Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6056 106230 86664 2026-07-03T18:59:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pwani University''' be public university<ref>[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 "Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)"]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> insyd de Kilifi County insyd de coastal region of [[Kenya]], wey dey locate 60&nbsp;km north of Mombasa insyd de resort town of Kilifi, within de larger Kilifi County. Prior to de award of charter, na de university be constituent college of [[Kenyatta University]]. De college, formerly de Kilifi Institute of Agriculture, na dem establish am for 23 August 2007 by order sign by H.E Presido Mwai Kibaki.<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 5.</ref> <mapframe latitude="-3.616388888888889" longitude="39.84388888888889" zoom="5" width="400" height="300" align="right" /> == Location == Pwani University dey position close to de Kilifi bay along de Mombasa-Malindi highway. E dey occupy approximately 239&nbsp;hectares of land, dey give room for future expansion. Na dem establish Pwani University for 23 August 2007. Dem register de first group of around 200 students for 20 October 2007, mainly insyd de field of Education (Science) den Education (Arts).<ref>PU, Pwani University. ''[https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Pwani%20University%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2024.pdf Strategic Plan 2014-2024]'' (PDF). Pwani University. p. 1.</ref> == Schools == * School of Education<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230746/http://soe.pu.ac.ke/ "Home"]. ''soe.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Humanities den Social Sciences<ref>[http://shhs.pu.ac.ke/ "SHHS"]. ''shhs.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Business den Economics<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102328/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sbe "School of Business and Economics"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * school of Pure den Applied Sciences (SPAS)<ref>[http://spas.pu.ac.ke/ "SPAS"]. ''spas.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Agricultural Sciences den Agribusiness Studies<ref>[http://sasa.pu.ac.ke/ "SASA"]. ''sasa.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Environmental den Earth Sciences<ref>[http://sees.pu.ac.ke/ "SEES"]. ''sees.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Graduate Studies (SGS)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102318/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sgs "School of Graduate Studies"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref> * School of Health and Human Sciences<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</ref> == Research == Pwani University sign MOUs, wey dey touch for diverse areas of interest top as way of make dem dey enhance beneficial interactions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241115214207/http://mailto:j.chege@pu.ac.ke/forms/Strategic%20Plan%202014%20-%202024%20(RE2020).pdf "Strategic plan"] (PDF). ''Pwani University''. Retrieved 20 February 2024.</ref> De University get collaboration plus research institutions insyd Kenya den around de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231920/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations "Collaborations"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</ref> Dese dey include: * Kenya Agricultural Research Institution, * Kenya Medical Research Institute, * National Council for Science and Technology, * Florida State University, * Technische Universitat Dortmund<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102317/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/technische-universitat-dortmund "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * University of East Anglia, * The John Innes Centre in the UK, * The University of Glasgow, * International Livestock Research Institute * Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service. * [[University of Eldoret]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102326/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/university-of-eldoret "Collaborations"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> * Sun Yet Sen University<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240624112804/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/sun-yet-sen-university "Collaboration"]. ''Pwani University''. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</ref> For collaboration plus de National Council for Science and Technology, de university convene stakeholders forum make e address de problem of poor performance insyd sciences subjects for KSCE examinations den low conversion rates from primary to secondary den University level for Coastal Kenya insyd. Make e reach more people plus de message of development insyd de region, de university dey participate insyd de Mombasa International Agricultural Show since 2008. For dis trade fair insyd, de university dey display scientific research findings den applied technologies wich dem fi use by farmers make dem address challenges insyd agricultural productivity, food insecurity den agribusiness.<ref>[https://www.pu.ac.ke/ "Pwani University"]. ''www.pu.ac.ke''. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> == References == [[Category:Education insyd Kenya]] <references /> == External links == * [http://www.pu.ac.ke/ Pwani University webpage] [[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:2007 establishments insyd Kenya]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2007]] [[Category:Kenyatta University]] 12jrdwyqve0b42bosmtfbsod4m345md 0 18418 106224 96204 2026-07-03T17:29:04Z Jefunky 3251 /* Gallery */ doublon 106224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Slavery in Egypt''' dey go on till early 20th century. E no be like de slavery wey dey happen for ancient Egypt. From de time wey de Caliphate conquer Egypt for 7th century, dem dey manage slavery based on Islamic law. Dis system continue till slavery end for early 20th century. Dem gradually stop am after dem ban de slave trade for late 19th century. During de Islamic history insyd Egypt, slaves dey mainly fall insyd three categories: male slaves wey dem use as soldiers den bureaucrats, female slaves wey dem use for sexual slavery as concubines, den female slaves plus eunuchs wey dem use for domestic service insyd harems den private households. Toward de end of dat period, agricultural slavery too start grow. De people wey dem enslave insyd Egypt during Islamic times mostly come from Europe den Caucasus, wey dem dey call “white”, or from Sudan den Africa wey dey south of de Sahara, through de Trans-Saharan slave trade—wey dem dey call “black”. British pressure make dem stop de slave trade between 1877 den 1884. Slavery itself no get abolished straight, but e gradually die out after dem cancel de slave trade, since nobody fit legally get new slaves again, den de ones wey dey already get right to apply for freedom. Even up to de 1930s, some people still dey as slaves. Up till now, Egypt still be source, transit, plus destination country for human trafficking—especially forced labor den forced prostitution—even though de government dey take steps for 21st century to suppress such activities. == Abbasid Egypt: 750–935 == Egypt dey under de Abbasid Caliphate from 750 go 935. So de slavery wey dem dey practice for there, follow de same pattern as de one wey dey inside de Abbasid Caliphate. But still, e get ein own local style wey make am different small from de main one. === Slave trade === One slave route come from people wey Egypt get treaty plus dem. Egypt den Nubia keep peace based on de popular Baqt treaty. For dis agreement, Nubia dey supply slaves to Egypt every year, den Egypt too dey give textiles plus wheat to Nubia. De Baqt no allow make Egypt go do direct slave raids to Nubia, but Egypt dey buy Nubian slaves wey de Buja tribes—wey dey live for de Eastern Desert of Nubia—capture. Dem too dey buy Buja slaves wey Nubians capture. Anytime Nubia or Buja break de treaty rules, Egypt dey enter dem area go do slave raids. Some private Egyptian slave traders too dey go Egypt ein African hinterland go do slave raids, dem dey use small-small breach of peace agreement as reason.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bruning |first=Jelle |date=2020-11-11 |title=Slave Trade Dynamics in Abbasid Egypt: The Papyrological Evidence |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/63/5-6/article-p682_2.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=63 |issue=5-6 |pages=682–742 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341524 |issn=1568-5209}}</ref> For de slave market, dem Egyptian traders plenty times dey give fake origin of de people dem carry, so e hard to know if dem people come from place wey Egypt get peace agreement plus dem.<ref name=":0" /> Anoda slave route come from areas wey Egypt no get any treaty plus dem. Based on Islamic law, dis make slave raids for such places legal. Slave merchants too dey trade people wey dem capture from nations wey Muslim authorities no get peace agreement plus dem. De ''History of de Patriarchs'' talk say slave raids dey happen against de coasts of Byzantine Asia Minor plus Europe, wey Muslims carry Byzantines from demma lands come Egypt (or Fusṭāṭ [Miṣr]) plenty times. De 10th-century ''Ḥudūd al-ʿālam'' talk say Egyptian merchants dey kidnap children from de “Blacks” wey dey south of Nubia, dem dey castrate de boys before dem traffic dem enter Egypt.<ref name=":0" /> De third route be when slave merchant illegally capture other Egyptians, wey de law no dey allow. Mostly de captured Egyptians be either non-Muslim Egyptians—like Coptic Christians—or children of black people wey dem be former slaves.<ref name=":0" /> === Slave market === Insyd dis period, de biggest slave market place insyd Egypt be Fusṭāṭ. Slave merchants from de Near East, Byzantium, Europe, North Africa plus de Mediterranean islands dey traffic den sell slaves insyd Egypt. According to one Egyptian jurist, Aṣbagh b. al-Faraj (wey die for 839), “people dey desire imported slaves pass any other.” Among de slaves wey dem traffic be people from Slavic, European or Anatolian, Berber, plus Sudanic African background. De merchants dey sell eunuchs, “slave women (jawārī)” plus “female servants (waṣāʾif)”. De slaves dey do work wey dey go beyond house matter—dem dey run errands, deliver or collect messages or goods, assist demma masters for business journeys, manage demma masters ein affairs when dem no dey, plus dem too be used as sex slaves (concubines). During dis period, slaves insyd Egypt be either people wey dem born insyd slavery, or captives wey slavers carry come from outside de Realm of Islam. De preserved documents show say na de imported slaves wey dominate Egypt ein slave market. Islam dey encourage make people free slaves, den children wey slave plus ein master born normally dey get free status—especially as most of dem children dey get free poppie. Dis mean say Egypt need steady supply of new slaves to keep de slave population up, because few slaves born to slaves turn slaves themselves—unless dem born from two slaves, not from slave woman plus free man. == Fatimid Caliphate: 909–1171 == During de Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), slaves dey trafficked enter Egypt through plenty routes wey come from non-Islamic lands for South, North, West plus East. For dis period, de system of military slavery expand well, wey increase de demand for male slaves to serve for de military. Female slaves too dey used for sexual slavery as concubines, or dem dey work as domestic servants. === Slave trade === De Trans-Saharan slave trade still dey go on during de Mamluk Sultanate. Egypt dey receive Black African slaves from Sudan through demma Baqt treaty wey dey last for centuries, till around de 14th century. De closest relationship happen during de Fatimid period for Egypt. De Shi'ite Fatimids no get plenty allies for de Sunni-dominated Islamic world, so Nubia turn strong ally. De slaves wey Nubia send form de main backbone of de Fatimid army. European saqaliba slaves too reach Egypt through different routes. De Venetian Balkan slave trade grow well during dis period. De al-Andalus slave trade too dey bring European slaves, wey originally pass through de Prague slave trade before dem reach Egypt. === Slave market === ==== Female slaves ==== Female slaves be primarily used as either domestic servants, or as concubines (sex slaves). De slave market classify slaves based on racial stereotypes. Dem see Berber slave women as best for housework, sexual services plus childbearing. Black slave women dem see as humble, strong, den good wet nurses. Byzantine (Greek) slaves be ones dem trust to keep valuables. Persian women be known as good caretakers for children. Arab slave women dem praise as skilled singers. But Indian plus Armenian girls dem describe as hard to handle or control. For de market, de younger de girl, de more attractive she be.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press., p. 204</ref> '''Male slaves''' Male slaves dey used for both hard labor, eunuch service, plus military slavery. During dis time, de military slave system grow more important. Insyd de Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171 CE), eunuchs play big roles for de politics insyd de caliphate ein court under de slavery system wey dey run there. Normally, dem dey buy dis eunuchs from slave auctions, den dem dey come from different Arab plus non-Arab minority ethnic groups. Sometimes, dem buy dem from noble families inside de empire, wey make those families connect close to de caliph. But most times, dem prefer foreign slaves, wey dem describe as “ideal servants.”<ref>El Cheikh, N. M. (2017). Guarding the harem, protecting the state: Eunuchs in a fourth/tenth-century Abbasid court. In Celibate and Childless Men in Power (pp. 65–78). Routledge.</ref> After dem enslave dem, de eunuchs dey placed for top positions inside four main areas: service to de male members of de court; service to de Fatimid harem or female court members; administrative plus clerical work; den military service.<ref>Gul, R., Zafar, N., & Naznin, S. (2021). Legal and Social Status of Eunuchs Islam and Pakistan. sjesr, 4(2), 515–523.</ref> For example, during de Fatimid occupation of Cairo, some Egyptian eunuchs dey control military garrisons (shurta) plus marketplaces (hisba)—two positions wey na just de city magistrate dey higher. But de most powerful eunuchs na de ones wey serve de caliph den ein household direct—like chamberlains, treasurers, governors, den attendants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Celibate and Childless Men in Power: Ruling Eunuchs and Bishops in the Pre-Modern World|date=15 August 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315566658|editor-last1=Höfert|editor-first1=A.|edition=1st|language=English|editor-last2=Mesley|editor-first2=M. M.|editor-last3=Tolino|editor-first3=S}}</ref> Because dem dey close to de caliph, dem get plenty political power. One eunuch, Jawdhar, turn hujja to Imam-Caliph al-Qa'im—a sacred position for Shia Islam wey de imam dey use choose who go succeed am after ein death.<ref>Marmon, S. E. (1995). Eunuchs and sacred boundaries in Islamic society. Oxford University Press on Demand.</ref> For Fatimid history, some other eunuchs wey people hold in high esteem be Abu'l-Fadi Rifq al-Khadim plus Abu'l-Futuh Barjawan al-Ustadh.<ref>Tolino, S. (2017). Eunuchs in the Fatimid empire: Ambiguities, gender and sacredness. In Celibate and Childless Men in Power (pp. 246–267). Routledge.</ref> Rifq be African eunuch general wey serve as governor of Damascus until he lead army of 30,000 men go campaign to expand Fatimid control reach northeast side, go de city of Aleppo, Syria. People recognize am say he fit unite different people—Africans, Arabs, Bedouins, Berbers, plus Turks—into one strong fight force wey fit face de Mirdasids, Bedouins, plus Byzantines successfully. Barjawan be European eunuch wey rise during late Fatimid time. E take ein military sense plus political sharpness bring peace between dem plus de Byzantine Empire. E still crush rebellions for Libya plus de Levant. Because of de respect den power wey he get for court plus military, he take over control of de caliphate from ein student, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, then rule as de de facto Regent for 997 CE. But as he take de power from de caliph, dem kill am for 1000 CE under de orders of al-Hakim. ==== Fatimid harem ==== De Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) build upon de established model of de Abbasid harem. De Abbasid harem system later turn example for harems of future Islamic rulers, den de same model appear for other Islamic nations during de Middle Ages—including de harem of de Fatimid Caliphate for Egypt. De Fatimid harem follow de same pattern as de Abbasid harem, arranged in a way where de mother hold first rank, followed by slave concubines wey turn umm walad after dem born, enslaved female entertainers wey dem dey call Jawaris, enslaved female stewardesses wey dem call qahramana, plus eunuchs.<ref>El-Azhari, Taef. Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvnjbg3q. Accessed 27 Mar. 2021.</ref> De woman wey get highest rank inside de Fatimid harem mostly be de caliph ein mommie, or de heir ein mommie, or sometimes anoda female relative. Dis woman dey called ''sayyida'' anaa ''al-sayyida al-malika'' (“queen”).<ref name="Cortese, D. 2006 p. 75">Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 75</ref> De Caliph ein consorts originally be slave-girls wey he either marry or use as concubines (sex slaves). For both cases, de consort dey called ''jiha'' anaa ''al-jiha al-aliya'' (“Her Highness”). Most of de Fatimid Caliphs ein concubines be Christian by origin. People describe dem as beautiful singers, dancers, plus musicians. Plenty love poems dey about dem, but dem too get accused plenty times of manipulating de Caliph.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 76</ref> De third rank harem women be slave-girls wey dem train in singing, dancing, plus playing music—dem dey perform as entertainers. Sometimes, male leaders dey dash dem as diplomatic gifts. De lowest rank of harem women be de slave-girls wey dem choose to be servants. Dem dey do different tasks inside de harem plus de royal house. Dem call dis women shadadat, den dem get small connection to de outside world, as dem dey move goods from outside enter de harem through underground tunnels wey dem dey call saradib.<ref>Cortese, D., Calderini, S. (2006). Women And the Fatimids in the World of Islam. Storbritannien: Edinburgh University Press. p. 82</ref> All de slave women wey dem employ for court be called ''mustakhdimat'' or ''qusuriyyat''. Women wey work for inside de royal household be ''muqimat'', and those wey dem employ for de royal workshops wey dey Fustat or Qarafa be ''munqaqitat''. Slave women dey work for royal workshops called ''arbab al-san'i min al-qusuriyyat'', wey dey produce clothes plus food. If dem dey work for public workshops, dem dey called ''zahir''; but if dem dey work for workshops wey dey produce only for de royal household, dem be called ''khassa''. Normally, each workshop get about thirty slave women, wey dey work under one female slave supervisor called ''zayn al-khuzzan'', a role wey dem mostly give Greek slave women. De enslaved eunuchs dey manage de women for de harem—dem dey guard dem, pass information to dem, report back to de Caliph, plus serve as demma link to de outside world. Both de Caliph ein harem den de harems of other male high-class people fit get thousands of slaves. For example, de vizier Ibn get household wey include 800 concubines plus 4,000 male bodyguards. == Ayyubid Sultanate: 1171–1250 == De Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1250) include both Egypt plus Syria, so de institution of slavery for dis places get shared history during de time of de Ayyubid dynasty. === Slave trade === African slaves dey transported enter Egypt through de slave trade wey come from Sudan. During dis time, de Baqt treaty still dey function well-known. But de relationship between Egypt plus Nubia no good under de Ayyubids, so e start affect how dem dey enforce de Baqt agreement. De Trans-Saharan slave trade bring African slaves from de West enter Egypt. De Red Sea slave trade provide slaves to de East coast of Egypt. Majority of dem be Africans. But e get records wey show say some Indians too dey wey dem transport enter Egypt through de Red Sea slave trade. De Venetian slave trade export slaves to Egypt mainly through de Balkan slave trade during dis time. Turkish plus other Asian slaves dey come enter Egypt from Central Asia through de Bukhara slave trade. Dem value Turkish men high as slave soldiers. === War captives === Christian captives from de Crusader states dey known say dem get enslaved during de two hundred years of Christian Crusader rule. Dis one include not only male warriors but civilians too—like women plus children. One popular example be de Siege of Jerusalem (1187). For dat time, 15,000 people wey no fit pay ransom dem sell into slavery. According to Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, 7,000 be men plus 8,000 be women den children. Some Muslim sources wey dey dat time describe how non-Muslim women plus girls dey raped den enslaved after Jerusalem fall: Women plus children reach 8,000, den dem share dem quickly among dem, wey bring smile for Muslim faces as dem cry. Plenty of de well-guarded women lose demma dignity, hidden women lose demma modesty, virgins get dishonoured, proud ones deflowered, red lips of lovely women kissed, den happy ones begin cry. Noblemen take some as concubines, passionate men desire some, celibates find satisfaction, thirsty men quench dem thirst, den turbulent men release dem passion. '''Slave market''' Female slaves pass male slaves in number for Egypt. Most of de female slaves dem dey use either as domestic maids or as concubines (sex slaves). One of de most popular former slave concubines of de Royal Ayyubid harem be Shajar al-Durr. For male slaves, one of de main markets be de institution of mamluk military slavery, wey get big importance inside de Ayyubid Sultanate. Plenty of de slave soldiers come from Turkish or Circassian background. '''Ayyubid harem''' De Royal harem insyd de Ayyubid dynasty for Egypt plus de Levant (1171–1250) be similar to demma predecessor, de Fatimid harem. De wives, mommies, female relatives plus poppies of de Ayyubid sultans no really get more detail insyd record. For some cases, de Ayyubid sultans marry free Muslim women: Sultan Saladin dey married to several wives, de most known one be Ismat ad-Din Khatun, den Sultan dey married to Sitti Sawda. But for plenty cases, e show say de Sultans prefer to use slave concubines for procreation. Non-Muslim female slaves dey come insyd as kafirs (infidels) from dar al-harb (de non-Muslim world), den dem dey force dem to convert to Islam once dem reach. For de harem, female slaves dey work as servants or dem dey choose some for sexual slavery as concubines. Some slave-girls dem train dem for de arts wey dem go use perform as qiyan-entertainers. Some of de most favored royal Ayyubid concubines be qiyan-artists, like Surur (qiyan) plus Adschība (qiyan). Sultan no dey need marry, den some of dem no dey marry. Instead, dem dey procreate through concubines. Any concubine wey give birth to pikin wey Sultan acknowledge say na ein pikin, dey get status of Umm Walad, den as de mommie of royal pikin, people dey see am as full member of de royal dynasty. Sultan fit free den marry ein concubine, but no be by force say e go do am, because Islamic law no dey call pikin from concubine illegitimate if ein poppie recognize am. De most popular person insyd de Ayyubid harem be Shajar al-Durr, wey come insyd as slave concubine, later get free after she born acknowledged pikin, den in one rare case, she take over de throne after de death of de man wey enslave am before. De wife or concubine wey born de chosen heir to de throne, get de highest rank for de harem. Apart from female slaves, de women wey dey harem get help from eunuchs. == Mamluk Sultanate: 1250–1517 == During de era of de Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), society insyd Egypt dey rest on top system of military slavery. Male slaves wey dem traffic for military service as mamluk, turn dominant social class insyd Egypt. At first, demma origin mostly be Turks from Central Asia, but around 1400, e shift go Circassian plus European side. Female slaves dey used for sexual slavery plus housemaid work. Dem dey import slaves from different directions. Turkic plus Circassian slaves from Central Asia plus de Black Sea dey come for military duty plus concubinage. African slaves dey come from de South for labor; Europeans dey come from de North. Greek slaves dey come from religious border zone insyd Anatolia. === Slave trade === De Trans-Saharan slave trade dey continue during de Mamluk Sultanate era. Egypt dey receive Black African slaves through demma Baqt treaty wey dey exist for centuries until de 14th century. Na during de Mamluk Sultanate time wey de supply of slaves under de Baqt treaty dey end. Relations insyd dat period be worse under de Ayyubids plus very poor under de Mamluks, wey later lead to full-scale war. Even after Makuria collapse insyd de thirteenth century, Egyptians still dey insist make de Muslim successor kingdoms for dat region pay de Baqt. De Baqt finally dey end insyd de middle of de fourteenth century, as de organized government insyd de region collapse complete. Greek slaves dey come from de Genoese plus Muslim Turks insyd Anatolia, wey be one religious border zone between Dar al-islam plus Dar al-harb. According to Islamic law, dat place be legit source for slave supply. Greek slaves mostly dey sold as luxury slaves for household work plus sophisticated tasks. Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir (r. 1299–1340), dey expand de import of Greek slaves from Rum (Anatolia) plus Turkish slaves from Central Asia. Two main routes from Europe dey provide Egypt plus European slaves. De Balkan slave trade plus de Black Sea slave trade, managed through de Venetian slave traders plus de Genoese slave traders, dey supply Egypt with plenty male slaves wey dem use as mamluk slave soldiers. Until late insyd de 14th-century, future Turkish Mamluks dey regularly get imported from Central Asia. But dis matter change around 1400. De Balkan slave trade, plus de Black Sea slave trade, be de two main sources wey dem dey use supply future Mamluk soldiers to de Mamluk Sultanate insyd Egypt. While de majority of slaves wey dem traffic through de Black Sea slave trade to South Europe (Italy plus Spain) be girls, since dem dey destined to become ancillae maid servants, de majority of de slaves wey dem send to Egypt—about 2,000 every year—be boys, since de Mamluk Sultanate always need fresh supply of slave soldiers. From at least 1382 go forward, majority of de mamluks wey dey Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate plus slave origin dey come from de Black Sea slave trade. Around hundred Circassian males wey dem plan make mamluks, dey traffic through de Black Sea slave trade up until de 19th century. During de 13th-century, Indian boys, women plus girls wey dem plan for sexual slavery, dey traffic from India go Arabia plus Egypt across de Red Sea slave trade through Aden. '''Slave market''' De slave market dey famously dominated by de most significant plus influential category, wey be military slavery. Other categories be de common type for slavery insyd Muslim lands, where dem dey use women as sex slaves (harem concubines) plus domestic slave maids. Slavery die out insyd Western Europe after de 12th century, but de demand for laborers after de Black Death cause revival of slavery insyd Southern Europe, insyd Italy plus Spain, plus increase de demand for slaves insyd Egypt. De Italian (Genoese plus Venetian) slave trade from de Black Sea get two main routes; from de Crimea go Byzantine Constantinople, plus via Crete plus de Balearic Islands go Italy plus Spain; or go de Mamluk Sultanate insyd Egypt, wey receive majority of de slaves. For late insyd de 14th century, de normal price for one African slave-girl from Ethiopia be 300 dirham, while de highest-valued slave-girls (normally Greek) dey sell for 550 dirham. ==== Female slaves ==== As dem dey import slave boys for military slavery, dem dey import slave girls too for usage as concubines (sex slaves) or domestic servants. But de information wey dey about dem no plenty. De normal sex segregation wey dey insyd society make am hard for free Muslim women to work as domestic maidservants, so e make de Muslim world rely on slaves for dem kind house work. Even though female slaves no get plenty documentation like male Mamluk slaves insyd de Mamluk Sultanate, truth be say female slaves always plenty pass male ones. Especially insyd elite household, female slaves always dey outnumber male, den slavery insyd de Mamluk Sultanate dey get name as female phenomenon. If enslaver wey be man choose to acknowledge de pikin wey ein get plus female slave—which be voluntary—then de pikin go turn free den de mommie go become Umm Walad. Dat mean say dem no go fit sell am again den she go get freedom after ein enslaver die. But as long as de man still dey alive, she go still dey as slave den he fit still sexually exploit am, rent am out for work, or free am plus marry am. '''Harem slavery''' De harem of de Mamluk sultans dey insyd de Cairo Citadel al-Hawsh insyd de capital of Cairo (1250–1517). De Mamluk Sultanate build upon de system wey de Abbasid harem lay down already, just like de predecessor wey be de Fatimid harem. De mommie of de sultan be de highest ranked woman for de harem. De consorts of de Sultans for de Bahri dynasty (1250–1382) start originally as slave girls. Dem dey supply female slaves to de harem through slave trade as children; dem fit train dem to perform as singers den dancers insyd de harem, plus some of dem dey selected to serve as concubines (sex slaves) of de Sultan, wey sometimes dey choose to marry dem. Other slave girls dey serve de consorts of de Sultan for domestic tasks as harem servants, wey dem dey call qahramana or qahramaniyya. De harem dey guarded by enslaved eunuchs, wey until de 15th-century dey come from de Balkan slave trade, then later from de Black Sea slave trade, serve as officials for de harem. De harem of de Bahri Mamluk sultans start as small plus moderate, but Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1293–1341) expand de harem to major institution, wey come dey use as much luxury plus slaves like de heavily luxurious harem of de Fatimid dynasty wey come before. De harem of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad expand pass any harem wey any Mamluk sultan before am get, den when he die, he lef harem wey get 1,200 female slaves, 505 out of dem be qiyan singing girls. He free plus marry ein slave Tughay (d. 1348), wey when she die, she lef 1,000 slave girls plus 80 eunuchs. De harem play influential role: de emir Arghun Al-alai, regent for Sultan Al-Salih Ismail, marry de sultan ein mommie to secure ein power. Sultan As-Salih Salih (wey die insyd 1354) give ein mommie big influence: he arrange royal banquet insyd de royal harem, where he serve am by ein own self den organize royal procession, mawkib sultani, wey be ceremony wey normally dem dey give only sultans. Sultan Abu Bakr free plus marry two of ein slave girls, plus Sultan Al-Salih Ismail free plus marry ein slave concubine Ittifaq, wey later turn wife of ein brother den successor Al-Kamil Sha'ban, then finally marry Sultan Al-Muzaffar. During de Burji dynasty (1382–1517), de Mamluk Sultanate no dey as inherited monarchy again, den de Burji Mamluk sultans dey succeeded by demma emirs. But still, one kind dynastic continuity dey exist, where de Sultans dey marry de widow, concubine or female relative of ein predecessor. De Burji Mamluk often dey marry free Muslim women from de Mamluk nobility. But de Burji harem, just like de one before am, continue de custom of slave concubinage, with Circassian slave girls popular as concubines—some of dem turn favorites den even wives of de Sultan. Sultan Qaitbay (r. 1468–1496) get one favorite Circassian slave concubine, Aṣalbāy, wey become de mommie of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1496–1498) den later marry Sultan Al-Ashraf Janbalat (r. 1500–1501). Ein daughter-in-law, Miṣirbāy (wey die insyd 1522), wey be former Circassian slave concubine, marry Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1496–1498), Sultan Abu Sa'id Qansuh (r. 1498–1500), den in 1517 marry de Ottoman Governor Khā’ir Bek. '''Male slaves''' De most famous category of male slaves wey dey under de Mamluk Sultanate be de mamluk slave soldiers. But de mamluk soldiers be elite slaves. No be all male slaves wey be mamluk soldiers, den de condition of non-Mamluk male slaves dey very different. African male slaves no dey used as slave soldiers, because people dey consider dem only suitable for low-level domestic tasks. Turkish plus Circassian mamluk slave soldiers dey use African male slaves to take care of demma horses plus do menial duties for dem, like carry demma food plus serve am. De condition of male slave fit change under certain conditions. If some terms dey met, de male slave fit get permission to enter manumission contract. For dat case, he go fit work plus keep de money wey he earn from ein labor. But still, he no go fit do things like testify or marry without de permission of ein owner. ==== Military slavery ==== From 935 go 1250, Egypt dey under dynastic rulers, especially de Ikhshidids, Fatimids plus Ayyubids. Throughout demma rule, thousands of Mamluk servants plus guards still dey used, den some even climb reach high offices. De Mamluks be enslaved mercenaries. Originally, dem be slaves wey come from Turkic origin insyd de Eurasian Steppe, but de system of military slavery later spread go include Circassians, Abkhazians, Georgians, Armenians, Russians, plus people wey come from de Balkans like Albanians, Greeks plus South Slavs (check Saqaliba, Balkan slave trade plus Black Sea slave trade). De level of influence wey de Mamluk dey gather come dey worry de Ayyubids particularly. Because Egyptian Mamluks be enslaved Christians, Islamic rulers no dey believe say dem be true Muslims—even though dem dey fight wars for Islam as slave soldiers. Insyd 1250, one Mamluk rise take become Sultan. De Mamluk Sultanate survive insyd Egypt from 1250 till 1517, wey Selim capture Cairo on 20 January. Even though e no be de same structure like under de Sultanate, de Ottoman Empire still retain de Mamluks as Egyptian ruling class, den de Mamluks plus de Burji family succeed get back much of demma influence—but now as vassals under de Ottomans. De ruling Mamluks no be slaves, but ex-slaves. Dem be sons of kafir (non-Muslim) parents wey come from Dar al-harb (non-Muslim lands); dem buy dem as children, convert dem to Islam plus raise dem inside military barracks where dem train dem to become Muslim soldiers. As slave children wey no get families, dem dey grow to see de Sultan as demma poppie den de other Mamluks as demma brothers. Demma education end with de kharj ceremony, where dem free dem plus give dem post insyd either courtly administration or de army, wey allow dem start life as free ex-slave Mamluk. Mamluk slave soldiers dey preferred pass freeborn soldiers because dem dey raised to see de army plus de Sultan as demma family, so people believe say dem loyal pass freeborn soldiers wey get biological family wey dem go put first. Insyd late 14th century, de ethnicity of de Mamluks change from Turkish go Circassian. As de Golden Horde believe say de Islamization of Turkish Central Asia don reach, Jani Beg ban de import of Turkish slaves to Egypt because dem no dey defined again as kafir, so Islamic law no fit allow Muslims enslave dem. From around 1400, Mamluks mostly come from Circassian origin instead of Turkish, since Circassians wey be Pagans plus Christians dey recognized as kafirs, so dem fit enslave dem under Islamic law. ==== Racial dimension of slavery ==== According to slavery under Islamic law, non-Muslim people wey come from non-Muslim lands dey legit for Muslims to enslave. So e no target any particular ethnicity, but e involve slaves from different ethnic backgrounds. Still, dat no mean say racism no dey. Slaves dey regarded to get different abilities based on demma ethnicity, plus people dey see dem fit for certain tasks because of de stereotypes, wey manuals plus handbooks for slave traders den slave buyers describe during dat time. Skin color dey linked to specific abilities, plus people classify races through one system wey dey attribute different traits based on de color of demma skin. For de Arab world, skin color wey middle dey preferred, since e close to Arab skin tone, but both darker plus lighter colors dey seen negative. Slaves wey get very light skin dey described as vicious, evil, disloyal den untruthful. Dem wey get reddish-white skin color dey praised as clever, intelligent, knowledgeable, plus wise. People wey get brownish skin tone dey seen as brave, determined plus fearless. But people wey get full Black African skin color dey seen as fearful, coward, rash, plus more inclined toward evil than good. De author al-Amshati describe racial stereotypes based on race deeply for ein work. De most appreciated slave races for de market be Turkic people plus Circassians—dem be de top two races wey dem dey acquire for Mamluk soldiers. al-Amshati describe Turks as people wey get moderate temperament, strong body, nice balanced physique plus gloomy look. Turkish children dey considered clean, healthy, clever, skillful plus attractive. Among dem, Turks from Khurasan be de best for de market. De next best race be Circassians, wey people stereotype as braver pass Turks—“always ready strike first blow”—plus get strong group unity, suitable for soldier work. But if dem no train dem well, dem dey haughty, dem no get strong work ethic, den dem lack patience plus perseverance for long military campaigns. Still, if dem receive tough training, dem fit become top-class soldiers plus even religious scholars. Black Africans dey considered excellent slaves, suitable for lowly domestic labor. al-Amshati describe “Abyssinians” (Africans) as physically weak slaves wey dey fall sick often; still, dem get plenty traits wey make dem fit for slavery—like strong character, righteousness, patience, obedience, intelligence, shrewdness den prudence. African women dey seen as especially calm plus obedient. But Black children dey described as sly, deceitful, malicious plus thief-minded. African slaves no dey considered fit for arts like singing den dancing, plus dem no dey used for Mamluk elite slavery, but mainly for low-level work den domestic duties. By de 14th century, big number of slaves dey come from sub-Saharan Africa, den racist attitudes begin show—for example, Egyptian historian Al-Abshibi (1388–1446) write say “[i]t is said dat when de [black] slave chop well, he go fornicate; when he dey hungry, he go steal.” Greek (rumi) male slaves dey seen as obedient, serious, loyal, trustworthy, intelligent plus careful with money. Dem get good manners plus excellent understanding of de sciences. Greek female slaves dey described as bold plus troublesome, but still fit for housework. De least popular slave races be Armenians plus Europeans. Dem no dey regarded as loyal plus obedient slaves, but rather as people wey dey unwilling, defiant plus get plenty traits wey make dem hard to control for slavery use. Armenian slaves dey described as strong plus get good health den fine body, but dem dey also seen as dishonest, lazy, greedy, unreliable, moody plus dey neglect demma personal hygiene. People talk say dem no good for anytin except hard physical labor, plus dem need constant punishment before dem go obey. Light-skinned Franks (we mean Europeans) wey be men dey described as rough, courageous, stingy, stupid plus uneducated. Dem dey strongly religious, dem get skills for manual work, but people no trust dem as slaves. Female Frankish (European) slaves dey referred to as harsh, cruel plus heartless if dem dey under slavery. But Frankish (European) children dey popular den people dey describe dem as excellent slaves: courageous, slim den rosy-cheeked. == Ottoman Egypt: 1517–1805 == De Mamluk Sultanate dey conquered by de Ottoman Empire insyd 1517. Ottoman Egypt dey ruled directly by de Ottoman Empire through Ottoman governors until 1805. Slavery insyd Ottoman Egypt mainly continue de same system wey dem establish during de Mamluk Sultanate. White slaves turn Mamluk soldiers plus demma concubines plus wives, while Black African slaves dey used for domestic service plus hard labor. === Slave trade === De slave trade wey reach Ottoman Egypt follow de established routes wey already dey ground. African slaves dey come through de old slave trade from Sudan plus de Trans-Saharan slave trade. De Balkan slave trade dey shut down, but de Black Sea slave trade continue. E no dey managed by Italian slave merchants again, but now dey under de Crimean Khanate plus de Ottoman Empire, wey people dey call de Crimean slave trade. Slaves wey dem traffic through de Crimean slave trade fit even reach far places inside de Mediterranean plus de Middle East. For example, one Convent insyd Sinai for Egypt record say dem buy male slave wey come from Kozlov insyd Russia. === Slave market === Egypt during de Ottoman period still dey under heavy control of Mamluk military slavery. Mamluk soldiers for dis time still be mostly white slaves. Although de old supply route of de Balkan slave trade dey shut down, male Mamluk slaves often come from Circassia or Georgia, trafficked through de Crimean slave trade. De Mamluk aristocrats, wey themselves dey come from Circassia or Georgia (through de Black Sea slave trade), like to marry women wey be from similar ethnic background. Black slave women mostly dey used as domestic maids, den majority of de Mamluk ein wives plus concubines dey referred to as “white slaves”. De white slave women wey dem buy to become concubines plus wives of de Mamluks dey mostly come from de Caucasus (Circassians or Georgians), wey poor parents sell to slave traders. E be common practice among de Egyptian Mamluk upper class men to marry woman wey before be slave concubine of either themselves or anoda Mamluk. Dis tradition of marrying de concubine or widow of anoda Mamluk be part of regular Mamluk alliance arrangement. De marriage between Murad Bey plus Nafisa al-Bayda, widow of Ali Bey al-Kabir, be one example of dis alliance style, same as Shawikar Qadin, concubine of Uthman Katkhuda (wey die insyd 1736), wey Abd al-Rahman Jawish give in marriage to Ibrahum Katkhuda (wey die insyd 1754) after Uthman Katkhuda ein death. People dey give common excuse say slavery be act of kindness, especially when e concern women wey dem buy as slaves for sexual reasons—like concubines den wives inside de sex-segregated harems of rich men. Dis excuse dey base on say de women come from poverty den dem dey exploited by rich men wey dey live inside wealth. One lawyer for Ottoman Egypt insyd de 17th-century talk something about de sexual slavery of women: “Wetin be de guilt of de man wey carry person wey dem kidnap from misery go happiness, from hunger go better life, change demma torn clothes to fine robes, support dem plus money, treat dem based on wetin ein religion plus ein humanity show am? He no buy dem for trade or profit.” Racial hierarchy dey among slaves. Male laborers, eunuchs plus female domestic maids dey provided through de Trans-Saharan slave trade plus de Sudanese slave trade reach Egypt. == Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805–1953 == Egypt turn de facto independent insyd de Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1914). Slavery still get strong presence insyd Egypt throughout de 19th century. Dem estimate say de number of slaves insyd Egypt during dat period reach at least 30,000 at any given time. For Egypt, de slave concubines wey dey insyd de harems of rich Egyptian men mostly be Circassian women, while for middle-class Egyptians, demma concubines mostly be Abyssinians. Male plus female domestic slaves wey serve almost all social classes insyd Egyptian society mostly consist of Black Africans. Black Africans dey used too as slave soldiers den for enslaved agricultural labor. De slave trade wey dey reach Egypt dey abolished in two stages between 1877 plus 1884. Slavery itself no get formal abolition, but after dem ban de slave trade, e start dey phase out gradually. By de 1930s, slavery appear say e dey completely die out. ==== Slave trade ==== De slave dealers wey dey operate insyd Egypt mostly come from de Oases plus Upper Egypt. Dem dey organized inside one guild wey get one shaykh, den de dealers divide into two groups—one for black slaves, de other for white slaves. Cairo be de main center for slaves plus serve as de base of de slave trade, but de yearly mawlid festival for Ṭanṭā also be one key moment where slave trading dey happen. African slaves dey traffic go Egypt through several routes: from Darfur go Asyūṭ; from Sennar go Isnā; from de White Nile area; from Bornu plus Wadāy through Libya; and finally, from Abyssinia den East Africa through de Red Sea. Johann Burckhardt, wey be Swiss explorer, describe de slave trade wey move from Sudan go Egypt plus de Arabian Peninsula during ein travel go Egypt plus Nubia insyd 1814: “E no true say de caravan traders for Egypt dey respect de chastity of de finest female slaves; instead, dem no dey observe any small respect for de way dem dey relate plus de slave girls. During our journey go Souakin, where de caravan dey camp plenty times because of fear of danger, dem dey arrange dem tent inside big circle, I witness plenty scenes of shameless indecency, wey de traders—wey be main actors—just laugh over. I fit talk boldly, no matter wetin people think for Cairo, say very few female slaves wey dey pass demma tenth year dey reach Egypt or Arabia still dey virgin.” White slaves dey traffic go Egypt from de Black Sea area through Istanbul, as de old Circassian slave trade still continue from dat side. De Islamic custom wey dey allow Muslims enslave war prisoners wey be kafirs (non-Muslims) from Dar al-Harb still dey practiced. After de Alexandria expedition insyd 1807, 400 British war prisoners wey Egyptian forces under Muhammad Ali Pasha capture, dey marched go Cairo. From there, some dey condemned to hard labor, while others dey sold into slavery. Colonel Dravetti, wey dey advise Muhammad Ali for Cairo, persuade de ruler make he release de British war prisoners as gesture of goodwill, wey spare dem from de usual Islamic cultural practice wey make captured prisoners turn slaves to demma captors. ==== Slave market ==== Military slavery, wey for centuries be major use for male slaves, still remain one key category for de Egyptian slave market until mid-19th century. De domestic or harem sector still dey serve as main destination for female slaves plus eunuchs. One market for agricultural slaves grow significantly during de 19th century. During de 19th century, de supply sources for slaves wey dey reach Egypt begin reduce, so de ethnicity of slaves mostly turn African slaves, except small luxury import of Circassian slave girls. '''Agricultural slavery''' De use of Sudanese people for agriculture turn fairly common under Muhammad Ali of Egypt plus ein successors. Before dat time, agricultural slavery no dey really exist insyd Egypt, but de sharp expansion of large-scale farming under Muhammad Ali—and later, de global increase for cotton price wey de American Civil War cause—come create better condition for using unfree labour. De slaves dey mainly work for estates wey belong to Muhammad Ali plus members of ein family. By 1869, people estimate say Khedive Isma'il plus ein family get around 2,000 to 3,000 slaves on demma main estates, plus hundreds more for demma sugar plantations insyd Upper Egypt. '''Harem slavery''' De royal harem of de Muhammad Ali dynasty insyd de Khedivate of Egypt (1805–1914) dey follow de Ottoman example, as de khedives be Egyptian viceroys wey dey represent de Ottoman sultans. Muhammad Ali get appointment as vice roy of Egypt insyd 1805, den based on de Imperial Ottoman tradition, he build harem of slave concubines insyd de Palace Citadel of Cairo. According to one traditional story, when ein legal wife Amina Hanim come join am insyd Egypt insyd 1808 and see de sex slaves, she declare say from dat moment, she go be wife only by name. Just like de Ottoman Imperial harem, de harem of de khedive use system of polygyny wey base on slave concubinage, where every wife or concubine fit born only one son. De women wey dem dey use as harem slaves mostly come from de Caucasus through de Circassian slave trade, den people dey refer to dem as “white”. De harem of de khedive consist of between several hundreds to over one thousand enslaved women, wey de khedive ein mommie, walida pasha, dey supervise—plus ein four official wives (hanim) den recognized concubines (qadin). But majority of de slave women dey serve as house workers for ein mommie den ein wives, plus dem fit hold servant positions like bash qalfa, wey be chief servant slave woman for walida pasha. De female slave servants inside de khedivate harem dey freed den married with full wedding gifts inside strategic marriage plan to male freedmen or slaves (kul or mamluk), wey dem dey train to become officers den civil servants after dem gain freedom. Dis setup be meant to make sure say de husbands dey loyal to de khedive as dem start demma military or government work. Small number of de slave women dey selected to become personal servants (concubines) of de khedive, mostly picked by ein mommie. Dem fit later turn ein wives, plus if dem born pikin with de enslaver, dem go turn umm walad (or mustawlada)—we mean say dem go free, but only if de enslaver die. Muhammad Ali of Egypt reportedly get at least 25 consorts (wives plus concubines), plus Khedive Ismail get fourteen consorts wey be of slave origin, out of which four be ein wives. De Egyptian elite bureaucrat families wey dey follow de khedive ein example also get similar harem customs. E be noted say e dey common for upper-class Egyptian families to get slave women inside demma harems, wey dem go free later den marry off to male protégés. Dis system start dey slowly change after 1873, wey Tewfik Pasha marry Emina Ilhamy as ein only consort, wey come make monogamy turn fashionable lifestyle among de elite, after dem change throne succession go primogeniture, wey support monogamy. De wedding between Tewfik Pasha den Emina Ilhamy be de first time wey prince ein wedding dey celebrated, since before dat time de princes just dey take slave concubines, wey dem dey sometimes marry afterward. De end of de Circassian slave trade plus de stop of slave concubinage after de Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention also help stop de practice of polygyny among Egyptian plus Ottoman upper classes from de 1870s. Insyd mid-19th century, de Ottoman Tanzimat reforms abolish de tradition wey make male slaves train to become military men den civil servants, plus dem replace dem with free students. ==== Military slavery ==== To prepare for de training of ein Sudanese slave army, Muhammad Ali send one corps of Mamluks go Aswan, wey for 1820, he build new barracks make dem house dem. De head wey dey in charge of de military academy for Aswan be one French officer wey serve under Napoleon, Colonel Octave-Joseph Anthelme Sève, wey later become Muslim den for Egyptian history dem dey call am Sulayman Pasha al-Faransawi. When dem Sudanese reach Aswan, every one of dem dey vaccinated, receive one calico vest, plus dem dey instructed in Islam. De exact number of Sudanese wey dem bring go Aswan plus Muhammad Ali ein other military training centre for Manfalut no dey clearly known, but e dey confirmed say plenty die on de road. Out of estimated 30,000 Sudanese wey dem bring come Aswan for 1822 den 1823, only 3,000 survive. Plenty of dem die from fever, chills, plus dryness of de weather. After 1823, Muhammad Ali ein main priority be to reduce de cost for garrison wey dey hold Sudan, where dem commit 10,000 Egyptian infantry plus 9,000 cavalry. Egyptians start rely heavily on enslaved Sudanese soldiers to maintain demma rule. One kind official ratio come up: Sudan suppose provide 3,000 slaves for every 1,000 soldiers wey Egypt send to subjugate am. But dem no fit reach dat ratio because de death rate of slaves wey dem deliver go Aswan too high. Muhammad Ali ein Turkish plus Albanian troops wey follow go de Sudan campaign no get used to de weather for dat area, so plenty of dem catch fever den dysentery, wey cause tensions make dem dey demand return to Egypt. Plus, de challenges of capturing den training Sudanese male slaves during de campaign be some of de reasons wey make Muhammad Ali start recruit local Egyptians for ein armed forces. === Abolition den aftermath === De Ottoman Empire grant Egypt autonomous vassal status as Khedivate insyd 1867. Isma'il Pasha (Khedive from 1863 to 1879) plus Tewfik Pasha (Khedive from 1879 to 1892) govern Egypt as semi-independent state under Ottoman control until de British occupation wey happen insyd 1882, wey then Egypt come under British influence. De British people start anti-slavery campaign plus push policy changes about slavery inside Egypt. De Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention or Anglo-Egyptian Convention for de Abolition of Slavery wey happen insyd 1877 officially ban slave trade from Sudan, wey be main source of male slaves for Egypt by dat time. After dat, insyd 1884 dem ban de import of white women—especially Circassians from Caucasus through de Circassian slave trade—wey Egyptian upper-class people dey prefer for demma harems. De import of male slaves from Sudan for soldier, civil servant plus eunuch roles, plus de import of female slaves from Caucasus for harem service be de two major sources of slave supply reach Egypt, so dis two bans deal heavy blow to slavery, at least on paper. Slavery itself no get full ban, but dem stop new import of slaves. Side by side, dem introduce ban on sale of existing slaves plus new law wey allow slaves apply for freedom (manumission) at de British Consulate or four Manumission Bureaus inside different parts of de country—plenty slaves grab dat chance. British abolitionists wey dey Egypt open home for former female slaves to support dem plus save dem from prostitution, and dis home operate from 1884 go 1908. De abolition of slave trade enter Egypt help spark de Mahdist war for Sudan (1881–1899), because slave trade go Egypt be one of de biggest income source wey Sudan dey rely on dat time. Even though slavery itself no ban proper, de reforms wey dem introduce gradually phase slavery out over de next decades. By early 20th century, slavery for Egypt no dey common reach make e visible or even attract Western criticism. For 1901, one French observer talk say slavery for Egypt don end “in fact and in law”; de Egyptian census wey dem do insyd 1907 no list any slaves again, plus by 1911 dem close down de Repression of Slave Trade Departments wey dem transfer go Sudan. De anti-slavery reforms slowly reduce de size of de Khedive ein harem. But de harem of de Khedive plus elite families still keep small number of male eunuchs and slave women until at least World War I. Khedive Abbas II of Egypt reportedly buy six “white female slaves” for ein harem insyd 1894, ten years after dem formally ban dat practice, plus ein mommie still hold sixty slaves as late as 1931. Insyd 1922, Rashid Rida, editor of de progressive Egyptian newspaper ''al-Manar'', condemn de purchase of Chinese slave girls for concubinage den talk say people no for see am as legit. Insyd de 1930s, Egypt respond de Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery (ACE) wey dey under de League of Nations, as dem conduct global investigation about slavery from 1934 go 1939. Egypt talk say slavery no dey again for de country, plus say new slaves no fit enter through de Red Sea slave trade wey still dey happen elsewhere, because dem dey guard de Red Sea waters outside Egypt to stop any slave import from de Red Sea coast. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Map of the route of the Soudan Caravan from Assiut to Darfur.jpg|Englishman William George Browne ride plus de Darb Al Arbain caravan insyd de 1790s; na e deliver "Slaves, male den female" to Egypt<ref>{{Cite web|title=DARB EL ARBA'IN. THE FORTY DAYS' ROAD {{!}} W. B. K. Shaw {{!}} download|url=https://ur.booksc.me/book/51463083/09c5c1|access-date=2022-09-28|website=ur.booksc.me}}</ref> File:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|A depiction of slaves dem dey transport across de Sahara Desert File:Modern Slave Boat on the Nile (1884) - TIMEA.jpg|Modern Slave Boat on de Nile (1884) File:The slave market in Cairo. Wellcome V0050649.jpg|De slave market insyd Cairo. Wellcome V0050649 File:A slave market in Cairo-David Roberts.jpg|A slave market insyd Cairo. Drawing by David Roberts, circa 1848. File:Group of Soudanese slave-girls, recently captured at Cairo.jpg|Group of Soudanese slave-girls, dem recently capture at Cairo File:Gérôme - the life and works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136).jpg|Gérôme - de life den works of Jean Léon Gérôme (1892) (14740175136) File:Negress waiting to be sold in the Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849.jpg|Negress waiting to be sold insyd de Slave Bazaar, Cairo - Curzon Robert - 1849 File:Abu Nabut and Negro Slaves in Cairo MET DP138840.jpg|Abu Nabut den Negro Slaves insyd Cairo File:Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA.jpg|Abyssinian Female Slave (1878) - TIMEA </gallery> == References == <references /> == Sources == * {{cite book |last=Fahmy |first=Khaled |title=All the Pasha's men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt|year=2002|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID7-26p9G78C&q=dysentery|pages=89 |isbn=978-9774246968}} * {{cite book |first=John E. |last=Flint |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |volume=5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1977-01-28 |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-0521207010}} * {{cite book |first=Reda |last=Mowafi |title=Slavery, Slave Trade and Abolition Attempts in Egypt and the Sudan 1820-1882 |publisher=Humanities Press |date=1985-03-01 |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-9124313494}} [[Category:Slavery insyd Egypt| ]] [[Category:Human rights abuses insyd Egypt]] [[Category:Islam den slavery]] [[Category:Anti-black racism insyd Africa]] [[Category:Racism insyd Egypt]] hft6lsm99328zfhjknyzg7dc6wy4sm9 0 27736 106196 104138 2026-07-03T13:31:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De proposed '''Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station''' be 2,400 MW hydroelectric power station wey dem plan to build for [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] on de international border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}</ref> ==Location== De proposed power station go be located for de Zambezi River top, approximately {{convert|54|km|0}}, downstream of [[Victoria Falls]], wey dey straddle de international border between Zambia den Zimbabwe.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2018 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |date=27 September 2013 | location=Lusaka |newspaper=Lusaka Times |author=Lusaka Times Staff}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 3l63g1570wtcw0d75uf6hd4aq6ow3h5 106197 106196 2026-07-03T13:32:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De proposed '''Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station''' be 2,400 MW hydroelectric power station wey dem plan to build for [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] on de international border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}</ref> ==Location== De proposed power station go be located for de Zambezi River top, approximately {{convert|54|km|0}}, downstream of [[Victoria Falls]], wey dey straddle de international border between Zambia den Zimbabwe.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2018 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |date=27 September 2013 | location=Lusaka |newspaper=Lusaka Times |author=Lusaka Times Staff}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == *[http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html Batoka Gorge Dam] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Proposed hydroelectric power stations]] [[Category:Proposed renewable energy power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Proposed renewable energy power stations insyd Zimbabwe]] ja7h4u7mew58h795rbibrst9v30qlry 106201 106197 2026-07-03T13:37:05Z DaSupremo 9 /* Overview */ Improve article 106201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De proposed '''Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station''' be 2,400 MW hydroelectric power station wey dem plan to build for [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] on de international border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}</ref> ==Location== De proposed power station go be located for de Zambezi River top, approximately {{convert|54|km|0}}, downstream of [[Victoria Falls]], wey dey straddle de international border between Zambia den Zimbabwe.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2018 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |date=27 September 2013 | location=Lusaka |newspaper=Lusaka Times |author=Lusaka Times Staff}}</ref> ==Overview== Currently, de proposal be give two power plants, each plus an installed capacity of 1200 MW; one on de Zambian side den another on de Zimbabwean side. De dam to supply de reservoir plus water go be a {{convert|181|m|0}} tall arch-gravity type.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| title=Batoka Gorge Hydro-Power Project Profile |author=COMESA | url=http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307044658/http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 March 2014 |format=Archived from the Original |publisher=[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) |access-date=9 July 2018 |date=7 March 2014}}</ref> De project be implemented by de Zambezi River Authority, a bi-national organization dem mandate to operate, monitor den maintain de [[Kariba Dam]] complex as well as exploit de full potential of de Zambezi River.<ref name="4R2">{{cite web |last=Mukarati |first=Levi |date=9 July 2018 |title=$4.5 Billion Batoka Deal to Create 6,000 Jobs |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/45bn-batoka-deal-to-create-6-000-jobs/ |access-date=10 July 2018 |newspaper=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Zimbabwe Herald]] |location=Harare}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == *[http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html Batoka Gorge Dam] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Dams insyd Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Proposed hydroelectric power stations]] [[Category:Proposed renewable energy power stations insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Proposed renewable energy power stations insyd Zimbabwe]] ftq3j82ivtz6i4254ogovljcdsy1d8r 0 27737 106195 104139 2026-07-03T13:25:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mumbuluma_falls_-_entrance_sign.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Entrance signs to de falls]]'''Mumbuluma Falls''' be a set of waterfalls just outsyd Mansa, Zambia insyd de Luapula Province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=Chris McIntyre & Susie |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Zambia_Safari_Guide/_iP2EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mumbuluma%20Falls&pg=PA401&printsec=frontcover |title=Zambia Safari Guide |date=2023-08-11 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-80469-015-4 |pages=401-402 |language=en}}</ref> De waterfalls be a national monument of Zambia. Mumbuluma Falls be made up of two waterfalls wey dey occur in succession, an upper then lower falls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elbée |first=François d' |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Waterfalls_of_Zambia/D3FwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Mumbuluma%20Falls&dq=Mumbuluma%20Falls&printsec=frontcover |title=Waterfalls of Zambia |date=2001 |publisher=BP |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Mumbuluma+Falls,+Zambia&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=45.601981,79.013672&ie=UTF8&ll=-10.930078,28.735262&spn=0.003471,0.004823&t=h&z=18 Satellite view via Google Maps] * [http://pictures.gergltd.com/index.php?album=Zambia+2009%2Fmumbuluma-falls Photo gallery of Mumbuluma Falls] [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Luapula Province]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Luapula Province]] mtcxdao1af2rzs2cjaz84uvl9tefe8y 0 27738 106193 104142 2026-07-03T13:18:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lumangwe Falls''' insyd de Kalungwishi River insyd northern [[Zambia]] be de largest waterfall wholly insyd de country, wey get a height of 30-40 m den a width of 100-160 m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumangwe Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/lumangwe-falls/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumangwe Falls - The Largest Waterfall Entirely in Zambia |url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-lumangwe-falls/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=World of Waterfalls |language=en-US}}</ref> E be block-type waterfall wey dey between de Luapula plus Northern Provinces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Lumangwe Falls: Uncovering Luapula's hidden beauty |url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lumangwe-falls-uncovering-luapulas-hidden-beauty/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Zambia Daily Mail}}</ref> De main bedrock be interbedded quartzite plus layers of red siltstone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivotos |first=Spiros |last2=Niedermann |first2=Samuel |last3=Flügel |first3=Tyrel |last4=Mouslopoulou |first4=Vasiliki |last5=Merchel |first5=Silke |last6=Cotterill |first6=Fenton |last7=Bookhagen |first7=Bodo |last8=Gärtner |first8=Andreas |last9=Rugel |first9=Georg |last10=Scharf |first10=Andreas |last11=Nadeau |first11=Marie-Josée |date=2021-05-15 |title=Quaternary landscape evolution in a tectonically active rift basin (paleo-lake Mweru, south-central Africa) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X21000775 |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=381 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107669 |hdl=11250/2980842 |issn=0169-555X |s2cid=233907951 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free |article-number=107669}}</ref> De falls be 80 km frm Mporokoso for de Kawambwa road. E get similar depth of water wey dey fall over de edge to de [[Victoria Falls]] (Mosi-oa-Tunya) on de [[Zambezi]] wey ebe mostly mistaken insyd photographs. Lumangwe Falls dey form part of de Lumangwe Falls / Kabwelume Falls / Chimpepe Falls Complex, a national monument insyd Zambia.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mwamulowe |first1=Kagosi |title=Global Geographical Heritage, Geoparks and Geotourism: Geoconservation and Development |date=2021 |pages=381–405 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=R.B. |series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences |chapter=The Use of Geoheritage, Geopark and Geotourism Concepts to Conserve and Sustain Tourism Development in Zambia |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4956-4_20 |isbn=978-981-15-4956-4 |s2cid=228872242 |last2=Nyambe |first2=Imasiku Anayawa |editor2-last=Wei |editor2-first=Dongying |editor3-last=Anand |editor3-first=Subhash}}</ref> For de river height for de end of de rainy season insyd April / May, spray from de waterfall fi carry 100 m insyd de air den de roaring sound insyd de gorge below seem e dey shake de ground. Lumangwe Falls dey reach via a 10 km earth road wey dey turn west from de Kawambwa-Mporokoso gravel road, 2.5 km north-east of de Kalungwishi bridge for Chipempe, wey replace de pontoon (Kalungwishi Ferry) insyd 2004. De falls fit be viewed from de bank of de river for de top plus from a cliff wey dey almost opposite de drop. Paths dey lead go de foot of de falls plus down de gorge go Kabwelume Falls 6 km downstream. De falls no see de same level of tourism as de more well-known Victoria Falls. A council planning officer report give de Zambia Daily Mail dat dis be secof de area be previously sacred give de chiefs for de district wey dey pay homage give demma ancestors, plus de area be avoided by de common people. Attempts to open de Lumangwe Falls area begin insyd 1975, buh dem be unsuccessful til 1996. Dem attribute give de chiefs wey agree to move de ancestral spirits go different location.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Lumangwe Falls: Uncovering Luapula's hidden beauty |url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lumangwe-falls-uncovering-luapulas-hidden-beauty/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Zambia Daily Mail}}</ref> De name of de falls dey cam from a snake spirit, Lumangwe, wey dem say edey stretch einself for de Lumangwe falls plus de [[Kabwelume Falls]], a distance of roughly 5 km. == Ecology == Slightly downstream from Lumangwe Falls be de only known location of de flower ''Zygotritonia atropurpurea'', wey Peter Goldblatt et al. identify insyd 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldblatt |first1=P. |last2=Manning |first2=J. C. |last3=Wightman |first3=N. |last4=McCleland |first4=W. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Zygotritonia atropurpurea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), a new local endemic species from northern Zambia of this small tropical African genus |journal=South African Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=124 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.016 |issn=0254-6299 |s2cid=182781330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == 4zldgo93lphwh14giers3rhoiwrcd0p 106194 106193 2026-07-03T13:20:39Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lumangwe Falls''' insyd de Kalungwishi River insyd northern [[Zambia]] be de largest waterfall wholly insyd de country, wey get a height of 30-40 m den a width of 100-160 m.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumangwe Falls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/lumangwe-falls/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumangwe Falls - The Largest Waterfall Entirely in Zambia |url=https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/waterfalls/africa-lumangwe-falls/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=World of Waterfalls |language=en-US}}</ref> E be block-type waterfall wey dey between de Luapula plus Northern Provinces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Lumangwe Falls: Uncovering Luapula's hidden beauty |url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lumangwe-falls-uncovering-luapulas-hidden-beauty/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Zambia Daily Mail}}</ref> De main bedrock be interbedded quartzite plus layers of red siltstone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olivotos |first=Spiros |last2=Niedermann |first2=Samuel |last3=Flügel |first3=Tyrel |last4=Mouslopoulou |first4=Vasiliki |last5=Merchel |first5=Silke |last6=Cotterill |first6=Fenton |last7=Bookhagen |first7=Bodo |last8=Gärtner |first8=Andreas |last9=Rugel |first9=Georg |last10=Scharf |first10=Andreas |last11=Nadeau |first11=Marie-Josée |date=2021-05-15 |title=Quaternary landscape evolution in a tectonically active rift basin (paleo-lake Mweru, south-central Africa) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X21000775 |journal=Geomorphology |language=en |volume=381 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107669 |hdl=11250/2980842 |issn=0169-555X |s2cid=233907951 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free |article-number=107669}}</ref> De falls be 80 km frm Mporokoso for de Kawambwa road. E get similar depth of water wey dey fall over de edge to de [[Victoria Falls]] (Mosi-oa-Tunya) on de [[Zambezi]] wey ebe mostly mistaken insyd photographs. Lumangwe Falls dey form part of de Lumangwe Falls / Kabwelume Falls / Chimpepe Falls Complex, a national monument insyd Zambia.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Mwamulowe |first1=Kagosi |title=Global Geographical Heritage, Geoparks and Geotourism: Geoconservation and Development |date=2021 |pages=381–405 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=R.B. |series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences |chapter=The Use of Geoheritage, Geopark and Geotourism Concepts to Conserve and Sustain Tourism Development in Zambia |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-4956-4_20 |isbn=978-981-15-4956-4 |s2cid=228872242 |last2=Nyambe |first2=Imasiku Anayawa |editor2-last=Wei |editor2-first=Dongying |editor3-last=Anand |editor3-first=Subhash}}</ref> For de river height for de end of de rainy season insyd April / May, spray from de waterfall fi carry 100 m insyd de air den de roaring sound insyd de gorge below seem e dey shake de ground. Lumangwe Falls dey reach via a 10 km earth road wey dey turn west from de Kawambwa-Mporokoso gravel road, 2.5 km north-east of de Kalungwishi bridge for Chipempe, wey replace de pontoon (Kalungwishi Ferry) insyd 2004. De falls fit be viewed from de bank of de river for de top plus from a cliff wey dey almost opposite de drop. Paths dey lead go de foot of de falls plus down de gorge go Kabwelume Falls 6 km downstream. De falls no see de same level of tourism as de more well-known Victoria Falls. A council planning officer report give de Zambia Daily Mail dat dis be secof de area be previously sacred give de chiefs for de district wey dey pay homage give demma ancestors, plus de area be avoided by de common people. Attempts to open de Lumangwe Falls area begin insyd 1975, buh dem be unsuccessful til 1996. Dem attribute give de chiefs wey agree to move de ancestral spirits go different location.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2017 |title=Lumangwe Falls: Uncovering Luapula's hidden beauty |url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lumangwe-falls-uncovering-luapulas-hidden-beauty/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=Zambia Daily Mail}}</ref> De name of de falls dey cam from a snake spirit, Lumangwe, wey dem say edey stretch einself for de Lumangwe falls plus de [[Kabwelume Falls]], a distance of roughly 5 km. == Ecology == Slightly downstream from Lumangwe Falls be de only known location of de flower ''Zygotritonia atropurpurea'', wey Peter Goldblatt et al. identify insyd 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldblatt |first1=P. |last2=Manning |first2=J. C. |last3=Wightman |first3=N. |last4=McCleland |first4=W. |date=2019-08-01 |title=Zygotritonia atropurpurea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae), a new local endemic species from northern Zambia of this small tropical African genus |journal=South African Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=124 |pages=20–22 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2019.04.016 |issn=0254-6299 |s2cid=182781330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Waterfalls of Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Northern Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Tourist attractions insyd Zambia]] 0x0uc5ki577t4gm69u6qin62tfraq08 0 27757 106215 104333 2026-07-03T16:30:29Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Komo''' (French: ''Rivière Komo'', Spanish: ''Río Komo'') be a river of [[Equatorial Guinea]] den [[Gabon]]. E dey flow for {{convert|230|km}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Course sidekick |url=https://www.coursesidekick.com/geography/4210291 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.coursesidekick.com}}</ref> E dey rise insyd Equatorial Guinea insyd de southwestern part of de Woleu-Ntem plateau.<ref name=":0" /> However much of ein watershed dey insyd de territory of Gabon. De largest tributary of de River Komo be de Mbeya River. Ein course be disturbed by geological barriers wey produce waterfalls as those at Tchimbélé den Kinguélé. Dem be potential hydroelectric power sources for Libreville. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Equatorial Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] jic55e3e2i65zhat6d34d7gt6z20axp 0 27759 106213 104336 2026-07-03T16:05:29Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sofia''' be a river of northwestern [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow thru de Sofia Region. De source be at de Tsaratanana Massif at an altitude of 1784 metres.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Ralph H.|last2=Hughes|first2=Jane S.|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA801|accessdate=8 January 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|page=801}}</ref> E get a length of {{convert|328|km}}.<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivieres de Madagascar]</ref> Ein mouth dey insyd de Indian Ocean insyd de Boriziny-Vaovao District (Port-Bergé). == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]] [[Category:Sofia Region]] h6s9utzf6yjiyn33we2oy4n7tt18i65 0 27771 106211 104357 2026-07-03T14:09:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lofa''' anaa '''Loffa''' be a river wey ein headwaters dey originate insyd eastern [[Guinea]] northeast of Macenta. De river dey run southwest thru northeastern [[Liberia]] before draining into de [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=map>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624034902/https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|url-status=dead}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624045824/http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Historically na e sanso be known as de '''Little Cape Mount River'''.<ref name="expl">{{cite book | title = African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-century Diaries |author1=Sims, James L. |author2=Seymour, George L. |author3=Anderson, Benjamin J. K. |author4=Fairhead, James | isbn = 0-253-34194-9|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |year = 2003 | page = 375}}</ref> De Lawa River dey enter de Lofa River insyd Liberia ein Lofa County.<ref name=map/> Indigenous species dey include de pygmy hippopotamus.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542377.pdf | title = At last New York has a pair of pygmy hippos | date = July 14, 1912 | accessdate = 2009-01-12 | format = PDF | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Na dem grant several diamond mining concessions along de Lofa River insyd de late 1950s den early 1960s.<ref name="diamonds">{{cite book | title = West African Diamonds | author = Greenhalgh, Peter | isbn = 0-7190-1763-7 | pages = 72–73 | year = 1985 | publisher = Manchester University Press}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == dtcgj2jg0uc2yoc61q9s07d5nnu20jw 106212 106211 2026-07-03T14:10:11Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lofa''' anaa '''Loffa''' be a river wey ein headwaters dey originate insyd eastern [[Guinea]] northeast of Macenta. De river dey run southwest thru northeastern [[Liberia]] before draining into de [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=map>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624034902/https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|url-status=dead}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020|archive-date=24 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624045824/http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Historically na e sanso be known as de '''Little Cape Mount River'''.<ref name="expl">{{cite book | title = African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-century Diaries |author1=Sims, James L. |author2=Seymour, George L. |author3=Anderson, Benjamin J. K. |author4=Fairhead, James | isbn = 0-253-34194-9|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |year = 2003 | page = 375}}</ref> De Lawa River dey enter de Lofa River insyd Liberia ein Lofa County.<ref name=map/> Indigenous species dey include de pygmy hippopotamus.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542377.pdf | title = At last New York has a pair of pygmy hippos | date = July 14, 1912 | accessdate = 2009-01-12 | format = PDF | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Na dem grant several diamond mining concessions along de Lofa River insyd de late 1950s den early 1960s.<ref name="diamonds">{{cite book | title = West African Diamonds | author = Greenhalgh, Peter | isbn = 0-7190-1763-7 | pages = 72–73 | year = 1985 | publisher = Manchester University Press}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of Liberia]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] 9qc9hd1g7dpv1rt840bmj58u37duynd 0 27772 106210 104359 2026-07-03T14:02:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Benin River''' be a river wey dey flow thru de south-west of [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin River, Nigeria - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2788102&fid=4331&c=nigeria |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=geographic.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin River, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/benin_river,501246316n |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=ng.geoview.info}}</ref> De river dey start under de name "Ethiope" insyd de south east of de state, Edo. Subsequently, e dey run thru various cities den villages, such as Umutu, Owah Abbi, Obiaruku, Abraka, Igun Watershed, Idjerhe Kingdom, Sapele, Mosogar den Koko. Near Sapele de Ethiope continue into de Benin. From here on de river widen into a small estuary den dey discharge into de [[Gulf of Guinea]]. De Benin be partly a branch of de [[Niger River|Niger]], as de two rivers be connected thru a few streams. De river sanso be de hub of various commercial activities wey dey include a collection point for palm oil den kernels den timber. Another activity around de river den ein port dey include fishing, wich dey include de harvesting of crayfish den shrimps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Enuneku |first=Alex |last2=Omoruyi |first2=Osaretin |last3=Tongo |first3=Isioma |last4=Ogbomida |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ogbeide |first5=Ozekeke |last6=Ezemonye |first6=Lawrence |date=2018-11-15 |title=Evaluating the potential health risks of heavy metal pollution in sediment and selected benthic fauna of Benin River, Southern Nigeria |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0873-9 |journal=Applied Water Science |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=224 |doi=10.1007/s13201-018-0873-9 |issn=2190-5495 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De river sanso be used for transportation since e be wide den deep, while de adjoining land be used for cultivation of arable den commercial crops. == Climate/Weather == De Benin river get two to three seasons de dry den hot season, from January to April e be very hot den dry, while insyd May to July den September be raining season. De North part of de river get an extreme temperature, very hot den dry different from de southern side of de river. == Pollution == A recent study wey WHO conduct reveal de primary cause of water pollution insyd de City of Benin. Dese be consolidated impacts of rainfall den construction development work dem carry out insyd de area, as well as a lack of plumbing codes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigations of pipe-borne water pollution in Benin city, Nigeria {{!}} WHO FCTC |url=https://portal-uat.who.int/fctcapps/fctcapps/fctc/kh/wts/wts-database/investigations-pipe-borne-water-pollution-benin-city-nigeria |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=portal-uat.who.int}}</ref> Wen Benin City dey experience high pour of rain den flooding, water under flood tension dey enter de lines thru breaks, inappropriately fixed joints den harmed pipes. De lack of plumbing codes anaa absence of such codes be likewise distinguished as one more reason for de water pollution insyd Benin City, == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]] asu9yb7sp7ry8yaswhowu28iq3lc8wa 0 27773 106209 104360 2026-07-03T13:59:13Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sassandra River''' be a river of western [[Ivory Coast]] insyd [[West Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Tienba River, wich dey originate insyd de highlands of north-western Ivory Coast, den de Gouan River (dem sanso know as de Bafing Sud River), wich dey originate to de west insyd de highlands of [[Guinea]]. De Sassandra dey flow south-southeast to empty into de [[Gulf of Guinea]] on de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Na dem construct de Buyo Dam across de middle stretch of de river insyd 1980, just below de confluence plus de Nzo River, to create de reservoir dem call Lake Buyo. De Davo River dey join de Sassandra just before e dey meet de sea. De port town of Sassandra dey lie on de seacoast wer de river meet de sea. De Sassandra den ein tributaries dey flow thru terrestrial ecoregions. De northern, anaa upper, part of de watershed dey lie insyd de [[Guinean forest–savanna mosaic|Guinean forest-savanna mosaic]] ecoregion. Further south, e dey form de boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions, de [[Western Guinean lowland forests]] den de Eastern Guinean forests.<ref>"Western Guinean lowland forests." World Wildlife Fund. Accessed 7 October 2015.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]] 0kgkqsr1zsk86zapi2nui7mhvzudpys 0 27774 106205 104361 2026-07-03T13:53:57Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Uele''', dem sanso know by de phonetically identical '''Uélé''', '''Ouélé''', anaa '''Welle River''',<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Ubangi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612233/Ubangi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504121132/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612233/Ubangi-River |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=8 August 2010 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> be a river insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. == Course == De Uele dey form at Dungu, at de confluence of de Dungu den Kibali rivers, wich both originate insyd de mountains near [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. Combined dese rivers flow west for about 1,210 kilometres (750 mi), til de Uele join de Mbomou River at Yakoma. Main tributaries to de Uele river be de Bomokandi River (left side) den Uere River (right side). De Uele–Mbomou confluence at Yakoma dey mark de origin of de [[Ubangi River]], wich in turn dey flow into de [[Congo River]]. De Uele be de longest tributary of de Ubangi. De combined Ubangi–Uele length be about 2,270 kilometres (1,410 mi).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |last2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338 |access-date=8 August 2010}}</ref> From satellite images, parts of de river dey look red from de iron oxide contaminants insyd de river. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Satellite_Images_of_the_Uele_River.png|Aerial imagery showing de red color of de river. </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} iebw2qnmhj15rbvzcvk0lc40zn1w2m2 106206 106205 2026-07-03T13:55:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Uele''', dem sanso know by de phonetically identical '''Uélé''', '''Ouélé''', anaa '''Welle River''',<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Ubangi River |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612233/Ubangi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504121132/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612233/Ubangi-River |archive-date=4 May 2015 |access-date=8 August 2010 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> be a river insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. == Course == De Uele dey form at Dungu, at de confluence of de Dungu den Kibali rivers, wich both originate insyd de mountains near [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]]. Combined dese rivers flow west for about 1,210 kilometres (750 mi), til de Uele join de Mbomou River at Yakoma. Main tributaries to de Uele river be de Bomokandi River (left side) den Uere River (right side). De Uele–Mbomou confluence at Yakoma dey mark de origin of de [[Ubangi River]], wich in turn dey flow into de [[Congo River]]. De Uele be de longest tributary of de Ubangi. De combined Ubangi–Uele length be about 2,270 kilometres (1,410 mi).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |last2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338 |access-date=8 August 2010}}</ref> From satellite images, parts of de river dey look red from de iron oxide contaminants insyd de river. == Gallery == <gallery> File:Satellite_Images_of_the_Uele_River.png|Aerial imagery showing de red color of de river. </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Uele River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Ubangi River]] e842bwm6ewv2b1rx28syj1z9qf87q24 0 27782 106217 104430 2026-07-03T16:38:48Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sulunga-See.png|thumb|Drainage basin of Lake Sulunga (green)|310x310px]] '''Lake Sulunga''' wey people know as '''Bahi''' '''Swamp''' be one shallow seasonal lake wey dey for border of Dodoma den Singida region for [[Tanzania]]. E be de biggest water body for both region during rainy season. E dey about 45 km west of Dodoma capital inside one endorheic basin wey dem dey call Bahi depression. E dey for altitude of 830 metres (2,720 ft) wey e fit spread reach 974 square kilometres (376 sq mi). De catchment area be 23,447 square kilometres (9,053 sq mi). Di lake dey about 42 kilometres (26 mi) long den 26 kilometres (16 mi) wide, but e fit vanish completely for dry season. De main rivers wey dey feed am be Bubu den Mponde. De lake be surrounded by plenty settlements wey e dey play big role for local fishing den animal rearing.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20151205223726/http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf Hydrology of the Bahi wetland, Tanzania"] (PDF). Archived from [http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040528.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2018-10-01.</ref> But de lake fit get serious wahala for future secof mining fit affect am well‑well. De area get uranium, gold wey e fit even get diamonds.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110224134230/http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 Bahi North]". Archived from [http://mantraresources.com.au/?id=221 the original] on 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2020-09-20.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]] nnjhg6czmct24hvx7n48l9go71mc6zt 0 27787 106218 104450 2026-07-03T16:51:16Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lake Rukwa''' be an endorheic lake wey dey locate insyd de Rukwa Valley of Rukwa Region, Songwe Region den Katavi Region insyd southwestern [[Tanzania]]. De lake be de third largest inland body of water insyd de country. == Geography == De alkaline Lake Rukwa dey lie midway between [[Lake Tanganyika]] den [[Lake Malawi]] at an elevation of about {{convert|800|m|ft}}, insyd a parallel branch of de rift system. Almost half of de lake dey lie insyd Uwanda Game Reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm|title=Rukwa Uwanda Game Reserve|publisher=Utalii Travel and Safari|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122200601/http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm}}</ref> == Hydrology == De lake see large fluctuations insyd ein size over de years, secof varying inflow of streams. Currently e be about {{convert|180|km|mi}} long den dey average about {{convert|32|km|mi}} wide, wey dey make am about {{convert|5760|km2|mi2}} in size.<ref>Google Earth accessed 6 February 2007</ref> Insyd 1929 na e be only about {{convert|48|km|mi}} long, buh insyd 1939 na e be about {{convert|128|km|mi}} long den {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide.<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512554/Lake Encyclopædia Britannica Online/Lake Rukwa]</ref> During de early rifting of dis part of Africa, de basin of Lake Rukwa fi at times be part of a much larger basin wich sanso include de basins of Lake Tanganyika plus Lake Malawi; ancient shorelines dey suggest a final date of overflow into Lake Tanganyika of 33,000&nbsp;BP.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lévêque |first=Christian |title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa |year=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=110}}</ref> For overflow make e san occur, de lake ein elevation go need to exceed 900 meters. Overflow into Lake Malawi no be possible now, since de pass between de two basin dey stand at over 2000 meters elevation.<ref>Google Maps</ref> (Neither Lake Tanganyika nor Lake Malawi fi overflow into Lake Rukwa since dem already overflow into de Atlantic den Indian Oceans respectively.) Der be an accumulation of heavy metals like zinc, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, den nickel insyd sediment, water, den de muscle tissues of ''Clarias gariepinus'' (African catfish) den ''Oreochromis esculentus'' (Singida tilapia) insyd Lake Rukwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mapenzi|first1=Levinus Leonard|last2=Shimba|first2=Moses Joel|last3=Moto|first3=Edward Angelo|last4=Maghembe|first4=Reuben Silas|last5=Mmochi|first5=Aviti John|date=January 2020|title=Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|volume=208|article-number=106413|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413|issn=0375-6742|doi-access=}}</ref> == Helium discovery == Insyd 2016, na dem discover an estimated 1.53 billion cubic meters (54.2 billion standard cubic feet) volume of helium gas insyd Lake Rukwa worth $3.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html|title=Helium 'could earn Tanzania $3.5bn'|work=www.thecitizen.co.tz|date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 10, 2016|archive-date=August 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == smq7z95jh4qawe4594s2q3lwl8ervtw 106219 106218 2026-07-03T16:52:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lake Rukwa''' be an endorheic lake wey dey locate insyd de Rukwa Valley of Rukwa Region, Songwe Region den Katavi Region insyd southwestern [[Tanzania]]. De lake be de third largest inland body of water insyd de country. == Geography == De alkaline Lake Rukwa dey lie midway between [[Lake Tanganyika]] den [[Lake Malawi]] at an elevation of about {{convert|800|m|ft}}, insyd a parallel branch of de rift system. Almost half of de lake dey lie insyd Uwanda Game Reserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm|title=Rukwa Uwanda Game Reserve|publisher=Utalii Travel and Safari|access-date=29 October 2010|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122200601/http://www.utalii.com/Rukwa/Uwanda_Game_Reserve.htm}}</ref> == Hydrology == De lake see large fluctuations insyd ein size over de years, secof varying inflow of streams. Currently e be about {{convert|180|km|mi}} long den dey average about {{convert|32|km|mi}} wide, wey dey make am about {{convert|5760|km2|mi2}} in size.<ref>Google Earth accessed 6 February 2007</ref> Insyd 1929 na e be only about {{convert|48|km|mi}} long, buh insyd 1939 na e be about {{convert|128|km|mi}} long den {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide.<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/512554/Lake Encyclopædia Britannica Online/Lake Rukwa]</ref> During de early rifting of dis part of Africa, de basin of Lake Rukwa fi at times be part of a much larger basin wich sanso include de basins of Lake Tanganyika plus Lake Malawi; ancient shorelines dey suggest a final date of overflow into Lake Tanganyika of 33,000&nbsp;BP.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lévêque |first=Christian |title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa |year=1997 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=110}}</ref> For overflow make e san occur, de lake ein elevation go need to exceed 900 meters. Overflow into Lake Malawi no be possible now, since de pass between de two basin dey stand at over 2000 meters elevation.<ref>Google Maps</ref> (Neither Lake Tanganyika nor Lake Malawi fi overflow into Lake Rukwa since dem already overflow into de Atlantic den Indian Oceans respectively.) Der be an accumulation of heavy metals like zinc, mercury, copper, lead, chromium, den nickel insyd sediment, water, den de muscle tissues of ''Clarias gariepinus'' (African catfish) den ''Oreochromis esculentus'' (Singida tilapia) insyd Lake Rukwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mapenzi|first1=Levinus Leonard|last2=Shimba|first2=Moses Joel|last3=Moto|first3=Edward Angelo|last4=Maghembe|first4=Reuben Silas|last5=Mmochi|first5=Aviti John|date=January 2020|title=Heavy metals bio-accumulation in tilapia and catfish species in Lake Rukwa ecosystem Tanzania|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|volume=208|article-number=106413|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106413|issn=0375-6742|doi-access=}}</ref> == Helium discovery == Insyd 2016, na dem discover an estimated 1.53 billion cubic meters (54.2 billion standard cubic feet) volume of helium gas insyd Lake Rukwa worth $3.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html|title=Helium 'could earn Tanzania $3.5bn'|work=www.thecitizen.co.tz|date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 10, 2016|archive-date=August 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Helium--could-earn-Tanzania--3-5bn-/-/1840340/3284646/-/awfffj/-/index.html}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rukwa}} [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]] [[Category:Saline lakes of de Great Rift Valley]] [[Category:Geography of Katavi Region]] [[Category:Geography of Rukwa Region]] [[Category:Geography of Songwe Region]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania]] klvqfr060pcwbh8zsuond1x8i5voyxq 0 27792 106237 104721 2026-07-03T19:20:38Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust "rafts" pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]] [[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]] [[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]] '''Lake Natron''' be a highly alkaline salt lake wey dey locate insyd north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region insyd [[Tanzania]] plus ein far northern end wey dey cross into Kajiado County den Narok County insyd [[Kenya]]. E dey insyd de Gregory Rift, wich be de eastern branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> De lake be within de Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226201653/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Description == Dis lake dey mainly get water from [[:en:Southern_Ewaso_Ng'iro|Southern Ewaso Ng’iro]] River wey dey rise for central [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]], plus mineral‑rich hot springs.<ref>[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 "Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]". ''World Wildlife Fund''.</ref> E no deep, less than three metres (9.8 ft), and di width dey change depending on di water level. Di lake maximum length na 57 kilometres (35 mi) and width na 22 kilometres (14 mi). Di area around dey get irregular seasonal rainfall, mostly between December and May, total about 800 millimetres (31 in) every year. Temperature for di lake dey often pass 40 °C (104 °F).<ref>"[http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901 Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya]". ''World Wildlife Fund''.</ref> High evaporation don leave [[:en:Natron|natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and [[:en:Trona|trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate) for di lake. Di alkalinity fit reach pH wey pass 12. As Live Science talk, di high alkalinity dey come from sodium carbonate and other minerals wey dey flow enter di water from di environment around. Di bedrock wey surround di lake na alkaline, sodium‑dominated [[:en:Trachyte|trachyte]] lavas wey dem lay down during Pleistocene period. Di lavas get plenty carbonate but small calcium and magnesium, and na dat one make di lake concentrate into strong alkaline brine. Dis kain chemical condition dey create harsh environment wey only special organisms fit survive. Di chemical property of di water dey make any living thing wey die inside di lake turn to stone‑like body ([[:en:Calcification|calcify]]).<ref>Joseph Stromberg (2 October 2013). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ "This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone]". ''Smithsonian Magazine''. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</ref> == Flora == Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants. == Fauna == Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too. Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am "near threatened" because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]]. Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem. Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic. == Threats and preservation == Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection. One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient. According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, "Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction." Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron<ref>Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]". ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref>. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am. As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]" (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013</ref> Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. == Visiting the area == [[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]] Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref>Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), "Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania", ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7</ref> == References == 9y871ilwi6nwjphgqpaesidq73ku53m 106238 106237 2026-07-03T19:27:12Z DaSupremo 9 /* Description */ Make sum corrections 106238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust "rafts" pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]] [[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]] [[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]] '''Lake Natron''' be a highly alkaline salt lake wey dey locate insyd north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region insyd [[Tanzania]] plus ein far northern end wey dey cross into Kajiado County den Narok County insyd [[Kenya]]. E dey insyd de Gregory Rift, wich be de eastern branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> De lake be within de Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226201653/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Description == Dis lake be fed principally by de [[Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]] River, wich dey rise insyd central [[Kenya]], den by mineral-rich hot springs.<ref name="WWF"/> E be quite shallow, less dan {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in}} deep, den dey vary insyd width wey dey depend on ein water level. De lake be a maximum of {{convert|57|km}} long den {{convert|22|km}} wide.<ref name="WWF"/> De surrounding area dey receive irregular seasonal rainfall, mainly between December den May wey dey total {{convert|800|mm|in}} per year.<ref name="WWF"/> Temperatures at de lake frequently be above {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> High levels of evaporation lef behind natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) den trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). De alkalinity of de lake fi reach a pH of greater dan 12. According to Live Science, de lake ein high alkalinity be caused by sodium carbonate den oda minerals wey dey flow into de water from de surrounding environment. De surrounding bedrock be composed of alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas wey be laid down during de Pleistocene period. De lavas get significant amounts of carbonate buh low calcium den magnesium levels, wich allow de lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine. Dese extreme chemical conditions create a harsh environment wer specialized organisms per fi survive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Marc Lallanilla published in |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> De chemical properties of de water be known to calcify de bodies of any living thing wey die insyd de lake.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> == Flora == Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants. == Fauna == Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too. Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am "near threatened" because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]]. Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem. Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic. == Threats and preservation == Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection. One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient. According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, "Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction." Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron<ref>Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]". ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref>. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am. As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]" (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013</ref> Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. == Visiting the area == [[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]] Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref>Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), "Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania", ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7</ref> == References == 1voaqwby3w5hh4es8cpbmouu70x99yc 106239 106238 2026-07-03T21:48:06Z DaSupremo 9 /* Description */ Fix reference 106239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust "rafts" pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]] [[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]] [[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]] '''Lake Natron''' be a highly alkaline salt lake wey dey locate insyd north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region insyd [[Tanzania]] plus ein far northern end wey dey cross into Kajiado County den Narok County insyd [[Kenya]]. E dey insyd de Gregory Rift, wich be de eastern branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> De lake be within de Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226201653/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Description == Dis lake be fed principally by de [[Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]] River, wich dey rise insyd central [[Kenya]], den by mineral-rich hot springs.<ref name="WWF"/> E be quite shallow, less dan {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in}} deep, den dey vary insyd width wey dey depend on ein water level. De lake be a maximum of {{convert|57|km}} long den {{convert|22|km}} wide.<ref name="WWF"/> De surrounding area dey receive irregular seasonal rainfall, mainly between December den May wey dey total {{convert|800|mm|in}} per year.<ref name="WWF"/> Temperatures at de lake frequently be above {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> High levels of evaporation lef behind natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) den trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). De alkalinity of de lake fi reach a pH of greater dan 12. According to Live Science, de lake ein high alkalinity be caused by sodium carbonate den oda minerals wey dey flow into de water from de surrounding environment. De surrounding bedrock be composed of alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas wey be laid down during de Pleistocene period. De lavas get significant amounts of carbonate buh low calcium den magnesium levels, wich allow de lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine. Dese extreme chemical conditions create a harsh environment wer specialized organisms per fi survive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lallanilla |first=Marc |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> De chemical properties of de water be known to calcify de bodies of any living thing wey die insyd de lake.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> == Flora == Di colour wey di lake get na di kind wey dey happen for places wey water dey [[:en:Evaporation|evaporate]] plenty. As water dey dry during dry season, di salt level go rise sotay salt-loving [[:en:Microorganism|microorganisms]] go begin grow well. Dis kain [[:en:Halophile|halophile]] organisms include some [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] wey dey make dia own food with [[:en:Photosynthesis|photosynthesis]], same way plants dey do. Di red pigment wey cyanobacteria get for photosynthesis na im dey give di deep red colour for di open water of di lake and di orange colour for di shallow side. Di [[:en:Alkali|alkali]] salt crust wey dey on top di lake surface dey also turn red or pink because of di [[:en:Halophilic|halophilic]] microorganisms wey dey live there. [[:en:Salt_marsh|Salt marshes]] and freshwater wetlands wey dey around di edge of di lake dey support plenty different plants. == Fauna == Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too. Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am "near threatened" because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]]. Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem. Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic. == Threats and preservation == Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection. One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient. According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, "Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction." Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron<ref>Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]". ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref>. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am. As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]" (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013</ref> Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. == Visiting the area == [[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]] Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref>Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), "Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania", ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7</ref> == References == 4u8v2lbuj507bqo4knpge9eq9cx1afi 106240 106239 2026-07-03T23:35:52Z DaSupremo 9 /* Flora */ Make sum corrections 106240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust "rafts" pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]] [[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]] [[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]] '''Lake Natron''' be a highly alkaline salt lake wey dey locate insyd north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region insyd [[Tanzania]] plus ein far northern end wey dey cross into Kajiado County den Narok County insyd [[Kenya]]. E dey insyd de Gregory Rift, wich be de eastern branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> De lake be within de Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226201653/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Description == Dis lake be fed principally by de [[Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]] River, wich dey rise insyd central [[Kenya]], den by mineral-rich hot springs.<ref name="WWF"/> E be quite shallow, less dan {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in}} deep, den dey vary insyd width wey dey depend on ein water level. De lake be a maximum of {{convert|57|km}} long den {{convert|22|km}} wide.<ref name="WWF"/> De surrounding area dey receive irregular seasonal rainfall, mainly between December den May wey dey total {{convert|800|mm|in}} per year.<ref name="WWF"/> Temperatures at de lake frequently be above {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> High levels of evaporation lef behind natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) den trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). De alkalinity of de lake fi reach a pH of greater dan 12. According to Live Science, de lake ein high alkalinity be caused by sodium carbonate den oda minerals wey dey flow into de water from de surrounding environment. De surrounding bedrock be composed of alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas wey be laid down during de Pleistocene period. De lavas get significant amounts of carbonate buh low calcium den magnesium levels, wich allow de lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine. Dese extreme chemical conditions create a harsh environment wer specialized organisms per fi survive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lallanilla |first=Marc |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> De chemical properties of de water be known to calcify de bodies of any living thing wey die insyd de lake.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> == Flora == De colour of de lake be characteristic of those wer very high evaporation rates dey occur. As water dey evaporate during de dry season, salinity levels dey increase to de point dat salt-loving microorganisms dey begin to thrive. Such halophile organisms dey include some cyanobacteria wey make dema own chow plus photosynthesis as plants do. De red accessory photosynthesizing pigment insyd de cyanobacteria dey produce de deep reds of de open water of de lake den de orange colours of de shallow parts of de lake. De alkali salt crust on de surface of de lake sanso often be coloured red anaa pink by de halophilic microorganisms wey dey live der. Salt marshes den freshwater wetlands around de edges of de lake do support a variety of plants. == Fauna == Most animals no dey like di lake because e hot well-well (up to 60 °C [140 °F]) and di salt level dey high and dey change anyhow. But Lake Natron still bi home for some [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] [[:en:Algae|algae]], small-small [[:en:Invertebrates|invertebrates]], and [[:en:Birds|birds]]. For di water wey no too salty around di edges, some fish fit survive too. Di lake na di only regular breeding ground for East Africa wey dey house about 2.5 million [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|lesser flamingoes]]. Dem dey call am "near threatened" because dem depend only on dis one place. As di [[:en:Salinity|salt]] level dey rise, [[:en:Cyanobacteria|cyanobacteria]] go plenty, and di lake fit support more nests. Dis flamingoes, wey be di single big flock for East Africa, dey gather for nearby salty lakes to chop [[:en:Spirulina_(genus)|Spirulina]] (na blue-green algae wey get red pigment). Lake Natron dey safe for breeding because di [[:en:Corrosive_substance|caustic]] environment dey block [[:en:Predation|predators]] wey wan reach dia nests for [[:en:Evaporite|evaporite]] islands wey dey form seasonally. [[:en:Greater_flamingo|Greater flamingoes]] too dey breed for di [[:en:Mud_flats|mud flats]]. Di lake don inspire one nature documentary wey dem call ''[[:en:The_Crimson_Wing:_Mystery_of_the_Flamingos|The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' by [[:en:Disneynature|Disneynature]], because of di close relationship e get with [[:en:Lesser_flamingo|Lesser flamingoes]] as di only regular breeding ground for dem. Two fish species wey dey endemic, di [[:en:Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[:en:Alcolapia_latilabris|Alcolapia latilabris]]'' and ''[[:en:Alcolapia_ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', dey thrive for di water wey dey near di hot spring inlets. ''[[:en:Alcolapia_alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dey di lake too, but e no be endemic. == Threats and preservation == Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection. One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient. According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, "Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction." Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron<ref>Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]". ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref>. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am. As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]" (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013</ref> Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. == Visiting the area == [[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]] Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref>Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), "Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania", ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7</ref> == References == 13ex11z1cewyug3p2y166tmgnsih4v0 106241 106240 2026-07-03T23:59:59Z DaSupremo 9 /* Fauna */ Make sum corrections 106241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|382x382px|The southern half of Lake Natron (top). [[:en:Fault_scarp|Fault scarps]] and the [[:en:Gelai_Volcano|Gelai Volcano]] can also be seen. Numerous near-white salt-crust "rafts" pepper the shallowest parts of the lake (inset).]] [[File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|thumb|308x308px|The lake with [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]]]] [[File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]] seen from Lake Natron]] '''Lake Natron''' be a highly alkaline salt lake wey dey locate insyd north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region insyd [[Tanzania]] plus ein far northern end wey dey cross into Kajiado County den Narok County insyd [[Kenya]]. E dey insyd de Gregory Rift, wich be de eastern branch of de East African Rift.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> De lake be within de Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240226201653/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> == Description == Dis lake be fed principally by de [[Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]] River, wich dey rise insyd central [[Kenya]], den by mineral-rich hot springs.<ref name="WWF"/> E be quite shallow, less dan {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in}} deep, den dey vary insyd width wey dey depend on ein water level. De lake be a maximum of {{convert|57|km}} long den {{convert|22|km}} wide.<ref name="WWF"/> De surrounding area dey receive irregular seasonal rainfall, mainly between December den May wey dey total {{convert|800|mm|in}} per year.<ref name="WWF"/> Temperatures at de lake frequently be above {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> High levels of evaporation lef behind natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) den trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). De alkalinity of de lake fi reach a pH of greater dan 12. According to Live Science, de lake ein high alkalinity be caused by sodium carbonate den oda minerals wey dey flow into de water from de surrounding environment. De surrounding bedrock be composed of alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas wey be laid down during de Pleistocene period. De lavas get significant amounts of carbonate buh low calcium den magnesium levels, wich allow de lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine. Dese extreme chemical conditions create a harsh environment wer specialized organisms per fi survive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lallanilla |first=Marc |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> De chemical properties of de water be known to calcify de bodies of any living thing wey die insyd de lake.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> == Flora == De colour of de lake be characteristic of those wer very high evaporation rates dey occur. As water dey evaporate during de dry season, salinity levels dey increase to de point dat salt-loving microorganisms dey begin to thrive. Such halophile organisms dey include some cyanobacteria wey make dema own chow plus photosynthesis as plants do. De red accessory photosynthesizing pigment insyd de cyanobacteria dey produce de deep reds of de open water of de lake den de orange colours of de shallow parts of de lake. De alkali salt crust on de surface of de lake sanso often be coloured red anaa pink by de halophilic microorganisms wey dey live der. Salt marshes den freshwater wetlands around de edges of de lake do support a variety of plants. == Fauna == Chaw animals find de lake ein high temperature (up to {{convert|60|C|F|disp=sqbr}}) den ein high den variable salt content inhospitable.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swancer |first=Brent |title=The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Nonetheless, Lake Natron be home to sam endemic algae, invertebrates, den birds. Insyd de slightly less salty water around ein margins, sam fish sanso fi survive. De lake be de only regular breeding area insyd East Africa for de 2.5&nbsp;million lesser flamingoes, wey dema status of "near threatened" results from dema dependence on dis one location. Wen salinity increase, so do cyanobacteria, wey de lake sanso fi support more nests. Dese flamingoes, de single large flock insyd East Africa, gather along nearby saline lakes to feed on ''Spirulina'' (a blue-green algae plus red pigments). Lake Natron be a safe breeding location secof ein caustic environment be a barrier against predators wey dey try reach dema nests on seasonally forming evaporite islands. Greater flamingoes sanso dey breed for de mud flats top. De lake inspire de nature documentary ''The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos'' by Disneynature, for ein close relationship plus de Lesser flamingoes as dema only regular breeding area. Two endemic fish species, de alkaline tilapias ''Alcolapia latilabris'' den ''A. ndalalani'', sanso dey thrive insyd de waters at de edges of de hot spring inlets. ''A. alcalica'' sanso be present insyd de lake, buh no be endemic. == Threats and preservation == Di area wey dey around di [[:en:Salt_lake|salt lake]] no get people wey dey live there, but small herding and seasonal farming dey happen. Threats to di salt balance fit come from more silt wey go enter because of logging wey dem dey plan for Natron watersheds and one [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] [[:en:Power_plant|power plant]] wey dem wan build for [[:en:Ewaso_Ng'iro|Ewaso Ng'iro]] across [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] border. Even though di development plan include make dem build one dike for di north end of di lake to hold freshwater, di risk say e go dilute di breeding ground still dey serious. Di place no get any formal protection. One new threat wey dey face Lake Natron na di [[:en:Soda_ash|soda ash]] plant wey dem propose make dem build for di lake shore. Di plant go pump water from di lake and extract sodium carbonate to turn am into washing powder wey dem go export. Alongside di plant, dem plan build houses for over 1000 workers, plus one coal-fired power station wey go supply energy for di whole plant complex. On top dat, e get possibility say di developers fit introduce one hybrid [[:en:Brine_shrimp|brine shrimp]] to make di extraction process more efficient. According to Chris Magin, wey be [[:en:Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds|RSPB]] international officer for Africa, "Di chance say lesser flamingoes go continue to breed inside dis kain wahala na almost zero. Dis development go make lesser flamingoes for East Africa face extinction." Seventy-five percent of di world lesser flamingoes dey born for Lake Natron<ref>Billock, Jennifer (14 June 2016). "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/ The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born]". ''[[:en:Smithsonian_(magazine)|Smithsonian]]''. Retrieved 17 June 2016.</ref>. Right now, more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions dey run worldwide campaign to stop di soda ash factory wey Tata Chemicals Ltd from Mumbai, India, and National Development Corporation of Tanzania dey plan build. Di group dey work under umbrella name ''Lake Natron Consultative Group'', and Ken Mwathe, wey be Conservation Programme Manager for [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]] Africa Secretariat, dey co-ordinate am. As dem communicate for June 2008, Tata Chemicals no go continue with di Natron Project, and any re-examination of di project go dey under di Ramsar Wetlands plan wey dem dey prepare now.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project]" (PDF). Tata Chemicals. 13 June 2008. Archived from [http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf the original] (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013</ref> Because of di unique biodiversity, Tanzania don put Lake Natron Basin for [[:en:Ramsar_List_of_Wetlands_of_International_Importance|Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] since 4 July 2001. Di lake also dey part of [[:en:World_Wildlife_Fund|World Wildlife Fund]] East African halophytics [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. == Visiting the area == [[File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|thumb|340x340px|Lake Natron as seen on NASA's [[:en:World_Wind|World Wind]] program]] Lake Natron get plenty campgrounds wey dey near di water, and na from here people dey start to climb [[:en:Ol_Doinyo_Lengai|Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Di lake get big tourist attraction wey fit help [[:en:Ecotourism|ecotourism]] grow well. But di wahala wey dey affect di management na say dem no get general plan, money no dey enough for operation, no clear way to share di ecotourism benefits well, and di tourism infrastructure wey fit serve different type of visitors still dey poor. People fit also reach di lake from Shompole Conservancy for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]].<ref>Shoo, Rehema Abeli (2020), "Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania", ''Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania'', Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol. 22, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–90, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6]], ISBN 978-3-030-43301-7</ref> == References == 0rnduh7qeb2vzpjyhehrbs5wkffbuh6 0 27797 106231 105097 2026-07-03T19:08:52Z DaSupremo 9 106231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply fresh water wey dem obtain am from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer, across [[Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[irrigation]] project.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}</ref> De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}</ref> According to de project ein website, e be de largest underground network of pipes ({{convert|2820|km}})<ref>Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7</ref> den aqueducts for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 wells, most of wey dey ova 500 m deep, den dey supply 6,500,000 m³ of fresh water per day to de cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de "Eighth Wonder of de World".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}</ref> == History == [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]] [[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]] [[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|False-color image of de Grand Omar Mukhtar reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find oil for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable fossil water underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top. De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de Gaddafi government. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd. Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am Korea insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for Melbourne insyd den and deliver via de port of Benghazi.<ref>Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.</ref> Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd. Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan US$25 billion.<ref name="Scholl">{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}</ref> Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project. De fossil aquifer from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. E accumulate during de last ice age den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.<ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}</ref> Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}</ref> For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA111#v=snippet&q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA309#v=snippet&q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For 22 July 2011 top, during de First Libyan Civil War den de foreign military intervention, one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a NATO air strike hit am.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include multiple rocket launchers, dem store am der according to intelligence findings, wey dey present two photos of an BM-21 MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}</ref> During de Second Libyan Civil War from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.</ref> For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Timeline == * 3 October 1983: De General Pippoe ein Congress hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de Basic Pippoe ein Congresses, wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project. * 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. * 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for Italy insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-Milan insyd den ein factory for Caivano-Naples insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de Sarir plant for dis date top. * 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project. === First water arrival === * 11 September 1989: to Ajdabiya reservoir. * 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. * 4 September 1991: to Ghardabiya reservoir. * 28 August 1996: to Tripoli. * 28 September 2007: to Gharyan. == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Great Manmade River images"> File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002) File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as "River Builder" </gallery><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Additional sources == * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network) * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''] * [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article] == External links == * [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website] * [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html|date=2012-05-04}} Joint project of [[:en:IAEA|IAEA]] [[:en:UNDP|UNDP]] den [[:en:Global_Environment_Facility|GEF]] about de Great Manmade River logistics. * [http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/index.shtml Great Man-Made River International Water Prize] * [http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page Great Man-Made River website at AlGaddaf.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304145054/http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page|date=2013-03-04}} pl783kq7fnf4ddvr7cbncmz21e84up5 106232 106231 2026-07-03T19:10:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply fresh water wey dem obtain am from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer, across [[Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[irrigation]] project.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}</ref> De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.<ref>{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}</ref> According to de project ein website, e be de largest underground network of pipes ({{convert|2820|km}})<ref>Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7</ref> den aqueducts for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 wells, most of wey dey ova 500 m deep, den dey supply 6,500,000 m³ of fresh water per day to de cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de "Eighth Wonder of de World".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}</ref> == History == [[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]] [[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]] [[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|False-color image of de Grand Omar Mukhtar reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find oil for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable fossil water underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top. De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de Gaddafi government. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd. Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am Korea insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for Melbourne insyd den and deliver via de port of Benghazi.<ref>Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.</ref> Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd. Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan US$25 billion.<ref name="Scholl">{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}</ref> Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project. De fossil aquifer from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. E accumulate during de last ice age den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.<ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}</ref> Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}</ref> For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA111#v=snippet&q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&pg=PA309#v=snippet&q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For 22 July 2011 top, during de First Libyan Civil War den de foreign military intervention, one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a NATO air strike hit am.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include multiple rocket launchers, dem store am der according to intelligence findings, wey dey present two photos of an BM-21 MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}</ref> During de Second Libyan Civil War from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.</ref> For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> == Timeline == * 3 October 1983: De General Pippoe ein Congress hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de Basic Pippoe ein Congresses, wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project. * 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. * 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for Italy insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-Milan insyd den ein factory for Caivano-Naples insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de Sarir plant for dis date top. * 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project. === First water arrival === * 11 September 1989: to Ajdabiya reservoir. * 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. * 4 September 1991: to Ghardabiya reservoir. * 28 August 1996: to Tripoli. * 28 September 2007: to Gharyan. == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200" caption="Great Manmade River images"> File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002) File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as "River Builder" </gallery><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Additional sources == * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network) * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''] * [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article] == External links == {{commons}} *[https://www.GMRP.ly Official website] * [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html |date=2012-05-04 }} Joint project of [[IAEA]] [[UNDP]] and [[Global Environment Facility|GEF]] about the Great Manmade River logistics. * [http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/index.shtml Great Man-Made River International Water Prize] * [http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page Great Man-Made River website at AlGaddaf.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304145054/http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page |date=2013-03-04 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Great Man-Made River Project}} [[Category:Geography of Libya]] [[Category:Economy of Libya]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation in Libya]] [[Category:Muammar Gaddafi]] [[Category:Interbasin transfer]] [[Category:Libya]] q55dlxbj2ux743gx90fb3dqsx8mdghh 0 27801 106228 104605 2026-07-03T18:50:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St. Paul River''' be a district wey locate insyd Montserrado County, [[Liberia]]. E record a population of 71,831 insyd de 2008 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/NPHC%202008%20Final%20Report.pdf |title=2008 Population and Housing Census Final Results |publisher=[[LISGIS]] |page=14 |date=May 2009 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> E get no official administrative status.<ref name=cda>{{cite news|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|title=Montserrado County Development Agenda|year=2008 |page=4 |publisher=Republic of Liberia|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> Ein inhabitants primarily be Christians den members of de Bassa, Dey, anaa Kpelle tribes.<ref name=cda/> Farming den fishing be de main economic activities along plus sam small scale trading.<ref name=cda/> De district get one paved road.<ref name=cda/> ==References== <references /> [[Category:Districts of Liberia]] [[Category:Montserrado County]] pazjtx67xa7mq31odadlsvvexs947jb 0 27802 106225 104606 2026-07-03T18:41:06Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St. John River District'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. John River |url=https://www.takeyourbackpack.com/backpacking-in-liberia/visit-st-john-river/https://www.takeyourbackpack.com/backpacking-in-liberia/visit-st-john-river/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=takeyourbackpack.com}}</ref> ebe one of six districts wey located ein Grand Bassa County, [[Liberia]]. De name derives from de [[Saint John River (Liberia)|Saint John River]]. == Communities == * Edina == References == <references /> [[Category:Districts of Liberia]] [[Category:Grand Bassa County]] h7v40rhr5kncigjddmmq2btrgyjycns 106226 106225 2026-07-03T18:41:49Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St. John River District'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. John River |url=https://www.takeyourbackpack.com/backpacking-in-liberia/visit-st-john-river/https://www.takeyourbackpack.com/backpacking-in-liberia/visit-st-john-river/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=takeyourbackpack.com}}</ref> be one of six districts wey locate insyd Grand Bassa County, [[Liberia]]. Dem derive de name de [[Saint John River (Liberia)|Saint John River]]. == Communities == * Edina == References == <references /> [[Category:Districts of Liberia]] [[Category:Grand Bassa County]] 2c69gacskjeg91d2upty0iqgvx1ynwe 0 27844 106202 105026 2026-07-03T13:44:38Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:ZM-Zambezi.png|right|225px|Location of Zambezi insyd Zambia]] '''Zambezi''' be a town insyd de North-Western Province of [[Zambia]], wey dey lie on de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], west of Kabompo. E be at de western end of de M8 road. E be known for de palaces of de chiefs of de Lunda den Lovale people. Until about 1966 na dem dey call am ''Balovale'' after de dominant chief (wey ein village within de town be still known by dat name) buh na dem change de name in an attempt to defuse tensions between de main groups den de government of de newly independent country. De Chinyingi Suspension Bridge dey span de river just to de north-west of de town. ==Climate== Zambezi dey feature a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:''Cwa'')<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 October 2023 |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> plus distinct wet den dry seasons. De hottest period of de year be from September to November. Winters be cooler, plus warm days den cold nights. De wet season, from October to March, dey experience significant rainfall. De dry season, from April to October, be marked by minimal precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zambezi |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Zambia/CSV/Zambezi_67531.csv |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> {{Weather box | width = auto | collapsed = | metric first = yes | single line = yes | location = Zambezi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2020) | Jan record high C = 35.6 | Feb record high C = 35.3 | Mar record high C = 34.6 | Apr record high C = 34.7 | May record high C = 34.5 | Jun record high C = 32.4 | Jul record high C = 33.0 | Aug record high C = 39.2 | Sep record high C = 40.1 | Oct record high C = 41.0 | Nov record high C = 37.6 | Dec record high C = 36.5 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 29.4 | Feb high C = 29.5 | Mar high C = 29.9 | Apr high C = 30.3 | May high C = 29.4 | Jun high C = 27.6 | Jul high C = 27.5 | Aug high C = 31.0 | Sep high C = 34.2 | Oct high C = 34.4 | Nov high C = 31.3 | Dec high C = 29.6 | year high C = 30.3 | Jan mean C = 23.8 | Feb mean C = 23.7 | Mar mean C = 23.7 | Apr mean C = 22.6 | May mean C = 19.7 | Jun mean C = 17.3 | Jul mean C = 17.0 | Aug mean C = 20.3 | Sep mean C = 24.2 | Oct mean C = 25.8 | Nov mean C = 24.6 | Dec mean C = 23.9 | year mean C = 22.2 | Jan low C = 18.1 | Feb low C = 17.9 | Mar low C = 17.5 | Apr low C = 14.8 | May low C = 10.0 | Jun low C = 6.9 | Jul low C = 6.4 | Aug low C = 9.5 | Sep low C = 14.1 | Oct low C = 17.1 | Nov low C = 17.9 | Dec low C = 18.2 | year low C = 14.0 | Jan record low C = 9.2 | Feb record low C = 12.3 | Mar record low C = 11.0 | Apr record low C = 6.5 | May record low C = 2.4 | Jun record low C = -2.2 | Jul record low C = -2.0 | Aug record low C = 1.4 | Sep record low C = 6.0 | Oct record low C = 8.6 | Nov record low C = 10.2 | Dec record low C = 9.2 | year record low C = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 235.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 191.7 | Mar precipitation mm = 159.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 38.8 | May precipitation mm = 2.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.8 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 | Aug precipitation mm = 0.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 4.8 | Oct precipitation mm = 75.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 140.9 | Dec precipitation mm = 218.1 | year precipitation mm = 1067.9 |Jan humidity = 78.1 |Feb humidity = 78.9 |Mar humidity = 77.4 |Apr humidity = 68.9 |May humidity = 62.2 |Jun humidity = 58.1 |Jul humidity = 51.9 |Aug humidity = 45.7 |Sep humidity = 40.5 |Oct humidity = 56.6 |Nov humidity = 65.1 |Dec humidity = 75.5 |year humidity = 63.2 |Jan sun = 170.5 |Feb sun = 156.8 |Mar sun = 195.3 |Apr sun = 255.0 |May sun = 297.6 |Jun sun = 291.0 |Jul sun = 306.9 |Aug sun = 303.8 |Sep sun = 273.0 |Oct sun = 248.0 |Nov sun = 189.0 |Dec sun = 167.4 |year sun = 2854.3 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Zambia/CSV/Zambezi_67531.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zambezi |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = January 24, 2024}}</ref><ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67531.TXT | server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | title = Zambezi MET Climate Normals 1961–1990 | access-date = April 5, 2015}}</ref> }} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Zambezi River]] 28wl1wp5x7ljuhuwvtykxlt2il7zhm5 106203 106202 2026-07-03T13:48:56Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:ZM-Zambezi.png|right|225px|Location of Zambezi insyd Zambia]] '''Zambezi''' be a town insyd de North-Western Province of [[Zambia]], wey dey lie on de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], west of Kabompo. E be at de western end of de M8 road. E be known for de palaces of de chiefs of de Lunda den Lovale people. Until about 1966 na dem dey call am ''Balovale'' after de dominant chief (wey ein village within de town be still known by dat name) buh na dem change de name in an attempt to defuse tensions between de main groups den de government of de newly independent country. De Chinyingi Suspension Bridge dey span de river just to de north-west of de town. ==Climate== Zambezi dey feature a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:''Cwa'')<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 October 2023 |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> plus distinct wet den dry seasons. De hottest period of de year be from September to November. Winters be cooler, plus warm days den cold nights. De wet season, from October to March, dey experience significant rainfall. De dry season, from April to October, be marked by minimal precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zambezi |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Zambia/CSV/Zambezi_67531.csv |access-date=3 July 2026 |website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> {{Weather box | width = auto | collapsed = | metric first = yes | single line = yes | location = Zambezi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2020) | Jan record high C = 35.6 | Feb record high C = 35.3 | Mar record high C = 34.6 | Apr record high C = 34.7 | May record high C = 34.5 | Jun record high C = 32.4 | Jul record high C = 33.0 | Aug record high C = 39.2 | Sep record high C = 40.1 | Oct record high C = 41.0 | Nov record high C = 37.6 | Dec record high C = 36.5 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 29.4 | Feb high C = 29.5 | Mar high C = 29.9 | Apr high C = 30.3 | May high C = 29.4 | Jun high C = 27.6 | Jul high C = 27.5 | Aug high C = 31.0 | Sep high C = 34.2 | Oct high C = 34.4 | Nov high C = 31.3 | Dec high C = 29.6 | year high C = 30.3 | Jan mean C = 23.8 | Feb mean C = 23.7 | Mar mean C = 23.7 | Apr mean C = 22.6 | May mean C = 19.7 | Jun mean C = 17.3 | Jul mean C = 17.0 | Aug mean C = 20.3 | Sep mean C = 24.2 | Oct mean C = 25.8 | Nov mean C = 24.6 | Dec mean C = 23.9 | year mean C = 22.2 | Jan low C = 18.1 | Feb low C = 17.9 | Mar low C = 17.5 | Apr low C = 14.8 | May low C = 10.0 | Jun low C = 6.9 | Jul low C = 6.4 | Aug low C = 9.5 | Sep low C = 14.1 | Oct low C = 17.1 | Nov low C = 17.9 | Dec low C = 18.2 | year low C = 14.0 | Jan record low C = 9.2 | Feb record low C = 12.3 | Mar record low C = 11.0 | Apr record low C = 6.5 | May record low C = 2.4 | Jun record low C = -2.2 | Jul record low C = -2.0 | Aug record low C = 1.4 | Sep record low C = 6.0 | Oct record low C = 8.6 | Nov record low C = 10.2 | Dec record low C = 9.2 | year record low C = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 235.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 191.7 | Mar precipitation mm = 159.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 38.8 | May precipitation mm = 2.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.8 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 | Aug precipitation mm = 0.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 4.8 | Oct precipitation mm = 75.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 140.9 | Dec precipitation mm = 218.1 | year precipitation mm = 1067.9 |Jan humidity = 78.1 |Feb humidity = 78.9 |Mar humidity = 77.4 |Apr humidity = 68.9 |May humidity = 62.2 |Jun humidity = 58.1 |Jul humidity = 51.9 |Aug humidity = 45.7 |Sep humidity = 40.5 |Oct humidity = 56.6 |Nov humidity = 65.1 |Dec humidity = 75.5 |year humidity = 63.2 |Jan sun = 170.5 |Feb sun = 156.8 |Mar sun = 195.3 |Apr sun = 255.0 |May sun = 297.6 |Jun sun = 291.0 |Jul sun = 306.9 |Aug sun = 303.8 |Sep sun = 273.0 |Oct sun = 248.0 |Nov sun = 189.0 |Dec sun = 167.4 |year sun = 2854.3 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Zambia/CSV/Zambezi_67531.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zambezi |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = January 24, 2024}}</ref> }} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Populated places insyd North-Western Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Zambezi River]] h7r6sxd7hh84vcejl2ckl8rnym93q9d 0 27932 106192 105984 2026-07-03T12:02:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Water supply system for Rwanda}} {{EngvarB|date=November 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} '''Karenge Drinking Water Supply System''' ('''KDWSS'''), wey dem dey call am '''Karenge Water Supply System''' too, na water intake, water treatment, den water distribution system for Rwanda. Di system dey supply water give some parts of di capital city, Kigali, plus di neighboring Rwamagana District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/rwanda-the-capacity-of-the-karenge-water-plant-will-be-tripled-with-2m-from-ofid/ |title=Rwanda: The capacity of the Karenge water plant will be tripled with $2M from OFID |date=13 November 2023 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=16 November 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== Di water treatment den distribution facility dey for di lakeside community wey dem dey call ''Karenge'', Rwamagana District, for Eastern Province of Rwanda, for di shore of Lake Mugesera. E dey about {{convert|50|km|0}} by road southeast from Kigali, di national capital.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== Dem establish KDWSS for 1975 plus processing capacity of {{convert|3840|m3|0}} every day. For 1985, dem increase di capacity go {{convert|7200|m3|0}} every day. For 2008, di daily output increase reach {{convert|12000|m3|0}}. As of October 2020, di system dey produce {{convert|15000|m3|0}} clean drinking water every day. Out of dat amount, {{convert|12000|m3|0}} (80 percent) dey go through pipeline enter Kigali, while {{convert|3000|m3|0}} (20 percent) dem dey distribute inside Rwamagana District.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=7 October 2020 | url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/updates/news-details/government-to-increase-production-capacity-of-karenge-water-treatment-plant-and-strengthen-its-distribution-network |title=Government To Increase Production Capacity off Karenge Water Treatment Plant And Strengthen Its Distribution Network |work=Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (Mininfra) |author=Mininfra |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Kigali, Rwanda}}</ref> ==Expansion== For 2020, Rwanda government, through ein subsidiary ''Water and Sanitation Corporation'' (WASAC Limited), decide say dem go increase di processing capacity of dis plant go {{convert|48000|m3|0}} every day.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> Di expansion work include:<ref name="1R"/> * Upgrade di raw water source * Build new raw water intake pumps * Upgrade di raw water intake pipes * Move di intake pumping station go new location * Improve di capacity of di motors den pumps * Build new drinking water storage tanks * Expand di drinking water transport den distribution network by laying {{convert|33|km|0}} of new distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction and funding== Di estimated cost for di expansion na US$164.3 million. Di organizations below dey provide money for di construction.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Karenge Water System Expansion Funding ! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in USD !! Percentage !! Notes |- | 1 || OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) ||{{center|21.0 million}} ||{{center|12.8}} || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 5 || Exim Bank of Hungary ||{{center|52.0}} ||{{center|31.6}} || Loan<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Construction Review Online | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-news/52-million-to-be-utilized-in-karenge-water-treatment-plant-upgrade-in-rwanda/ |title=$52 Million to be Utilized in Karenge Water Treatment Plant Upgrade in Rwanda |date=29 September 2023 |author=Mike Kubwa |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> |- | || '''Total''' || {{center|'''164.3 million'''}} || {{center|'''100.00'''}} || |- |} ==Other considerations== Di expanded plant be part of di Rwanda authorities dia plan make 100 percent of everybody for di country get access to clean drinking water by December 2024.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==See also== * Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda * Katosi Water Works * Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250513211642/https://www.wasac.rw/home Website of WASAC Limited] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241202071532/https://wasac.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/karenge_water_treatment_plant.pdf Profile of Karenge Water Treatment Plant] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Rwanda]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:Eastern Province, Rwanda]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Rwanda]] kced96hv0212cd59n1ml1eonf7lxe5e 0 27948 106216 106025 2026-07-03T16:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ugandan water company}} {{Use British English|date=July 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}} {{Databox}} The '''National Water and Sewerage Corporation''' (NWSC) na water supply and sanitation company wey dey [[Uganda]]. E dey fully owned by the [[government of Uganda]].<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=http://www.littlegatepublishing.com/2015/04/water-for-all-national-water-and-sewerage-corporation-nwsc/ |title= Water for All: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=27 October 2016 |date=27 October 2016 |publisher=Little Gate Publishing |author=Little Gate Publishing}}</ref> As of October 2023, the company dey supply {{convert|730000000|m³|0}} of clean potable water every day for the country. Dis one dey compare with {{convert|276000000|m³|0}} daily output wey dem dey supply ten years before for 2013. Dis show say e don increase by 85 percent for those ten years. As of 2024, the corporation [[non-revenue water]] be 34 percent, with plan to reduce am go 30 percent by 2029. The total population wey NWSC water dey reach for 2024 dey estimated at 18 million people, with target to increase am reach 25 million by 2029.<ref name="DataR">{{cite web|url=https://chimpreports.com/nwsc-boosts-water-production-capacity-by-85-to-support-ugandas-growing-population/ |date=16 October 2024 |work=ChimpReports |title=NWSC Boosts Water Production Capacity by 85% to Support Uganda’s Growing Population |access-date=29 December 2024 | author=ChimpReports |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Location== As of July 2018, the company dey for final stage of construction for dem new headquarters building for 3 Nakasero Road, for Nakasero Hill, opposite ''Rwenzori House''.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=http://eagle.co.ug/2017/09/01/nwsc-unveil-new-state-art-offices.html |title=NWSC to unveil new state-of-the-art offices |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=Eagle Uganda |author=Eagle Reporter |location=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="6R">{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 |date=31 March 2018 |publisher=PMLDaily.com | url=http://www.pmldaily.com/news/2018/03/nwsc-reveals-new-plans-to-shift-head-offices.html |title=NWSC reveals plans to shift head offices |last=Ssebwami |first=Javira |location=Kampala}}</ref> Dem commission the new headquarters building by [[Ruhakana Rugunda]], wey be [[Prime Minister of Uganda]], for July 2018.<ref name="7R">{{cite web|access-date=25 July 2018 | url=https://chimpreports.com/rugunda-launches-nwsc-ambitious-corporate-plan/ |title=Rugunda Launches NWSC Ambitious Corporate Plan |date=21 July 2018 |publisher=Chimp Reports Uganda | author=Chimp Corps |location=Kampala}}</ref> ==History== NWSC start by Decree No. 34 for 1972 to serve urban areas of [[Kampala]], [[Entebbe]], and [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. For 1995, dem reorganize NWSC under NWSC Statute. The company get more authority and autonomy and dem give am mandate to operate and provide water and sewerage services for areas wey dem trust am, on commercial and viable basis.<ref name="3R"/> As of October 2016, these cities and towns dey receive services from NWSC:<ref name="3R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" |+ '''Cities and Towns Served by NWSC''' ! style="width:2em;" |City!!Town!!Municipality |- | [[Kampala]] || [[Bushenyi]] || Kateete |- | [[Kira Town|Kira]] || [[Kigumba]] || [[Luweero]] |- | [[Gulu]] || [[Paidha]] ||Buyanja |- | [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] || [[Kitagata, Uganda|Kitagata]] || Butogota |- | [[Entebbe]] || [[Wakiso]] || Kebisoni |- | [[Mbale]] || [[Pader, Uganda|Pader]] || [[Kamwenge]] |- | [[Masaka]] || [[Kaliro]] || [[Kajjansi]] |- | [[Mbarara]] || [[Malaba, Uganda|Malaba]] || Kanyampanga |- | [[Hoima]] || [[Kisoro]] || Nyakagyeme |- | [[Kasese]] || [[Iganga]] || [[Kaberamaido]] |- | [[Mukono]] || [[Ishaka]] || [[Kanungu]] |- | [[Arua]] || [[Rukungiri]] || [[Aduku]] |- | [[Masindi]] || [[Amuria]] || [[Nebbi]] |- | [[Soroti]] || [[Apac]] || [[Kalisizo]] |- | [[Kitgum]] || [[Wobulenzi]] || [[Kihihi]] |- | [[Bombo, Uganda|Bombo]] || [[Kabwohe]] || Nyamirama |- | [[Kabale]] || [[Kiryandongo]] || Kalaki |- | [[Lira, Uganda|Lira]] || [[Lyantonde]] || Oteboi |- | [[Tororo]] || [[Kalisizo]] || Kanyantorogo |- | [[Fort Portal]] || Kambuga || Atilis |- | [[Mubende]] || [[Ibanda]] || Rwerere |- | [[Njeru]] || [[Lugazi]] || Kangyenyi |- | [[Mityana]] ||[[Ssabagabo]] || Itendero |- |} ==Expansion plans== For 2011,<ref name="8R">{{cite web |access-date=25 July 2018 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/blending/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-sector-watsan_en |last=European Commission |publisher=[[European Commission]] |date=25 July 2018 |title=Kampala Water - Lake Victoria Water And Sanitation Sector (WATSAN) |location=Brussels}}</ref> NWSC start implement programme wey go improve water supply for Kampala Metropolitan Area wey include Kampala City, [[Wakiso District]], [[Mukono District]], [[Nansana]], [[Ssabagabo]], and [[Kira Town|Kira]]. The programme wey go cost €212 million, government of Uganda dey finance am (€34 million), [[KfW]] (€20 million grant), [[European Investment Bank]] (€75 million loan), [[French Development Agency]] (€75 million loan), and [[European Union|European Union Infrastructure Trust Fund]] (€8 million grant).<ref name="9R">{{cite web |title=Kampala Water: Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project (Uganda) |date=27 October 2016 |location=Luxembourg | work=European Investment Bank |url=http://www.eib.org/products/blending/mri/kampala-water-lake-victoria-water-and-sanitation-project-uganda.htm |access-date=27 October 2016 |author=European Investment Bank}}</ref> NWSC build new water treatment plant ([[Katosi Water Works]]) for [[Katosi]] inside Mukono District wey fit supply {{convert|120000|m3|liters}} water every day. Dem plan also include refurbishment of Ggaba complex water treatment plants (Ggaba 1, Ggaba 2 and Ggaba 3). The Katosi water source dey support existing sources wey get daily capacity of {{convert|160000|m3|liters}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.water-technology.net/news/news116532.html | title=Uganda to Build $306m Water Treatment Plant in Katosi | publisher=Water-technology.net| date=18 April 2011 |author=Water Technology | access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 July 2015 |location=Kampala | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312101430.html | title=Uganda: Kampala in U.S.$280 Million Revamp for City Water | date=10 December 2013 | publisher=[[East African Business Week]] (EABW) via [[AllAfrica.com]] |last=EABW Staff}}</ref> For December 2015, NWSC announce plan to start serve some rural areas of Uganda.<ref name="12R">{{cite web |title=NWSC registers heavy profits |first=Stephen |access-date=6 January 2016 | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Markets/NWSC-registers-heavy-profits-to-supply-water-to-rural-areas/-/688606/3000628/-/pl6ip3z/-/index.html |location=Kampala | last=Otage |date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> As of March 2018, NWSC dey serve 225 towns for Uganda and dem plan to connect water to 12,000 villages inside dem service areas by 2020.<ref name="13R">{{cite web| url=https://theugandan.com.ug/nwsc-kicks-off-project-connect-water-12000-villages/ |title=NWSC Kicks Off Project To Connect Water To 12000 Villages |access-date=25 July 2018 |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=The Ugandan |author=The Ugandan | location=Kampala}}</ref> For February 2026, with funding from the [[French Development Agency]], [[KfW]] and the [[European Investment Bank]], NWSC start expansion of water distribution network for northern and western Kampala plus nearby parts of [[Wakiso District]]. The work include increase production capacity for [[Katosi Water Works]] by {{convert|80000|m3|0}} per day. Dem dey lay new water distribution pipes and also build new above-ground water reservoirs. Government of France through AFD don invest €480 million. Dem expect finish the construction for Q2 of 2027.<ref name="14R">{{cite web| work=Nile Post Uganda | url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/319982/nwsc-expands-katosi-water-network-to-connect-millions-across-north-kampala |title=NWSC Expands Katosi Water Network to Connect Millions Across North Kampala |date=13 February 2026 |author=Jamila Mulindwa |access-date=13 February 2026 | location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Power plant to operate Ggaba water treatment plants== For October 2014, NWSC advertise for private partner wey go build, own, and operate 7 megawatt independent power station to support energy needs for Ggaba I, Ggaba II, and Ggaba III water treatment plants. This one go reduce NWSC electricity bill wey dey around [[Ugandan shilling|USh&nbsp;]]24&nbsp;billion (about US$6.5&nbsp;million) every year, wey be 35 percent of total operating expenditure. When dem procure am, partner go sign 20-year [[power purchase agreement]] with NWSC, and NWSC fit sell excess power go national grid.<ref>{{cite web | title=NWSC eyes own power plant | date=10 November 2014 | access-date=21 July 2015 | url=http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- | newspaper=[[The Independent (Uganda)]] |author=Julius Businge |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081840/http://www.independent.co.ug/business/business-news/9485-nwsc-eyes-own-power-plant- |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> ==Organizational structure== NWSC get many divisions, each one dey headed by director, general manager, senior manager, or manager.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/index.php/about-us/our-structure |title=National Water and Sewerage Corporation: Our Structure |publisher=National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) |last=NWSC |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> ==Board of directors== NWSC dey governed by five-member board of directors. Engineer [[Badru Kiggundu]] na the [[chairman]] and Engineer [[Silver Mugisha]] na the [[managing director]] and [[chief executive officer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nwsc.co.ug/board-of-directors/ |title= Board of Directors: National Water and Sewerage Corporation |work=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |date=14 July 2022 |author=National Water and Sewerage Corporation |access-date=14 July 2022 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==See also== * [[African Water and Sanitation Association]] * [[Water supply and sanitation in Uganda]] * [[Katosi Water Works]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034610/http://nwsc.co.ug/ NWSC Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034610/http://nwsc.co.ug/ |date=12 March 2009 }} * [http://www.water-technology.net/projects/kampala/ Kampala Water Supply and Sanitation Expansion Programme, Uganda] * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/NWSC-to-restructure-management--team/-/688334/2799660/-/qcl956/-/index.html NWSC To Restructure Management Team] As of 20 July 2015. * [https://www.independent.co.ug/how-nswc-is-saving-water-securing-ugandas-future/ How NSWC is saving water, securing Uganda’s future] As at 26 May 2026. {{Authority control}} {{Kampala District}} {{coord|00|19|04|N|32|34|52|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:National Water And Sewerage Corporation}} [[Category:Government-owned companies of Uganda]] [[Category:Public utilities established in 1972]] [[Category:1972 establishments in Uganda]] [[Category:Water in Uganda]] [[Category:Companies based in Kampala]] 274gm3jk3r9gxltqmd9dhbburmt3a7e 14 28006 106198 2026-07-03T13:33:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106198 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28007 106199 2026-07-03T13:33:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106199 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28008 106200 2026-07-03T13:33:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106200 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28009 106204 2026-07-03T13:50:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106204 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28010 106207 2026-07-03T13:55:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106207 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28011 106208 2026-07-03T13:55:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106208 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28012 106214 2026-07-03T16:06:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106214 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28013 106220 2026-07-03T16:53:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106220 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28014 106221 2026-07-03T16:53:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106221 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28015 106222 2026-07-03T16:53:45Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106222 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28016 106223 2026-07-03T16:54:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106223 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28017 106227 2026-07-03T18:42:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106227 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28018 106229 2026-07-03T18:51:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106229 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28019 106233 2026-07-03T19:11:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106233 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28020 106234 2026-07-03T19:11:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106234 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28021 106235 2026-07-03T19:12:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106235 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28022 106236 2026-07-03T19:12:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106236 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1