;David E. Barmes Global Health Lecture: Medical Research and Capacity Building for Development: The Experience of Rwanda&quot;]. ''National Institute of Health''. National Institute of Health, Fogarty International Center. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 insyd, na she receive two awards: the 2015 Roux Prize&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.healthdata.org/roux-prize &quot;Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, Minister of Health of Rwanda, wins Roux Prize for using data to improve Rwandan health&quot;]. ''Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation''. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; thru de Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) so sey she go use de Global Burden of Disease Study data reduce infant mortality for Rwanda,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.healthdata.org/infographic/2015-roux-prize-winner &quot;2015 Roux Prize Winner&quot;]. ''Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation''. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Ronald McDonald House Charities Award of Excellence for ein contribution as she dey improve health give kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515034130/https://www.rmhc.org/awards-of-excellence-gala &quot;Award of Excellence&quot;]. ''Ronald McDonald House Charities''. Archived from [https://www.rmhc.org/awards-of-excellence-gala the original] on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem san name am among de 100 Most Influential African Women for 2020 den 2021 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231231152929/https://100women.avancemedia.org/agnesbinagwaho/ &quot;100Women | Avance Media | Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. Retrieved 16 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240422162327/https://avancemedia.org/avance-media-announces-2021-100-most-influential-african-women-list/ &quot;Avance Media &amp;#x7C; Avance Media announces 2021 100 Most Influential African Women list&quot;]. Retrieved 21 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Recently, she win de prize of L'ORÉAL-UNESCO give women for science international award for ein remarkable contribution towards de improvement give de Rwandan health system.&lt;ref&gt;[https://es.unesco.org/news/premio-loreal-unesco-mujer-y-ciencia-distingue-cinco-investigadoras-sus-trabajos-pioneros &quot;El Premio L'Oréal-UNESCO &quot;La Mujer y la Ciencia&quot; distingue a cinco investigadoras por sus trabajos pioneros en ciencias de la vida y el medio ambiente&quot;]. ''UNESCO''. 30 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

For ein role as co-chair give de first conference on public health for Africa,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240318024507/https://cphia2021.com/organization/ &quot;Organizing Committee&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; dem san award am say she achieve &quot;Global Health Leadership&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;@AfricaCDC (16 December 2021). [https://twitter.com/AfricaCDC/status/1471519026425778181 &quot;🎉 Congratulations to the recipients of our #CPHIA2021 awards, in well-deserved recognition of your leadership in gl...&quot;] (Tweet) &amp;#x2013; via Twitter.&lt;/ref&gt; More recently, dem san nominate am for de Apolitical's 100 Most Influential Academics for Government insyd&lt;ref&gt;[https://apolitical.co/list/en/apoliticals-100-most-influential-academics-in-government/#RecoveryfromCovid19GlobalHealth &quot;Apolitical's 100 Most Influential Academics in Government&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; for de policy area give &quot;Recovery from Covid-19 — Global Health&quot; plus dem san recognize am among de &quot;Standout voices in African Public Health&quot; for ein advocacy give ''Global health equity and social justice''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221005013941/https://harvardpublichealth.org/25-names-to-know-in-african-public-health/ &quot;Standout voices in African public health&quot;]. 12 May 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Publications ==
Binagwaho publish ova 240 peer-reviewed articles den book chapters.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dragnesbinagwahosblog.home.blog/ &quot;Dr. Agnes Binagwaho&quot;]. ''Dr. Agnes Binagwaho''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Rwandan pediatricians]]
[[Category:Women pediatricians]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Fellows of de African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College faculty]]
[[Category:National University of Rwanda alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Rwandan women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Rwandan politicians]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Rwanda]]
[[Category:21st-century Rwandan women]]
[[Category:Rwandan women activists]]
[[Category:University of Western Brittany alumni]]
[[Category:Université libre de Bruxelles alumni]]</text>
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    <title>2015 Accra floods</title>
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[[File:2015 Accra Floods Ghanaian Pidgin.ogg|2015 Accra Floods Ghanaian Pidgin]]

De '''2015 Accra floods''' be heavy rain wey fall, wey edey continuously dey cause flooding for [[Accra]] insyd, de largest city for [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyguideghana2&quot;&gt;Gomda, A.R. (3 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150706201925/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/rains-wash-accra/ &quot;Rains Wash Accra&quot;]. Daily Guide. Archived from [http://www.dailyguideghana.com/rains-wash-accra/ the original] on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; De rain start for 1 June 2015. Wey oda things wey sana cause dis flood be de improper planning give de settlement for Accra insyd, de gutters all choke wey e block de drainage system plus oda human factors. De flood sana cause heavy traffic for roads wey dey de city insyd. Plus e sana block commercial activities wey dey go on for da market insyd wey da flood sana trap workers for dema job top.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbcghana1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150605001927/http://gbcghana.com/1.4206905 &quot;Accra flooded following continuous Rainfall&quot;]. gbcghana.com. 2 June 2015. Archived from [http://gbcghana.com/1.4206905 the original] on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;citi1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150604203150/http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/03/floods-submerge-accra-for-the-umpteenth-time/ &quot;Floods submerge Accra for the umpteenth time&quot;]. citifmonline.com. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Alfred Oko Vanderpujie wey be Mayor give Accra, e describe de flood say ebe critical.&lt;ref name=&quot;graph1&quot;&gt;Baiocchi, Francisco (3 June 2015). [http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44117-chaos-reigns-as-accra-is-submerged-by-heavy-rains.html &quot;Chaos reigns as Accra is submerged by heavy rains&quot;]. www.graphic.com.gh. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; 25 people wey die directly for de flood insyd, wey petrol station explode, wey e kill like say 200 people add de 25 people wey die.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zee News&quot;&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/over-200-killed-in-ghana-gas-station-explosion_1607811.html &quot;Over 200 killed in Ghana gas station explosion&quot;]. Zee News. Retrieved 9 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33003673 &quot;Ghana petrol station inferno kills about 150 in Accra&quot;]. BBC. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Areas Wey De Flood Affect ==

=== Kaneshie ===
Kaneshie market plus ein surrounding drown wey na e prevent vehicles sey dem for move.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb1&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=360657 &quot;Kaneshie floods as cars submerge&quot;]. ghanaweb.com. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Graphic Road ===
De flood enter Graphic road wey be home give chaw automobile companies plus scrap dealers den oder mannas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/accra-taskforce-clears-unauthorized-structures-along-graphic-road/ &quot;Accra: Taskforce clears unauthorized structures along Graphic Road&quot;]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Esana flood Toyota Ghana plus Rana Motors dema showrooms wey e drown all dema products &lt;ref name=&quot;citi2&quot;&gt;Kai Lokko, Vivian (4 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150604203127/http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/04/accra-floods-hit-ghanas-automobile-industry/ &quot;Accra floods hit Ghana's automobile industry&quot;]. citifmonline.com. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tv31&quot;&gt;Afanyi Dadzie, Ebenezer (4 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150604203117/http://tv3network.com/all-news/markets/business/photo-the-impact-of-accra-s-floods-on-businesses-is-depicted-here.html &quot;Photo: The impact of Accra's floods on businesses is depicted here&quot;]. TV3 Ghana. Archived from [http://tv3network.com/all-news/markets/business/photo-the-impact-of-accra-s-floods-on-businesses-is-depicted-here.html the original] on 2015-06-04. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== GOIL fire ===
''Main article:'' [[2015 Accra explosion]]

For June 3,2015 insyd, na Goil fuel station wey dey near Kwame Nkrumah Interchange burn people plus vehicle wey dey de area as de fuel station blow.&lt;ref name=&quot;graph2&quot;&gt;Baiocchi, Francisco (4 June 2015). [http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44119-disaster-many-dead-in-fuel-station-fire.html &quot;UPDATE: Disaster! Many dead in fuel station fire&quot;]. www.graphic.com.gh. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; De fire sana burn forex bureau plus pharmacy wey dey near de fuel station.&lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150604222557/http://news.peacefmonline.com/pages/social/201506/243875.php &quot;Accra Floods: Over 80 People Dead In Goil Filling Station Fire&quot;]. peacefmonline.com. 4 June 2015. Archived from [http://news.peacefmonline.com/pages/social/201506/243875.php the original] on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem move over 200&lt;ref name=&quot;Zee News&quot; /&gt; people wey wound plus bodies go [[37 Military Hospital]]. De hospital later come announce sey dem no go fit accommodate more bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyguide1&quot;&gt;[http://www.dailyguideghana.com/accra-floods-more-than-100-feared-dead-after-explosion/ &quot;Accra floods: More than 100 feared dead after explosion&quot;]. Daily Guide. 4 June 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707115044/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/accra-floods-more-than-100-feared-dead-after-explosion/ Archived] from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indp&quot;&gt;O'Connor, Roisin (4 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190912070042/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/accra-floods-scores-of-people-dead-after-petrol-station-fire-in-ghanas-capital-city-10296123.html &quot;Accra floods: More than 70 people reported dead after petrol station fire in Ghana's capital city&quot;]. The Independent. Archived from [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/accra-floods-more-than-70-people-reported-dead-after-petrol-station-fire-in-ghanas-capital-city-10296123.html the original] on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem still dey search wetin cause de fire. 4 June 2015 be the day wey Mayor give Accra Alfred Vanderpujie, Korle Klottey wey be member of parliament, Nii Armah Ashitey plus President John Mahama visit de scence wey de incident happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;mjoy1&quot;&gt;Abass Daabu, Malik (4 June 2015). [http://myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-we-must-make-sure-this-doesnt-happen-again-mahama.php &quot;Floods: We must make sure this doesn't happen again - Mahama&quot;]. myjoyonline.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211805/http://myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-we-must-make-sure-this-doesnt-happen-again-mahama.php Archived] from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Response ==
Na [[John Mahama|Presido Mahama]] declare 3 days' national mourning give victims wey de flood plus explosion affect. Na de government sanso release GHC 60million make dem take support de victims.&lt;ref&gt;Gadugah, Nathan (4 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235229/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-mahama-declares-3-days-of-mourning.php &quot;Floods: Mahama declares 3 days of mourning&quot;]. Myjoyonline.com. Archived from [http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-mahama-declares-3-days-of-mourning.php the original] on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150606203950/http://gbcghana.com/1.4252722 &quot;President Mahama Announces 3-days of National Mourning &amp; 60 Million GH. Cedis to Support Flood Victims&quot;]. gbcghana.com. 4 June 2015. Archived from [http://gbcghana.com/1.4252722 the original] on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:History of Accra]]
[[Category:21st century for Accra insyd]]
[[Category:2015 floods]]
[[Category:2010s floods insyd Africa]]
[[Category:2015 insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:2015 disasters insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:21st century insyd Accra]]
[[Category:Floods insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>2015 Accra explosion</title>
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For June 3, 2015 insyd, na fire plus explosion occur for petrol station wey dey Ghana ein capital city Accra insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/over-200-killed-in-ghana-gas-station-explosion_1607811.html &quot;Over 200 killed in Ghana gas station explosion&quot;]. Zee News. Retrieved 8 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33003673 &quot;Ghana petrol station inferno kills at least 150 in Accra&quot;]. ''BBC''. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/scores-dead-blast-petrol-station-ghana-accra-150604071414860.html &quot;78 killed in blast at petrol station in Ghana's Accra&quot;]. ''Al Jazeera''. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ghana-blast-idUSKBN0OK0KA20150604 &quot;Blast at Ghana petrol station kills about 90 people&quot;]. Reuters. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Explosion ==
Na dem dey use de Goil station, near Kwame Nkrumah Interchange&lt;ref&gt;Baiocchi, Francisco (4 June 2015). [http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/44119-disaster-many-dead-in-fuel-station-fire.html &quot;UPDATE: Disaster! Many dead in fuel station fire&quot;]. www.graphic.com.gh. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey downtown area as shelter if heavy rain anaa flood&lt;ref&gt;Faith Karimi and Chris Lett (5 June 2015). [http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/05/africa/ghana-explosion-floods/index.html &quot;Ghana gas station blast kills those fleeing flooding - CNN.com&quot;]. ''CNN''.&lt;/ref&gt; dey happen for de city insyd plus na chaw mannas park dema cars den buses dey wait make dey leave go dema destination as de explosion happen. Mannas dey believe sey ebe de fuel tanks wey cause de explosion but dem no sheda get evidence make dem take back am.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; Na 96 people wey dey take shelter for de station before de explosion kill dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

Secof de flooding, na de water cam mix plus de fuel. So as de tank explode, de water exacerbate den spread de fire enter de nearest buildings wey e kill chaw citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; Na de flood make am difficult make to rescue people.&lt;ref&gt;Nossiter, Adam (5 June 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/world/africa/ghana-accra-gas-station-explosion-flooding.html &quot;Gas Station Explosion in Ghana's Capital Kills Around 100&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33003673 &quot;Ghana petrol station inferno kills scores in Accra&quot;]. ''BBC''. 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem carry chaw bodies go [[37 Military Hospital]], ein be de largest specialist hospital for Ghana insyd to de extend sey na de morgue cam make full.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyguide1&quot;&gt;[http://www.dailyguideghana.com/accra-floods-more-than-100-feared-dead-after-explosion/ &quot;Accra floods: More than 100 feared dead after explosion&quot;]. Daily Guide. 4 June 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150707115044/http://www.dailyguideghana.com/accra-floods-more-than-100-feared-dead-after-explosion/ Archived] from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indp&quot;&gt;O'Connor, Roisin (4 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190912070042/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/accra-floods-scores-of-people-dead-after-petrol-station-fire-in-ghanas-capital-city-10296123.html &quot;Accra floods: More than 70 people reported dead after petrol station fire in Ghana's capital city&quot;]. The Independent. Archived from [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/accra-floods-more-than-70-people-reported-dead-after-petrol-station-fire-in-ghanas-capital-city-10296123.html the original] on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions ==

* Ghana ein presido [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] go de site wey dey explosion happen den give 3 days mourning make dem take mourn dema de lives wey dem lose. Na esana authorize GHC 60 million ($14.5 million) recovery fund give those wey de explosion affect.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gadugah, Nathan (4 June 2015). [http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-mahama-declares-3-days-of-mourning.php &quot;Floods: Mahama declares 3 days of mourning&quot;]. Myjoyonline.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235229/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/June-4th/floods-mahama-declares-3-days-of-mourning.php Archived] from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150606203950/http://gbcghana.com/1.4252722 &quot;President Mahama Announces 3-days of National Mourning &amp; 60 Million GH. Cedis to Support Flood Victims&quot;]. gbcghana.com. 4 June 2015. Archived from [http://gbcghana.com/1.4252722 the original] on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 6 June 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Presido Mahama stated that he would start to push for legislation to prevent building on waterways in order to prevent such accidents from happening again.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; Na de incident worse pass de disaster wey happen den crush 127 people for de Accra Sports Stadium insyd during de match wey happen for 2001 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;
* De Cardinal Secretary of State wey dem dey call Pietro Cardinal Parolin send telegram message give de Right Reverend Joseph Osei-Bonsu wey be President give de Ghana Bishop's Conference make e take console de victims wey de explosion affect, for Pope Francis ein name insyd.

&lt;blockquote&gt;De Holy Father send ein heart felt condolences give de authorities plus de entire nation people wey lost dema relatives to de explosion wey happen for de Fuel station insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/06/05/0432/00955.html &quot;Il cordoglio del Santo Padre per il devastante incidente in una stazione di servizio ad Accra (Ghana)&quot;]. ''vatican.va''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:21st century for Accra insyd]]
[[Category:2015 insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Explosions insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Explosions insyd 2015]]
[[Category:2015 disasters insyd Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Dani Rodrik</title>
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'''Dani Rodrik''' (born August 14, 1957) be Turkish economist den Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at de John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Na he be formerly de Albert O. Hirschman Professor of de Social Sciences at de Institute for Advanced Study insyd Princeton, New Jersey. He publish widely insyd de areas of international economics, economic development, den political economy. De question of wat dey constitute good economic policy den why sam governments be more successful dan odas wey dey adopt am be de center of ein research. Ein works dey include ''Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science'' and ''The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy''. He sanso be joint editor-in-chief of de academic journal ''Global Policy.''&lt;ref&gt;Staff writer. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/17585899/homepage/editorialboard.html &quot;Editorial Board&quot;]. ''Global Policy''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biography ==
Rodrik dey descend from a family of Sephardic Jews.&lt;ref&gt;Uchitelle, Louis (30 January 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/business/worldbusiness/30trade.html?ex=1327813200&amp;en=b09c1256f811eb09&amp;ei=5088 &quot;Economist Wants Business and Social Aims to Be in Sync (Published 2007)&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt;

After he graduate from Robert College insyd Istanbul,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime(5MB).pdf Turkishtime Article (insyd Turkish)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070719235032/http://www.cosgel.uconn.edu/Publications/Turkishtime%285MB%29.pdf Archived] 2007-07-19 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt; he obtain A.B. degree (summa cum laude) insyd Government den Economics from Harvard College insyd 1979. He then earn M.P.A. degree (plus distinction) from Princeton School of Public den International Affairs insyd 1981 den Ph.D. degree insyd Economics from Princeton University insyd 1985, plus de thesis dem title ''Studies on the Welfare Theory of Trade and Exchange-rate Policy''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210120045027/https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/dani_rodrik_resume.pdf Curriculum Vitae Dani Rodrik] - website Hardard University&lt;/ref&gt;

== Publications dem select ==

* Rodrik, Dani (2017). ''Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane Economy''. Princeton University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0691177847|978-0691177847]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Rodrik, Dani (2015). ''Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science''. Norton &amp; Company, Inc. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24641-4|978-0-393-24641-4]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Rodrik, Dani (2011). ''[[iarchive:globalizationpar00rodr_0|The Globalization Paradox]]''. Norton &amp; Company, Inc. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07161-0|978-0-393-07161-0]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Rodrik, Dani (2007). ''One Economics, Many Recipes''. Princeton University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12951-8|978-0-691-12951-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* McMillan, Margaret; Horn, Karen; Rodrik, Dani (2004). &quot;When Economic Reform Goes Wrong: Cashews in Mozambique&quot;. ''Brookings Trade Forum 2003'': 97–165.
* Rodrik, Dani, ed. (2003). ''In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth''. Princeton University Press. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09268-3|978-0-691-09268-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Rodrik, Dani (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191226060629/http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF &quot;The Global Governance of Trade As If Development Really Mattered&quot;] (PDF). ''UNDP''. Archived from [http://system2.net/ukpgh/wp-content/uploads/rodrikgovernance.PDF the original] (PDF) on 2019-12-26.
* Rodrik, Dani (1999). ''[[iarchive:isbn_9781565170278|The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work]]''. Overseas Development Council. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-56517-027-8|978-1-56517-027-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.
* Rodrik, Dani (1997). ''[[iarchive:hasglobalization00rodr|Has Globalization Gone Too Far?]]''. Institute for International Economics. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-88132-241-5|978-0-88132-241-5]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

== References ==

[[Category:Living people]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
'''Dani Rodrik''' at Wikipedia ein sisto projects

* [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[commons:Category:Dani_Rodrik|Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Basshunter?uselang=gpe|16x16px]] [[wikiquote:Dani_Rodrik|Wikiquote]] (en)
* [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383541|16x16px]] [[wikidata:Q559838|Wikidata]]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170126150704/http://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/ Dani Rodrik's home page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241110095049/https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/research-papers Dani Rodrik's latest research]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191219012516/https://rodrik.typepad.com/ Dani Rodrik's weblog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111011073613/http://www.project-syndicate.org/series/roads_to_prosperity/description &quot;Roads to Prosperity&quot;] Dani Rodrik's op-ed column for Project Syndicate
* Roberts, Russ (April 11, 2011). [http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/dani_rodrik/ &quot;Rodrik on Globalization, Development, and Employment&quot;]. ''EconTalk''. Library of Economics and Liberty.

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization writers]]
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]
[[Category:Robert College alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty]]
[[Category:Trade economists]]
[[Category:Academics wey komot Istanbul]]
[[Category:Turkish expatriates insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Turkish Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century Turkish economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Turkish economists]]
[[Category:Social Science Research Council]]
[[Category:Peterson Institute for International Economics]]
[[Category:American academics of Turkish descent]]
[[Category:Academics of de London School of Economics]]</text>
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    <title>Ahmed Sékou Touré</title>
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'''Ahmed Sékou Touré''' (var. '''Sheku Turay''' anaa '''Ture'''; N'Ko: {{lang|nqo|ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ}}; 9 January 1922 – 26 March 1984) na he be a Guinean political leader den African statesman wey na he be de first presido of Guinea from 1958 til ein death insyd 1984. Na Touré be among de primary Guinean nationalists wey be involved in gaining independence of de country from [[France]]. He later go die insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1984.

A devout Muslim wey komot de Mandinka ethnic group, na Sékou Touré be de great-grandson of de powerful Mandinka Muslim cleric Samori Ture wey na he establish an independent Islamic polity insyd part of West Africa. Insyd 1960, na he declare ein Democratic Party of Guinea (''Parti démocratique de Guinée'', PDG) de legal party per insyd de state, wey he rule from then on as a virtual dictator. Na dem re-elect am unopposed to four seven-year terms insyd de absence of any legal opposition. Under ein rule na dem kill chaw people, most notably at Camp Boiro.

== Kiddie time den family background ==

[[File:Almamy_Samory_Touré.jpg|left|thumb|Samori Ture, na Touré ein great-grandpoppie be de founder of de Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state insyd present-day Guinea wey resist French colonial rule insyd West Africa from 1882 til ein capture insyd 1898.]]

Na dem born Sékou Touré on 9 January 1922, into a Muslim family insyd Faranah, French Guinea, a [[French West Africa|colony]] of [[France]]. Faranah be a town deep insyd Guinea wey situate on de banks of de Niger River. Na he be one of seven kiddies dem born to Alpha Touré den Aminata Touré, wey dem be subsistence farmers.&lt;ref name=&quot;The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Magill|first=Frank N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiQAaGgOChIC&amp;q=Aminata+Tour%C3%A9+born&amp;pg=PA3711|title=The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8|date=5 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-74060-5|page=3711}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na he be an aristocratic member of de Mandinka ethnic group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Augui1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Radio-kankan - la première radio internet de guinée !!!|url=http://www.radio-kankan.com|website=www.radio-kankan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein great-grandpoppie be Samori Ture (Samory Touré), a noted Muslim Mandinka king wey found de Wassoulou Empire (1861–1890) insyd de territory of Guinea den Mali, wey dey defeat chaw small African states plus ein large, professionally organized den equipped army. Na he resist French colonial rule til ein capture insyd 1898, wey he die while dem hold am in exile insyd Gabon.&lt;ref&gt;Webster, James &amp; Boahen, Adu (1980), ''The Revolutionary Years; West Africa Since 1800'', p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ein poppie Alpha Touré be originally from de French Sudan (now [[Mali]]), wey na he migrate to de traditional gold mining town of Siguiri plus ein bros. Na he eventually continue to Kankan, Kouroussa, Kissidougou, den then he settle insyd Faranah. Na Aminata no be ein first wifey. Na she bear three babies, wey dey include Sékou den a bro wey die insyd childhood, wey na she die giving birth to a third kiddie, a girl dem name Nounkoumba. Na Sékou ein birth supposedly coincide plus an omen - na dem bring a baby elephant to Faranah wey na dem present am to de French colonial authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''ߊߤߊߡߍߘ ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ'' (in Malinke). p. 218.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Sékou Touré attend de École Coranique (Qur'anic school) insyd ein hometown den later a French lower-primary school insyd Kankan. Na he allegedly fail de exams to enter de École normale supérieure William Ponty secof he refuse make he wrep an essay critical of ein ancestor Samori Toure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Na he enrol insyd de Georges Poiret Technical College insyd Conakry insyd 1936 buh na dem expel am less dan a year later at de age of 15 for leading a student protest against de quality of chow wey na he quickly cam be involved insyd labor union activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8&quot;/&gt; During ein youth, na Touré study de works of Karl Marx den Vladimir Lenin, among odas.

== Death ==
Na Touré die of an apparent heart attack on 26 March 1984 while na he dey undergo cardiac treatment insyd de [[United States]], at de Cleveland Clinic insyd Cleveland, Ohio, for emergency heart surgery;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 March 1984|title=AHMED SEKOU TOURE, GUINEAN PRESIDENT, 62, DIES|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/27/obituaries/ahmed-sekou-toure-guinean-president-62-dies-conakry-guinea-march-26-upi.html|access-date=8 November 2024|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/28/obituaries/ahmed-sekou-toure-a-radical-hero.html|title=Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero|last=Pace|first=Eric|date=28 March 1984|work=The New York Times|access-date=8 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dem rush am to de United States after na e stricke am insyd [[Saudi Arabia]] de previous day. Touré ein tomb dey for de Camayanne Mausoleum, wey be situated within de gardens of de Grand Mosque of Conakry.

== Awards den honours ==

=== Foreign awards den honours ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:90px;&quot; |Ribbon
! style=&quot;width:350px;&quot; |Distinction
! style=&quot;width:120px;&quot; |Country
! style=&quot;width:120px;&quot; |Date
!Reference
|-
|[[File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Grand Cross of de Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |West Germany
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |1959
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=William Glenn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlkIBXM7yNYC&amp;dq=%22Bundesverdienstkreuz%22%20%22s%C3%A9kou%20tour%C3%A9%22&amp;pg=PA108|title=Germany's Cold War. The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949-1969|date=2003|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-2758-1|location=Chapel Hill &amp; London|page=108|access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_3_tridy_BAR.svg|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Collar of de Order of the White Lion
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Czechoslovakia
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |30 November 1959
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech|url=http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053|publisher=vyznamenani.net|date=1959|access-date=29 August 2021|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990|url=https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf|access-date=5 May 2025|publisher=Archivu Kanceláře prezidenta republiky|page=130|language=cs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Order_of_the_Yugoslavian_Great_Star_Rib.png|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Yugoslavia
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |7 January 1961
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=9 January 1961 |title=Predsjednik Republike Gvineje Seku Ture doputovao u Ljubljanu |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=239173 |journal=Slobodna Dalmacija |language=hr |issue=4944 |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Lenin Peace Prize
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Soviet Union
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |30 April 1961
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Castro Wins Reds' Lenin Peace Prize|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&amp;dat=19610501&amp;id=-DIjAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=GIoFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2463,44084|access-date=6 May 2025|work=Schenectady Gazette|date=1 May 1961}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Grand Cross of de Legion of Honour
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |France
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |20 December 1978
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U7bNz0x6UEC|title=Visite d'état du Président Valéry Giscard d'Estaing en République Populaire Révolutionnaire de Guinée, 20 au 22 décembre 1978|date=1979|publisher=Parti-État de Guinée|location=Conakry|page=32|access-date=17 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:ESP_Order_of_Civil_Merit_-_Collar.svg|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Collar of de Order of Civil Merit
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Spain
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |10 May 1979
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Real Decreto 1427/1979, de 10 de mayo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil al Excelentísimo Señor Ahmed Sekou Touré, Presidente de la República Popular y Revolucionaria de Guinea.|url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1979/06/16/|publisher=Gobierno de España|date=10 May 1979|access-date=29 August 2021|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_(ribbon_bar).gif|80x80px]]
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |Supreme Companion of de Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |[[South Africa]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; |16 June 2004
(posthumously)
| style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2004 National Orders awards|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/nationalorders2004.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204092331/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/nationalorders2004.htm|archive-date=4 February 2016|access-date=8 July 2021|website=southafrica.info|publisher=Brand SA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==Works by Touré (partial)==
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. ''8 novembre 1964'' (Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)
* ''A propos du Sahara Occidental : intervention du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant le 17&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; sommet de l'OUA, Freetown, le 3 juillet 1980''. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
* Address of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of the Republic of Guinee [''sic'']: suggestions submitted during the West Africa consultative regional meeting held at Conakry, during 19 and 20 November 1971. (Cairo : Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)
* ''Afrika and imperialism''. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
* ''Conférences, discours et rapports,'' Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958–)
* Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général des travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Conakry, 15–18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine. (Paris) : Présence africaine, c1959.
* Discours de Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil de Gouvernement des 28 juillet et 25 aout 1958, de Monsieur Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de l'Assemblée territoriale et du Général de Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement de la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française, (1958)
* Doctrine and methods of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
* Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine. Paris, Présence africaine (1959)

* ''Guinée-Festival / commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére''. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
* ''Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara)'' Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
* ''Hommage à la révolution Cubaine ; Message du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain à l'occasion du 20&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973)''. Conakry : Bureau de Presse de la Presidence de la Republique, (1975).
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic action of the Democratic Party of Guinea; extracts from the report on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Conference of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press, 1962)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Opening speech of the Summit of Heads of State and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of the Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poèmes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1964
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as the representative of a culture. (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)
* Ahmed Sékou Touré. ''Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne''. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972)
* ''Rapport de doctrine et de politique générale'', Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
* ''Strategy and tactics of the revolution'', Conakry, Guinea : Press Office, 1978.
* ''Unité nationale'', Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P. 1005, Conakry, République de Guinée) : Bureau de presse de la Présidence de la République, 1977.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
=== Sources ===
* Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African'', &quot;Ahmed Sékou Touré,&quot; pp.&amp;nbsp;1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999). {{ISBN|0-465-00071-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Camara |first1=Mohamed Saliou |title=Political History of Guinea since World War Two. |date=2014 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4331-2243-9}}
* Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. ''Encyclopedia of Black Studies''. Sage Publications (2005) {{ISBN|0-7619-2762-X}}
* (insyd French) Ibrahima Baba Kake. ''Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran''. Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
* Lansiné Kaba. &quot;From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984;&quot; in ''Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960–1980''. Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
* Phineas Malinga. [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/histoire/malinga/pmalinga.html &quot;Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181022150925/http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/histoire/malinga/pmalinga.html Archived] 2018-10-22 at the Wayback Machine
* Baruch Hirson. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/hirson/1989/clr-james.htm &quot;The Misdirection of C.L.R. James&quot;], ''Communalism and Socialism in Africa,'' 1989.
* John Leslie. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1960/xx/africansoc.htm Towards an African socialism], ''International Socialism'' (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp.&amp;nbsp;15–19.
* (insyd French) Alpha Mohamed Sow, &quot;Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)&quot;, in ''Les ethnies ont une histoire,'' Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp.&amp;nbsp;386–405, Karthala Editions (2003) {{ISBN|2-84586-389-6}}
* Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's [[:fr:Ahmed Sékou Touré]].

; News articles

* &quot;New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea&quot; By Thomas F. Brady, ''The New York Times''. May 2, 1959, p.&amp;nbsp;2
* Guinea Shuns Tie to World Blocs; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By John B. Oakes, ''The New York Times,'' October 25, 1959, p.&amp;nbsp;16,
* Red Aid to Guinea Rises By Homer Bigart, ''The New York Times''. March 6, 1960, p.&amp;nbsp;4
* Henry Tanner. Regime in Guinea Seizes 2 Utilities; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, ''The New York Times''. February 2, 1961, Thursday, p.&amp;nbsp;3
* Toure Says Reds Plotted a Coup; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), ''The New York Times''. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, p.&amp;nbsp;14
* Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Gui'nea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam, July 8, 1962, Sunday ''The New York Times Magazine'', p.&amp;nbsp;146
* Guinea Relaxes Business Curbs; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), ''The New York Times'', December 8, 1963, Sunday p.&amp;nbsp;24
* U.S. Peace Corps Ousted by Guinea; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By Richard Eder, ''The New York Times'', November 9, 1966, Wednesday, p.&amp;nbsp;11
* Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, ''The New York Times'', January 26, 1968, Friday, p.&amp;nbsp;52

* Alfred Friendly Jr. Toure Adopting a Moderate Tone; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. ''The New York Times''. April 28, 1968, Sunday, p.&amp;nbsp;13
* Ebb of African 'Revolution', ''The New York Times'', December 7, 1968, Saturday p.&amp;nbsp;46
* Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), ''The New York Times'', January 16, 1969, Thursday p.&amp;nbsp;10
* Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), ''The New York Times'', March 22, 1969, Saturday p.&amp;nbsp;14
* 12 Foes of Regime Doomed in Guinea, ''The New York Times'', May 16, 1969, Friday p.&amp;nbsp;2
* Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea (Associated Press), ''The New York Times'', November 23, 1970, Monday, p.&amp;nbsp;1
* Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, ''The New York Times'', November 29, 1970, Sunday, p.&amp;nbsp;194
* Guinean is Adamant On Death Sentences, ''The New York Times'', January 29, 1971, Friday. p.&amp;nbsp;3
* Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; Guinea is Seeking Help On Bauxite, ''The New York Times'', February 15, 1971, Monday Section: Business and Finance, p.&amp;nbsp;34
* Political Ferment Hurts Guinea, ''The New York Times'', January 31, 1972, Monday Section: Survey of Africa's Economy, p.&amp;nbsp;46
* Guinean, in Total Reversal, Asks More U.S. Investment by Bernard Weinraub, ''The New York Times'', July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 5
* Guinea is Slowly Breaking Out of Its Tight Cocoon by Alan Cowell, ''The New York Times'', December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3

* In Revolutionary Guinea, Some of the Fire is Gone by Alan Cowell, ''The New York Times'', December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
* Guinea's president, Sekou Toure, Dies in Cleveland Clinic by Clifford D. May, ''The New York Times'', Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A1, Col. 1
* Thousands Mourn Death of Toure by Clifford D. May, ''The New York Times'', March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 1
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/28/obituaries/ahmed-sekou-toure-a-radical-hero.html Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero] by Eric Pace, ''The New York Times'', Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A6, Col. 1
* In Post-Coup Guinea, a Jail is Thrown Open. Clifford D. May. ''The New York Times'', April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p.A1, Col. 4
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D91E39F93AA15750C0A962948260&amp;scp=21&amp;sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;st=nyt Topics; How to Run Things, Or Ruin Them], ''The New York Times'', March 29, 1984.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/07/world/guinea-airport-opens-capital-appears-calm.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=88&amp;st=nyt Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm], ''The New York Times'', April 7, 1984.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/03/world/guinea-frees-toure-s-widow.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=4&amp;st=nyt Guinea Frees Toure's Widow], (Reuters), ''The New York Times'', January 3, 1988.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/28/world/how-france-shaped-new-africa.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=49&amp;st=nyt How France Shaped New Africa], Howard W. French, ''The New York Times'', February 28, 1995.

* [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/weekinreview/conversations-kwame-ture-formerly-stokely-carmichael-still-ready-for-revolution.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=41&amp;st=nyt Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution], Karen DeWitt, ''The New York Times'', April 14, 1996.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/us/stokely-carmichael-rights-leader-who-coined-black-power-dies-at-57.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=44&amp;st=nyt Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57], Michael T. Kaufman, ''The New York Times'', November 16, 1998.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2348561.stm 'Mass graves' found in Guinea]. BBC, 22 October 2002.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/books/stokely-speaks.html?sq=Sekou+Toure&amp;scp=39&amp;st=nyt Stokely Speaks] (Book Review), Robert Weisbrot, ''The New York Times Review of Books'', November 23, 2003

; Oda secondary sources

* Graeme Counsel. [http://afsaap.org.au/ARAS/2004-volume-26/ &quot;Popular music and politics in Sékou Touré's Guinea&quot;. ''Australasian Review of African Studies''. 26 (1), pp. 26–42. 2004]
* Jean-Paul Alata. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032224/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/alata_jp/prison_afrique/tdm.html Prison d'Afrique]

* Jean-Paul Alata. [http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/alata_jp/interview_1977/interview_77.html Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180113012132/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/alata_jp/interview_1977/interview_77.html Archived] 2018-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032325/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/affaire_alata/tdm.html L'affaire Alata]
* Ladipo Adamolekun. &quot;Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building&quot;. Methuen (August 1976). {{ISBN|0-416-77840-2}}
* Koumandian Kéita. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141118020945/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/koumandian_keita/ecole_dictature/tdm.html Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature.] Nubia (1984).
* Ibrahima Baba Kaké. [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/histoire/ibkake/heros_tyran/tdm.html Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran.] Jeune Afrique, Paris (1987)
* Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141125221821/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/portos/verite_ministre/tdm.html La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré.] (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). {{ISBN|978-2-7021-1390-5}}
* Kaba Camara 41. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225075816/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/kaba41/cabel.html Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré : cela a bien eu lieu.]

* Kindo Touré. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026013322/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/kindo_toure/unique_survivant/tdm.html Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba]
* Adolf Marx. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032328/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/marx_adolf/tdm.html Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.]
* Ousmane Ardo Bâ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032009/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/ardho/sinistre_geole/tdm.html Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré.] Harmattan, Paris (1986) {{ISBN|978-2-85802-649-4}}
* Mahmoud Bah. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026031914/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/mahmoud_bah/tdm.html Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré]
* Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141224082346/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/tchidimbo/huit_ans_captivite/tdm.html Noviciat d'un évêque : huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.]
* Amadou Diallo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032110/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/amadou_diallo/mort_telli_diallo/tdm.html La mort de Telli Diallo]
* Almamy Fodé Sylla. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141226093258/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/almamy_fode_sylla/itineraire_sanglant/sommaire.html L'Itinéraire sanglant]

* Comité Telli Diallo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180212135000/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/comite_diallo_telli/ontue.html J'ai vu : on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry] Archived 2018-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Alsény René Gomez. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026031800/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/gomez_alseny/parler_perir/sommaire.html Parler ou périr]
* Sako Kondé. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141101071338/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/sako_konde/temps_fripouilles/tdm.html Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles]

* André Lewin. [http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/index.html Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180314002404/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/index.html Archived] 2018-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Camara Laye. [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/camara_laye/dramouss/tdm.html Dramouss] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164659/http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/camara_laye/dramouss/tdm.html Archived] 2018-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Dr. Thierno Bah. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032219/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/drthiernobah/combat_guinee/tdm.html Mon combat pour la Guinée]
* Nadine Bari. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032007/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/nadine/grain_sable/tdm.html Grain de sable]
* Nadine Bari. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032235/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/nadine/noces_absence/tdm.html Noces d'absence]
* Nadine Bari. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032120/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/nadine/chroniques/tdm.html Chroniques de Guinée (1994)]

* Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
* Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026032321/http://www.campboiro.org/bibliotheque/maurice_jeanjean/totalitarisme/tdm.html Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain]
* Collectif Jeune Afrique. [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/sekou_toure/ce-quil-fut/sommaire.html Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.]
* Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
* Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
* Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957–1984
* Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
* Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime : lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand
* Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré : quarante ans de dictature
* Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir : l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717070848/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19590216,00.html 1959 ''Time'' magazine cover story about Sékou Touré]
* [http://www.webguinee.net/sekou_toure/index.html WebGuinee – Sekou Toure] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180318062044/http://www.webguinee.net/sekou_toure/index.html Archived] 2018-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260510104325/http://www.campboiro.org/ Camp Boiro Memorial]. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070217051051/http://www.sekoutoure.com/ More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1495000/audio/_1496734_guinea_sekoutoure.ram BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule] (1959).
* [https://archive.today/20070715112632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&amp;l=1&amp;t=1&amp;c_country=44 Conflict history: Guinea], 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.
* [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche.asp?num_dept=7111 1st page on the French National Assembly website]
* [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/toure-sekou-09011922.asp 2nd page on the French National Assembly website]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toure, Ahmed Sekou}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Guinean people]]
[[Category:People wey komot Faranah]]
[[Category:People of French West Africa]]
[[Category:Mandinka]]
[[Category:Guinean Muslims]]
[[Category:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Guinea]]
[[Category:Deputies of de 3rd National Assembly of de French Fourth Republic]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament for French West Africa]]
[[Category:Guinean pan-Africanists]]
[[Category:Muslim socialists]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Lenin Peace Prize]]
[[Category:Collars of de Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of de Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of de Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Burials insyd Guinea]]
[[Category:Politicide perpetrators]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ellen 'Maposholi Molapo</title>
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'''Ellen 'Maposholi Molapo''' be Mosotho politician. She be de first woman wey play big role for Lesotho politics, den she be de first female wey enter Parliament when dem appoint am go Senate for 1965.

== Biography ==
During de 1950s, Molapo dey live for Newclare area insyd Johannesburg, where she be member for Garment Workers Union den she turn activist for African National Congress.&lt;ref&gt;Gail M. Gerhart (1977) ''From Protest to Challenge a Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882-1964: Challenge and Violence 1953-1964'', p372&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MSS&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shanguhyia |first=Martin S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUJJDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA177 |title=The Palgrave Handbook of African Colonial and Postcolonial History |last2=Falola |first2=Toyin |date=2018-01-28 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-59426-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After she attend de first conference of de Basutoland Congress Party (BCP),&lt;ref name=&quot;ME2&quot;&gt;Marc Epprecht (1992) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240427005058/https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/55320/NN80122.PDF?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y Women, Class and Politics in Colonial Lesotho, 1930-1965]'', pp345–346&lt;/ref&gt; she start dey campaign for de party among Basutoland people wey dey work for Transvaal, den she become de first woman wey enter de party ein leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;ME&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Epprecht |first=Marc |date=1995 |title=Women's 'Conservatism' and the Politics of Gender in Late Colonial Lesotho |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/183253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=29–56 |issn=0021-8537}}&lt;/ref&gt; She join Pan Africanist Congress too, den dem elect am as treasurer.&lt;ref&gt;''Suid-Afrikaanse Hofverslae'', volume 4, p321&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 1960, she lef BCP after she get wahala plus de party ein leader Ntsu Mokhehle. She plus some PAC leaders dem take dem go court for South Africa for 1961 say dem dey run illegal organisation, den Molapo get twelve-month jail sentence. De next year, South African authorities deport am. After dat, she join Marematlou Freedom Party wey ein brother Seth Matotoko dey lead — dem two live together when she dey South Africa. For campaign rallies, she dey overshadow Matotoko plus ein strong talk den songs, den people see am as one of de party ein most powerful campaigners. Insyd April 1965, dem appoint am go Senate, den she become de first woman wey enter Parliament for de country.&lt;ref&gt;Mart Martin (2000) ''The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics'', p229&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Molapo, Ellen}}
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Lesotho people]]
[[Category:Lesotho women insyd politics]]
[[Category:Lesotho expatriates insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Basutoland Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Marematlou Freedom Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of de Senate (Lesotho)]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Specific social phobia</title>
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      <text bytes="2850" sha1="4nwbr6c4xc9kvoz03blcsyp9545unix" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Mental health professionals often distinguish between generalized [[Social anxiety disorder|social phobia]] den '''specific social phobia'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;crozier&quot;&gt;Crozier, W. Ray; Alden, Lynn E. ''International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness''. New York John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd. (UK), 2001. {{ISBN|0-471-49129-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; People plus generalized social phobia get great distress insyd a wide range of social situations. Those plus specific social phobia fi experience anxiety per insyd a few situations.&lt;ref name=&quot;crozier&quot; /&gt; De term &quot;specific social phobia&quot; sanso fi refer to specific forms of non-clinical [[social anxiety]].

De most common specific social phobia be glossophobia (de fear of public speaking) den stage fright (de fear of performance). Odas dey include [[Fear of intimacy|fears of intimacy]] anaa sexual encounters, using public restrooms (paruresis), attending social gatherings, using telephones, den dealing plus authority figures.

Specific social phobia fi be classified into performance fears den interaction fears, i.e., fears of acting insyd a social setting den interacting plus oda people, respectively. De cause of social phobia no be definite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Carla A. |last2=Chavira |first2=Denise A. |last3=Stein |first3=Murray B. |date=2009 |title=Recent Findings in Social Phobia among Children and Adolescents |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=34–44 |issn=0333-7308 |pmc=2925835 |pmid=19728571}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Symptoms of social phobia fi occur insyd late adolescence wen youths highly dey value de impressions dem give off to dema peers. Clinical experience of de prognosis of social phobia dey show say e fi prolong for chaw years buh dat e dey improve by mid life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=de Lijster |first1=Jasmijn M. |last2=Dierckx |first2=Bram |last3=Utens |first3=Elisabeth M.W.J. |last4=Verhulst |first4=Frank C. |last5=Zieldorff |first5=Carola |last6=Dieleman |first6=Gwen C. |last7=Legerstee |first7=Jeroen S. |date=April 2017 |title=The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.1177/0706743716640757 |issn=0706-7437 |pmc=5407545 |pmid=27310233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250819120418/https://nardil.org/ Nardil.org] - Information on drug treatment for people with social anxiety and depression
* [http://www.adaa.org/ Anxiety Disorders Association of America] - Help for people with anxiety disorders, including social phobia and social anxiety disorder

{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = neurotic}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Specific Social Phobia}}
[[Category:Anxiety disorders]]
[[Category:Phobias]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ngonye Hydroelectric Power Station</title>
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De '''Ngonye Falls Power Station''', be a planned hydroelectric power station across de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station go get maximum generating capacity of 180 megawatts (240,000 hp) wen completely developed. Dem go sell de energy to ZESCO under a long-term power purchase agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe de  named after de nearby [[Ngonye Falls]].

==Location==
De power station go be located on de east bank of de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], near de town of Sioma, insyd de Sioma District of de Western Province of Zambia. Sioma dey locate approximately 175 kilometres (109 mi), by road, south of de city of Mongu, de provincial capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Mongu, Zambia And Sioma, Zambia With Map |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mongu,+Zambia/Sioma,+Zambia/@-15.922404,22.8307109,8.46z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x195fd88372469f07:0x89219724021c882e!2m2!1d23.1501117!2d-15.2735504!1m5!1m1!1s0x195ed3127a251f71:0xe74311fcc5d78444!2m2!1d23.5058858!2d-16.6047938!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis be approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) by road, northwest of de town of Sesheke at de international border plus [[Namibia]] ein Caprivi Strip.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Sioma, Zambia And Sesheke, Zambia With Map |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Sioma,+Zambia/Sesheke,+Zambia/@-17.0342748,22.7785376,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x195ed3127a251f71:0xe74311fcc5d78444!2m2!1d23.5058858!2d-16.6047938!1m5!1m1!1s0x195a24e96f49297f:0x47ad29407e938dc2!2m2!1d24.2955141!2d-17.4738864!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==
De power station go be a run-of-river type, widout an impounding dam anaa large water reservoir. A 3 kilometres (2 mi) canal on de western bank of River Zambezi go divert de fast-running water to de power station, wer de water go dey  turn turbines to generate electricity. A new 220kiloVolt transmission line go convey de energy for de border town of Sesheke, wer de energy go enter de national grid. While chaw of de power be intended for use insyd de Western Province of Zambia, sam of am go be available for export to de  members of de Southern African Power Pool.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Ownership ==
Ngonye Falls Hydroelectric Power Station wey dey under development, be owned wey e be expected to be managed den operated by ''Western Power Company Limited'', de special purpose vehicle company dem establish by de consortium of investors insyd de power station. De table below illustrates de members of de consortium.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=EleQtra |date=March 2021 |title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia |url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=EleQtra.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEleQtra2021&quot;&gt;EleQtra (March 2021). [https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/ &quot;Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia&quot;]. ''EleQtra.com''. London, United Kingdom&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=September 2021 |title=Zambia: Western Power: Harnessing the power of waterfalls |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/western-power/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=InfraCo.Africa.com |place=London, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto&quot;
|+Ownership of Western Power Company
!Rank
!Shareholder
!Domicile
!Notes
|-
|1
|InfraCo Africa
|[[United Kingdom]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2
|Africa Power Project Limited
|[[Zambia]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|}
Oda partners, consultants den advisers on this project include (a) the Mott MacDonald Group, (b) de Multiconsult Group and the Development Bank of Southern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

==Oda considerations==
De hydropower station wey get capacity of 180 megawatts fit generate 830 GWh of clean carbon free renewable energy every year. Dat one enough to supply 350,000 Zambian households.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Africa Energy Portal |date=27 June 2019 |title=Zambia: US$500m to be invested in Ngonye Falls hydropower project |url=https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/zambia-us500m-be-invested-ngonye-falls-hydropower-project |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Africa Energy Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=US $500m to be invested in Ngonye Falls hydropower project in Zambia |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/us-500m-to-be-invested-in-ngonye-falls-hydropower-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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De '''Ngonye Falls Power Station''', be a planned hydroelectric power station across de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] insyd [[Zambia]]. De power station go get maximum generating capacity of 180 megawatts (240,000 hp) wen completely developed. Dem go sell de energy to ZESCO under a long-term power purchase agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eleqtra.com/projects/western-power-company-hydropower/|title=Western Power Company hydropower: Zambia|work=EleQtra.com|date=March 2021|author=EleQtra|access-date=1 September 2021|location=London, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe de  named after de nearby [[Ngonye Falls]].

==Location==
De power station go be located on de east bank of de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], near de town of Sioma, insyd de Sioma District of de Western Province of Zambia. Sioma dey locate approximately 175 kilometres (109 mi), by road, south of de city of Mongu, de provincial capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Mongu, Zambia And Sioma, Zambia With Map |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mongu,+Zambia/Sioma,+Zambia/@-15.922404,22.8307109,8.46z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x195fd88372469f07:0x89219724021c882e!2m2!1d23.1501117!2d-15.2735504!1m5!1m1!1s0x195ed3127a251f71:0xe74311fcc5d78444!2m2!1d23.5058858!2d-16.6047938!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis be approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) by road, northwest of de town of Sesheke at de international border plus [[Namibia]] ein Caprivi Strip.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Sioma, Zambia And Sesheke, Zambia With Map |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Sioma,+Zambia/Sesheke,+Zambia/@-17.0342748,22.7785376,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x195ed3127a251f71:0xe74311fcc5d78444!2m2!1d23.5058858!2d-16.6047938!1m5!1m1!1s0x195a24e96f49297f:0x47ad29407e938dc2!2m2!1d24.2955141!2d-17.4738864!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==
De power station go be a run-of-river type, widout an impounding dam anaa large water reservoir. A 3 kilometres (2 mi) canal on de western bank of River Zambezi go divert de fast-running water to de power station, wer de water go dey  turn turbines to generate electricity. A new 220kiloVolt transmission line go convey de energy for de border town of Sesheke, wer de energy go enter de national grid. While chaw of de power be intended for use insyd de Western Province of Zambia, sam of am go be available for export to de  members of de Southern African Power Pool.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot; /&gt;

== Ownership ==
Ngonye Falls Hydroelectric Power Station wey dey under development, be owned wey e be expected to be managed den operated by ''Western Power Company Limited'', de special purpose vehicle company dem establish by de consortium of investors insyd de power station. De table below illustrates de members of de consortium.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=InfraCo Africa |date=September 2021 |title=Zambia: Western Power: Harnessing the power of waterfalls |url=https://infracoafrica.com/project/western-power/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |website=InfraCo.Africa.com |place=London, United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em auto&quot;
|+Ownership of Western Power Company
!Rank
!Shareholder
!Domicile
!Notes
|-
|1
|InfraCo Africa
|[[United Kingdom]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2
|Africa Power Project Limited
|[[Zambia]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1R2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;
|-
|}
Oda partners, consultants den advisers on this project include (a) the Mott MacDonald Group, (b) de Multiconsult Group and the Development Bank of Southern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;

==Oda considerations==
De hydropower station wey get capacity of 180 megawatts fit generate 830 GWh of clean carbon free renewable energy every year. Dat one enough to supply 350,000 Zambian households.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Africa Energy Portal |date=27 June 2019 |title=Zambia: US$500m to be invested in Ngonye Falls hydropower project |url=https://africa-energy-portal.org/news/zambia-us500m-be-invested-ngonye-falls-hydropower-project |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Africa Energy Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Teresia Njoroge |date=15 August 2021 |title=US $500m to be invested in Ngonye Falls hydropower project in Zambia |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/us-500m-to-be-invested-in-ngonye-falls-hydropower-project-in-zambia/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/16%C2%B035'59.0%22S+23%C2%B030'27.0%22E/@-16.5997222,23.5053113,429m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-16.5997222!4d23.5075 Approximate Location of Ngonye Hydroelectric Power Station]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngonye Hydroelectric Power Station}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]]
[[Category:Western Province, Zambia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zengamina</title>
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'''Zengamina''' be small hydroelectric power plant wey dey near Kalene Hill for Ikelenge District insyd northwestern [[Zambia]]. Dem build am between 2004 den 2008, wey e cost about $3 million, anaa around $4,285 per kilowatt of power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/
 |title=Micro Hydro Costs Compared
 |publisher=Panza Path
 |access-date=2011-12-16
 |archive-date=2012-04-26
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052825/http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==References==</text>
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'''Zengamina''' be small hydroelectric power plant wey dey near Kalene Hill for Ikelenge District insyd northwestern [[Zambia]]. Dem build am between 2004 den 2008, wey e cost about $3 million, anaa around $4,285 per kilowatt of power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/
 |title=Micro Hydro Costs Compared
 |publisher=Panza Path
 |access-date=2011-12-16
 |archive-date=2012-04-26
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052825/http://www.panzapath.org/2011/11/micro-hydro-costs-compared/
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Background==
Before dem gbele de power plant na chaw people no get electricity, wey dey use wood anaa kerosene for cooking. Those wey fi afford am dey use diesel generators to provide electricity. De Zambian national electricity grid dey end {{convert|380|km}} from de Ikelenge area. Na de local people be trapped insyd a poverty cycle, wey dey live thru unsustainable slash-and-burn subsistence farming.

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://www.skypixel.com/photos/dji_0274-jpg-b285eb94-72b5-4375-b923-21bd27e550e9 Zengamina Mini hydro Power Station] at Skypixel
[[Category:Energy infrastructure dem plete insyd 2008]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ntumbachushi Falls</title>
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'''Ntumbachushi Falls''' (sanso be ''Ntumbacusi'' den ''Ntumbacushi'') wey be situated for de Ngona River for Luapula Province, [[Zambia]] wer e dey run over de edge for de northern Zambian plateau insyd de valley for de [[Luapula River]].

De main falls occur wer de river dey split insyd two channels to form two parallel waterfalls each about 10 m wide plus a drop for about 30 m, den separated by a distance for 50 m. A small patch of relict rainforest dey grow insyd de spray from de falls. During den immediately after de rainy season, November to April, de water dey cam over de edge fi get a depth of up to 1 m, buh insyd de later dry season de flow fi reduce to a produce a 'bridalveil' effect.

Ntumbachushi be notable no be just for de main falls, however, buh for a series of smaller falls den pools wey dey stretch for a distance of more dan 2 km above de main falls, insyd a landscape dem describe by chaw as among de most beautiful insyd central Africa, plus unusual vegetation, rocky outcrops den views over de Luapula valley. De water of de Ngona be filtered by de wetlands (locally dem call dambos) out of wich e dey drain wey e be exceptionally clear, affording safe river swimming dem consider by chaw visitors to be de best insyd Zambia. 

De falls be 22 km from Mbereshi on de tarred Kawambwa road we dem be reached via a 1 km spur wich dey turn off at de bottom of de escarpment den dey approach de bottom of de main falls. A steep path 20 m on de north side of de main falls dey lead up den over de rocky cliff den dey continue for 0.5 km to a place dem nickname 'the beauty spot' wey dey consist of two pools below a falls of about 6 m high den 25 m wide insyd two sections. Above de main falls der be two further falls plus a drop wey dey exceed 5 m.

Der be two shrines close to de main falls wer local traditional leaders den healers dey perform rituals.

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;

File:Ntumbachushi Falls man standing.jpg|Base of Ntumbachushi Falls
File:Rapids above Ntumbachushi Falls.jpg|Rapids above Ntumbachushi Falls
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==

#Zambia National Tourist Board http://www.zambiatourism.com/
#&quot;Zambia: Push - Making Tourism Work for Local Communities in Northern Circuit&quot; ''The Times of Zambia'' (Ndola) January 16, 2007

[[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]]
[[Category:Segmented waterfalls]]
[[Category:Geography of Luapula Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Luapula Province]]</text>
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    <title>UNICEF Tap Project</title>
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{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}}

[[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]]

The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day.

This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign.

Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising/communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. Di idea be say make restaurant customers donate $1 or more for di tap water wey dem normally dey drink free. Di money go help provide clean drinking water for pikin wey dey poor communities. With just $1, UNICEF fit give one pikin access to clean, safe water for about 15 days. For di first year, di campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e turn into one campaign wey dey happen throughout World Water Week.

Di first Tap Project for New York City get support from thousands of customers across more than 300 restaurants, and e help raise around $100,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project raise almost $2.5 million to support water and sanitation programmes for children.

==Destination of funds==
Money wey UNICEF Tap Project raise through di campaign dey support different UNICEF programmes for water, hygiene and sanitation. Di money don help children get access to clean water for countries like Belize, Guatemala, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraq, Togo and Vietnam. Some of di projects include drilling wells, installing water pumps, building toilets for poor communities, and teaching school children plus dia families important hygiene practices. Di Tap Project also support rainwater harvesting and affordable water filters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Where Your Money Goes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Country that has received aid!! year
|-
| Angola || 2007
|-
| Belize || 2008, 2009
|-
| Central African Republic || 2010, 2011
|-
| Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009
|-
| Guatemala || 2010
|-
| Haiti || 2010
|-
| Iraq || 2007, 2008, 2009
|-
| Laos || 2007
|-
| Nicaragua || 2008, 2009
|-
| Togo || 2010, 2011
|-
| Vietnam || 2010, 2011
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;Where Your Money Goes&quot;/&gt;

==National sponsors==
Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project don get plenty sponsors wey support di campaign. For 2010, Giorgio Armani start one campaign wey dem call &quot;Acqua for Life&quot;. Di campaign use im men's perfume &quot;Acqua di Giò&quot; take raise awareness and money for Tap Project. For 2011, Armani add di women's perfume &quot;Acqua di Gioia&quot; join di campaign. Giorgio Armani donate $1 for every bottle of these two perfumes wey people buy during March. Di offer cover bottles wey people buy for all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and Washington D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Turner Broadcasting System take part for Tap Project campaign for four straight years. Di company support UNICEF Tap Project Volunteer Program by providing money to recruit and train volunteers, supply resources and give free adverts to help spread awareness about di campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Droga5 be advertising agency wey start for 2006, and dem partner with UNICEF for 2007 to support di Tap Project campaign. Droga5 dey create promotional materials wey advertise di project across different media before and during World Water Week to help create awareness about di global water crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

eBay join UNICEF for 2009 to help provide clean and safe water for children through di Tap Project. Di company create one programme wey dem call GivingWorks, where buyers and sellers fit donate part of dia profit from sales on eBay. People fit also donate money when dem dey check out products or listings wey support di campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNICEF Tap Project also get promotional support from MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb and Yelp, Inc. These companies provide free advertising and media exposure to help promote di campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Celebrity Tap===
[[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Celebrity Tap Set]]

To raise more money for di Tap Project, UNICEF launch Celebrity Tap for 2011. Di campaign package water from celebrities' home taps inside special bottles. Anybody wey donate $5 through di Tap Project website enter draw for chance to win one full case of luxury celebrity tap water.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di money wey Celebrity Tap raise help provide clean and safe water for children around di world. Some of di celebrities wey join di project be Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna and Adrian Grenier.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from providing water from dia own homes, these celebrities also volunteer dia time for commercials and advertising campaigns to promote UNICEF Tap Project.
===UNICEF Tap Project 2014===
For 2014, UNICEF launch one new campaign wey challenge people make dem stay without something wey no be as important as clean water—dia mobile phone. If users visit di Tap Project website with dia smartphone, dem go challenge dem make dem no touch dia phone for as long as dem fit. Every 15 minutes wey person no touch im phone, UNICEF sponsors go donate money wey fit provide one day of clean water for children wey need am.

Di campaign attract more than 2.6 million users. On average, each person spend more than one hour for di website. Altogether, di campaign raise $1.6 million after users spend more than 250 million minutes without touching dia phones.

==Achievements==

===Awards===
Since di Tap Project start for 2007, plenty organisations don recognise am and give am different awards. For June 2007, di Tap Project win di Titanium Lion award for Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival for France because of ein creative innovation.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&amp;tag=103&amp;pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&amp;tag=103&amp;pg=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2008, di Tap Project win Gold award from The Advertising Club of New York International ANDY Awards for Public Service, plus Silver award for Integrated Branding. (Gold / 2008 Richard T. O. Reilly) for Public Service.&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt; For dat same year too, Jay Aldous, wey be former Chief Marketing and Communications Officer for U.S. Fund for UNICEF, become one of di first winners of di Non-profit Marketer of the Year award from di American Marketing Association and di American Marketing Association Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Notable media===
* ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson win di competition, and UNICEF Tap Project be di charity wey e support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Dr. Phil''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Rachael Ray Show''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Martha Stewart Show''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.tapproject.org &quot;Tap Project&quot; Homepage. 17 February 2009]
*[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. &quot;Celebrating the Tap Project.&quot; Unicef.org. 17 February 2009]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 &quot;World Water Council.&quot; 16 March 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 February 2009 }}

==References==
[[Category:UNICEF]]
[[Category:Water-related charities]]</text>
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    <title>H2O Africa Foundation</title>
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Di '''H2O Africa Foundation''' be one NGO wey Matt Damon start to raise awareness about clean water initiatives for Africa. E be part of di Running the Sahara expedition and documentary project wey Matt Damon, James Moll, LivePlanet and Independent Producers Alliance organise. For July 2009, H2O Africa Foundation merge with WaterPartners to form Water.org, one organisation wey Matt Damon and Gary White of WaterPartners co-found.

==History==
When Matt Damon plus im producing partners Marc Joubert, Larry Tanz and Keith Quinn start dey plan di Running the Sahara expedition and film, Damon get di idea say make dem start one charity initiative too. Dem launch am informally for spring of 2006, and Richard Klopp become di first executive director wey lead di launch.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2006/09/12/damon_spices_up_fund_raiser/ Damon spices up fund-raiser - The Boston Globe&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;

When film financier IPA join di project, di foundation officially get di name H2O Africa. Dem announce am on 10 September 2006 during one ONEXONE event for Toronto International Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php Actor Matt Damon aims to create public awareness of the water crisis with H2O Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121832/http://globalwaterchallenge.org/resources/story-9.php |date=2007-10-11 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Dem create am as di charity arm of di Running the Sahara film project. Di aim be to raise money and awareness for organisations like United Nations Development Programme Clean Water Initiative, Living Water International and Millennium Promise project. On 29 May 2007, H2O Africa announce one new partnership with Ryan's Well Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm Ryan's Well Foundation and the H2O Africa Foundation Announce Partnership for Clean Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824175320/http://www.h2oafrica.org/pressrelease3.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.positivenews.org.uk/artman/publish/article_1238.shtml Ryan's Well and H2O Africa Join Forces For Clean Water] retrieved 4 Aug 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

==Projects==
H2O Africa take part for these projects:

*'''Global Youth Initiative For Clean Water''': H2O Africa dey help Ryan's Well Foundation raise money for this project by matching every donation dollar-for-dollar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |title=H2O Africa Partnership Project |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827002639/http://www.ryanswell.ca/projects/water_projects.asp?projectid=48 |archive-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di goal of di project be to improve health, wellbeing and sanitation for between 15 and 20 schools for Lira and Oyam districts inside Lango sub-region of Uganda. Apart from that, di project go also provide hygiene and environmental sanitation training for 90 schools inside di two districts, rehabilitate or build 25 clean water sources, and build 10 ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines. Construction suppose start for September 2007.

*'''Route Nations''': H2O Africa, together with UNDP, dey build one water tower and two water fountains for di village of Néré Walo, Mauritania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |title=Project Update - Route Nations |access-date=2007-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718210710/http://www.h2oafrica.org/route.htm |archive-date=2007-07-18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2007, di project nearly finish.
*'''Millennium Village''': H2O Africa partner with Millennium Promise to raise money for di Millennium Village project for Timbuktu, Mali. Di project dey support different initiatives wey go improve di local economy for areas like energy, infrastructure, nutrition services and gender equality.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions Millennium Promise - Interventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814002722/http://www.millenniumpromise.org/site/PageServer?pagename=mv_interventions |date=2007-08-14 }} retrieved 4 Aug 2007&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 2007, di project don receive 22% of di $1,750,000 funding target.

*'''Central African Republic Well Project''': H2O Africa join hands with Living Water International to build 20 new wells for Central African Republic. Dem also go provide support for these wells for five years. Di project still aim to help communities manage dia water resources better during this period. H2O Africa commit $100,000 to di project and also promise say dem go match another $100,000 wey people donate. As of August 2007, di organisation don raise 72% of di funding target.

*'''L'Desh Fresh''': Millions of people around di world don search for am, and e finally enter di American market for 2009. Parasites, small traces of urine, dirt and arsenic come together to create di natural texture of L'Desh Fresh: ''The World's Most Authentic Drinking Water.'' But where e dey hide all this time? As e enter di market, plenty people dey ask that question. But di truth be say na joke—well, somehow. Sullivan Higdon &amp; Sink (SHS), one award-winning marketing and advertising agency for Kansas City, create di L'Desh Fresh campaign for Water.org, one international non-profit organisation based for Kansas City. For almost twenty years, Water.org don dey work to provide safe drinking water and sanitation for people wey dey developing countries. SHS support di mission by creating this awareness campaign free of charge (pro bono).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Charitable partners==
* ONEXONE
* Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund
* ONE Campaign
* A Glimmer of Hope Foundation
* United Nations Development Programme
* Millennium Promise
* Ryan's Well Foundation

==See also==

* [[Matt Damon]]
* [[Running the Sahara]]
* [[Water.org]]

==External links==
* [http://www.aglimmerofhope.org A Glimmer of Hope Foundation]
* [http://www.h2oafrica.org/ H2O Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070720135346/http://www.water.cc/main.aspx Living Water International]
* [http://www.millenniumpromise.org Millennium Promise]
* [http://www.onexonecampaign.com OneXOne Campaign]
* [http://www.rcgf.org Renaissance Charitable Gift Fund]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106080221/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/runningthesahara/ Running the Sahara]

{{Matt Damon}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Water-related charities]]
[[Category:Matt Damon]]
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    <title>Water politics</title>
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      <text bytes="105701" sha1="1b1jycfby10ai0heapia7edw3hcxhca" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Politics affected by the availability of water and water resources}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Water policy|Water resource policy}}
[[File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|right|People waiting in line to gather water during the Siege of Sarajevo]]

'''Water politics''', wey some people dey also call '''hydropolitics''', na [[politics]] wey water matter and how water dey available dey affect am. Water na something wey every life on earth need, plus e dey very important for human development.

Arun P. Elhance talk say hydropolitics be &quot;the systematic study of conflict and cooperation between states over water resources that transcend international borders&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Arun P. Elhance|title=Hydropolitics in the 3rd World: Conflict and cooperation in International River Basins |location=Washington, DC|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|year=1999|pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mollinga, P. P. divide water politics into four main parts: &quot;the everyday politics of water resources management&quot;, &quot;the politics of water policy in the context of sovereign states&quot;, &quot;inter-state hydropolitics&quot; and &quot;the global politics of water&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mollinga, P. P., 2008. &quot; Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management.&quot; ''Water alternatives'', 1(1), 7., 12&lt;/ref&gt;

Fresh drinking water wey dey available per person dey reduce worldwide, and e no enough again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703050705/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2003/03/05/water_report030305.html |url-status=live |archive-date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=CBC News |title=World's supply of fresh water shrinking dramatically: report |date=March 5, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The reasons for this problem dey many. Some of them include shortage of water for some places, small availability, population pressure,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; overuse of water, bad usage, environmental damage, water pollution, and also climate change.

Water na very important natural resource wey fit cause serious political tension when e dey scarce. As water dey reduce and demand dey increase, some people believe say clean water go become like “next oil”.

Because of this, countries like Canada, Chile, Norway, Colombia, and Peru wey get plenty water resources sometimes dey described as water-rich countries in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf |title=Total Renewable Fresh Water Supply By Country |access-date=2008-04-18 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/ec/wpapers/kerp0219.pdf Peter Lawrence et al. &quot;The Water Poverty Index : an International Comparison&quot;, Keele Economics Research Papers, 2002]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html A Chronology of Water-Related Conflicts]&lt;/ref&gt;

World Water Development Report (WWDR, 2003) from World Water Assessment Program talk say within next 20 years, water wey go dey available for each person fit reduce by about 30%.

Right now, about 40% of people for world no get enough clean water for basic hygiene. Over 2.2 million people die for year 2000 because of sicknesses wey come from dirty water or drought.

For 2004, WaterAid report talk say pikin dey die every 15 seconds because of water-related disease wey fit be prevented, especially where toilet system or sewage system no dey good.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) summarize water inequality for 2006 report say: &quot;One part of the world, sustains a designer bottled water market that generates no tangible health benefits, another part suffers acute public health risks because people have to drink water from drains or from lakes and rivers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/report.cfm# UNDP Human Development Report 2006] United Nations Development Programme, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fresh water today don become more important pass before because e dey used for agriculture, advanced manufacturing, and energy production. Because of that, people dey now see am as resource wey need proper management and sustainable use.

Water rights, especially riparian water rights, don become serious matter for international diplomacy and also local politics.&lt;ref&gt;Rahaman, M. M. (Ed.) (2012) Special Issue: [http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=297&amp;year=2012&amp;vol=4&amp;issue=1/2 Water Wars in 21st Century along International Rivers Basins: Speculation or Reality?], ''International Journal of Sustainable Society'', Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, 193 pages.&lt;/ref&gt;

World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin talk say: &quot;Many of the wars of the 20th century were about oil, but wars of the 21st century will be over water unless we change the way we manage water.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Serageldin, I. (2009) '[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/459163b.html Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states]', ''Nature'', Vol. 459, p.163.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832 |title=Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa |access-date=2017-09-18 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064300/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

But some researchers no agree fully with this idea. Dem argue say most water disputes dey settle through diplomacy, and e no really turn to war.&lt;ref&gt;Barnaby, W., 2009. &quot;Do nations go to war over water?&quot; ''Nature'', Vol. 458, 282–283&lt;/ref&gt;

Another group of scholars also talk say even if war no happen, fear of losing control over shared water fit still make countries dey prepare for conflict all the time.&lt;ref&gt;Rahaman, M.M. (2012) [http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&amp;rec_id=44658&amp;prevQuery=&amp;ps=10&amp;m=or Water Wars in 21st Century: Speculation or Reality?], ''International Journal of Sustainable Society'', Vol. 4, Nos. 1/2, pp. 3–10. DOI:10.1504/IJSSOC.2012.044658&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water policy ==
{{Excerpt|Water resource policy}}
== Water politics concepts ==

=== Hydro-hegemony ===

The framework of hydro-hegemony was introduced by scholars Mark Zeitoun and Jeroen F. Warner in 2006 as a useful analytical way to study how powerful or dominated [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] countries that share river basins behave, and how dem fit move from domination go reach cooperation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeitoun Warner 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zeitoun|first1=Mark|last2=Warner|first2=Jeroen|date=2006-10-01|title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=435–460|doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054|bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |issn=1366-7017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This framework dey especially important for cases wey power relationship dey between cooperation and serious conflict like [[Water conflict|water wars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Warner |first2=Jeroen |date=2006 |title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts |journal=Water Policy |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=436 |doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054 |bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hydro-hegemony mean “hegemony at river basin level,” wey dey happen through control of water resources using strategies like resource capture, integration, and containment. These strategies dey work through different tactics (like pressure, coercion, treaties, and knowledge control), and dem dey possible because power no balance well inside weak international systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeitoun Warner 2006&quot; /&gt;

The two main pillars of hydro-hegemony be riparian position and exploitation potential. Even though exceptions dey, general rule be say: “upstream countries use water to gain power, while downstream countries use power to gain water.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

The actor wey eventually control the water resource na the one wey get strongest advantage, becoming the “first among equals.”

For 2010, Mark Zeitoun and Ana Elisa Cascão refine the idea come introduce four main types of power: geographical power, material power, bargaining power, and ideational power.&lt;ref&gt;Cascão, A. E. and Zeitoun, M. 2010. Power, hegemony and critical hydropolitics. In A. Earle, A. Jägerskog, &amp; J. Ojendal (Eds.), Transboundary water management: Principles and practice. London: Earthscan, 27–42.&lt;/ref&gt;

So hydro-hegemony na control of shared river water wey dey happen when strong actor dey dominate flow of water across borders.

Even though researchers like Zeitoun and Warner talk say hydro-hegemony fit bring stability, sometimes weaker states fit resist am. This resistance dey try shift power balance and renegotiate control. One strategy be to change the way people dey talk about the issue so e go favor the weaker side.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Warner |first2=Jeroen |date=2006 |title=Hydro-hegemony – a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts |journal=Water Policy |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=443–444, 454–455 |doi=10.2166/wp.2006.054 |bibcode=2006WaPol...8..435Z |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water as a critical resource ==
{{See also|Water conflict}}

Fresh water na very important requirement for all living things—plants, animals, and human beings included. UNDP see access to water as basic human right and also requirement for peace. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan talk for 2001 say:

&quot;Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and, therefore, a basic human right. Contaminated water jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. It is an affront to human dignity.&quot;

As development dey increase, many industries like forestry, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and recreation dey use more fresh water. But this one dey also increase pollution of air and water, which dey reduce water quality. Because of this, sustainable development practices dey very necessary.

According to WHO, each person need minimum of 20 litres of fresh water per day for basic hygiene;&lt;ref&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/external/hdr2006/water/10.htm Water: A Human Right]&lt;/ref&gt; this equal about 7.3 cubic metres per year per person.

Water usage no be the same everywhere. Developed countries get systems to treat water and deliver am to homes, while many developing regions for Latin America, Asia, Africa, Middle East and Southeast Asia still lack enough water supply systems or infrastructure. This shortage dey lead to disease, hunger, and sometimes death.

Almost all freshwater come from precipitation (rain, mist, snow) through water cycle wey dey continue over long time.

Freshwater na only about 3% of all water for Earth, and more than two-thirds of am dey frozen inside glaciers and polar ice caps.&lt;ref name=&quot;USGS dist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html|title=Earth's water distribution|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The rest of freshwater mostly dey underground as groundwater, while small part dey surface as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and streams.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource |publisher=GreenFacts Website |access-date=2008-01-31 |url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Surface water dey include rivers, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs behind dams. Dem dey use am for drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.

Groundwater dey inside rock and soil spaces and dey flow inside aquifers. Some groundwater na renewable, while some (called fossil water) no dey renew again.

Rivers sometimes cross countries, so control of them very important for survival, economy, and peace. Groundwater also fit cross borders.

Because of this, competition for water sometimes cause conflict in history.

Highlands of Ethiopia dey serve as important water source region for East Africa. Control of upstream water dey influence downstream politics for long time.

== Contamination from human activity ==

[[Water pollution|Water contamination]] usually dey happen through two main ways: [[Point source pollution|point source]] and [[Nonpoint source pollution|non-point source]] pollution. According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), point source pollution be “any single identifiable source of '''[[pollution]]''' from where '''[[pollutant]]s''' dey come out, like pipe, ditch, ship, or factory smokestack.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/03pointsource.html|title=NOAA's National Ocean Service Education: Nonpoint Source Pollution |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So among the common examples of point source pollution, bad factory waste treatment and sewage treatment dey top list. Even though e no dey happen too often like others, [[oil spill]]s too na serious example of point source pollution and e fit damage water plenty.

On the other side, non-point source pollution be pollution wey no come from one clear place. E fit come from many different sources, especially agriculture activities wey no dey properly monitored, and dem fit spoil nearby water sources badly.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/agricultural/contamination.html|title=Water Contamination &amp;#124; Other Uses of Water &amp;#124; Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Point sources of pollution ===

* '''Industrial products and wastes''': Many dangerous chemicals dey used inside business and industries. If dem no manage them well, dem fit enter drinking water and cause pollution.

** '''Local businesses''': Factories, industrial plants, gas stations, dry cleaners, and even small businesses dey handle different dangerous chemicals wey need careful control. If spill happen or waste no dey disposed well, e fit spoil underground water supply.

** '''Leaking underground tanks and piping''': Petroleum products, chemicals, and wastes wey dem store inside underground tanks and pipes fit leak enter groundwater. This happen when installation no correct or materials don spoil with age. Steel tanks and pipes fit rust over time. Some of these tanks dey even for old abandoned farms. EPA rules no always cover all farm tanks for petroleum and chemical storage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-their-impacts |title=Human Health and Contaminated Water |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=6 May 2015 |language=en |access-date=2017-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

** '''Landfills and waste dumps''': Modern landfill sites dey try contain waste properly, but flood fit still carry contaminants go outside barrier. Old dumpsites get plenty different pollutants wey fit seep enter groundwater.

* '''Household wastes''': If people throw away things like cleaning solvents, used engine oil, paints, paint thinners anyhow, e fit contaminate groundwater. Even soap and detergents fit spoil drinking water. This one mostly happen when septic tanks or soakaway systems no dey work well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

* '''Lead and copper''': Lead no dey commonly found inside natural water source, but e dey enter water from household plumbing materials. Houses wey dem build before 1986 get higher chance of having lead pipes and fittings. When these materials corrode, lead fit enter water system.

Water acidity or alkalinity dey measured as pH (0–14). Neutral water na 7. Acid water dey below 7, while alkaline water dey above 7. pH, temperature, and minerals dey affect corrosion level.

Lead inside drinking water fit cause serious health problems. For children, e fit slow down mental and physical development. For adults, long-term exposure fit cause kidney problems and high blood pressure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

* '''Water treatment chemicals''': If people no store or handle chemicals like disinfectants and corrosion inhibitors well near wells, e fit contaminate water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

=== Non-point sources of pollution ===

Agricultural activities wey dey cause non-point source pollution include:

* Poor animal feeding systems  
* Overgrazing  
* Over-ploughing land (like farming too frequently)  
* Wrong use of pesticides, irrigation water, and fertilizers&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;

* '''[[Bacteria]] and [[nitrate]]s''': These pollutants dey come from human and animal waste. If septic tanks too many or animal farming plenty for one area, e fit cause nitrate and bacterial contamination. Proper management of septic systems and manure dey very important to protect private wells.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

* '''Concentrated animal feeding operations''': The number of large-scale animal farms (wey people dey call “factory farms”) dey increase. For these farms, plenty animals dey kept inside small area, producing large amount of waste. If no proper management dey, this waste fit pollute water supply. Salts inside manure fit also contaminate groundwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

* '''Heavy metals''': Activities like mining and construction fit release heavy metals into groundwater. Some old fruit farms even still get arsenic inside soil because e dey used before as pesticide. These metals fit be dangerous when concentration high.&lt;ref name=&quot;Contaminated Water&quot; /&gt;

* '''Fertilizers and pesticides''': Farmers dey use fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yield and reduce pest damage. Same chemicals also dey used for lawns, golf courses, and gardens. Depending on how dem use am and local conditions like soil type and rainfall, these chemicals fit enter groundwater.

Groundwater normally dey look clean because soil dey filter particles. But chemicals still fit dey inside. As water dey move underground, minerals like iron and manganese fit dissolve and become high inside water.

Human activities like farming, urban development, industrial waste, leaking tanks, and chemical spills all fit affect groundwater quality. Even waste dumps or old contaminated sites fit later affect wells if dem locate for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/groundwater-contaminants.html|title=Contaminants Found in Groundwater, USGS Water Science School|last=USGS|first=Howard Perlman|website=water.usgs.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rain or snowmelt wey dey run over land dey carry pollutants enter rivers, lakes, wetlands, coastal waters, and even underground water systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;

According to U.S. National Water Quality report (2002), agricultural non-point source pollution na the main cause of river and stream damage, and e be second highest cause of pollution for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot; /&gt;
== Water politics by country ==

=== OECD countries ===
[[File:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Hopetoun Falls near Otway National Park, Victoria, Australia]]

With almost {{convert|2,000|m3}} of water wey one person dey use every year,&lt;!-- The UN Development report says (575 [[liters]] per day); this would come out at over 5000 liters per day. --&gt; United States dey lead di whole world for water consumption per person. Among di developed OECD countries, U.S. dey top for water usage, then Canada wey dey use about {{convert|1,600|m3}} of water per person every year. Dis one be about double di amount wey average person for France dey use, three times pass wetin average German dey use, and almost eight times pass wetin average Dane for Denmark dey use.

One 2001 University of Victoria report talk say since 1980, total water use for Canada don increase by 25.7%. Dis one dey five times faster pass di overall OECD increase of 4.5%. But on di other hand, nine OECD countries fit reduce dia total water use since 1980 (Sweden, Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Poland, Finland and Denmark).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160415044735/http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/6wate.htm Water consumption indicator] in di OECD countries&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Golf 'is water hazard' |work=BBC News |date=March 17, 2003 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2857587.stm |first=Ben |last=Sutherland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== India ===
{{Main|Sharing the water of the Ganges}}
[[File:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|thumb|left|Ganges river delta, Bangladesh and India]]

==== India–Bangladesh ====
Ganges River dey get dispute between India and Bangladesh. Di water wey dey inside di river dey reduce quick-quick and e dey also get polluted, while di Gangotri glacier wey dey feed di river dey retreat by hundreds of feet every year&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/global-warming/Decline-in-the-retreat-of-Gangotri-glacier-Study/articleshow/2770963.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-10/global-warming/27756035_1_gangotri-glacier-maximum-recession-frequent-snowfall |url-status=live |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Decline in the retreat of Gangotri glacier: Study |date=February 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; (experts dey blame climate change&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_ganges&quot; /&gt;) and deforestation for Himalayas dey cause subsoil streams wey dey flow enter Ganges river to dry up.

For downstream side, India dey control di flow go Bangladesh through Farakka Barrage, wey dey about 10 kilometers (6 mi) from di border on di Indian side. Until late 1990s, India dey use di barrage divert di river go Calcutta, to make sure say di port of di city no go dry during dry season.

Dis action dey deny Bangladeshi farmers water and silt, and e also dey put Sundarban wetlands and mangrove forests for di river delta under serious threat. Now, di two countries don sign agreement to share di water more equally.

However, water quality still dey problem, with high level of arsenic and untreated sewage for di river water.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_ganges&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ganges river – water hot spots |publisher=BBC News |date=n.d. |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/river_ganges.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Mexico ===
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Mexico}}Mexico don face serious wahala for stopping water contamination and water pollution, and also for how dem dey distribute clean water go households and businesses. As society don develop, urbanization increase, economy grow, and trade expand, demand for clean water too don increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hearne|first=Robert R.|date=2004|title=Evolving water management institutions in Mexico: EVOLVING WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN MEXICO|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=40|issue=12|doi=10.1029/2003WR002745|bibcode=2004WRR....4012S04H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But pollution wey dey come from economic growth and industrialization, together with di dry (arid) climate, don reduce access to clean water for many households and firms. Di already dry climate dey also suffer droughts, and with climate change wey dey increase, e fit make water access even worse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ilgen|first1=Silvana|last2=Sengers|first2=Frans|last3=Wardekker|first3=Arjan|date=2019|title=City-To-City Learning for Urban Resilience: The Case of Water Squares in Rotterdam and Mexico City|journal=Water|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=983|doi=10.3390/w11050983|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Water..11..983I |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/380617/Ilgen_ea_City_to_city_learning_urban_resilience_2019.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mexico dey depend mainly on groundwater for water supply, and dis don lead to overuse of aquifers and make cost of getting water increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot; /&gt; Mexico City, wey be di biggest urban center, get very high demand for drinking water. Di water supply wey “Sistema de Aguas de la Ciudad de Mexico” (SCAMEX) dey provide dey only 98 effective and because of that, about 48,000 households for di city no get water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rodríguez-Tapia|first1=Lilia|last2=Revollo-Fernández|first2=Daniel A.|last3=Morales-Novelo|first3=Jorge A.|date=2017|title=Household's Perception of Water Quality and Willingness to Pay for Clean Water in Mexico City|journal=Economies|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=12|doi=10.3390/economies5020012|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/197015|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Even people wey get access to SCAMEX water still no dey satisfied. Dem still dey face water loss and bad water quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt; For Mexico City, estimated 40% of di water dey lost through leaking pipes wey dem build since early 1900s.

According to 2011 survey results, up to 87% of households for Mexico City prefer say dem go dey use other sources instead of tap water for cooking and drinking. Alternative ways to get water include buying bottled water, using filtration devices, or boiling water before dem drink am.

Problem be say these alternatives dey cost more pass using tap water wey city provide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt;
=== Middle East and North Africa ===
{{Main|Water politics in the Middle East}}For di Middle East and North Africa (MENA), water be very important resource plus political matter. According to report by Arab League in 1999, two-thirds of Arab countries get less than {{convert|1,000|m3}} of water per person every year, which dem consider as di limit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Major aspects of scarce water resources management with reference to the Arab countries&quot;, Arab League report published for the International Conference on water gestion and water politics in arid zones, in Amman, Jordan, December 1–3, 1999. Quoted by French journalist Christian Chesnot in {{cite news |date=February 2000 |title=Drought in the Middle East |url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/02/08chesnot |publisher=Monde diplomatique}} – French original version freely available [https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/02/CHESNOT/13213.html here].&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2025, e dey predicted say countries for Arabian Peninsula go dey use water wey pass double wetin dem naturally get.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2030, according to World Bank, MENA region likely go reach absolute water scarcity limit as United Nations define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=absolute water scarcity |url=https://archive.unescwa.org/absolute-water-scarcity#:~:text=An%20insufficiency%20of%20supply%20to,scarcity%20(Falkenmark,%201989). |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Riots erupt in central Algeria over water shortages, government tries to appease population |url=https://thearabweekly.com/riots-erupt-central-algeria-over-water-shortages-government-tries-appease-population |website=The Arab Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finding Institutional Solutions to Water Scarcity in MENA |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/finding-institutional-solutions-to-water-scarcity-in-mena |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With fast population growth and climate change, water scarcity no dey likely reduce. Because of these stats and predictions, people dey often see water as something scarce for MENA, and dem dey sometimes use am explain conflicts and political instability. But some scholars argue say na framing be that, because problem no be only water availability, but how dem dey distribute and use am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics: Constructing a Zionist Network of Water Abundance, Immigration, and Colonization |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=363–365, 384 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Jessica |date=2020 |title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |journal=Middle East Report |volume=296 |pages=1–9 |via=Middle East Research and Information Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For Middle East context, wey get different national, subnational, ideological, ethnic, religious and pan-national identities, water politics don play big role for conflicts between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey; Egypt and other Nile riparian states; plus Israel and Palestine. For MENA, all major rivers cross at least one international border, like Tigris and Euphrates wey pass through three major Middle Eastern countries. Nile even cross eleven countries. This one mean say downstream countries dey strongly affected by decisions of upstream countries wey dem no really fit control.

Besides rivers, other important water bodies for Middle East include Suez Canal, Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Strait of Hormuz, and Persian Gulf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Overview by country ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Country
!Water Politics
|-
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Algeria}}
Water scarcity dey increase problem for Algeria, and climate change plus drought periods dey worsen am. In 2024, protests against government water policies happen for Tiaret city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; To secure drinking water plus agricultural and industrial water supply, and to reduce risk from climate change, Algeria allocate USD 5.4 billion to improve desalination technology. By 2030, country plan say nearly two-thirds of water go come from desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goosen |first=Matthew |date=2025-02-05 |title=Algeria Commits $5.4B to Desalination for Long-Term Water Security |url=https://energycapitalpower.com/algeria-commits-5-4b-to-desalination-for-long-term-water-security/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=energycapitalpower.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}
|Water politics be important matter for Bahrain as archipelago. Like other countries for region, natural water resources dey scarce. To meet demand, Bahrain dey use desalination plus greywater filtering for irrigation. These methods reduce depletion of water resources by 20% between 2000 and 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=WHAT PROGRESS LOOKS LIKE: BAHRAIN – SUSTAINABLE WATER USE |url=https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/sdg6_acceleration_snapshot_642_bahrain_feb_2023.pdf |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=UN Water Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; These sustainability goals dey inside Bahrain Vision 2030, and dem dey call am “pioneering” progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Electricity and Water: Bahrain's Vision 2030: Advancing Sustainable Energy and Water |url=https://bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/HomeNationalPortal/ContentDetailsPage/!ut/p/z1/rVRNc5swFPwr7qFH0JMAAUccf7euXTukMZeMAFGrBaEQaur--oppphnjOLgz1QWQdtn3tCuhCN2jSLKD-MpqUUqW6-9dRB_w3IGZdwOwHtkEPt_5GzpcYlhOLfTlFIBvQ9CAebBZTUYYbIyia_hwYQRwHf8vYPZpPQK6mnkucYfWak1O-d3lXr51yvdDCkCnIcZ4oRv1yKv1BzDckKEFMN3C2_qkq38ucKp_61OghAQ22U4tWMEZ_wzwb_t3DojetucORShSiUjRzna5gyFxjRgTatgOJ0bMM2w4kGZAfWwBgRadyFrVe7SLpXrg8j0cyx_VIBcZHwg5iNm-YkLP8pwndSUSUR8HTKaDhtW8ujCNFv02R31OdACdJH-AHkAb9b7Neg3wEpbVWQ1-GE6AetOJbVNv4zou2mm73ItdODpPB8EbFMqyKvTx3b64k-HYc6ifGH6SZoaNITV8LW94wKivnYlZitEMnhUu1Bh8JH_-yZL2gkC7Rj2ZqqzqnNdPZi7k93axfTKlWtWkLEwRF2ajTJYWQpp7nutXpcyG53qRmyk_1GWZP3Vb6yRxbl1u7argLfpOgr7qxLfHxyjQCS1lzX_W6P4_RnTLJVJF-DwKz3IW4804W44tm8W_suIm9o5WE7z7DWJri_o!/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Government of Bahrain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water laws from 1980s still dey guide management of water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Management in Bahrain |url=https://water.fanack.com/bahrain/water-management-bahrain/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Fanack Water |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|{{Further|Water politics in the Nile Basin}}{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Egypt}}
Egypt water politics dey strongly influenced by Nile treaties of 1902, 1929, and 1959. These agreements confirm Egypt dominance over Nile and give am major access plus ability to block upstream projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Other countries see am as colonial legacy, but Egypt still consider am legally binding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

With rise of nationalism and link between Nile and national identity, Egypt dey see Nile as survival issue. Construction of Aswan High Dam under Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970 be major milestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nile Water Control: Managing Africa's Lifeline |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/infrastructure-projects/nile-water-control |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toshka project suppose create new agricultural land using Lake Nasser water but e no finish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=Jeroen |date=2013-06-01 |title=The Toshka mirage in the Egyptian desert – River diversion as political diversion |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146290111200202X |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy |volume=30 |pages=102–110 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.021 |bibcode=2013ESPol..30..102W |issn=1462-9011|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since Ethiopia announce Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in 2011, dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia dominate water politics. Egypt fear say dam go reduce Nile flow and affect water security and hydropower production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |work=Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 June 2020 |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/ |work=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}}
From 1980s onward, Iran water policy no too future-oriented. For 1990s, dem increase construction of dams and wells for groundwater pumping, but now population dey grow fast while water resources plus infrastructure dey deteriorate quickly. Experts warning dem dey often ignore, leading some people to call am “water mafia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2024-01-22 |title=A thirsty reality: Iran's dire water situation |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-water-environment-us-policy/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some studies talk say corruption, nepotism, and environmental racism dey affect water allocation, as leaders dey favour their own regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maddern |first=Kerra |date=2024-06-12 |title=Iran's water policy is discriminatory and an example of &quot;environmental racism&quot;, study says |url=https://news.exeter.ac.uk/faculty-of-humanities-arts-and-social-sciences/irans-war-policy-is-discriminatory-and-an-example-of-environmental-racism-study-says/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agriculture sector, due to food sovereignty goals and sanctions, dey consume most water, sometimes even illegally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1935-01-01 |title=Water stress and political tensions in Iran |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/water-stress-and-political-tensions-iran |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Climate change plus soil salinisation dey also worsen water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How the EU Can Help Iran Tackle Water Scarcity |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/07/how-the-eu-can-help-iran-tackle-water-scarcity?lang=en&amp;center=europe |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
|After 1991 uprising, Saddam Hussein drain Iraqi marshes as revenge against Marsh Arabs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis action destroy ecosystem and also displace Marsh Arabs, and e dey seen as genocide and ecocide. Water from Euphrates and Tigris was diverted into “Third River” to create farmland.

After 2003 US invasion, some efforts start to restore di marshes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahram |first=Ariel I. |date=2015 |title=Development, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1017/S0020743815000495 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Today Iraq dey try improve cooperation with neighbours and international partners like Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Iraqi officials strengthen their collaborative approach to water management and governance |url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/iraqi-officials-strengthen-their-collaborative-approach-water-management-and-governance |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.un-ihe.org |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, Iraq and UK agree on multi-billion water infrastructure deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Iraq, UK agree on trade package worth up to $15 billion, defence deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-uk-agree-trade-package-worth-up-123-billion-pounds-iraqi-pm-office-says-2025-01-14/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|ISIS}}
|ISIS no be country but dem play big role in water politics during their control of territories. Dem capture dams and water infrastructure for Euphrates and Tigris regions from 2014. Water become weapon: dem fit cause shortage, flooding, or pollution. Water plus electricity from dams help dem control population and support military operations. Dem even threaten to destroy Mosul Dam, which fit flood Mosul and Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|{{Further|Water politics in the Jordan River basin}}{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Israel}}
Before Israel independence in 1948, Zionist settlement use water politics to expand control. Water was framed as abundant to justify settlement expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=372–379, 384–385 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today Israel dey invest heavily in desalination, irrigation, reuse of water, and dams. But inequality still dey, as Bedouins and people for occupied territories dey get less access to water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-06 |title=Israel's sustainable water management plans |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ipac-policies-in-practice_22632907-en/israel-s-sustainable-water-management-plans_d81db5f5-en.html? |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=OECD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water dey important for Arab–Israeli conflict, and even linked to 1967 Six-Day War.&lt;ref name=&quot;darwish03&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=May 30, 2003 |title=Analysis: Middle East water wars |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2949768.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oslo Accords talk say Palestinians get water rights, but in practice imbalance still dey. Gaza water situation very bad, with most water unsafe and access heavily restricted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-29 |title=The Occupation of Water |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Jordan}}
|Jordan dey downstream of Jordan River and Yarmouk River, so dem depend on neighbours for water. Country dey use desalination, reuse of irrigation water, and projects like Disi Water Conveyance to move groundwater go Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1948-01-01 |title=Yarmouk River: Tensions and cooperation between Syria and Jordan |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/yarmouk-river-tensions-and-cooperation-between-syria-and-jordan |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan sign peace treaty with Israel in 1994, leading to some cooperation projects. But tensions still dey. Jordan also sign agreements with Syria but dem no always respect am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|Kuwait water politics dey linked to desalination and water storage infrastructure like Kuwait Water Towers. These towers supply Kuwait City with water and represent water security strategy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al Mulla |first=Yasmena |date=2021-01-16 |title=Kuwait Towers: A symbol of independence and sovereignty |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-towers-a-symbol-of-independence-and-sovereignty-1.76529512 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait expand reservoirs system to secure supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=Kuwait works to improve water utilities |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/kuwait/2018-report/economy/the-government-is-working-to-improve-water-infrastructure-and-production-capacity-securing-resources |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Oxford Business Group |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Lebanon}}
|Lebanon dey face water shortage for over two-thirds of population. Climate change go worsen am. Agriculture dey use more than half of water, so reuse of greywater fit help.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Water solutions in Lebanon |url=https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/news-events/water-solutions-in-lebanon-who-and-what-is-standing-in-the-way/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ReWater MENA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conflict and crisis damage infrastructure, so people dey rely on informal water sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=Water informality in Lebanon |url=https://timep.org/2022/12/15/invisible-and-unjust-impacts-of-water-informality-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=TIMEP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Libya}}
|Libya Great Man-Made River Project try bring groundwater from south go north cities but project no finish after 2011 civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Libya Great Man-Made River Project |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/whats-next-libyas-great-man-made-river-project |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya depend heavily on groundwater, and war damage water infrastructure badly. Water systems even become target during conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNICEF Libya |date=2022 |title=Water Scarcity and Climate Change Libya |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/19321/file/Libya%20water%20scarcity%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_%20UNICEF%20Sep%202022.pdf |access-date=2025-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Morocco}}
|Morocco water politics focus on sustainability but corruption and unequal distribution remain problem. Some regions dey use more water for cash crops than for local people. In Zagora, water scarcity lead to protests in 2017 called “thirst revolution.” Women and children mostly affected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco thirst revolution |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/ruy/en/dos/wil/21718884.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Goethe-Institut |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Oman}}
|Oman get diverse climate and traditional Aflaj irrigation system still dey active and recognised by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; But today Oman depend heavily on desalination for over 85% of drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arab Center Washington DC |date=2024-09-06 |title=Water desalination in Gulf |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-costs-and-benefits-of-water-desalination-in-the-gulf/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Palestine}}
|Water access for Palestine don long become political issue since Mandate era. Israeli control over water sources since 1967 reduce Palestinian access sharply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Oslo Accords reinforce imbalance, as Israel control most shared water resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oslo Accords water control |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/oslo-accords-palestine-israel-entrenched-control-water |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For Gaza, water situation very bad, with most water unsafe and access heavily restricted. Human Rights Watch report say water available no reach minimum human needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Extermination and acts of genocide: Israel deliberately depriving Palestinians in Gaza of water |date=2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=979-8-88708-192-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Qatar}}
|Qatar get very low natural water but high consumption level. Dem depend almost fully on desalination and government provide water for free. Country dey expand infrastructure to meet demand and improve efficiency under SDG 6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar SDG water security |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/qatar-34138 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=UN SDGs}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Saudi Arabia water politics start from control of water for political power before oil era. Today, groundwater dey reduce so desalination now provide almost two-thirds of water supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murden |first=Robert |date=2021-01-07 |title=Water in Saudi Arabia |url=https://ussaudi.org/water-in-saudi-arabia-desalination-wastewater-and-privatization/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=USSBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; East-West pipeline move desalinated water from Jubail go Riyadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cayMShmYgCA |title=Jubail-Riyadh Water System |date=2018-07-18 |last=Eng.Meshari Alanazi |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; NEOM project also depend fully on desalination and wastewater recycling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NEOM Water Infrastructure |url=https://www.neom.com/en-us/our-business/sectors/water/infrastructure |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=neom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Sudan}}
|Sudan water politics link closely with Egypt under Nile agreements of colonial era.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; After independence, Sudan challenge some agreements but later still accept parts of them. Later cooperation with Egypt and Ethiopia continue, including Declaration of Principles in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yihdego |first=Zeray |date=2017-05-25 |title=Nile Water Law cooperation |journal=Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1163/23529369-12340006 |hdl=2164/12347}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sudan later align with Egypt against Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, though negotiation still ongoing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Syria}}
|Syria dey face serious water shortage especially from Euphrates River. Reduced water cause rural migration, urban pressure, and energy shortage from hydropower loss. Civil war worsen water mismanagement and groundwater depletion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sottimano |first=Aurora |date=2022-02-24 |title=Syria water crisis |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-has-a-water-crisis-and-its-not-going-away/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkey dams also reduce downstream flow and increase tension.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mauvais |first=Lyse |title=The Thirst for Power |publisher=CSIS Middle East Program |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Tunisia}}
|Tunisia add water access into constitution, but scarcity still remain problem. Government plan aim to improve supply and efficiency by 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia water policy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2025/02/securing-tunisias-constitutional-right-to-water-policy-solutions?lang=en |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt; Climate change dey cause desertification and rural migration, affecting agriculture heavily.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia running dry |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/in-depth/environmental-reader/tunisia-running-dry/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=IMS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|Turkey Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) include building dams on Euphrates and Tigris. Iraq and Syria criticize am because it reduce downstream water flow. Some also accuse Turkey of using dams as political weapon against Kurdish groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|UAE water policy focus on Water Security Strategy 2036, aiming for sustainable desalination and better water use efficiency. Country support international cooperation on water scarcity solutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UAE Water Security Strategy |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/water-and-energy/water-? |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=u.ae}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Yemen}}
|Before 2014, most water for Yemen go agriculture sector, especially cash crops like bananas, citrus, and khat, which no fit climate well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-24 |title=Water conflict in Yemen |url=https://merip.org/2010/03/water-conflict-and-cooperation-in-yemen/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=MERIP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Civil war increase water scarcity sharply. Over half population no get clean water, and infrastructure dey destroyed. Water also don become weapon by different sides in war, which contribute to war crimes allegations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jafarnia |first=Niku |date=2023-12-11 |title=Water rights in Yemen war |journal=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Houthis attack ships in Red Sea in response to Gaza war, causing Red Sea crisis and disrupting global trade routes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Sea crisis |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Crisis Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
=== South America ===

The Guaraní Aquifer, wey dey between Mercosur countries like Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, get volume of about 40,000 km³, and e be very important source of fresh clean drinking water for all the four countries dem. Rain water and small small rivers and streams dey refill am, mostly for the edges where e dey get water inflow.

As population dey grow fast for the area, especially for places wey dey feed the aquifer—some of dem even be big big cities like São Paulo and Curitiba—dem need serious monitoring make dem no overuse am or spoil am. If dem no watch am well, e fit deplete or get polluted.

The risk of pollution dey come from weak environmental laws for farming activities and poor sanitation systems. For many areas, untreated sewage dey enter ground, and even refuse like urban waste dey exposed outside. This kind situation dey worsen flooding problems for the countries wey dey involved.

=== Mexico ===
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Mexico}}Mexico don face serious wahala for stopping water contamination and water pollution, and also for how dem dey distribute clean water go households and businesses. As society don develop, urbanization increase, economy grow, and trade expand, demand for clean water too don increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot;/&gt;

But pollution wey dey come from economic growth and industrialization, together with di dry (arid) climate, don reduce access to clean water for many households and firms. Di already dry climate dey also suffer droughts, and with climate change wey dey increase, e fit make water access even worse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ilgen|first1=Silvana|last2=Sengers|first2=Frans|last3=Wardekker|first3=Arjan|date=2019|title=City-To-City Learning for Urban Resilience: The Case of Water Squares in Rotterdam and Mexico City|journal=Water|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=983|doi=10.3390/w11050983|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019Water..11..983I |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/380617/Ilgen_ea_City_to_city_learning_urban_resilience_2019.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mexico dey depend mainly on groundwater for water supply, and dis don lead to overuse of aquifers and make cost of getting water increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hearne 2004&quot; /&gt; Mexico City, wey be di biggest urban center, get very high demand for drinking water. Di water supply wey “Sistema de Aguas de la Ciudad de Mexico” (SCAMEX) dey provide dey only 98 effective and because of that, about 48,000 households for di city no get water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot;/&gt;

Even people wey get access to SCAMEX water still no dey satisfied. Dem still dey face water loss and bad water quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt; For Mexico City, estimated 40% of di water dey lost through leaking pipes wey dem build since early 1900s.

According to 2011 survey results, up to 87% of households for Mexico City prefer say dem go dey use other sources instead of tap water for cooking and drinking. Alternative ways to get water include buying bottled water, using filtration devices, or boiling water before dem drink am.

Problem be say these alternatives dey cost more pass using tap water wey city provide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodríguez-Tapia etal 2017&quot; /&gt;
=== Middle East and North Africa ===
{{Main|Water politics in the Middle East}}For di Middle East and North Africa (MENA), water be very important resource plus political matter. According to report by Arab League in 1999, two-thirds of Arab countries get less than {{convert|1,000|m3}} of water per person every year, which dem consider as di limit.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Major aspects of scarce water resources management with reference to the Arab countries&quot;, Arab League report published for the International Conference on water gestion and water politics in arid zones, in Amman, Jordan, December 1–3, 1999. Quoted by French journalist Christian Chesnot in {{cite news |date=February 2000 |title=Drought in the Middle East |url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/02/08chesnot |publisher=Monde diplomatique}} – French original version freely available [https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/02/CHESNOT/13213.html here].&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2025, e dey predicted say countries for Arabian Peninsula go dey use water wey pass double wetin dem naturally get.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2030, according to World Bank, MENA region likely go reach absolute water scarcity limit as United Nations define am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=absolute water scarcity |url=https://archive.unescwa.org/absolute-water-scarcity#:~:text=An%20insufficiency%20of%20supply%20to,scarcity%20(Falkenmark,%201989). |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finding Institutional Solutions to Water Scarcity in MENA |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/finding-institutional-solutions-to-water-scarcity-in-mena |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With fast population growth and climate change, water scarcity no dey likely reduce. Because of these stats and predictions, people dey often see water as something scarce for MENA, and dem dey sometimes use am explain conflicts and political instability. But some scholars argue say na framing be that, because problem no be only water availability, but how dem dey distribute and use am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics: Constructing a Zionist Network of Water Abundance, Immigration, and Colonization |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=363–365, 384 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Jessica |date=2020 |title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |journal=Middle East Report |volume=296 |pages=1–9 |via=Middle East Research and Information Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For Middle East context, wey get different national, subnational, ideological, ethnic, religious and pan-national identities, water politics don play big role for conflicts between Iraq, Syria, and Turkey; Egypt and other Nile riparian states; plus Israel and Palestine. For MENA, all major rivers cross at least one international border, like Tigris and Euphrates wey pass through three major Middle Eastern countries. Nile even cross eleven countries. This one mean say downstream countries dey strongly affected by decisions of upstream countries wey dem no really fit control.

Besides rivers, other important water bodies for Middle East include Suez Canal, Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Strait of Hormuz, and Persian Gulf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==== Overview by country ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Country
!Water Politics
|-
|{{Flag|Algeria}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Algeria}}
Water scarcity dey increase problem for Algeria, and climate change plus drought periods dey worsen am. In 2024, protests against government water policies happen for Tiaret city.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; To secure drinking water plus agricultural and industrial water supply, and to reduce risk from climate change, Algeria allocate USD 5.4 billion to improve desalination technology. By 2030, country plan say nearly two-thirds of water go come from desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goosen |first=Matthew |date=2025-02-05 |title=Algeria Commits $5.4B to Desalination for Long-Term Water Security |url=https://energycapitalpower.com/algeria-commits-5-4b-to-desalination-for-long-term-water-security/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=energycapitalpower.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}
|Water politics be important matter for Bahrain as archipelago. Like other countries for region, natural water resources dey scarce. To meet demand, Bahrain dey use desalination plus greywater filtering for irrigation. These methods reduce depletion of water resources by 20% between 2000 and 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=WHAT PROGRESS LOOKS LIKE: BAHRAIN – SUSTAINABLE WATER USE |url=https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/sdg6_acceleration_snapshot_642_bahrain_feb_2023.pdf |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=UN Water Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6}}&lt;/ref&gt; These sustainability goals dey inside Bahrain Vision 2030, and dem dey call am “pioneering” progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Electricity and Water: Bahrain's Vision 2030: Advancing Sustainable Energy and Water |url=https://bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/HomeNationalPortal/ContentDetailsPage/!ut/p/z1/rVRNc5swFPwr7qFH0JMAAUccf7euXTukMZeMAFGrBaEQaur--oppphnjOLgz1QWQdtn3tCuhCN2jSLKD-MpqUUqW6-9dRB_w3IGZdwOwHtkEPt_5GzpcYlhOLfTlFIBvQ9CAebBZTUYYbIyia_hwYQRwHf8vYPZpPQK6mnkucYfWak1O-d3lXr51yvdDCkCnIcZ4oRv1yKv1BzDckKEFMN3C2_qkq38ucKp_61OghAQ22U4tWMEZ_wzwb_t3DojetucORShSiUjRzna5gyFxjRgTatgOJ0bMM2w4kGZAfWwBgRadyFrVe7SLpXrg8j0cyx_VIBcZHwg5iNm-YkLP8pwndSUSUR8HTKaDhtW8ujCNFv02R31OdACdJH-AHkAb9b7Neg3wEpbVWQ1-GE6AetOJbVNv4zou2mm73ItdODpPB8EbFMqyKvTx3b64k-HYc6ifGH6SZoaNITV8LW94wKivnYlZitEMnhUu1Bh8JH_-yZL2gkC7Rj2ZqqzqnNdPZi7k93axfTKlWtWkLEwRF2ajTJYWQpp7nutXpcyG53qRmyk_1GWZP3Vb6yRxbl1u7argLfpOgr7qxLfHxyjQCS1lzX_W6P4_RnTLJVJF-DwKz3IW4804W44tm8W_suIm9o5WE7z7DWJri_o!/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Government of Bahrain}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water laws from 1980s still dey guide management of water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Management in Bahrain |url=https://water.fanack.com/bahrain/water-management-bahrain/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Fanack Water |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|{{Further|Water politics in the Nile Basin}}{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Egypt}}
Egypt water politics dey strongly influenced by Nile treaties of 1902, 1929, and 1959. These agreements confirm Egypt dominance over Nile and give am major access plus ability to block upstream projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Other countries see am as colonial legacy, but Egypt still consider am legally binding.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

With rise of nationalism and link between Nile and national identity, Egypt dey see Nile as survival issue. Construction of Aswan High Dam under Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970 be major milestone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Nile Water Control: Managing Africa's Lifeline |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/infrastructure-projects/nile-water-control |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toshka project suppose create new agricultural land using Lake Nasser water but e no finish.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=Jeroen |date=2013-06-01 |title=The Toshka mirage in the Egyptian desert – River diversion as political diversion |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146290111200202X |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy |volume=30 |pages=102–110 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.021 |bibcode=2013ESPol..30..102W |issn=1462-9011|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since Ethiopia announce Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in 2011, dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia dominate water politics. Egypt fear say dam go reduce Nile flow and affect water security and hydropower production.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |work=Nature}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 June 2020 |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/ |work=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Iran}}
From 1980s onward, Iran water policy no too future-oriented. For 1990s, dem increase construction of dams and wells for groundwater pumping, but now population dey grow fast while water resources plus infrastructure dey deteriorate quickly. Experts warning dem dey often ignore, leading some people to call am “water mafia.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dagres |first=Holly |date=2024-01-22 |title=A thirsty reality: Iran's dire water situation |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/iran-water-environment-us-policy/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some studies talk say corruption, nepotism, and environmental racism dey affect water allocation, as leaders dey favour their own regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maddern |first=Kerra |date=2024-06-12 |title=Iran's water policy is discriminatory and an example of &quot;environmental racism&quot;, study says |url=https://news.exeter.ac.uk/faculty-of-humanities-arts-and-social-sciences/irans-war-policy-is-discriminatory-and-an-example-of-environmental-racism-study-says/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agriculture sector, due to food sovereignty goals and sanctions, dey consume most water, sometimes even illegally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1935-01-01 |title=Water stress and political tensions in Iran |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/water-stress-and-political-tensions-iran |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Climate change plus soil salinisation dey also worsen water scarcity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How the EU Can Help Iran Tackle Water Scarcity |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/07/how-the-eu-can-help-iran-tackle-water-scarcity?lang=en&amp;center=europe |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
|After 1991 uprising, Saddam Hussein drain Iraqi marshes as revenge against Marsh Arabs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis action destroy ecosystem and also displace Marsh Arabs, and e dey seen as genocide and ecocide. Water from Euphrates and Tigris was diverted into “Third River” to create farmland.

After 2003 US invasion, some efforts start to restore di marshes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahram |first=Ariel I. |date=2015 |title=Development, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=447–466 |doi=10.1017/S0020743815000495 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Today Iraq dey try improve cooperation with neighbours and international partners like Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Iraqi officials strengthen their collaborative approach to water management and governance |url=https://www.un-ihe.org/news/iraqi-officials-strengthen-their-collaborative-approach-water-management-and-governance |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.un-ihe.org |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, Iraq and UK agree on multi-billion water infrastructure deal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Iraq, UK agree on trade package worth up to $15 billion, defence deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-uk-agree-trade-package-worth-up-123-billion-pounds-iraqi-pm-office-says-2025-01-14/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|ISIS}}
|ISIS no be country but dem play big role in water politics during their control of territories. Dem capture dams and water infrastructure for Euphrates and Tigris regions from 2014. Water become weapon: dem fit cause shortage, flooding, or pollution. Water plus electricity from dams help dem control population and support military operations. Dem even threaten to destroy Mosul Dam, which fit flood Mosul and Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Von Lossow |first=Tobias |date=2016 |title=Water as Weapon: IS on the Euphrates and Tigris |journal=SWP Comments |volume=3 |pages=1–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|{{Further|Water politics in the Jordan River basin}}{{Further|Water supply and sanitation in Israel}}
Before Israel independence in 1948, Zionist settlement use water politics to expand control. Water was framed as abundant to justify settlement expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alatout |first=Samer |date=2009 |title=Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics |journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=372–379, 384–385 |doi=10.1177/0306312708101979 |pmid=19848183 |bibcode=2009SSS....39..363A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today Israel dey invest heavily in desalination, irrigation, reuse of water, and dams. But inequality still dey, as Bedouins and people for occupied territories dey get less access to water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-06 |title=Israel's sustainable water management plans |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ipac-policies-in-practice_22632907-en/israel-s-sustainable-water-management-plans_d81db5f5-en.html? |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=OECD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water dey important for Arab–Israeli conflict, and even linked to 1967 Six-Day War.&lt;ref name=&quot;darwish03&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=May 30, 2003 |title=Analysis: Middle East water wars |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2949768.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oslo Accords talk say Palestinians get water rights, but in practice imbalance still dey. Gaza water situation very bad, with most water unsafe and access heavily restricted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Jordan}}
|Jordan dey downstream of Jordan River and Yarmouk River, so dem depend on neighbours for water. Country dey use desalination, reuse of irrigation water, and projects like Disi Water Conveyance to move groundwater go Amman.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;

Jordan sign peace treaty with Israel in 1994, leading to some cooperation projects. But tensions still dey. Jordan also sign agreements with Syria but dem no always respect am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|Kuwait water politics dey linked to desalination and water storage infrastructure like Kuwait Water Towers. These towers supply Kuwait City with water and represent water security strategy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Al Mulla |first=Yasmena |date=2021-01-16 |title=Kuwait Towers: A symbol of independence and sovereignty |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-towers-a-symbol-of-independence-and-sovereignty-1.76529512 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuwait expand reservoirs system to secure supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-28 |title=Kuwait works to improve water utilities |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/kuwait/2018-report/economy/the-government-is-working-to-improve-water-infrastructure-and-production-capacity-securing-resources |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Oxford Business Group |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Lebanon}}
|Lebanon dey face water shortage for over two-thirds of population. Climate change go worsen am. Agriculture dey use more than half of water, so reuse of greywater fit help.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Water solutions in Lebanon |url=https://rewater-mena.iwmi.org/news-events/water-solutions-in-lebanon-who-and-what-is-standing-in-the-way/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=ReWater MENA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conflict and crisis damage infrastructure, so people dey rely on informal water sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=Water informality in Lebanon |url=https://timep.org/2022/12/15/invisible-and-unjust-impacts-of-water-informality-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=TIMEP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Libya}}
|Libya Great Man-Made River Project try bring groundwater from south go north cities but project no finish after 2011 civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Libya Great Man-Made River Project |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/whats-next-libyas-great-man-made-river-project |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya depend heavily on groundwater, and war damage water infrastructure badly. Water systems even become target during conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNICEF Libya |date=2022 |title=Water Scarcity and Climate Change Libya |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/19321/file/Libya%20water%20scarcity%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_%20UNICEF%20Sep%202022.pdf |access-date=2025-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Morocco}}
|Morocco water politics focus on sustainability but corruption and unequal distribution remain problem. Some regions dey use more water for cash crops than for local people. In Zagora, water scarcity lead to protests in 2017 called “thirst revolution.” Women and children mostly affected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Morocco thirst revolution |url=https://www.goethe.de/prj/ruy/en/dos/wil/21718884.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Goethe-Institut |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Oman}}
|Oman get diverse climate and traditional Aflaj irrigation system still dey active and recognised by UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1207 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; But today Oman depend heavily on desalination for over 85% of drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arab Center Washington DC |date=2024-09-06 |title=Water desalination in Gulf |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-costs-and-benefits-of-water-desalination-in-the-gulf/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Palestine}}
|Water access for Palestine don long become political issue since Mandate era. Israeli control over water sources since 1967 reduce Palestinian access sharply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Oslo Accords reinforce imbalance, as Israel control most shared water resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

For Gaza, water situation very bad, with most water unsafe and access heavily restricted. Human Rights Watch report say water available no reach minimum human needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Extermination and acts of genocide: Israel deliberately depriving Palestinians in Gaza of water |date=2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=979-8-88708-192-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Qatar}}
|Qatar get very low natural water but high consumption level. Dem depend almost fully on desalination and government provide water for free. Country dey expand infrastructure to meet demand and improve efficiency under SDG 6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qatar SDG water security |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/qatar-34138 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=UN SDGs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Saudi Arabia water politics start from control of water for political power before oil era. Today, groundwater dey reduce so desalination now provide almost two-thirds of water supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murden |first=Robert |date=2021-01-07 |title=Water in Saudi Arabia |url=https://ussaudi.org/water-in-saudi-arabia-desalination-wastewater-and-privatization/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=USSBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; East-West pipeline move desalinated water from Jubail go Riyadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cayMShmYgCA |title=Jubail-Riyadh Water System |date=2018-07-18 |last=Eng.Meshari Alanazi |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; NEOM project also depend fully on desalination and wastewater recycling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NEOM Water Infrastructure |url=https://www.neom.com/en-us/our-business/sectors/water/infrastructure |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=neom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Sudan}}
|Sudan water politics link closely with Egypt under Nile agreements of colonial era.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; After independence, Sudan challenge some agreements but later still accept parts of them. Later cooperation with Egypt and Ethiopia continue, including Declaration of Principles in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yihdego |first=Zeray |date=2017-05-25 |title=Nile Water Law cooperation |journal=Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1163/23529369-12340006 |hdl=2164/12347}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sudan later align with Egypt against Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, though negotiation still ongoing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Syria}}
|Syria dey face serious water shortage especially from Euphrates River. Reduced water cause rural migration, urban pressure, and energy shortage from hydropower loss. Civil war worsen water mismanagement and groundwater depletion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sottimano |first=Aurora |date=2022-02-24 |title=Syria water crisis |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-has-a-water-crisis-and-its-not-going-away/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkey dams also reduce downstream flow and increase tension.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Tunisia}}
|Tunisia add water access into constitution, but scarcity still remain problem. Government plan aim to improve supply and efficiency by 2050.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia water policy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2025/02/securing-tunisias-constitutional-right-to-water-policy-solutions?lang=en |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt; Climate change dey cause desertification and rural migration, affecting agriculture heavily.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tunisia running dry |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/in-depth/environmental-reader/tunisia-running-dry/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=IMS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|Turkey Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) include building dams on Euphrates and Tigris. Iraq and Syria criticize am because it reduce downstream water flow. Some also accuse Turkey of using dams as political weapon against Kurdish groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|UAE water policy focus on Water Security Strategy 2036, aiming for sustainable desalination and better water use efficiency. Country support international cooperation on water scarcity solutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UAE Water Security Strategy |url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/environment-and-energy/water-and-energy/water-? |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=u.ae}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|{{Flag|Yemen}}
|Before 2014, most water for Yemen go agriculture sector, especially cash crops like bananas, citrus, and khat, which no fit climate well.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-24 |title=Water conflict in Yemen |url=https://merip.org/2010/03/water-conflict-and-cooperation-in-yemen/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=MERIP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Civil war increase water scarcity sharply. Over half population no get clean water, and infrastructure dey destroyed. Water also don become weapon by different sides in war, which contribute to war crimes allegations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jafarnia |first=Niku |date=2023-12-11 |title=Water rights in Yemen war |journal=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Houthis attack ships in Red Sea in response to Gaza war, causing Red Sea crisis and disrupting global trade routes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Sea crisis |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Crisis Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
=== United States ===

The '''Water Justice''' movement na mostly grassroots movement for US wey small-small groups of people dey take am for dem hand by protest, petition, fundraising, or even donating tins like water filters so dem fit improve access to clean water for everybody. Some well-known people don use their fame support di cause of water justice: [[Erin Brockovich]], wey be media personality and environmental activist, don talk against [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]] officials dem bad handling of di water crisis wey happen for there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/erin-brockovich-is-back-to-fight-in-flint |title=Erin Brockovich Is Back To Fight in Flint |last=Haglage |first=Abby |date=July 11, 2017 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |publisher= |access-date=May 31, 2021 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/erin-brockovich-on-americas-water-crisis-and-why-no-one-is-coming-to-save-us |title=Erin Brockovich on America's water crisis and why no one is coming to save us |last=Booker |first=Christopher |date=November 22, 2020 |website=[[PBS]] |publisher= |access-date=May 31, 2021 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actress [[Shailene Woodley]] too join matter when she go protest [[Dakota Access Pipeline protests|Dakota Access Pipeline]] and dem even arrest am. Later she talk say: &quot;If you are a human who requires water to survive, then this issue directly involves you.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|last1=Woodley |first1=Shailene |url=https://time.com/4538557/shailene-woodley-arrest-pipeline/|title=Shailene Woodley: The Truth About My Arrest|magazine=TIME |date=20 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Water Justice movement don also spread go global level, and e now include many different groups like Global Water Justice Movement, Friends of the Right to Water, [[Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions]], [[Food &amp; Water Watch|Food and Water Watch]], and [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]]. These groups believe say water na part of global commons, so dem dey argue against privatization of water resources and dem dey push make government get responsibility to ensure say everybody get right to water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.epsu.org/article/global-water-justice-movement-denounces-world-bank%E2%80%99s-strategy-promote-privatization-water |title = Global Water Justice Movement denounces World Bank's strategy to promote privatization of water and the commodification of water resources through UN SDG Agenda &amp;#124; EPSU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bradford.ac.uk/social-sciences/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-11/PCD-Issue-11_Article_Water-Justice-Movement_Davidson-Naidoo-Harden.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-01-19 |archive-date=2017-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303123156/http://www.bradford.ac.uk/social-sciences/peace-conflict-and-development/issue-11/PCD-Issue-11_Article_Water-Justice-Movement_Davidson-Naidoo-Harden.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Legal acts====
To prevent more pollution, environmental damage, and make sure drinking water dey clean, different legal acts don enter law.

* '''The Clean Water Act''': The [[Clean Water Act]] dem pass am for 1948 under name Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but dem expand am well well for 1972. Amendments include:
** Dem ban any pollutant wey fit enter water wey go spoil big water bodies.
** Dem regulate how pollutants dey enter water.
** Dem give money support for sewage treatment plants.
** Dem give [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] power to enforce water rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act |title=History of the Clean Water Act |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2017-02-23 |date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''The Ocean Dumping Act:''' The [[Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972|Ocean Dumping Act]] dem pass am for 1972 to reduce too much pollution wey dey enter ocean. EPA fit fine up to $50,000 per violation. The law also support research on how to reduce dumping for ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_crs_oda.pdf|title=Ocean Dumping Act: A Summary of the Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

** '''Shore Protection Act (SPA):''' This one come from Ocean Dumping Act. E stop ships from carrying waste inside coastal waters without permit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-shore-protection-act|title=Summary of the Shore Protection Act|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=2017-03-01|date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Right To Water:''' E also known as [[Right to water|Human Right to Water and Sanitation]], United Nations establish am for July 28, 2010. UN recognize water and sanitation as basic human right, so countries suppose provide clean water wey people fit access.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml|title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005–2015. Focus Areas: The human right to water and sanitation|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2017-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA):''' Dem pass am for 1974. E protect water wey dey above ground and underground. For 1996, dem add amendment wey make EPA dey check risk and cost before dem set standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-safe-drinking-water-act|title=Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |language=en|access-date=2017-03-01|date=2013-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Activism ====
For America side, plenty activism don happen around water matter for places like Standing Rock, North Dakota and Flint, Michigan.

When pipeline matter come up for [[Standing Rock Indian Reservation]] for North Dakota, people start action sharp-sharp. For January 2016 when dem propose pipeline, Sioux tribe release petition wey gather almost half a million signatures inside three months.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://fusion.net/story/372387/timeline-nodapl-protests-standing-rock/|title=A timeline of the year of resistance at Standing Rock|work=Fusion|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis action delay pipeline construction small, but matter no stop there. For July same year, tribe try sue Army Corps of Engineers say pipeline go spoil their water source. Energy Transfer Partners respond with counter lawsuit say dem dey block their work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusion&quot; /&gt;

2016 presidential candidate [[Jill Stein]] also support protest, even spray paint bulldozer write “I approve this message”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.omaha.com/news/politics/in-omaha-jill-stein-defends-spray-painting-bulldozer-at-north/article_39bae5a9-d586-55bf-8bb6-f884a763029e.html|title=In Omaha, Jill Stein defends spray-painting bulldozer at North Dakota pipeline protest |author=Robynn Tysver|work=Omaha.com|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actress [[Shailene Woodley]] too get arrest because she block pipeline construction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/10/24/arrested_actor_shailene_woodley_why_do|title=Actor Shailene Woodley on Her Arrest, Strip Search and Dakota Access Pipeline Resistance|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=2017-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flint, Michigan water crisis too make activists focus on clean water access. For 2014 when dem change Flint River make am main water source, people quickly notice say water quality dey drop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bridgemi.com/truth-squad-companion/disaster-day-day-detailed-flint-crisis-timeline?gclid=CNWI6YfKvNICFdU7gQodqDkDmA|title=Disaster Day by Day: A detailed Flint crisis timeline|date=2016-02-04|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American Civil Liberties Union file multiple lawsuits say lead level for water too dangerous and dem demand make dem replace pipes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2017/01/09/activists-flint-water-tests/96342196/|title=Activists urge caution on Flint water despite improved tests|work=Detroit Free Press|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But till now, the problem still dey continue and people still dey struggle for clean water.
====Related organizations and programs====

Plenty state and national organizations and programs dey work for safe water access matter. The type and scope of these organizations different depending on how far dem dey reach (some dey work inside small county, others dey work global level) and wetin dem dey focus on inside water justice. Some dey operate inside government system, others dey operate outside am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|title=Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs|website=www.nesc.wvu.edu|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These organizations help people understand water issues better, how e dey affect communities, and dem dey also work on solutions to improve access to clean water.

Categories of water justice organizations include:

*Education: United States get some of the safest drinking water systems for world, but still, some cases of contamination and sickness still dey happen every year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthyhomes/bytopic/water.html|title=CDC – Healthy Homes {{!}} Health Topics {{!}} Drinking Water Safety|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2017-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some organizations dey educate people about how to handle water safely and make communities know where their water dey come from.

*Industry: Many organizations dey work inside water industry to improve infrastructure and safety. Dem dey certify workers and professionals to make sure work and products meet standard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abccert.org/|title=Association of Boards of Certification|website=www.abccert.org|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem also dey organize engineers, public health experts, and researchers wey dey work for water systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|title=Drinking Water National and State Organizations and Programs|website=www.nesc.wvu.edu|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-date=2020-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128132141/http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/links/DW_nat.cfm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Research: Some organizations dey fund and support environmental and public health research related to water issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fwr.org/|title=FWR Home Page|last=Jones|first=Gordon|website=www.fwr.org|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Governmental: Some water justice groups dey work directly with government bodies—city, state, tribal, or federal—to improve water policy and management.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribalclimateguide.uoregon.edu/climate-programs/national-tribal-environmental-council|title=National Tribal Environmental Council {{!}} Tribal Climate Change Guide|website=tribalclimateguide.uoregon.edu|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Case studies: Africa ===

Obuasi, Ghana na one of the most important gold mining places for world. Dem first start use machinery to mine gold there for 1897.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashanti Company History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashanti Company History |publisher=AngloGold Ashanti|year=2005|url=http://www.ashantigold.com/NR/rdonlyres/BDB5B570-C236-4C5B-9F53-1B5ED83F7E0C/0/Ashanti_CompanyHistory.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As time dey go, dem introduce new methods to process the ore. By 1908, one chemist bring Australian method of “dry crushing and roasting preparatory to treatment with cyanide”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashanti Company History&quot; /&gt;

But this mining work cause serious environmental damage. Many rivers, fishing areas, and irrigation systems suffer pollution or complete destruction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 3&lt;/ref&gt;

Mining companies try replace water access by building standpipes, but many of them no work well for local people.

Water contamination for Obuasi reach levels wey be 10–38 times higher than legal limit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 9&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 9&lt;/ref&gt;

Main sources of pollution include arsenic dust from mills&lt;ref&gt;Golow et al., 703&lt;/ref&gt; and polluted runoff water from mining dams.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 9&quot;/&gt;

As dem dey process gold ore, dust fit contain arsenic, iron oxides, sulphur compounds and other harmful particles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot;&gt;Golow et al., 2010, 703&lt;/ref&gt;

Wind and rain carry these pollutants go soil, rivers, and even human settlements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Because Obuasi dey inside rainforest zone with heavy rainfall (Smedley, 1996, 464), rain help spread contamination further through oxidation and chemical reaction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt;

Soil become main target of pollution because plants absorb toxins, die, and return am back to soil, which later enter groundwater system again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt;

Even though groundwater less polluted than rivers, movement of rainwater still carry toxins deeper over time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golow et al., 2010, 703&quot; /&gt;

Most affected areas na places close to mining sites, but wind carry dust reach areas hundreds of miles away.&lt;ref&gt;Golow et al., 2010, 706&lt;/ref&gt;

Local people suffer serious effects. Rivers wey be drinking water source before now get sludge and contamination.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot;/&gt;

All fish life for rivers die because chemical levels too high.&lt;ref&gt;ActionAid, 2006, 3&lt;/ref&gt;

Some reports show say companies even discharge waste directly into streams, sometimes causing flooding.&lt;ref&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 11&lt;/ref&gt;

Farmers suffer pass because irrigation water dey contaminated, which spoil soil and destroy crops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt;

Children school life also affected because flooding force many schools to close.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt;

AngloGold Ashanti try provide standpipes, but many no work or get arsenic contamination issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 15&quot;&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 15&lt;/ref&gt;

Some standpipes install since 1940s and 1950s still dey contaminated or broken.&lt;ref name=&quot;Action Aid, 2006, 3&quot; /&gt;

People sometimes dey walk about 1.5 miles just to find clean water.&lt;ref&gt;Action Aid, 2006, 16&lt;/ref&gt;

Residents still dey struggle because no proper compensation for environmental damage.

== Economy ==

=== Global economy ===

Globalization improve economy through trade and production of food, energy, and goods, but e also increase water demand sharply.

OECD countries predict say by 2050, global water demand go increase by 55%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anders&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/global-water-crisis-politics-business-security|title=The global water crisis – why water politics matter for business security|last2=Jägerskog|first2=Dr Anders|date=30 August 2013|website=The Guardian|last3=Berggren|first3=Jens|last4=Joyce|first4=John|last1=Holmgren|first1=Torgny}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water na limited resource, and about 50% of available water dey shared between two or more countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anders&quot; /&gt;

This make water politics very important because poor management fit cause conflict.

Countries wey get more water supply usually get stronger economy because agriculture and industry fit grow well.

Countries wey get less water struggle economically.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoekstra&quot;&gt;{{cite report|date=January 2010|title=WHO: The Relation Between International Trade and Freshwater Scarcity|url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201005_e.pdf|pages=1–26|last1=Hoekstra|first1=Arjen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

World Trade Organization also play role in water-related agricultural trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoekstra&quot; /&gt;
==== Jordan River ====

The [[Jordan River]] conflict, wey some people also call War over Water, na example of water matter wey cause tension between countries like [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Palestine]]. This water conflict start around 1953 because of poor water management and disagreement between countries. Negotiations still dey continue till today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/jordan.htm|title=JORDAN|website=gurukul.ucc.american.edu|last1=Cartwright|first1=Randy|access-date=2017-03-30|archive-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222220452/http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/ice/jordan.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The conflict begin when Jordan plan to use shared river basin for irrigation and agriculture. In response, Israel close dam gates for Sea of Galilee, reduce water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Newton |first2=Joshua |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Jordan_New.htm |title=Case studies {{!}} Water Conflict Management and Transformation at OSU |website=transboundarywaters.orst.edu |access-date=2017-03-30 |archive-date=2018-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225082416/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Jordan_New.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later dem propose Bunger Plan to share Jordan River water fairly among countries, but Israel no accept say dem riparian rights no dey recognized.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot; /&gt;

This conflict cause serious economic loss for irrigation, agriculture, and resources across all countries involved.

World Health Organization estimate say global economic loss from poor water management and sanitation reach about $260 billion yearly USD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=March 2013|title=Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wh.2012.105|last1=Hutton|first1=Guy|pmid=23428544|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JWH....11....1H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan River matter show say lack of proper transboundary water politics fit cause big economic damage.

Even now, countries still dey try reach agreement but no solid solution yet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton&quot; /&gt;

==== Aral Sea ====

The water crisis for [[Aral Sea]] na ongoing conflict wey start from 1991 between [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://library.ecc-platform.org/conflicts/conflict-over-water-aral-sea|title=Conflict Over Water in the Aral Sea {{!}} ECC Factbook|date=9 February 2015|website=ECC Library|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron |last2=Newton |first2=Joshua |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Aral_Sea_New.htm |title=Case studies {{!}} Water Conflict Management and Transformation at OSU |website=transboundarywaters.orst.edu |access-date=2017-03-30 |archive-date=2018-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218093815/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Aral_Sea_New.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Main causes include economic growth, population increase, electricity demand, and pollution, wey all lead to water scarcity.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;

Because water no plenty again, countries dey struggle to share am well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot; /&gt;

This scarcity affect fish, biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, air quality, and general ecosystem balance.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;

Economic impact serious because agriculture depend heavily on water, and many communities lose income.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolf Newton 2&quot; /&gt;

Some studies show say water scarcity fit reduce GDP by up to 6% and even cause migration of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy|title=High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy|website=World Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Different organizations try solve am like Interstate Commission for Water Coordination and Aral Sea Basin Program, but problem still dey continue.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECC Conflict Aral&quot; /&gt;

=== Local economy ===

Water politics for inside countries (subnational level) also very important. If management no good, e fit affect local economy badly.

Bad water politics fit increase cost for businesses, agriculture, and infrastructure, and e fit reduce jobs and competitiveness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.veolianorthamerica.com/en/implications-of-growth|title=Home page}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, Texas dey plan build reservoirs to handle water shortage, but construction cost fit pass $600 per acre-foot.&lt;ref name=&quot;alamaro&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Alamaro|first1=Moshe|title=Water politics must adapt to a warming world|journal=Nature|date=30 September 2014|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=7|doi=10.1038/514007a|pmid=25279881|bibcode=2014Natur.514....7A|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

So local governments play big role in managing water allocation, scarcity, and pollution.

==== Colorado River basin ====

The [[Colorado River]] basin na shared water system between United States and Mexico, but inside US itself, different states like [[Colorado]], [[Utah]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]] and [[California]] dey share am too.

This make water management complicated because different governments get different interest.

Private companies and interest groups also dey involved in decisions.

If states cooperate well, dem fit reduce cost and improve agriculture output.

But if dem no agree, conflict fit arise over water distribution.&lt;ref name=&quot;moore&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=19 January 2017|title=The dilemma of autonomy: decentralization and water politics at the subnational level|journal=Water International|volume=42|issue=2|pages=222–239|doi=10.1080/02508060.2017.1276038|last1=Moore|first1=Scott M.|bibcode=2017WatIn..42..222M |hdl=10986/26253|s2cid=157939313|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human Rights ==

[[File:Indian women carrying water.jpg|thumb|Indian women carrying water]]

Water na basic need for human survival. Without water, no human activity fit continue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Elhance|title=Hydropolitics: Grounds for Despair, Reasons for Hope|journal=International Negotiation|date=1 February 2000|volume=5|issue=2|pages=201–222|doi=10.1163/15718060020848730}}&lt;/ref&gt;

United Nations recognize access to water as basic human right under international law.

Millennium Development Goals also include fair water distribution as major target.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Khadka|first1=Arjun Kumar|title=The Emergence of Water as a 'Human Right' on the World Stage: Challenges and Opportunities|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|date=22 January 2010|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1080/07900620903391838|bibcode=2010IJWRD..26...37K |s2cid=154480603}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UN and development goals no support water privatization because water na human right.

Idea be say everybody suppose get equal access to water without discrimination.

Right to water also help reduce disease and death especially for developing countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sivakumar|first1=Bellie|title=Planning and management of shared waters: hydropolitics and hydropsychology – two sides of the same coin|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|date=16 October 2013|volume=30|issue=2|pages=200–210|doi=10.1080/07900627.2013.841072|s2cid=154793056}}&lt;/ref&gt;

But even with over 300 water treaties globally, water conflict still dey happen because enforcement weak.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;

United Nations no still get strong system to punish countries wey break water agreements.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;

Many developing countries dey suffer pass because dem no get strong water infrastructure.

Without proper agreements, some countries fit even go war over water.&lt;ref name=&quot;khad&quot; /&gt;

== Hydropsychology ==

Hydropsychology dey focus on how people dey use water for individual level (micro-level).

This approach different from hydropolitics wey dey focus on international level.

Before, leaders no really pay attention to micro water use, but now importance don increase because e affect water scarcity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;

For example, countries like US get plenty water so dem fit use am for recreation like water parks.

But many developing countries no even get clean drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elhance 2000&quot; /&gt;

This imbalance show inequality in global water access.

Some countries dey use water for comfort, others dey struggle for survival.

Experts suggest say combining hydropolitics and hydropsychology fit solve water management better.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt;

This approach go mix international policies with local-level management.

It also go help manage issues like climate change, dams, water trade, and river linking.&lt;ref name=&quot;siva&quot; /&gt;

== Privatization ==

Water privatization mean say private companies go take over water supply instead of government.

People don criticize am because of high price, poor service, and ethical issues.

United Nations still classify clean water as human right.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN-Water&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unwater.org/|title=UN-Water: Home|website=www.unwater.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mexico City ===

For Mexico City, water privatization start to reduce water loss wey be about 40% from leaking pipes.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/03/world_forum/water/html/mexico_city.stm|title=BBC NEWS|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Between 1994 and 2003, private companies improve water quality but government still control infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce&quot; /&gt;

But later, contract issues start reduce efficiency.

=== Bolivia ===

For Bolivia, Cochabamba water privatization cause serious protest wey dem call Cochabamba Water War.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2000/02/10/water-war-in-bolivia|title=Water war in Bolivia|date=10 February 2000|newspaper=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Water price increase sharply after privatization contract with Aguas del Tunari.

Protests force government to declare emergency, and eventually policy collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS Frontline Bolivia Cochabamba&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html|title=Bolivia – Leasing the Rain. Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt |publisher=PBS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{Portal|Water}}

* [[Drainage law]]
* [[Water management]]
* [[Water export]]
* [[International waters]], [[Territorial waters]], [[Internal waters]]
* [[Water politics in the Nile Basin]]
* [[Mekong River Commission]]
* [[Water scarcity in Africa]]
* [[Water supply terrorism]]

**US:**
* [[United States groundwater law]]
* [[Clean Water Protection Act]]
* [[Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act]]
* [[California Water Wars]]
* [[Colorado Water Compact]]
* [[Ogallala Aquifer]]
* [[Navajo Indian Irrigation Project]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* Boccaletti, Giulio. ''Water: A Biography'' (Pantheon Books, 2021)
* Action Aid (2006) Gold Rush report
* Golow et al. (1996) arsenic contamination study
* Rahaman, M. M. (2012) Water wars research
* United Nations (2010) Human Right to Water document

== External links ==
* ISARM – Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management
* Water Wars Multimedia on hydropolitics in East Africa
* Israel Ministry of Environment water section
* Water and Environmental Racism lesson</text>
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    <title>Canal</title>
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{{Short description|Artificial channel for water}}
{{Redirect|Canals|the surname|Canals (surname)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}

[[File:Alter Strom.jpg|thumb|The Alter Strom, for the sea resort of Warnemünde, Germany]]
[[File:IMG RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg|thumb|The Royal Canal for Ireland]]
[[File:Basingstoke Canal - Lock.JPG|thumb|Small boat canals like the Basingstoke Canal help fuel the Industrial Revolution for plenty parts of Europe and the United States.]]
[[File:Ponte_sul_Naviglio.jpg|thumb|right|Bridge on top the Naviglio Grande, for the town of Cassinetta di Lugagnano, Italy]]
[[File:Broek in Waterland, woonhuis aan het Ee.jpg|thumb|Canal for Broek in Waterland, Netherlands]]
[[File:Wenecja, kanał wodny (Aw58TF).jpg|thumb|Canal for Venice]]

'''Canals''' or '''artificial waterways''' be waterways wey human beings build for drainage management (like flood control and irrigation) or to carry water transport vehicles (like water taxis). Dem dey carry free, calm surface water flow under atmospheric pressure, and you fit see dem as artificial rivers.

For most cases, canal get series of dams and locks wey create reservoirs with slow-moving water. People dey call these reservoirs ''slack water levels'', or just ''levels''. Canal fit also be called '''navigation canal''' if e dey run side by side with natural river and share part of the river ein water discharge and drainage basin. E dey use the river ein resources by building dams and locks to increase and extend the stretches of calm water while e still dey inside the same valley.

Canal fit cut across drainage divide on top of ridge, but e normally need another water source wey dey above the highest elevation. The most popular example of this kind canal be the Panama Canal.

People build plenty canals for high places above valleys and other waterways. Canals wey get water source from higher ground fit carry water go places like cities wey need water. The Roman Empire ein aqueducts be examples of these water supply canals.

Long time ago, people use this term describe certain straight-line features for the surface of Mars, but modern pictures don show say that name no be correct.

==Types of artificial waterways==
[[File:Saimaa canal at Lappeenranta Finland.jpg|thumb|Saimaa Canal, transport canal wey connect Finland and Russia, for Lappeenranta]]

A ''navigation'' be series of channels wey dey run almost side by side with the valley and stream bed of natural river wey nobody improve. Navigation always dey share the same drainage basin with the river. Ships dey use the calm parts of the river plus the engineered improvements as dem travel through the same changes in height.

True ''canal'' be channel wey cut across drainage divide to create navigable channel wey connect two different drainage basins.

[[File:Canal, Westbury Court Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1416966.jpg|thumb|Westbury Court Garden: the garden &quot;Canal&quot;]]

==Structures used in artificial waterways==

Both navigations and canals dey use engineered structures make navigation easy:

* weirs and dams to raise river water level reach usable depth;
* looping descents to create longer and gentler channel around rapids or waterfalls;
* locks to help ships and barges move go up and come down.

Because true canals dey cut across drainage divides instead of following the natural water level, dem dey harder to build and plenty times dem need extra structures like viaducts and aqueducts.

==Types of canals==
There be two main types of canal:

* Waterways: canals and navigations wey people dey use carry goods and passengers. You fit divide dem into two kinds:
:* Those wey connect existing lakes, rivers, other canals, seas and oceans.
:* Those wey be part of city water networks, like the ''Canal Grande'' and other canals for Venice; the ''grachten'' for Amsterdam or Utrecht; plus the waterways for Bangkok.

* Aqueducts: water supply canals wey people dey use transport and supply drinking water, municipal water, hydro power canals and agricultural irrigation.

[[File:Chutes Loading the Canal Boats on the Lehigh Canal.jpg|thumb|Loading Anthracite on the Lehigh Canal to support the early industries for the United States during the pioneer era]]

[[File:River Levee Cross Section Figure.svg|thumb|
1. Design High Water Level (HWL)
2. Low water channel
3. Flood channel
4. Riverside slope
5. Riverside banquette
6. Levee crown
7. Landside slope
8. Landside banquette
9. Berm
10. Low water revetment
11. Riverside land
12. Levee
13. Protected lowland
14. River zone]]

[[File:MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG|thumb|The Danube-Black Sea Canal for Romania]]

[[File:AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg|thumb|The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal near Rijswijk, Netherlands]]
==Importance==
&lt;!-- This section needs information on irrigation canals. --&gt;
Historically, canals bin get very big importance for commerce, development, growth plus the strength of civilization. E make moving plenty raw materials like coal and ores easy, because without water transport, e be very difficult and expensive to move dem. The movement of these raw materials through canals help fuel the Industrial Revolution, bring new research fields, new industries, economies of scale, and improve the standard of living for industrialized societies.

The few canals wey still dey operate for the 21st century be just small part of the plenty canals wey people maintain during the early Industrial Revolution. Dem begin replace them gradually, first for the United Kingdom during the 1840s, where railway system first support canal transport and later replace am because trains dey faster, no get plenty geographical limits, and cheaper to maintain.

By the early 1880s, plenty canals no fit compete with railway transport, so dem abandon them. During the 20th century, oil become the main fuel for heating, and coal shipments begin reduce. After the First World War, improvements for motor trucks plus expansion of road networks make more freight move by road, and the last small barge canals for the United States gradually lose cargo traffic.

The smaller inland waterways wey engineers originally build for boats and barges largely disappear today. Some dem fill up, some abandon make dem spoil, while others still dey under park services where government workers maintain dams and locks for flood control or pleasure boating. Today, most ship canals (wey bigger ocean-going ships dey use) mainly serve bulk cargo and large shipping industries.

The longest canal wey still dey exist today, the Grand Canal for northern China, still dey heavily used, especially the part south of the Yellow River. E stretch from Beijing to Hangzhou for 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles).

==Construction==
Canals fit be built in one of three ways, or by combining all three methods, depending on available water plus the route available.

;Human made streams
* Dem fit create canal where no stream dey already. Either dem dig the canal body or build the canal sides with dykes or levees by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished cross-sectional shape of the canal be known as the ''canal prism''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Kristi|title=Glossary|url=https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#C|website=www.usbr.gov|publisher=US Bureau of Reclamation|access-date=15 September 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The canal water must come from another source like streams or reservoirs. Where the waterway must change elevation, engineers build structures like locks, lifts or elevators to raise and lower vessels. Examples include Canal du Midi, Canal de Briare and the Panama Canal.
* Dem fit also build canal by dredging one channel inside the bottom of an existing lake. After the channel finish, dem drain the lake and the channel become new canal wey also drain the surrounding polder and provide transport. Examples include the {{Interlanguage link multi|Lage Vaart|nl}}. Another method be to build two parallel dikes inside an existing lake, leave the canal between them, then drain the remaining lake. The eastern and central parts of the North Sea Canal take this method. For both methods, pumping stations be necessary to keep the surrounding land dry by pumping water either from the canal to nearby waters or from the land into the canal.

;Canalization and navigations
{{anchor|Canalization|Navigation|Navigations}}
* Dem fit canalize one stream to make navigation easier, safer and more predictable. Canalization change the stream by dredging, building dams and modifying the route. This usually include locks and spillways to turn the river into a navigation. Examples include the Lehigh Canal in Northeastern Pennsylvania's coal Region, Basse Saône, Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle, and canal Aisne. Riparian zone restoration fit also be necessary.

{{anchor|Bypass canal|lateral canal}}
;Lateral canals
* If one stream too difficult to canalize, dem fit create another stream beside or close to the existing one. This be called a ''lateral canal''. E fit follow plenty bends to reduce the slope by making the route longer. The original stream usually provide the water while the land beside am provide the route for the new canal. Examples include the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Canal latéral à la Loire, Garonne Lateral Canal, Welland Canal and Juliana Canal.

Smaller transportation canals fit carry barges or narrowboats, while ship canals allow ocean-going ships to travel to inland ports (for example, Manchester Ship Canal), or from one sea or ocean to another (for example, Caledonian Canal and Panama Canal).

==Features==
At the simplest level, canal be just trench wey water fill. Depending on the stratum wey the canal pass through, e fit be necessary to line the cut with waterproof material like clay or concrete. When dem use clay, dem call am puddling.

Canals need to stay level. Small changes in the land fit be handled with cuttings and embankments, but bigger elevation changes need other engineering methods. The commonest one be the pound lock, wey get chamber where water level fit rise or fall to connect two canal sections at different heights or connect canal to river or sea. Where hill dey, dem fit use flights of many locks one after another.

Before the double-gated pound lock develop for 10th-century China&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hadfield|1986|p=22.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 15th-century Europe, vessels dey use flash locks or ramps, sometimes with rollers, to move up and down. Flash locks be difficult to use and only work where plenty water dey.

Every time lock operate, e use plenty water. Because of this, engineers develop other methods for places where water scarce. These include boat lifts like the Falkirk Wheel, wey use caisson of water where boats float while dem move between different levels, and canal inclined planes where dem pull the caisson along steep railway.

If canal need cross stream, road or valley, and plenty locks go waste time, dem fit build navigable aqueduct like the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct (now UNESCO World Heritage Site) across the River Dee valley for Wales.

Another way to cross hills be to dig tunnel through them. One example be the Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal. Tunnels mostly dey practical only for smaller canals.

Some canals try reduce level changes as much as possible. These canals, called contour canals, follow longer winding routes where the land stay at almost the same height. Other later canals choose more direct routes and use different engineering methods to deal with height changes.

Canals get different features to solve water supply problems. For places like the Suez Canal, the canal open directly to the sea. Where canal no dey sea level, engineers use different methods. Taking water from rivers or springs be one option, sometimes with extra systems to manage seasonal flow changes. Where these sources no dey, dem use reservoirs—either separate from the canal or built into am—and back pumping to provide water. For some places, water pumped from mines feed the canal. In other cases, engineers build long feeder canals to bring water from places far away from the canal.

Where plenty goods dey loaded or unloaded, like canal end, dem fit build canal basin. This usually be wider than the normal canal. Some canal basins also get wharfs and cranes to help move goods.

When one part of canal need close so workers fit drain am for maintenance, dem usually use stop planks. These be wooden planks wey dem place across the canal to form temporary dam. Dem normally fit inside grooves already made for the canal bank. For more modern canals, engineers sometimes install guard locks or gates to quickly close one section either for maintenance or to stop major water loss if canal break.

===Canal falls===
A ''canal fall'', or canal drop, be vertical drop for the canal bed.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --&gt; Dem build am where the natural ground slope too steep compared with the canal gradient.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --&gt; The design make the falling water lose its kinetic energy so e no go scour the canal bed and sides.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S. K. |title=Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures |date=2016 |publisher=S Chand and Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-93-525-3377-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkRxDwAAQBAJ |access-date=31 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|643}}

Dem construct canal fall through cut and fill.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 643 --&gt; E fit combine with regulator, bridge or another structure to reduce construction costs.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2016&quot;/&gt;{{rp|643–4}}

Different types of canal falls dey according to their shape.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --&gt; One type be the ogee fall, where the drop follow S-shaped curve to create smooth transition and reduce turbulence.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --&gt; However, this smooth transition no reduce enough kinetic energy, so heavy scouring fit happen.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --&gt; Because of that, engineers reinforce the canal with concrete or masonry to prevent erosion.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 644 --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2016&quot;/&gt;{{rp|644}}

Another type be the vertical fall, wey be &quot;simple and economical&quot;.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 --&gt; These get &quot;cistern&quot;, or depressed area, just after the fall to cushion the water by providing deep pool where the kinetic energy fit diffuse.&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 --&gt; Vertical falls fit work for drops up to {{cvt|1.5|m|ft|0}} high and discharge up to {{convert|15|m3/s}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;!-- Sharma 2016, p. 646 --&gt;{{rp|646}}

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;135&quot;&gt;
File:Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg|alt=A series of approximately 20 black lock gates with white ends to the paddle arms and wooden railings, each slightly higher than the one below. On the right is a path and on both side's grass and vegetation.|The flight of 16 consecutive locks for Caen Hill on the Kennet and Avon Canal, Wiltshire
File:Pontcysyllte aqueduct arp.jpg|The Llangollen Canal cross the longest and highest aqueduct for Wrexham, Wales, United Kingdom
File:Canal of korinth greece.jpg|The Corinth Canal as e dey look from air
File:Miami and Erie Canal Lock photographs - DPLA - 02d6f9c193ca64978e408b5e50a34a5d (page 1).jpg|Miami and Erie Canal Lock for Ohio, United States
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==History==
[[File:Canal de la Peyrade, Sète, Hérault 01.jpg|thumb|Canal in Sète, France]]

Di transport capacity of [[pack animal]]s and [[cart]]s get limit. A mule fit carry {{convert|250|lb|kg|adj=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;/&gt; maximum load for journey wey fit last several days or weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;/&gt; although e fit carry more if di distance short and dem give am proper rest.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;/&gt; Aside dat one, carts need roads. Transport for water dey much more efficient and e dey cost less for large cargoes.

===Ancient canals===
{{See also|List of Roman canals|Qanat}}

Di oldest known canals be irrigation canals, wey dem build for Mesopotamia {{circa|4000 BC}}, for wetin today be Iraq. Di Indus Valley civilization for wetin today be Pakistan and Northwestern India (c.&amp;nbsp;3000&amp;nbsp;BC) get advanced irrigation and storage systems wey dem develop, including di reservoirs wey dem build for Girnar for 3000&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Rodda|2004|p=161.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis na di first time wey dem do planned civil project like dat for ancient world. For Egypt, canals date back reach time of Pepi I Meryre (wey reign 2332–2283&amp;nbsp;BC), wey order make dem build canal to bypass di cataract for Nile near Aswan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hadfield|1986|p=16.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Xu Yang - Junks on the canal.jpg|thumb|right|Di Grand Canal of China for Suzhou]]

For ancient China, big canals for river transport start as far back as di Spring and Autumn period (8th–5th centuries BC), and di longest for dat time na Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), wey according to historian Sima Qian connect di old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Needham|1971|p=269.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Caoyun System of canals dey very important for imperial taxation, because dem dey collect am mostly in kind and e involve plenty shipment of rice and grain. Di longest canal by far na Grand Canal of China, wey still remain di longest canal for world today and di oldest wey still dey exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Langmead&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Donald Langmead|title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang|url-access=registration|access-date=15 February 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-112-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/37 37]|quote=the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence|year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be {{convert|1794|km|mi}} long and dem build am to carry Emperor Yang Guang between Zhuodu (Beijing) and Yuhang (Hangzhou). Di project start for 605 and dem complete am for 609, although plenty parts of am join older canals, and di oldest section dey since at least 486&amp;nbsp;BC. Even for di narrow urban parts, e rarely less than {{convert|30|m|ft}} wide.

For di 5th century BC, Achaemenid king Xerxes I of Persia order build di Xerxes Canal through base of Mount Athos peninsula, Chalkidiki, northern Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;VII, 22&quot;&gt;Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.22 VII, 22]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem build am as part of preparation for Second Persian invasion of Greece, inside Greco-Persian Wars. Na one of di few remaining monuments of di Persian Empire for Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;BSA98&quot;&gt;B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren &quot;The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of Investigations 1991-2001&quot; The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385 {{JSTOR|30073214}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Greek engineers also be among di first people wey use canal locks, wey dem use regulate water flow for Ancient Suez Canal as early as 3rd century BC.&lt;ref&gt;Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): &quot;Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine&quot;, ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'', Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Froriep 1986, 46&quot;&gt;Froriep, Siegfried (1986): &quot;Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen&quot;, ''Antike Welt'', 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): &quot;Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal&quot;, ''Skyllis'', Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35)&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would [i.e. 'could'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse.&lt;br /&gt;— technology historian Ronald W. Clark referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the Canal age.&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;&gt;''&quot;Works of Man&quot;'', Ronald W. Clark, {{ISBN|0-670-80483-5}} (1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York, &lt;br /&gt;quotation p. 87: &quot;There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would [sic, meaning 'could' or 'can only'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[Hohokam]] na society for [[Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest|North American Southwest]] for wetin today be part of Arizona, United States, and Sonora, Mexico. Dia irrigation systems support di biggest population for di Southwest by 1300 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;AZMNH&quot; /&gt; Archaeologists wey dey work for major dig for 1990s for Tucson Basin, along Santa Cruz River, identify culture and people wey fit be ancestors of di Hohokam.&lt;ref&gt;2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324215827/http://phoenix.gov/webcms/groups/internet/@inter/@rec/@arts/@mus/@pueblo/documents/web_content/gentrtment.pdf#page=17 '''p. 9''' ''Cultural Context''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324215827/http://phoenix.gov/webcms/groups/internet/@inter/@rec/@arts/@mus/@pueblo/documents/web_content/gentrtment.pdf#page=17 |date=March 24, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis prehistoric group occupy southern Arizona as early as 2000 BC, and for Early Agricultural period dem grow corn, live for permanent villages, and develop advanced irrigation canals.&lt;ref name=&quot;AZMNH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hohokam|url=http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx|publisher=Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa|access-date=November 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130091322/http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx|archive-date=November 30, 2012|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di large-scale Hohokam irrigation network for Phoenix metropolitan area na di most complex for ancient North America. Dem don renovate part of di old canals for Salt River Project and e still dey help supply di city water.

[[File:Yodha Ela.jpg|thumb|Yodha Ela, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka]]

Di Sinhalese people construct di {{cvt|87|km|mi}} Yodha Ela for 459 AD as part of dia large irrigation network for Sri Lanka, wey function like moving reservoir because of di single banking system wey dey control canal pressure with water flow. Dem also design am as long reservoir wey pass through traps wey create 66 mini catchments as e flow from Kala Wewa reach Thissa Wawa. Di canal no be just to move water fast from Kala Wewa go Thissa Wawa, but to store large body of water between di two reservoirs, wey go support agriculture and both human and animal use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://srilanka.travel/yoda-ela |title=Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Outlines of Ceylon History|isbn = 9788120613638|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDwvQF_OgvMC&amp;q=yodha+ela&amp;pg=PA77|last1 = Obeyesekere|first1 = Donald|year = 1999| publisher=Asian Educational Services }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem also achieve very low gradient for dat time. Di canal still dey work today after renovation.

===Middle Ages===

[[File:Thal Canal.JPG|thumb|Thal Canal, Punjab, Pakistan]]

For Middle Ages, water transport dey many times cheaper and faster pass land transport. Overland transport with animal-drawn vehicles dey serve only around settled areas, but roads wey no improve need pack animals train, usually mules, to carry heavy load. Even though mule fit carry one-eighth ton,&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;/&gt; e still need handlers to manage am, and one person fit handle maybe five mules,&lt;ref name=&quot;WorksOfMan&quot;/&gt; meaning overland bulk transport still expensive because labour and upkeep cost money.

Roads for dat time no be paved, dem narrow pass for carts, and most times dem dey bad condition, passing through forests, swamp or muddy areas. Like today, big cargo and raw materials still dey move cheaper by ship pass land. Before railway era of industrial revolution, water transport na di main fast transport system.

Di first artificial canal for Western Europe na Fossa Carolina wey dem build near end of 8th century under Charlemagne.

For Britain, Glastonbury Canal dey believed to be di first post-Roman canal, built for 10th century to connect River Brue at Northover with Glastonbury Abbey, about {{convert|1.75|km|yd|-2}}.&lt;ref&gt;Details text and data with cites from Glastonbury Canal (medieval).&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, dem build am to carry building stone go di abbey, but later e serve to carry food, grain, wine and fish from abbey lands. E remain in use till at least 14th century, maybe even reach mid-16th century.&lt;ref name=Gathercole&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gathercole |first=Clare |title=An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury |publisher=Somerset County Council |location=Taunton |year=2003 |series=English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey |pages=19–20 |url=http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_GlastonburyText.pdf |access-date=2 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715230717/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_GlastonburyText.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

More important ones wey really change economy be canals like Naviglio Grande wey dem build between 1127 and 1257 to connect Milan with River Ticino. Naviglio Grande na di most important of Lombard navigli&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Calvert|1963|p=.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and na one of di oldest working canals for Europe.

Later, dem build canals for Netherlands and Flanders to drain polder land and help transport goods and people.

Canal building come rise again because trade expand from 12th century. Rivers dem improve with flash locks, but dem use plenty water and e cause problem with watermill owners. To solve am, pound or chamber lock appear first for China for 10th century and later for Europe in 1373 for Vreeswijk, Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | title = The International Canal Monuments List | url = http://www.icomos.org/studies/canals.pdf| access-date = 8 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810162849/http://www.icomos.org/studies/canals.pdf | archive-date = 10 August 2013 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another important development na mitre gate, wey dem believe say Bertola da Novate introduce for Italy for 16th century. E allow wider gates and remove height limit of guillotine locks.

To escape river valley limits, summit level canals start with Grand Canal of China (581–617 AD). For Europe, first one wey use single locks na Stecknitz Canal for Germany in 1398.

====Africa====
For Songhai Empire of West Africa, dem build several canals under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad I between Kabara and Timbuktu for 15th century. Dem use am mainly for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali even try build canal from Niger River go Walata to help conquest, but war with Mossi Kingdoms stop am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf | title=General History of Africa | publisher=Heinemann Educational Books, University of California Press, UNESCO | date=2000 | orig-date=1984 | volume=IV | pages=193–194 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611080711/https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf | archive-date=2020-06-11 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Early modern period===

[[File:SL Negombo asv2020-01 img02 Dutch canal.jpg|thumb|Dutch canal in Negombo, Sri Lanka]]

Between around 1500–1800, di first summit level canal for Europe wey use pound locks na Briare Canal wey connect Loire and Seine (1642), followed by more ambitious Canal du Midi (1683) wey connect Atlantic reach Mediterranean. Dis one include staircase of 8 locks for Béziers, {{convert|157|m|ft|adj=on}} tunnel, and three big aqueducts.

Canal building continue steady for Germany during 17th and 18th centuries, with three major rivers — Elbe, Oder and Weser — dem connect through canals. For post-Roman Britain, first early modern canal wey dem build na Exeter Canal, wey dem survey for 1563 and open for 1566.&lt;ref name=&quot;exMems&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ExGovPDF&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Di oldest canal for European settlement of North America, technically na mill race built for industrial use, na Mother Brook between Boston, Massachusetts neighbourhoods of Dedham and Hyde Park, wey connect Charles River and Neponset River go sea. Dem build am for 1639 to provide water power for mills.

For Russia, Volga–Baltic Waterway, nationwide canal system wey connect Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea through Neva and Volga rivers, open for 1718.

===Industrial Revolution===
{{seealso|History of the British canal system|History of turnpikes and canals in the United States}}

[[File:1975 map of canal system in Lowell, Massachusetts.png|thumb|Lowell's power canal system]]

Modern canal system mainly come as product of 18th century and early 19th century. E come because Industrial Revolution wey start for Britain mid-18th century need cheap and reliable way to move big cargo and goods.

By early 18th century, river navigations like Aire and Calder Navigation don become advanced, with pound locks and long artificial cuts to avoid difficult river parts. From there, experience of building long canals with locks lead to idea of “pure canal” — waterway wey dem design based on where goods need go, not where river dey pass.

First pure canal for Great Britain still get debate between “Sankey” and “Bridgewater” supporters.&lt;ref name = burton-canals-3&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; First true canal for UK na Newry Canal for Northern Ireland wey Thomas Steers build in 1741.

Sankey Brook Navigation, wey connect St Helens with River Mersey, dey often called first modern artificial canal because e include new artificial channel along valley.&lt;ref name = burton-canals-3/&gt;&lt;ref name = rolt-inland&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; But Bridgewater supporters argue say last part still follow river and say Bridgewater Canal na wetin really popularize canal system and inspire others.&lt;ref name = burton-canals-3/&gt;&lt;ref name = rolt-inland&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pickering's Bridge, Bridgewater Canal.jpg|thumb|Bridgewater Canal in England]]

For mid-18th century, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, wey own coal mines for northern England, want cheap way to carry coal go Manchester. E hire engineer James Brindley. Brindley design include aqueduct wey carry canal pass River Irwell, something wey shock people and attract tourists.&lt;ref name = burton-canals-3/&gt;&lt;ref name = rolt-inland&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bridgewater Canal open for 1761 and na first major British canal.&lt;ref name=&quot;N/A 1978 990&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Di canal succeed well well. Boats dey pull by horse wey dey walk along towpath. Dis system become standard for British canals. Even till 1950s, horse-drawn boats still dey operate small small before diesel boats take over.

One horse fit carry boat wey get 30 tons&lt;ref name=&quot;N/A 1978 990&quot;/&gt; — more than ten times road cart capacity. Because of dis efficiency, coal price for Manchester drop nearly two-thirds within one year. Bridgewater Canal also make plenty profit and recover construction cost quickly.

Success of di canal encourage more projects. Industrialists for different places start build canals. Josiah Wedgwood see chance to move clay and finished goods cheap by water. After Bridgewater Canal, national canal network begin grow with Oxford Canal and Trent and Mersey Canal.&lt;ref name=CanalAge&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Erie Canal, Lockport New York, c.1855.jpg|thumb|Erie Canal, Lockport, New York, c. 1855]]

Between 1770s and 1830s na “Golden Age” of British canals. Parliament act needed for each canal, and investors start see canal as way to make profit through tolls and dividends.

Canal mania come, where people dey speculate on shares even before canals finish or sometimes before dem start. About {{convert|4000|mi|km|order=flip}} of canals build during dis time.&lt;ref name=&quot;N/A 1978 990&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Competition strong between canal companies. For Birmingham, Worcester Bar become conflict point between Worcester and Birmingham Canal and BCN Main Line, wey cause goods to dey transfer manually between boats for years.&lt;ref name=WestMidlands&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Aqueduct over Mohawk River at Rexford, New York]]

For United States, canal companies first start as private joint-stock companies. Four canals finish before War of 1812: South Hadley Canal (1795), Santee Canal (1800), Middlesex Canal (1802), and Dismal Swamp Canal (1805).

Erie Canal open for 1825, connect Hudson River go Lake Erie, creating water route from Atlantic Ocean reach Great Lakes. E get 36 locks and elevation difference of about {{cvt|565|ft|m|order=flip}}. E reduce transport cost and boost trade, helping settlement of Midwest. Later canal boom continue until railroads start compete around 1850.

[[File:Gabčíkovo sluice Slovakia.jpg|thumb|Sluice in canal of Gabčíkovo Dam (Slovakia) – canal carry water to hydroelectric power station.]]

===Power canals===
{{main|Power canal}}

Power canal na canal wey dem use for hydroelectric or hydraulic power instead of transport. Many of dem now dey inside hydroelectric power stations. For Northeastern US, water power from rivers drive textile mills before Civil War. Lowell, Massachusetts get about {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|0}} of canals built between 1790–1850, generating about {{convert|10000|hp|kW|order=flip}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | url = http://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/Lowell%20History/prologue.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070507043834/http://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/Lowell%20History/prologue.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 May 2007 | title = Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue | access-date = 8 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other cities like Lawrence, Holyoke, Manchester, and Augusta also get power canal systems. Biggest one build for Niagara Falls for Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company.

===19th century===
[[File:Canals USA 1825.png|thumb|American canals {{circa|1825}}]]

Railways and roads begin replace canals from 1830s, make many British canals fall into decline, except Manchester Ship Canal and Aire and Calder Canal. But for other countries, canals still grow as engineering improve.

For US, canal length grow from {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} reach over {{convert|4000|mi|km|order=flip}} during 19th century. Great Lakes become navigable network with Canada. Some canals later turn into rail routes.

Canals help connect remote areas and reduce price differences between regions. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois develop canal systems linking Great Lakes to Mississippi River system.

[[File:Amsterdam - Herengracht - 0206.jpg|thumb|Canal in Amsterdam]]

Canada build three important canals: Welland Canal (1829), Lachine Canal (1825), and Rideau Canal (1832). Dem build am for commerce and military movement after War of 1812.

France connect major river systems and introduce Freycinet gauge in 1879, increasing canal traffic.

Big sea canals like Suez Canal (1869), Kiel Canal (1897), and later Panama Canal (1914) also appear.

Japan also build canals like Biwako and Tone canals with help from Dutch engineers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hadfield|1986|p=191.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Central America canal idea include Nicaragua Canal (never completed) and later Panama Canal, which US finally complete after political and engineering struggles.

[[File:Jungle and abandoned equipment (3607563265).jpg|thumb|Abandoned DeLesseps equipment, Panama jungle]]

Panama Canal project start by French company but fail due to terrain and disease. Later US revive am after Spanish–American War, support Panama independence from Colombia in 1903, and complete canal, opening Atlantic–Pacific route. Canal Zone remain US-controlled until 1979.

[[File:Canals and Navigable Rivers of the United States and Canada.jpg|thumb|Map of canals and navigable rivers of North America, 1905]]

===Modern uses===

Canals like Panama and Suez still important for global trade. Panama Canal expansion complete in 2016 to allow bigger ships.&lt;ref name=NYT062016&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Some old canals no longer used for trade, but dem still dey serve water supply or recreation. Some railways even follow old canal routes.

In UK and France, some canals don turn tourist routes for pleasure boats and hotel barges. Abandoned canals like Kennet and Avon don restore.

Seine–Nord Europe Canal dey develop to connect France, Belgium, Germany, and Netherlands.

Modern canals also serve as routes for fibre optic cables for telecommunications.

Some canals still dey support irrigation, like Imperial Valley canal system for agriculture in Southern California desert.
Modern canals like di Panama Canal and Suez Canal still dey very important for global cargo transport. Dem dey move huge volume of shipping and dem remain key routes for international trade. Because of globalization, dem importance still dey increase, so dem do expansion projects like Panama Canal expansion project. Di expanded canal start commercial operation on 26 June 2016. Di new locks allow bigger ships wey dem call Post-Panamax and New Panamax ships.&lt;ref name=NYT062016&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/06/26/world/americas/ap-lt-panama-canal-expansion.html?ref=world&amp;_r=0 | title=Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes | agency=Associated Press | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=26 June 2016 | access-date=26 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Small industrial canals wey dey early time no dey carry serious cargo again, and many don abandon for navigation, but some still dey serve as water transport system for untreated water. For some cases, railways even dey follow canal routes, example na Croydon Canal.

Movement wey start for Britain and France don encourage make people convert old canals into pleasure boating routes, like hotel barges and tourism canals. Some abandoned canals like Kennet and Avon Canal don restore and now pleasure boats dey use am again. For Britain, canal-side houses also become very popular.

Seine–Nord Europe Canal dey under development to become major transport waterway wey go connect France with Belgium, Germany, and Netherlands.

Canals also get new role for 21st century as corridor for laying fibre optic cables for telecommunications networks. Instead of digging roads, companies dey use canal routes to reduce cost and avoid damage risk from excavation.

Canals still dey very important for agriculture water supply. For example, Imperial Valley for Southern California desert get large canal system wey dey provide irrigation water for farming.
==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Harvnb|Calvert|1963}}
* {{Harvnb|Edwards-May|2008}}
* {{Harvnb|Hadfield|1986}}
* {{Harvnb|Rodda|2004}}
* {{Harvnb|Needham|1971}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Canals}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Erongo Desalination Plant</title>
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{{short description|Desalination plant for Namibia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2021}}

Di '''Erongo Desalination Plant''', wey dem dey call am '''Orano Desalination Plant''' too, na seawater desalination plant wey dey Namibia. Dem build di facility between 2008 and 2010 by Orano Mining Namibia, wey be part of di French nuclear fuel cycle company Orano. For dat time, dem dey call am Areva Ressources Namibia, wey be part of Areva.

Dem build di desalination plant make e supply water give Orano ein Trekkopje Uranium Mine. Wen dem officially open dis plant, e be di biggest reverse osmosis desalination plant for Southern Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=[[Namibia Economist]] |date=3 June 2020 |url=https://economist.com.na/53372/environment/erongo-desalination-plant-provides-55-million-cubic-meters-potable-water-to-the-region-during-10-year-operation-period/ | title=Erongo Desalination Plant Provided 55 Million Cubic Meters Potable Water To The Region During 10-Year Operation Period | author=Donald Matthys |access-date=21 August 2021 | place=Windhoek, Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-towards-the-construction-of-a-new-desalination-plant-in-the-coastal-zone/ | title=Namibia: Towards the construction of a new desalination plant in the coastal zone |work=Afrik21.africa |date=14 June 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=21 August 2021 |place=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Location==
Di desalination plant dey inside Namib Desert, near di town of Wlotzkasbaken, for Erongo Region of Namibia. Di plant dey about {{convert|35|km|0}} north of Swakopmund, wey be di nearest big town.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt; Swakopmund sef dey about {{convert|391|km|0}} by road west of Windhoek, di capital and biggest city for di country.&lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{google maps
|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.5992371,15.9665902,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia With Interactive Map |access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di geographical coordinates of Erongo Desalination Plant be 22°22'19.0&quot;S, 14°26'28.0&quot;E (Latitude:-22.371944; Longitude:14.441111).&lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/22%C2%B022'19.0%22S+14%C2%B026'28.0%22E/@-22.372892,14.440059,696m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-22.3719444!4d14.4411111 |title=Location of Erongo Desalination Plant |access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==
Orano Resources Namibia (wey before dem dey call Areva Resources Namibia) develop and own di Erongo Desalination Plant. Di purified drinking water dem mainly plan am make e serve Orano ein uranium mine wey dem dey call Trekkopje Mine, wey dey near Arandis, Namibia.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/196085/archive-read/Desalination-plant-output-hits-record-high |date=5 December 2019 |title=Desalination plant output hits record high
|work=[[The Namibian]] |access-date=21 August 2021 |author=Adam Hartman |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey pump di clean water from di plant go Arandis, wey straight-line distance be about {{convert|60|km|0}} and road distance be about {{convert|90|km|0}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;6R&quot;&gt;{{google maps
|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/Arandis,+Namibia/@-22.5350506,14.4414523,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c7676f1577c6dd1:0x5cffbd871e885c5c!2m2!1d14.9797753!2d-22.4193386!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia And Arandis, Namibia With Map
|access-date=21 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nafasi Water, wey be &quot;water technology and water utility service company&quot; wey base for Rosebank, Gauteng, South Africa, na dem dey operate di plant.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;

Dem dey sell di potable water give NamWater, di national water utility company, make dem distribute am go Swakopmund, di nearby mines and oda places for Erongo Region. Di present infrastructure fit produce between {{convert|12000000|m3|liter}} and {{convert|26000000|m3|liter}} every year depending on demand. If demand increase, dem fit add new infrastructure make di supply reach {{convert|45000000|m3|liter}} every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

Di raw seawater dey pass through dis processes before e go become clean water: (a) screen filtration (b) ultrafiltration (c) reverse osmosis (d) limestone contact and (e) chlorination.&lt;ref name=&quot;5R&quot;/&gt;

==Cost==
E cost N$2.5 billion (about US$153 million) for 2010 to develop dis water treatment plant.&lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;/&gt;

==Other developments==
For July 2022, di owners of dis facility sign power purchase agreement (PPA) plus InnoSun (wey be subsidiary of di French company InnoVent) make dem design, build, own, operate and maintain one 5 MW solar power station and supply dat power give Erongo Desalination Plant under one 10-year contract, wey go start from di commercial commissioning date. Dem expect construction to start for di second half of 2022, and make dem commission am for 2023. Orano expect say di new solar farm go reduce di desalination plant ein carbon dioxide emissions by 30 percent or nearly 10,000 metric tonnes every year.&lt;ref name=&quot;7R&quot;&gt;{{cite web| date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-orano-to-equip-its-erongo-desalination-plant-with-a-5-mwp-solar-park/ | title=Namibia: Orano to equip its Erongo desalination plant with a 5 MWp solar park |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=5 July 2022 |location=Paris, France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* Witsand Solar Desalination Plant
* Namwater Desalination Plant
* Bethanie Desalination Plant

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210821211619/https://www.namibian.com.na/200986/archive-read/Orano-gives-Erongo-desalinated-water Orano gives Erongo desalinated water] As of 18 May 2020.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Erongo Region]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Namibia]]
[[Category:Mining in Namibia]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in Namibia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umkomazi River</title>
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[[File:Umkomaas_Town_by_Air.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Mouth of de uMkhomazi River]]
De '''uMkhomazi River''' be a river insyd KwaZulu-Natal, [[South Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Meintjes |first=Malcolm |title=Remarkable Flyfishing Destinations of Southern Africa |publisher=Struik |year=2005 |isbn=1868729761}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
E dey rise insyd sam of de highest eastwards-facing slopes of de Drakensberg mountains, near de mighty Thabana Ntlenyana. De river dey flow southeastwards towards de Indian Ocean, wich e dey enter thru a navigable estuary at Umkomaas (eMkhomazi), about 50&amp;nbsp;km southwest of Durban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mkomazi Region |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein main tributaries be de Loteni, Nzinga, Mkomazane, Elands den de Xobho River.

Towns on de uMkhomazi drainage basin dey include Bulwer, Impendle, Ixopo, Craigieburn den Boston. Presently de only dam insyd ein catchment area be de Ixopo Dam, buh oda dams be planned.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Mkomazi Region]&lt;/ref&gt;

De uMkhomazi be part of de Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&amp;script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecology ==
De Mkhomazi State Forest den de Mkhomazi Wilderness Area be protected areas insyd de upper course of de Umkomazi River.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Mkhomazi Wilderness Area]&lt;/ref&gt;

De scaly yellowfish ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' be a fish found insyd de uMkhomazi River System as well as insyd de [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], Umzimkulu, [[Tugela River|Tukhela]] den de [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. E be a common endemic species insyd KwaZulu-Natal Province wey e dey live insyd different habitats between de Drakensberg foothills den de coastal lowlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Umkomaas,_crop.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|Surf near de uMkhomazi River mouth at eMkhomazi, dem consider to be a safe swimming beach]]
De first recorded trip down de river be insyd 1951 wen Ian Player den Fred Schmidt paddle down from Josephine's bridge to de sea at Umkomaas village wer de river dey flow into de Indian Ocean. Player be at de time famous for he win de first Dusi Canoe marathon earlier dat year wey later he cam be famous insyd wildlife conservation, especially for he save de white rhino from extinction. Dem take seven days to plete de 113&amp;nbsp;km distance wey dem be supported by friendly inhabitants of de valley wen dem run out of supplies. Various oda trips be undertaken culminating insyd trips insyd 1965 den 1966 dem aime specifically at de feasibility of holding a race, wich necessitate scouting de river den roads along de banks for two accessible overnight campsites. Charles Mason be instrumental insyd dat undertaking, succeeding insyd de scouting of de river den de access roads den in persuading de powers-that-be to sanction de new race on de South African canoeing calendar. He go on to win de first race plus Tank Rogers, narrowly beating Paul Chalupsky den Jimmy Potgieter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mooney |first=James |title=Historical Sketch of the Cherokee |date=2017-07-05 |pages=19–50 |access-date=2020-05-30 |chapter=The Colonial and Revolutionary Period—1654–1784 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3 |isbn=978-0-203-79003-8 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Didessa River</title>
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      <text bytes="3745" sha1="a819kkkbmg91ab8njfve3npq68kvy6y" xml:space="preserve">De '''Didessa''' (dem pronounce: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; Oromo: ''Dhedheessa'') be a river insyd western [[Ethiopia]]. A tributary of de [[Blue Nile|Abay River]], e dey rise insyd de mountains of Gomma, wey dey flow insyd a northwesterly direction to ein confluence wer de course of de [[Blue Nile|Abay]] curve to ein southernmost point before turning northwards. De Didessa ein drainage area be about 25,800 km2 (10,000 sq mi),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf &quot;Tana &amp; Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1&quot;], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey cover portions of de Benishangul-Gumuz Region den de West Welega Zone of de Oromia Region.

Tributaries on de right bank dey include de Enareya, Aet, Wama, den de Angar rivers; on de left side de most important tributary be de Dobana River. Exploring dis river insyd de mid-1890s den from interviews plus local inhabitants, Alexander Bulatovich assert say downstream of ein junction plus de Angar, de Didessa be rapid-free den potentially navigable.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html ''From Entotto to the River Baro''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216204959/http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html|date=2017-12-16}} (1897), translated by Richard Selzer, ''Ethiopia through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 2000) {{ISBN|1-56902-117-1}} (accessed 2 November 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human history ==
De early 20th-century explorer Herbert Weld Blundell opine say &quot;Didessa&quot; dey appear to replace a much older name for dis river, wey dey find no earlier usage for am &quot;before 1861, wen d'Abbadie dey travel insyd Western Shoa wey dem make inquiries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blundell |first=H. Weld |date=1906 |title=Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776289 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=529–551 |doi=10.2307/1776289 |issn=0016-7398}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de time of ein visit, insyd 1905, de Handak forest on de right side of de Didessa be &quot;famous as a favourite haunt for elephants. Dem seem to cam up towards de Nile by both de Didesa den Dabus rivers, dem attract, no doubt, insyd de latter river-bed by de rich growth of young bamboo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Weld Blundell, &quot;Exploration in the Abai&quot;, pp. 541f&lt;/ref&gt; He sanso note say at de confluence of de Didessa den de Abay, &quot;de serious work of goldwashing dey begin, den dey continue along de Nile den down de course of de Dabus den ein tributaries,&quot; wey dey add say:&lt;blockquote&gt;''The deep erosion of the upper strata of basalt and trap, and subsequent decomposition, lays bare the gneissic and hornblendic schist formations below, so that nearly the whole country from the foot of Chochi to the river, a distance of 15 miles, is covered with quartz pebbles and boulders, and shows numerous outcrops. The decomposed portions of the reefs are strewn over the ground, and the gold they contain is thus washed into the small streams, and then carried into the Abai''.&lt;ref&gt;Weld Blundell, &quot;Exploration in the Abai&quot;, p. 544&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Anger Irrigation Dam ==
On 14 June 2021, na dem launch de construction of de Anger Irrigation Dam at Didessa River by de Presido of Oromia regional state, Shimelis Abdisa, den Minister of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Sileshi Bekele, dem go complete am insyd three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia |url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424 |website=ENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bloukrans Bridge Bungy</title>
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{{Short description|Commercial bungy jumping site for South Africa}}
{{Use South African English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}

[[File:Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy.jpg|thumb|Face Adrenalin Bloukrans Bridge Bungy Jump]]

'''Bloukrans Bridge Bungy''' na one of di highest commercial bungy jumping sites for di world, e dey {{convert|216|m|ft}} above Bloukrans River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |title=Extreme Scene ref Worlds Highest Bridge Bungy |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210029/http://www.extremescene.co.za/package-2.php |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey for Bloukrans Bridge for N2 Highway, for border between Eastern Cape and Western Cape, inside Tsitsikamma area for [[South Africa]] Garden Route. Face Adrenalin don dey run di site for commercial purpose since 1997.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.Faceadrenalin.com Face Adrenalin Website], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/product-detail?oid=334818&amp;sn=Detail&amp;pid=90676&amp;Bloukrans-Bungy South African Tourism Official Website], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/gardenroute/bloukrans-bridge-bungee-jump/ SA Venues Website], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

For 1990, Bloukrans River Bridge become di first bridge for Africa wey people start dey do bungee jumping from. Face Adrenalin, wey Devan tuohey found, don dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy since 1997 without any accident.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120701121316/http://www.mydestination.com/gardenroute/things-to-do/110216/bungee-jumping-at-the-bloukrans-bridge My Destination Website], retrieved 26 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== World records ==

Mohr Keet set Guinness World Record&lt;ref&gt;[http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-429989 CNN], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt; as di oldest person wey ever do bungy jump when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge on 6 April 2010 at di age of 96.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/97-year-old-mohr-keet-to-make-4th-bungy-jump/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/oldest_bungee_jumper_world_record_set_by_Mohr_Keet_101633.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 25 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Scott Huntly break di world record for di most bungee jumps wey one person do for one day when e jump from Bloukrans Bridge 107 times inside nine hours on 11 May 2011. Scott finish di project make e raise money support local communities.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_a_day_Scott_Huntly_sets_world_record_112244.html World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Di world record for di most bungy jumps inside 24 hours bin dey with South African Bill Boshoff, wey do 101 bungy jumps inside 14 hours and 23 minutes for Bloukrans on 10 May 2002.

Di record stand till 16 August 2008, when Mike Heard break am with 103 bungy jumps inside 24 hours from Auckland Harbour Bridge.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldrecordsacademy.org/stunts/most_bungee_jumps_in_24_hours-world_record_set_by_Mike_Heard_80354.htm World Records Academy], retrieved 26 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Veronica Dean-Boshoff set world record after she do 19 jumps inside one hour on 9 May 2002.

== Responsible tourism ==

Di people wey dey run Bloukrans Bridge Bungy, Face Adrenalin, employ 60 people from nearby communities like Coldstream, Thornham, Storms River, Covie and The Crags as part of di Bloukrans Bridge Bungy operation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1998, dem don pay big percentage of dia turnover give di local community trust.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thistourismweek.co.za/newsletters/bloukrans-bungy-lifeblood-of-a-community/ This Tourism Week], retrieved 10 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
*Macau Tower
*Contra Dam

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.FaceAdrenalin.com Face Adrenalin website]

{{coord|33|57|55|S|23|38|50|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Eastern Cape]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Western Cape]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of South Africa]]
[[Category:Bungee jumping sites]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chiloango River</title>
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De '''Chiloango River'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881351893774E0440003BA962ED3|Chiloango River (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; (Portuguese: Rio ''Chiluango&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt;'', dem sanso know as '''Kakongo River''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; '''Louango''',&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881351873774E0440003BA962ED3|Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; '''Shiloango'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881351863774E0440003BA962ED3|Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; den '''Rio Hi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA881351843774E0440003BA962ED3|Hi, Rio (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt;) be a river insyd western [[Central Africa]]. E dey form de westernmost part of de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] den de [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], den then dey form approximately half of de border between de DRC den Cabinda, [[Angola]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183924/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf ''International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183924/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS105.pdf|date=June 7, 2011}} The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C.&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey pass just south of de town of Necuto. De river then dey bisect Cabinda, wey dey make am de most important river insyd de province.&lt;ref&gt;Frenken, Karen (1997) ''Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach'' (FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4) Land and Water Development Division of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Rome. Italy, [http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm www.fao.org &quot;Table 71 Rivers and discharges&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011024615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0w.htm|date=2012-10-11}}, {{ISBN|92-5-103966-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey enter de [[Atlantic Ocean]] just north of de town of Cacongo.&lt;ref&gt;National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, [[National Geographic Society]], 1992&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;United States. Hydrographic Office (1916) ''Africa Pilot: The southewest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands'' Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9tINAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA346 page 346] {{OCLC|62355097}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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    <title>2007 Mozambican flood</title>
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{{Databox}}

[[Image:LocationMozambique.svg|right|thumb|200px|Mozambique]]
[[Image:Cyclone Favio 22 February 2007 0820Z.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cyclone Favio made landfall on February 22, 2007.]]

The '''2007 Mozambican flood''' start for late December 2006 when Cahora Bassa Dam overflow sake of heavy rain wey fall for Southern Africa. E later turn worse on February 22, 2007, when Category 4 Cyclone Favio make landfall for central province of Inhambane; experts wey dey track the cyclone talk say e go make the flooding for Zambezi River valley worse.&lt;ref&gt;Beatty, Sean. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228131611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/news/23022007news.shtml Tropical cyclone slams into flood-stricken Mozambique]. BBC News, February 24, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The Zambezi River overflow im bank, flood all surrounding areas for Mozambique.&lt;ref name=&quot;SABC12&quot;&gt;[http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html Mozambique floods displace 68 000, more at risk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131346/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,143636,00.html |date=2007-09-29 }} SABC News, February 12, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html Mozambique issues flood warning as Zambezi breaches banks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004234224/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/world/w110020007.html |date=2007-10-04 }} Vanguard Online, February 10, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Chire River and Rivubue River tu also flood.&lt;ref name =&quot;WFP&quot;/&gt;

80,600 people dem evacuate comot from their houses for Tete Province, Manica Province, Sofala Province and Zambezia Province by February 14.&lt;ref name =&quot;washingtonpost&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021401206.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Michelle | last=Faul | title=Some Refuse to Flee Mozambique Flood | date=February 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; By February 22, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report say about 121,000 people don already displaced because of the flood.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153735/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6YNPGE?OpenDocument Mozambique: Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 7]. OCHA, February 22, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Some people still refuse to commot for their houses and livestock.&lt;ref name =&quot;washingtonpost&quot;/&gt; There be 29 confirmed death cases and another 10 wey still no confirm.&lt;ref name = &quot;BBC14&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6361957.stm | work=BBC News | title=Mozambique seeks urgent flood aid | date=February 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For early February, Mozambican authorities no expect say the flooding go serious reach like the 2000 and 2001 floods. Paulo Zucula, wey be head of Mozambique national relief agency, talk say: &quot;We expect more water than we had in 2001. The situation is deteriorating and it will get worse but this time we are better prepared than in 2001&quot;.&lt;ref name =&quot;SABC12&quot;/&gt; World Food Programme (WFP) estimate say fit be up to 285,000 people go need food aid.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&amp;Key=2367 Floods wreak havoc in parts of southern Africa, billions need help] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213190957/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&amp;Key=2367 |date=2007-02-13 }}. World Food Programme. February 9, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; WFP start to deliver food aid on February 15.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L15816589.htm Helicopters aid Mozambique flood victims]. Reuters. February 15, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; One single United Nations helicopter dem give am to help carry aid go evacuation centres.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&amp;Key=2371 WFP starts helicopter rescue and food deliveries to victims of Mozambique floods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314014544/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&amp;Key=2371 |date=2007-03-14 }}. World Food Programme. February 15, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; However, plenty people still never receive food or drinking water, and disease outbreak risk also increase; Paulo Zucula later change im earlier talk about readiness, talk say &quot;We were not prepared... it's another disaster&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6377427.stm | work=BBC News | title=Flood aid struggle in Mozambique | date=February 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}{{Floods in Africa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Mozambican Flood}}
[[Category:Floods in Mozambique]]
[[Category:2007 in Mozambique|Flood]]
[[Category:Zambezi River]]
[[Category:December 2006 in Africa]]
[[Category:January 2007 in Africa]]
[[Category:March 2007 in Africa]]
[[Category:2007 floods]]
[[Category:2000s floods in Africa]]
[[Category:2006 floods]]
[[Category:2006 in Mozambique]] 
[[Category:2006 disasters in Africa]]
[[Category:21st-century disasters in Mozambique]] 
[[Category:2007 disasters in Africa]]</text>
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