Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kofi Kinaata 0 1681 106330 96350 2026-07-06T12:20:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106330 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref></ref>{{Databox|item=0544173628}'''''Italic text''''' '''''Martin King Arthur''' (dem born am for 15 April 1990) dem know am to be '''Kofi Kinaata''', he san be Ghanaian musician den songwriter for Takoradi insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090801/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kofi-Kinaata-introduces-himself-from-Ghana-to-the-world-303878 "Kofi Kinaata introduces himself from Ghana to the world".] Graphic Showbiz. 20 March 2014. Archived from [http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kofi-Kinaata-introduces-himself-from-Ghana-to-the-world-303878 the original] on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-sing-from-the-heart-kofi-kinaata-opens-up-on-songwriting-skills/ "I sing from the heart - Kofi Kinaata opens up on songwriting skills - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Dem know am for ein Fante rap den freestyle dat be why we dey call am Fante Rap God (FRG).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090801/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kofi-Kinaata-introduces-himself-from-Ghana-to-the-world-303878 "Kofi Kinaata introduces himself from Ghana to the world"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kofi-Kinaata-introduces-himself-from-Ghana-to-the-world-303878 the original] on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>Hamelo, G. (26 June 2021). [https://yen.com.gh/189222-kofi-kinaata-mzvee-fameye-congratulate-historic-vgma-win.html "Kofi Kinaata: MzVee, Fameye congratulate 'Fante rap god' on historic VGMA win"]. ''Yen.com.gh - Ghana news''. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref>'' == ''Ein early life den <span lang="gpe" dir="ltr">education</span>'' == ''Dem born Kofi Kinaata for 15th of April 1990 wey den raised am for Effiakuma, ebe residential town for Western Region wey edey Ghana insyd. He plete Nana Brempong Yaw School den ein secondary education for Takoradi Technical Institute.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221002170455/https://brobizzy.blogspot.com/2014/03/kofi-kinaata-introduces-himself-from.html "Kofi Kinaata introduces himself from Ghana to the world"]. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200625000000/https://https//udn.com/news/story/121424/4659358://oilcitytoday.com/check-out-schools-attended-by-top-ghanaian-celebrities/ "Check out schools attended by Top Ghanaian Celebrities – Oilcitytoday | Home, Latest News, Ghana News, Takoradi News, Entertainment News, Sports News, Gossips"]. ''Oilcitytoday | Home, Latest News, Ghana News, Takoradi News, Entertainment News, Sports News, Gossips''. 13 February 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref>'' == ''Ein music career'' == ''Kofi Kinaata go participate for Melody FM (Kasahari) rap battle wen he plete High School wey he chop second in 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205537/http://www.hypingghana.com/kofi-kinaata-fante-yaa-pono-wanluv-kubolor/ "Kofi Kinaata Is A 'Fante Yaa Pono' – Wanluv The Kubolor | HypingGhana.com"]. ''www.hypingghana.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref> He den drop ein first single "'''Obi Ne Ba'''" insyd 2011.<ref>Distinguished, Isaac Donkor (24 February 2023). [https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/72701/kofi-kinaata-sets-new-record-gets-four-of-his.html "Kofi Kinaata sets new record, gets four of his viral songs studied at KNUST"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</ref>'' ''Dem know am for ein lyrical dexterity for ein unique rhyme arrangement plus ein fanny Fante rap style plus some traditional African proverbs wey he use to entertain den educate.<ref>afroliterary (25 December 2016). [https://afroliterary.wordpress.com/2016/12/25/kofi-kinaata-western-front-ghana-rap-music-revolutionary/ "KOFI KINAATA: WESTERN FRONT GHANA RAP MUSIC REVOLUTIONARY"]. ''Literary Africa''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref><ref>[https://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Finally-Kofi-Kinaata-raps-in-English-and-it-s-hilarious-573819 "Finally! Kofi Kinaata raps in English and it's hilarious"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 26 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</ref> Insyd February 2020, he chop de Hybrid song for dat year for de National Gospel Music Awards 2019.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kofi-Kinaata-makes-history-at-Ghana-National-Gospel-Music-Awards-19-868303 "Kofi Kinaata makes history at Ghana National Gospel Music Awards 19"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref>'' ''Ebe Kofi Kinaata wey chop de songwriter of de year for de Ghana Music Awards for three continuous times.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211002150145/https://www.ghanashowbiz.com/heres-why-kofi-kinaata-has-won-vgmas-song-writer-of-the-year-three-times-straight/ "Here's Why Kofi Kinaata Has Won VGMA's 'Song Writer Of The Year' Three Times Straight"]. ''Ghana Showbiz.com''. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</ref>'' ''Insyd December 2015, he drop ein song called "Made in Taadi" wey chaw Fante mannas jam plus sake of "Ankos" (Fancy dress den Masqueraders for dema Xmas Carnival) ebe annual festival wey happen for Christmas insyd.<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Masquerades-festival-climax-Christmas-celebration-in-Sekondi-Takoradi-116336 "Masquerades festival climax Christmas celebration in Sekondi-Takoradi"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 30 November 2001. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref>'' '''''Sweetie-pie''''' ''Sweetpie be love song. Edey start plus great sensation wey dey express great kind of love. Although he do ein lyric for Fante insyd, but ein fans love de beat wey e come plus de song. De track be perfect for date. E fi create de romantic mood give you. Ebe Kin Dee wey he produce am.<ref>[https://yen.com.gh/114325-profile-kofi-kinaata-girlfriend-house-cars-net-worth-songs.html "Sweetie-Pie"]. ''Yen News''. 14 August 2018.</ref>'' === ''Confession'' === ''Insyd 2016, he release "Confession" wey chaw people dey relate am plus de song "Jesus Take The Wheel".<ref>Quarshie, M. [https://yen.com.gh/88213-kofi-kinaata-bible-verse-explain-confessions-song.html "Kofi Kinaata's 'Confessions' song explained according to the gospel of Matthew".] ''Yen.com.gh – Ghana news''. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Review-Kofi-Kinaata-s-Confession-doesn-t-promote-boozing-503437 "Review: Kofi Kinaata's 'Confession' doesn't promote boozing"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref>'' '''''Things Fall Apart''''' ''Dem drop Things Fall Apart for 2019 insyd wey e top across music charts platforms like iTunes Ghana Top 100, Audiomack Ghana Top 20 den Boomplay AfroBeats charts for several weeks insyd. TwoBars dem produce de track TwoBars wey mannas wey like music claim say e wrip the song well well.<ref>[http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/October-25th/adom-fm-music-chart-week-41-kofi-kinaatas-things-fall-apart-debuts-at-no1.php "Adom FM Music Chart (Week 41): Kofi Kinaata's Things Fall Apart debuts at No.1"]. ''myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanamusic.com/category/charts/ "Ghana Music | Charts"]. ''Ghana Music''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231005120958/https://www.dcleakers.com/november-week-3-top-10-trending-songs/ "November Week 3: Top 10 Trending Songs | DCLeakers"]. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref>'' ''Mannas play am more den shared for both traditional den social media insyd, e san top number 1 for Twitter trends insyd. E san go dey number 1 for YouTube Ghana trends wey celebrities for de country insyd praise am: Asamoah Gyan,<ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/asamoah-gyan-jams-to-kofi-kinaata-latest-song-things-fall-apart/vwwlgq4 "Asamoah Gyan jams to Kofi Kinaata latest song 'Things Fall Apart'"]. ''Pulse Ghana''. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref> Michael Essien, Kwami Sefa Kai, Phillip Osei Bonsu, Sadick Adams, KiDi, Efya, Berla Mundi, Joe Beecham den odas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705004801/https://myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/November-28th/kofi-kinaata-deserves-nomination-in-gospel-song-of-the-year-category-quophi-okyeame.php "Kofi Kinaata deserves nomination in Gospel Song of the Year category – Quophi Okyeame"]. ''myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/61040/reflections-kofi-kinaatas-things-fall-apart.html "Reflections; Kofi Kinaata's Things Fall Apart"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705004759/https://myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/November-1st/adom-fm-music-chart-week-42-kofi-kinaata-keeps-no1-spot.php "Adom FM Music Chart (Week 42): Kofi Kinaata keeps No.1 spot"]. ''myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref>'' '''<big>''Thy Grace''</big>''' ''Thy Grace be track wey travel far for Ghana Music industry insyd. Chaw celebrities jumped for top den san videoed demaselves boggie for dis banger. E get catchy lines for insyd like <nowiki>''Charcoal seller ba nu so hye white'' wey translate am like ''Charcoal seller ein pekki too dorn white''</nowiki>. Chaw mannas fi relate plus the lyrics den esan be sensible.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220823144150/https://downgh.com/download-mp3-kofi-kinaata-thy-grace/ "DOWNLOAD MP3: Kofi Kinaata - Thy Grace"]. ''DownGh.com''. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</ref><ref>[https://ghanaweekend.com/2021/08/15/kofi-kinaata-changing-levels-with-thy-grace-part-2/ "Kofi Kinaata changing levels with 'Thy Grace' - Part 2"]. ''Ghana Weekend''. 15 August 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</ref>'' '''''Collaborations''''' ''Kofi Kinaata do more collabo plus chaw artistes lyk; Sarkodie, Shatta Wale, Samini, Stonebwoy, Kwesi Arthur, Jayso, Castro, Becca den odas.<ref>[https://ghheadlines.com/agency/ghana-web-/20170110/37594935/i-cant-fill-castros-spot-kofi-kinaata "I can't fill Castro's spot – Kofi Kinaata | GhHeadlines Total News Total Information"]. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170819065946/http://dailyguideafrica.com/kofi-kinaata-eyes-collaboration-stonebwoy/ "Kofi Kinaata Eyes Collaboration With Stonebwoy – Daily Guide Africa"]. ''dailyguideafrica.com''. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref> Ein major collaboration wey blow am for de music industry insyd be "Odo Pa" by Castro wey feature Kinaata den former Ghana Black Stars captain Asamoah Gyan. Ein track hit for de whole world wey esan chop chaw awards.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Castro-calls-Kofi-Kinaata-on-phone-434286 "Castro calls Kofi Kinaata on phone?"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219025832/http://www.ghanamotion.com/castro-odo-pa-ft-kofi-kinaata-asamoah-gyan/ "Castro – Odo Pa ft Kofi Kinaata & Asamoah Gyan"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Archived from [http://www.ghanamotion.com/castro-odo-pa-ft-kofi-kinaata-asamoah-gyan/ the original] on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref> Castro be ein god-father den inspiration as he dey grow up den he dey enter de industry insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220823154003/https://ritefmonline.org/castro-is-not-dead-kofi-kinaata-reveals/ "Castro is not dead – Kofi Kinaata reveals"]. ''Rite 90.1FM''. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>Administrator. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204855/http://ghanatrade.gov.gh/Latest-News/i-really-miss-castro-kofi-kinaata.html "I really miss Castro – Kofi Kinaata"]. ''Ghana Trade – Official SME Product Portal and Web Gallery''. Archived from [http://ghanatrade.gov.gh/Latest-News/i-really-miss-castro-kofi-kinaata.html the original] on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190831215736/http://233times.com/2016/03/video-i-coin-most-tadi-terms-how-i-met-castro-kofi-kinaata/ "VIDEO: I coin most Tadi terms + How I met Castro – Kofi Kinaata"]. ''233times.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180630184845/http://dklassgh.com/2016/06/03/i-believe-castro-is-still-alive-kofi-kinaata-reveals/ "I believe Castro is still alive – Kofi Kinaata Reveals"]. ''dklassgh.com''. Archived from [http://dklassgh.com/2016/06/03/i-believe-castro-is-still-alive-kofi-kinaata-reveals/ the original] on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref>'' ''Obase Aboli, Cameroonian musician talk say he wan collabo plus de Fante Rap God.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/i-will-like-to-collaborate-with-kinaata-because-his-music-is-unique-obase-aboli/ "I will like to collaborate with Kinaata because his music is unique – Obase-Aboli"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</ref>'' '''''Management''''' ''Samini den Tony Pun sign Kofi Kinaata for Samini Music/ High Grade Family record label for 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705004758/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2017/02/28/vgma-board-not-know-music-kofi-kinaatas-manager/ "Some Of Those on the VGMA Board Do Not Know Music – Kofi Kinaata's Manager"]. ''Ghanacelebrities.com''. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref><ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/highgrade-never-hindered-my-progress-kofi-kinaata/ "Highgrade Never Hindered My Progress – Kofi Kinaata | News Ghana"]. ''News Ghana''. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</ref><ref>Administrator. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170817204855/http://ghanatrade.gov.gh/Latest-News/i-really-miss-castro-kofi-kinaata.html "I really miss Castro – Kofi Kinaata"]. ''Ghana Trade – Official SME Product Portal and Web Gallery''. Archived from [http://ghanatrade.gov.gh/Latest-News/i-really-miss-castro-kofi-kinaata.html the original] on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref><ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/kofi-kinaata-discusses-working-with-samini/ "Kofi Kinaata Thanks Samini, This Is What He Said • XbitGh | Ghana's Hottest News Portal"]. ''www.xbitgh.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.newsghana.com.gh/kofi-kinaata-discusses-working-with-samini/ "Kofi Kinaata Discusses Working With Samini | News Ghana"]. ''News Ghana''. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114139/http://www.radiouniversonline.com/2017/07/31/my-record-label-doesnt-take-a-dime-from-kofi-kinaata-samini "My Record Label Doesn't Take A Dime From Kofi Kinaata- Samini – Radio Univers"]. ''radiouniversonline.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/We-are-proud-of-Kofi-Kinaata-Samini-441346 "We are proud of Kofi Kinaata – Samini"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref> Kofi Kinaata lef de label for 2018 after ein 5-year contract plus de management end.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/January-26th/kofi-kinaata-leaves-saminis-high-grade-family-label.php "Kofi Kinaata leaves Samini's High Grade Family label"]. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710071932/http://music.com.gh/official-kofi-kinaata-is-no-more-with-saminis-high-grade-family/ "Offficial!! Kofi Kinaata Leaves Samini's High Grade Family"]. ''music.com.gh''. Archived from [http://music.com.gh/official-kofi-kinaata-is-no-more-with-saminis-high-grade-family/ the original] on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</ref> Rydee, he be independent artiste plus 'Team Move Music' wey he dey head as manager.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Top-5-artistes-who-left-their-management-and-are-doing-better-783610 "Top 5 artistes who left their management and are doing better"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref>'' '''''Made in Taadi Concert''''' ''De annual ‘Made in Taadi Concert’ be one of de biggest concert for Western den Central Regions for Ghana. Ein concert dey attract fans of Kofi Kinaata den people for all classes for de society insyd.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sarkodie-dismantles-Made-in-Taadi-Concert-stage-with-energetic-performances-710955 "Sarkodie dismantles Made in Taadi Concert stage with energetic performances"]. ''ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref> Dem witness ein show by fellow artists such as; [[Stonebwoy]], [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]], [[Shatta Wale]], Pappy Kojo, Joey B, Kwaw Kese, Medikal, [[KiDi]], Edem, etc.<ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/9-ghanaian-musicians-who-pulled-massive-crowd-to-their-concerts/22sk9lh "9 Ghanaian musicians who pulled massive crowd to their concerts"]. ''Entertainment''. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</ref>'' ''insyd 2019, Ghana by Ghana Event Awards enlist am as one of de top 100 events in for de country insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705004757/https://www.etvghana.com/full-list-of-nominees-for-2019-ghana-event-awards/ "Full List of Nominees For 2019 Ghana Event Awards"]. ''e.TVGhana''. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref>'' == ''Endorsements'' == ''Na dem make Kofi Kinaata brand ambassador give Good Day Energy Drink for Thursday, June 24, for Lesfam Madina, Accra insyd.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/kofi-kinaata-unveiled-as-brand-ambassador-for-good-day-energy-drink/ "Kofi Kinaata unveiled as brand ambassador for Good Day Energy Drink - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</ref> Insyd May 2021, Enterprise Life unveil ein den Diana Hamilton as Brand Ambassadors.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/enterprise-life-names-diana-hamilton-and-kofi-kinaata-as-brand-ambassadors/ "Enterprise Life names Diana Hamilton and Kofi Kinaata as brand ambassadors - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/diana-hamilton-kofi-kinaata-named-2021-brand-ambassadors-for-enterprise-life-ghana/ "Diana Hamilton, Kofi Kinaata named 2021 brand ambassadors for Enterprise Life Ghana"]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</ref> He san be Goodwill ambassador give UN ein International Organization for Migration (IOM).<ref>[https://www.iom.int/news/un-migration-agency-appoints-ghanaian-rapper-goodwill-ambassador-promote-safe-migration "UN Migration Agency Appoints Ghanaian Rapper as Goodwill Ambassador to Promote Safe Migration"]. ''International Organization for Migration''. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2021.</ref>'' == ''Videography'' == {| class="wikitable" !''Year'' !''Title'' !''Director'' !''Ref'' |- |''2013'' |''Odo Pa (as featured artiste plus Castro den Asamoah Gyan)'' |''Nana Kofi Asihene'' |''<ref>Ghana Music (24 April 2014), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETtD7CcUwdA ''Castro – Odo Pa (Feat Asamoah Gyan & Kofi Kinaata)'',] retrieved 19 August 2017</ref>'' |- |''2014'' |''Oh Azaay'' |''Prince Dovlo'' |''<ref>Kofi Kinaata (31 October 2014), ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QxfFTx69_E Kofi Kinaata – Oh Azaay (Official Video)]'', retrieved 19 August 2017</ref>'' |- | rowspan="2" |''2015'' |''Susuka'' |''Xbills Ebenezer'' |''<ref>Kofi Kinaata (18 October 2015), ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXaEvauHXYM Kofi Kinaata – Susuka (Official Video)]'', retrieved 19 August 2017</ref>'' |- |''The Crusade (with Donzy)'' |[[Yaw Skyface|''Yaw Skyface'']] |''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO7s78EWY34 "Donzy & Kofi Kinaata – The Crusade (Official Video)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</ref>'' |- |''2016'' |''This Year ft Samini'' |''Prince Dovlo'' |''<ref>Kofi Kinaata (17 May 2016), ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2pYkdy6S6s Kofi Kinaata – This Year ft. Samini (Official Video)]'', retrieved 19 August 2017</ref>'' |- | rowspan="2" |''2017'' |''Confession'' | rowspan="2" |''Yaw Skyface'' |''<ref>Kofi Kinaata (16 April 2017), ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4DrHI6lhAw Kofi Kinaata – Confession (Official Video)]'', retrieved 19 August 2017</ref>'' |- |''Last Show'' |''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBJIHppqb4U "Kinaata – Last Show (Official Video)"]. ''vibehubs.com''. Retrieved 28 November 2017.</ref>'' |- | rowspan="2" |''2018'' |''Single and Free'' |''Snares'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20GsldH4g9s Kofi Kinaata – Single And Free (Official Video)]'', retrieved 11 November 2019</ref>'' |- |''No Place Like Home'' |''IOM Project'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFukHyBS1YU Kofi Kinaata – No Place Like Home (IOM Safe Migration)]'', retrieved 11 November 2019</ref>'' |- | rowspan="4" |''2019'' |''Illegal Fishing'' | rowspan="2" |''Abass'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwM9JDLss0U Kofi Kinaata – Illegal Fishing &#x5B;Closed Season&#x5D; (Official Video)]'', retrieved 11 November 2019</ref>'' |- |''Never Again ft Shatta Wale'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M4QgAUpIPs Kofi Kinaata – Never Again ft. Shatta Wale (Audio Slide)]'', retrieved 29 November 2019</ref>'' |- |''Adam & Eve'' | rowspan="3" |''Babs Direction'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAdgyjOm6N8 Kofi Kinaata – Adam & Eve (Official Video)]'', retrieved 29 November 2019</ref>'' |- |''Things Fall Apart'' |''<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTAFC8aAQ5g Kofi Kinaata - Things Fall Apart (Official Video)]'', retrieved 24 October 2023</ref>'' |- |''2020'' |''Never Again'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231005150848/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2020/01/06/kofi-kinaata-drops-oficial-video-of-never-again-ft-shatta-wale/ "Kofi Kinaata Drops Oficial Video Of 'Never Again' Ft Shatta Wale"]. ''GhanaCelebrities.Com''. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref>'' |} == ''Discography'' == === ''Singles'' === {| class="wikitable" !''Year'' !''Title'' !''Production'' !''Ref'' |- | rowspan="2" |''2014'' |''Onnyi Chorus'' |''Oilcity Vybez'' |''<ref>Adinkra, Fiifi (29 August 2014). [https://ghanandwom.net/kofi-kinaata-onnyi-chorus-prod-by-oilcity-vibes/ "Kofi Kinaata – Onnyi chorus (Prod by OilCity Vibes)"]. ''GhanaNdwom.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Oh Azaay'' |''Dr Ray'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181208063304/http://exposeghana.com/2014/04/kofi-kinaata-oh-azaay-download-mp3/ "Kofi Kinaata- Oh Azaay (Download MP3) | exposeGHANA.com"]. ''exposeGHANA.com''. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- | rowspan="3" |''2015'' |''Made in Taadi'' |''WillisBeatz'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220823213106/https://www.mp3gh.com/kofi-kinaata-made-in-taadi-prod-by-willis-beatz/ "Kofi Kinaata – Made in Taadi (Prod By Willis Beatz)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Susuka'' |''Kin Dee'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205453/http://enterghana.com/music-download-kofi-kinaata-susuka-prod-by-king-dee/ "Music Download: Kofi Kinaata – Susuka (Prod. By King Dee)"]. ''EnterGhana.com''. 7 October 2015. Archived from [http://enterghana.com/music-download-kofi-kinaata-susuka-prod-by-king-dee/ the original] on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''The Crusade (with Donzy)'' |''Seshi'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205938/http://enterghana.com/music-download-donzy-ft-kofi-kinaata-the-crusade-prod-by-seshi/ "Music Download: Donzy ft Kofi Kinaata – The Crusade (Prod. By Seshi)"]. ''EnterGhana.com''. 20 June 2015. Archived from [http://enterghana.com/music-download-donzy-ft-kofi-kinaata-the-crusade-prod-by-seshi/ the original] on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- | rowspan="3" |''2016'' |''My Level'' | rowspan="4" | * * ''Kin Dee'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221005092335/https://www.ghanasong.com/kofi-kinaata-my-level/ "Kofi Kinaata – My Level (Prod by Kin Dee)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Time No Dey'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180819200448/http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-time-no-dey-prod-by-kin-dee/ "Kofi Kinaata – Time No Dey (Prod By Kin Dee) | GhXclusives.Com"]. ''www.ghxclusives.com''. Archived from [http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-time-no-dey-prod-by-kin-dee/ the original] on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Sweetie Pie'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180806091900/http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-sweetie-pie-prod-by-kin-dee/ "Kofi Kinaata – Sweetie Pie (Prod By Kin Dee) | GhXclusives.Com"]. ''www.ghxclusives.com''. Archived from [http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-sweetie-pie-prod-by-kin-dee/ the original] on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- | rowspan="4" |''2017'' |''Confession'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240106225056/https://naijalanded.com.ng/kofi-kinaata-confession/ "Kofi Kinaata – Confession (Prod by Kin Dee)"]. ''NaijaLanded'' 26 March 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Last Show'' | rowspan="2" |''WillisBeatz'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170823184909/http://www.songs.com.gh/download-mp3-kofi-kinaata-last-show-prod-by-willisbeatz/ "Kofi Kinaata – Last Show (Prod. by Willis Beatz)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Single and Free'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180828003735/http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-single-and-free-prod-by-willisbeatz/ "Kofi Kinaata – Single and Free (Prod. by Willis Beats)"]. ''ghxclusives.com''. Archived from [http://www.ghxclusives.com/kofi-kinaata-single-and-free-prod-by-willisbeatz/ the original] on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2017.</ref>'' |- |''Play'' |''Dr Ray'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230705004803/https://www.songs.com.gh/download-mp3-kofi-kinaata-play-prod-by-drray-beatz/ "Kofi Kinaata – Play (Prod By Dr Ray)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''.</ref>'' |- | rowspan="4" |''2018'' |''Action Time'' |''JMJ'' | |- |''No Place Like Home'' |''Beatz Nation'' | |- |''Malafaka'' | rowspan="2" |''Kin Dee'' | |- |''The Whole Show'' | |- | rowspan="4" |''2019'' |''Illegal Fishing'' |''BlaqKeyz'' | |- |''Never Again'' |''Kin Dee'' | |- |''Adam and Eve'' |''Shottoh Blinqx'' | |- |''Things Fall Apart'' | rowspan="2" |''Two Bars'' | |- | rowspan="1" |''2020'' |''Behind The Scenes'' |''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220823213106/https://www.xclusivepop.com/kofi-kinaata-behind-the-scenes/ "Kofi Kinaata – Behind The Scenes (Prod. by TwoBars)"]. ''ghanamotion.com''. Retrieved 15 April 2020.</ref>'' |} == ''References'' == [[Category:Ghana celeb]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian musicians]] <references /> [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian male singers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian singers]] [[Category:Ghanaian highlife musicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian rappers]] [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Western Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Musicians wey komot Takoradi]] f2hzud3vten6m3181g2cfym7135l4mp Nairobi River Drainage Channel 0 27883 106341 106055 2026-07-06T22:16:12Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == Di drainage corridor dey linked to Nairobi River Basin, wey include Nairobi River, [[:en:Ngong|Ngong]], and [[:en:Mathare|Mathare]] river plus all dia tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Di basin dey spread across different counties, and e dey finally drain enter [[:en:Athi_River_(town)|Athi River]] system.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep "Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) | Nairobi Rivers Commission"]. ''www.nrc.go.ke''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Urban drainage role == Di Nairobi River corridor dey function as one important part of Nairobi stormwater management system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fast urban growth, people building close to riverbanks, [[:en:Pollution|pollution]], and [[:en:Waste|waste]] wey dey pile up don reduce di drainage capacity and increase flood risk inside di basin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep "Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) | Nairobi Rivers Commission"]. ''www.nrc.go.ke''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == Di Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) na multi-agency project wey di Nairobi Rivers Commission dey coordinate, wey aim to restore and manage di basin rivers plus di related infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> Di programme dey include river training works, stabilisation of river banks, improvement of drainage systems, and different hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == Di Nairobi Rivers Commission dem establish am for 2022 to coordinate di rehabilitation, protection, and restoration of Nairobi River Basin plus all di infrastructure wey dey related to am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == 8u6fdr9y98fnmt8u4qsz9wetqc54lsd 106342 106341 2026-07-06T22:21:36Z DaSupremo 9 /* Geography */ Make sum corrections 106342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == De drainage corridor be associated plus de Nairobi River Basin, wich dey include de Nairobi, Ngong den Mathare rivers den dema tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> De basin dey extend across multiple counties den dey drain into de Athi River system.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Urban drainage role == Di Nairobi River corridor dey function as one important part of Nairobi stormwater management system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fast urban growth, people building close to riverbanks, [[:en:Pollution|pollution]], and [[:en:Waste|waste]] wey dey pile up don reduce di drainage capacity and increase flood risk inside di basin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep "Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) | Nairobi Rivers Commission"]. ''www.nrc.go.ke''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-06-20</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == Di Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) na multi-agency project wey di Nairobi Rivers Commission dey coordinate, wey aim to restore and manage di basin rivers plus di related infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> Di programme dey include river training works, stabilisation of river banks, improvement of drainage systems, and different hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == Di Nairobi Rivers Commission dem establish am for 2022 to coordinate di rehabilitation, protection, and restoration of Nairobi River Basin plus all di infrastructure wey dey related to am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == g2n9aetimd7r7syzm7qt4h1eshbczj0 106343 106342 2026-07-06T22:27:47Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission|url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep|access-date=2026-06-20|website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == De drainage corridor be associated plus de Nairobi River Basin, wich dey include de Nairobi, Ngong den Mathare rivers den dema tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> De basin dey extend across multiple counties den dey drain into de Athi River system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> == Urban drainage role == De Nairobi River corridor dey function as a major component of Nairobi ein stormwater management network.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation, encroachment on riparian areas, pollution den solid waste accumulation reduce drainage capacity den increased flood risks within de basin..<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == Di Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) na multi-agency project wey di Nairobi Rivers Commission dey coordinate, wey aim to restore and manage di basin rivers plus di related infrastructure.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> Di programme dey include river training works, stabilisation of river banks, improvement of drainage systems, and different hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == Di Nairobi Rivers Commission dem establish am for 2022 to coordinate di rehabilitation, protection, and restoration of Nairobi River Basin plus all di infrastructure wey dey related to am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == 26ck2iwu96dipzhfuk9m75wt4r39fgi 106344 106343 2026-07-06T22:31:17Z DaSupremo 9 /* Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme */ Make sum corrections 106344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission|url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep|access-date=2026-06-20|website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == De drainage corridor be associated plus de Nairobi River Basin, wich dey include de Nairobi, Ngong den Mathare rivers den dema tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> De basin dey extend across multiple counties den dey drain into de Athi River system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> == Urban drainage role == De Nairobi River corridor dey function as a major component of Nairobi ein stormwater management network.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation, encroachment on riparian areas, pollution den solid waste accumulation reduce drainage capacity den increased flood risks within de basin.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == De Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) be a multi-agency initiative wey de Nairobi Rivers Commission coordinate to restore den manage de basin ein rivers den associated infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> De programme dey include river training works, bank stabilisation, drainage improvements den hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == Di Nairobi Rivers Commission dem establish am for 2022 to coordinate di rehabilitation, protection, and restoration of Nairobi River Basin plus all di infrastructure wey dey related to am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == 37s50vynycq7s6sfjhsi2a7e45qe594 106345 106344 2026-07-06T22:33:46Z DaSupremo 9 /* Governance */ Make sum corrections 106345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission|url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep|access-date=2026-06-20|website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == De drainage corridor be associated plus de Nairobi River Basin, wich dey include de Nairobi, Ngong den Mathare rivers den dema tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> De basin dey extend across multiple counties den dey drain into de Athi River system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> == Urban drainage role == De Nairobi River corridor dey function as a major component of Nairobi ein stormwater management network.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation, encroachment on riparian areas, pollution den solid waste accumulation reduce drainage capacity den increased flood risks within de basin.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == De Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) be a multi-agency initiative wey de Nairobi Rivers Commission coordinate to restore den manage de basin ein rivers den associated infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> De programme dey include river training works, bank stabilisation, drainage improvements den hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == De Nairobi Rivers Commission be established insyd 2022 to coordinate de rehabilitation, protection den restoration of de Nairobi River Basin den ein associated infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == cfm2gkjlka9gonh8wqj4zerpl3avwg8 106346 106345 2026-07-06T22:37:53Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nairobi River Drainage Channel''' be an urban drainage corridor dem associate plus de Nairobi River Basin insyd Nairobi County, [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proxi: Interactive Maps, Challenges & Guides |url=https://map.proxi.co/#discover-details?topic_id=67b2fca8e96bca22c026e2cd |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=map.proxi.co}}</ref> E dey form part of de wider drainage den flood-management infrastructure of de Nairobi metropolitan area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission|url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep|access-date=2026-06-20|website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Geography == De drainage corridor be associated plus de Nairobi River Basin, wich dey include de Nairobi, Ngong den Mathare rivers den dema tributaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=The Nairobi River: A Dying Waterway and a Failing System - The Africa Feature Network |url=https://africafeaturenetwork.com/the-nairobi-river-a-dying-waterway-and-a-failing-system |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> De basin dey extend across multiple counties den dey drain into de Athi River system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> == Urban drainage role == De Nairobi River corridor dey function as a major component of Nairobi ein stormwater management network.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. T. |date=2026-05-18 |title=Inside Nairobi’s Multi-Billion Plan to Save Its Dying River |url=https://businesstoday.co.ke/inside-nairobis-multi-billion-plan-to-save-its-dying-river/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation, encroachment on riparian areas, pollution den solid waste accumulation reduce drainage capacity den increased flood risks within de basin.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drainage and hydrology {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/drainage-and-hydrology |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme == De Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme (NaBREP) be a multi-agency initiative wey de Nairobi Rivers Commission coordinate to restore den manage de basin ein rivers den associated infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programmes (NABREP) {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/nairobi-rivers-basin-regeneration-programmes-nabrep |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nairobi Rivers Basin Regeneration Programme |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=675&q=Nairobi+Rivers+Basin+Regeneration+Programme&cvid=bdbd1c96691c43fe995155b78e97cc0d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEAAYQNIBCDM3NzRqMGo3qAIIsAIB&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref> De programme dey include river training works, bank stabilisation, drainage improvements den hydrological interventions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogoti |first=Sharon |date=2024-03-08 |title=Connecting the City and its People with Rivers in Nairobi |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/888e824fdad045a9ac35d1d978fa41a3 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=mapafrica.afdb.org |language=en}}</ref> == Governance == De Nairobi Rivers Commission be established insyd 2022 to coordinate de rehabilitation, protection den restoration of de Nairobi River Basin den ein associated infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mandate {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-mandate |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Background {{!}} Nairobi Rivers Commission |url=https://www.nrc.go.ke/our-background |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=www.nrc.go.ke}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Nairobi]] [[Category:Drainage canals]] [[Category:Stormwater management]] dpznntb328tapmf4iun2l70vq4y5r20 Todzie River 0 27884 106340 105243 2026-07-06T21:59:51Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Todzie''' be a stream wey dey locate insyd [[Ghana]] den dey form partly de Border to south west [[Togo]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258556699_Hydrobiology_of_the_Songor_and_Keta_lagoons_implications_for_wetland_management_in_Ghana Hydrobiology of the Songor and Keta lagoons: implications for wetland management in Ghana]</ref> De estimated terrain elevation above sea level be 5 metres. Variant forms of spelling give Todzie anaa insyd oda languages: Todjé, Todje, Toje, Todji, Toji, Todjie, Todschië anaa Todie. == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Rivers of Togo]] 1otwe1utrp3wtwfl1gz9qzousxfuhig Birim River 0 27885 106339 105389 2026-07-06T20:11:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Birim River''' be one of de main tributaries of de [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra River]] insyd [[Ghana]] den de country ein most important diamond-producing area, wey dey flow thru most of de width of de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern region]]. De river dey rise insyd de east of de Atewa Range, dey flow north thru de gap between dis range den de Kwahu Plateau, then dey run roughly south-west til e join de Pra. E dey give ein name to de Birimian rock formation, wich dey yield most of de gold insyd de region. Ghana be de second largest producer of gold insyd [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miningreview.com/archive/mra_2_2004/54_1.php |title=AFRICA GEOLOGICALLY UNDER EXPOSED |publisher=Mining Review Africa |year=2004 |accessdate=2009-03-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202133720/http://www.miningreview.com/archive/mra_2_2004/54_1.php |archivedate=December 2, 2008 }}</ref> == Geology == De Birim River basin dey lie insyd de Man Shield area of de West African craton, wich be overlaid by Early Proterozoic metasedimentary Birimian rocks. Dese rocks appear to originate insyd mid-oceanic arcs of volcanoes, wich form a crust wey collide plus den ride over de Man shield portion of de West African Craton wey be compressed to form a series of folds generally dey trend northeasterly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsgf.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/2/105|title=Geodynamic setting of the Birimian volcanism in central Ivory Coast (western Africa) and its place in the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Man Shield|author=André Pouclet |author2=Siaka Doumbia |author3=Max Vidal|publisher=Societe Geologique de France|date=March 2006|accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref> De Birimian rocks dey include Akwatian formations, dem name after de town of [[Akwatia]] insyd de Birim valley, wich yield more dan {{convert|100000000|carat|kg}} of diamonds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63618.htm|title=THE AKWATIA DIAMOND FIELD, GHANA, WEST AFRICA: SOURCE ROCKS|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|date=September 2003|accessdate=2009-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629192654/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63618.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> De great majority of de diamonds be found insyd Harzburgitic rocks wey seem to crystallized at unusually high temperatures den pressures deep insyd de lithosphere.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Syngenetic inclusions in diamond from the Birim field (Ghana) – a deep peridotitic profile with a history of depletion and re-enrichment|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|date=1997-05-28|author1=T. Stachel |author2=Jeffrey W. Harris |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1007/s004100050284|volume=127|issue=4|pages=336–352}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== *{{cite journal |url=http://www.ansti.org/volume/Dampare-paper.pdf |title=GEOCHEMISTRY OF LOWER PROTEROZOIC GREYWACKES FROM THE BIRM DIAMANTIFEROUS FIELD, GHANA |journal=African Journal of Science and Technology |author1=Dampare, S.B. |author2=Asiedu, D.K. |author3=Osae, S. |author4=Manu, J. |author5=Banoeng-Yakubo, B. |accessdate=2009-03-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823125607/http://www.ansti.org/volume/Dampare-paper.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-23 }} *{{cite journal|title=Syngenetic inclusions in diamond from the Birim field (Ghana) - a deep peridotitic profile with a history of depletion and re-enrichment|publisher=Springerlink|author1=Thomas Stachel |author2=Jerey W. Harris |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |doi=10.1007/s004100050284 |volume=127 |issue=4|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |pages=336–352}} *{{cite journal|url=http://www.saimm.co.za/publications/downloads/v098n07p311.pdf|title=A decade of change - mineral exploration in West Africa|author=D. Pohl|year=1998|journal=The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy|accessdate=2009-03-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002074355/http://www.saimm.co.za/publications/downloads/v098n07p311.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-02}} [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] burfst53qqxb534f2rl0zjjwewq1avk Lubigi Drainage Canal 0 27887 106331 105929 2026-07-06T19:26:23Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lubigi Drainage Canal''' be a major flood-control [[canal]] wey locate insyd northwestern Kampala, [[Uganda]]. E dey traverse de Lubigi Wetland den dey form part of Kampala ein primary stormwater drainage network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Twinomujuni |first=Isaac |date=2019-05-21 |title=Developing a De-silting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel. |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11688 |language=en|journal=Handle.net}}</ref> De canal be developed to improve stormwater conveyance den reduce recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas of de Ugandan capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=KCCA web |date=2025-02-06 |title=KCCA COMMITS TO FAST TRACKING LUBIGI DRAINAGE CHANNEL COMPLETION- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/916/kcca-commits-to-fast-tracking-lubigi-drainage-channel-completion |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> == History == Dem upgrade the Lubigi Drainage Canal under the Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP II), wey the [[:en:Kampala_Capital_City_Authority|Kampala Capital City Authority]] implement am with financial support from the [[:en:World_Bank_Group|World Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=witnessradio.org |date=2023-01-09 |title=World Bank extends the Lubigi drainage project dispute resolution process for another six months. DEFENDING LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS » Witness Radio |url=https://witnessradio.org/world-bank-extends-the-lubigi-drainage-project-dispute-resolution-process-for-another-six-months/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Review and Construction Supervision of Drainage Improvement Works in Kampala (Lot 1: Lubigi Primary Channel and Lot 2: Nakamiro Secondary Channel) {{!}} Gauff Consultants Uganda Ltd |url=https://gauff.co.ug/project/design-review-and-construction-supervision-drainage-improvement-works-kampala-lot-1-lubigi |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=gauff.co.ug}}</ref> The project include widening, desilting and rehabilitating the drainage infrastructure to make the city fit handle flooding better.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Function == The canal dey collect and carry stormwater runoff from plenty urban catchments wey dey inside Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=KCCA web |date=2021-05-31 |title=140 People Okay Construction of Lubigi Drainage Channel- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/478/140-People-Okay-Construction-of-Lubigi-Drainage-Channel |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> Dem consider am as one of the [[:en:City-state|city]] most important drainage [[:en:Hallway|corridors]] and e dey meant to reduce [[:en:Flooding|flooding]] for the time wey [[:en:Rainfall|rain]] dey fall heavy. == Environmental concerns == The expansion works wey dem dey do along the canal don cause concerns about wetland [[:en:Degradation_of_the_environment|degradation]], compensation of people wey the project affect and how to balance [[:en:Flood_control|flood control]] and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystem]] conservation for the long term. == References == [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kampala]] phdnhyylxjyoykkjhia04g866p24bqs 106332 106331 2026-07-06T19:47:07Z DaSupremo 9 /* History */ Make sum corrections 106332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lubigi Drainage Canal''' be a major flood-control [[canal]] wey locate insyd northwestern Kampala, [[Uganda]]. E dey traverse de Lubigi Wetland den dey form part of Kampala ein primary stormwater drainage network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Twinomujuni |first=Isaac |date=2019-05-21 |title=Developing a De-silting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel. |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11688 |language=en|journal=Handle.net}}</ref> De canal be developed to improve stormwater conveyance den reduce recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas of de Ugandan capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=KCCA web |date=2025-02-06 |title=KCCA COMMITS TO FAST TRACKING LUBIGI DRAINAGE CHANNEL COMPLETION- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/916/kcca-commits-to-fast-tracking-lubigi-drainage-channel-completion |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> == History == De Lubigi Drainage Canal be upgraded under de Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP II), wey de Kampala Capital City Authority implement by financial support from de World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=World Bank extends the Lubigi drainage project dispute resolution process for another six months. DEFENDING LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS » Witness Radio |url=https://witnessradio.org/world-bank-extends-the-lubigi-drainage-project-dispute-resolution-process-for-another-six-months/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Review and Construction Supervision of Drainage Improvement Works in Kampala (Lot 1: Lubigi Primary Channel and Lot 2: Nakamiro Secondary Channel) {{!}} Gauff Consultants Uganda Ltd |url=https://gauff.co.ug/project/design-review-and-construction-supervision-drainage-improvement-works-kampala-lot-1-lubigi |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=gauff.co.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubigi Drainage Channel |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68e5762082f60ead6d3ad3ab/6953f09bc33ba64f4f109f54_Uganda%20Case%20Page.pdf}}</ref> De project dey include widening, desilting den rehabilitating drainage infrastructure to improve de city ein resilience to flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project - P133590 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Function == The canal dey collect and carry stormwater runoff from plenty urban catchments wey dey inside Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=KCCA web |date=2021-05-31 |title=140 People Okay Construction of Lubigi Drainage Channel- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/478/140-People-Okay-Construction-of-Lubigi-Drainage-Channel |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> Dem consider am as one of the [[:en:City-state|city]] most important drainage [[:en:Hallway|corridors]] and e dey meant to reduce [[:en:Flooding|flooding]] for the time wey [[:en:Rainfall|rain]] dey fall heavy. == Environmental concerns == The expansion works wey dem dey do along the canal don cause concerns about wetland [[:en:Degradation_of_the_environment|degradation]], compensation of people wey the project affect and how to balance [[:en:Flood_control|flood control]] and [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystem]] conservation for the long term. == References == [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kampala]] n7qgg4nv52k0yjdzpus45b6vcgbf9st 106333 106332 2026-07-06T19:50:07Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lubigi Drainage Canal''' be a major flood-control [[canal]] wey locate insyd northwestern Kampala, [[Uganda]]. E dey traverse de Lubigi Wetland den dey form part of Kampala ein primary stormwater drainage network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Twinomujuni |first=Isaac |date=2019-05-21 |title=Developing a De-silting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel. |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11688 |language=en|journal=Handle.net}}</ref> De canal be developed to improve stormwater conveyance den reduce recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas of de Ugandan capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=KCCA COMMITS TO FAST TRACKING LUBIGI DRAINAGE CHANNEL COMPLETION- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/916/kcca-commits-to-fast-tracking-lubigi-drainage-channel-completion |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> == History == De Lubigi Drainage Canal be upgraded under de Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP II), wey de Kampala Capital City Authority implement by financial support from de World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=World Bank extends the Lubigi drainage project dispute resolution process for another six months. DEFENDING LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS » Witness Radio |url=https://witnessradio.org/world-bank-extends-the-lubigi-drainage-project-dispute-resolution-process-for-another-six-months/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Review and Construction Supervision of Drainage Improvement Works in Kampala (Lot 1: Lubigi Primary Channel and Lot 2: Nakamiro Secondary Channel) {{!}} Gauff Consultants Uganda Ltd |url=https://gauff.co.ug/project/design-review-and-construction-supervision-drainage-improvement-works-kampala-lot-1-lubigi |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=gauff.co.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubigi Drainage Channel |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68e5762082f60ead6d3ad3ab/6953f09bc33ba64f4f109f54_Uganda%20Case%20Page.pdf}}</ref> De project dey include widening, desilting den rehabilitating drainage infrastructure to improve de city ein resilience to flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project - P133590 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Function == De canal dey collect den convey stormwater runoff from several urban catchments insyd Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=140 People Okay Construction of Lubigi Drainage Channel- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/478/140-People-Okay-Construction-of-Lubigi-Drainage-Channel |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> E be considered one of de city ein most important drainage corridors wey e be intended to mitigate flooding during periods of intense rainfall.<ref name=":0" /> == Environmental concerns == The expansion works wey dem dey do along the canal don cause concerns about wetland degradation, compensation of people wey the project affect and how to balance flood control and ecosystem conservation for the long term. == References == [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kampala]] 5s3m1at3clqgdteydo7rgmqxg0zfnj5 106334 106333 2026-07-06T19:51:39Z DaSupremo 9 /* Environmental concerns */ Improve article 106334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lubigi Drainage Canal''' be a major flood-control [[canal]] wey locate insyd northwestern Kampala, [[Uganda]]. E dey traverse de Lubigi Wetland den dey form part of Kampala ein primary stormwater drainage network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Twinomujuni |first=Isaac |date=2019-05-21 |title=Developing a De-silting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel. |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11688 |language=en|journal=Handle.net}}</ref> De canal be developed to improve stormwater conveyance den reduce recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas of de Ugandan capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=KCCA COMMITS TO FAST TRACKING LUBIGI DRAINAGE CHANNEL COMPLETION- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/916/kcca-commits-to-fast-tracking-lubigi-drainage-channel-completion |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> == History == De Lubigi Drainage Canal be upgraded under de Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP II), wey de Kampala Capital City Authority implement by financial support from de World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=World Bank extends the Lubigi drainage project dispute resolution process for another six months. DEFENDING LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS » Witness Radio |url=https://witnessradio.org/world-bank-extends-the-lubigi-drainage-project-dispute-resolution-process-for-another-six-months/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Review and Construction Supervision of Drainage Improvement Works in Kampala (Lot 1: Lubigi Primary Channel and Lot 2: Nakamiro Secondary Channel) {{!}} Gauff Consultants Uganda Ltd |url=https://gauff.co.ug/project/design-review-and-construction-supervision-drainage-improvement-works-kampala-lot-1-lubigi |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=gauff.co.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubigi Drainage Channel |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68e5762082f60ead6d3ad3ab/6953f09bc33ba64f4f109f54_Uganda%20Case%20Page.pdf}}</ref> De project dey include widening, desilting den rehabilitating drainage infrastructure to improve de city ein resilience to flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project - P133590 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Function == De canal dey collect den convey stormwater runoff from several urban catchments insyd Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=140 People Okay Construction of Lubigi Drainage Channel- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/478/140-People-Okay-Construction-of-Lubigi-Drainage-Channel |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> E be considered one of de city ein most important drainage corridors wey e be intended to mitigate flooding during periods of intense rainfall.<ref name=":0" /> == Environmental concerns == Expansion works along de canal generate concerns wey dey regard wetland degradation, compensation of project-affected persons den de long-term balance between flood control den ecosystem conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyamate |first=Blessing Jean |date=2026-05-29 |title=NEMA, Stakeholders Resume Lubigi Wetland Restoration After Grace Period Ends |url=https://chimpreports.com/nema-stakeholders-resume-lubigi-wetland-restoration-after-grace-period-ends/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kampala]] j1p4xbon8kcbhe9stnpll2cwjw7dzq5 106335 106334 2026-07-06T19:53:06Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Lubigi Drainage Canal''' be a major flood-control [[canal]] wey locate insyd northwestern Kampala, [[Uganda]]. E dey traverse de Lubigi Wetland den dey form part of Kampala ein primary stormwater drainage network.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Twinomujuni |first=Isaac |date=2019-05-21 |title=Developing a De-silting plan for the Lubigi Drainage Channel. |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12281/11688 |language=en|journal=Handle.net}}</ref> De canal be developed to improve stormwater conveyance den reduce recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas of de Ugandan capital.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=KCCA COMMITS TO FAST TRACKING LUBIGI DRAINAGE CHANNEL COMPLETION- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/916/kcca-commits-to-fast-tracking-lubigi-drainage-channel-completion |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> == History == De Lubigi Drainage Canal be upgraded under de Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP II), wey de Kampala Capital City Authority implement by financial support from de World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=World Bank extends the Lubigi drainage project dispute resolution process for another six months. DEFENDING LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS » Witness Radio |url=https://witnessradio.org/world-bank-extends-the-lubigi-drainage-project-dispute-resolution-process-for-another-six-months/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design Review and Construction Supervision of Drainage Improvement Works in Kampala (Lot 1: Lubigi Primary Channel and Lot 2: Nakamiro Secondary Channel) {{!}} Gauff Consultants Uganda Ltd |url=https://gauff.co.ug/project/design-review-and-construction-supervision-drainage-improvement-works-kampala-lot-1-lubigi |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=gauff.co.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lubigi Drainage Channel |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68e5762082f60ead6d3ad3ab/6953f09bc33ba64f4f109f54_Uganda%20Case%20Page.pdf}}</ref> De project dey include widening, desilting den rehabilitating drainage infrastructure to improve de city ein resilience to flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Projects : Second Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project - P133590 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P133590 |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Function == De canal dey collect den convey stormwater runoff from several urban catchments insyd Kampala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=140 People Okay Construction of Lubigi Drainage Channel- KCCA {{!}} For a better City |url=https://www.kcca.go.ug/news/478/140-People-Okay-Construction-of-Lubigi-Drainage-Channel |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY AUTHORITY {{!}} For a better City |language=en}}</ref> E be considered one of de city ein most important drainage corridors wey e be intended to mitigate flooding during periods of intense rainfall.<ref name=":0" /> == Environmental concerns == Expansion works along de canal generate concerns wey dey regard wetland degradation, compensation of project-affected persons den de long-term balance between flood control den ecosystem conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyamate |first=Blessing Jean |date=2026-05-29 |title=NEMA, Stakeholders Resume Lubigi Wetland Restoration After Grace Period Ends |url=https://chimpreports.com/nema-stakeholders-resume-lubigi-wetland-restoration-after-grace-period-ends/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=K. Kayima |first1=John |last2=W. Mayo |first2=Aloyce |last3=Nobert |first3=Joel |date=August 2018 |title=Ecological Characteristics and Morphological Features of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda |url=http://www.hrpub.org/journals/article_info.php?aid=7146 |journal=Environment and Ecology Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.13189/eer.2018.060402 |issn=2331-625X|doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Geography of Kampala]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Kampala]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Kampala]] [[Category:Wetlands of Uganda]] [[Category:World Bank]] [[Category:Kampala Capital City Authority]] 4noeryeifagpg4xy1c47mbmicrglefx Sisili River 0 27895 106348 105421 2026-07-06T22:46:58Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sisili River''' be one of de major rivers of northwestern Ghana, along plus de Black Volta den [[Kulpawn River]]s. Historically, de Nakong area of de Sisili River, on de east side, be subject to "Zabarima slave raids wey Gazare den Babatu" lead.<ref name="AnquandahDoortmont2007">{{cite book|last1=Anquandah|first1=James|last2=Doortmont|first2=Michel|last3=Opoku-Agyemang|first3=Naana Jane|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade: Landmarks, Legacies, Expectations : Proceedings of the International Conference on Historic Slave Route Held at Accra, Ghana on 30 August-2 September 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHnaAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-73-5|page=194}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] jhpuhri4d82j5e3yere8cwgue4x7co1 Ofin River 0 27896 106349 105453 2026-07-06T22:57:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ofin River''' be an easterly-flowing waterway insyd [[Ghana]]. E dey flow thru de Tano Ofin Reserve insyd Ghana ein Atwima Mponua District.<ref name="From spectators to managers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bothends.org/encycl/cases/printcase.php?id=36&id_language=1 |title=''From spectators to managers of tropical forests, Ghana''. Retrieved May 22, 2006. |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184810/http://www.bothends.org/encycl/cases/printcase.php?id=36&id_language=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Ofin riverbed be 90 metres above mean sea level. De Ofin cut steep side channels, average depth 12–15 metres, into de rolling terrain over wich e dey flow.<ref name="From spectators to managers"/> De Ofin den de [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra]] rivers form de boundary between Ghana ein [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]] den [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central region]]. Dunkwa-on-Offin be a major town on de river.<ref name="From spectators to managers"/> Gold be mined from de river ein sediment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=J.B. |last2=Hastings |first2=D.A. |last3=Jones |first3=W.B. |last4=Williams |first4=H.R. |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=J.B. |title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa |date=1985 |publisher=George Allen & UNWIN |location=London |isbn=9780045560011 |pages=45–47 |ref=gold}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ryan |last2=Anderson |first2=Eric |title=Quartz-Pebble-Conglomerate Gold Deposits, Chapter P of Mineral Deposit Models for Resource Assessment, USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070-P |date=2018 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior, USGS |location=Reston |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/p/sir20105070p.pdf |page=9}}</ref> == Fauna == Native species wey dey there include the [[:en:Clarias|clarias]] agboyiensis, wey be harmless type of airbreathing [[:en:Catfish|catfish]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clarias agboyiensis summary page |url=http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2098 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023213403/http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2098 |archive-date=2020-10-23 |access-date=2026-06-28 |website=FishBase |language=en}}</ref>The Barekese Dam dey sit on the river course. == Tributaries == * [[:en:Gyimi_River|Gyimi River]] == See also == * [[:en:Geology_of_Ghana|Geology of Ghana]] == References == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] 4vg1mz0vtljs3vhz4dzuol6k7omr38h 106350 106349 2026-07-06T23:00:09Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ofin River''' be an easterly-flowing waterway insyd [[Ghana]]. E dey flow thru de Tano Ofin Reserve insyd Ghana ein Atwima Mponua District.<ref name="From spectators to managers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bothends.org/encycl/cases/printcase.php?id=36&id_language=1 |title=''From spectators to managers of tropical forests, Ghana''. Retrieved May 22, 2006. |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184810/http://www.bothends.org/encycl/cases/printcase.php?id=36&id_language=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Ofin riverbed be 90 metres above mean sea level. De Ofin cut steep side channels, average depth 12–15 metres, into de rolling terrain over wich e dey flow.<ref name="From spectators to managers"/> De Ofin den de [[Pra River (Ghana)|Pra]] rivers form de boundary between Ghana ein [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]] den [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central region]]. Dunkwa-on-Offin be a major town on de river.<ref name="From spectators to managers"/> Gold be mined from de river ein sediment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=J.B. |last2=Hastings |first2=D.A. |last3=Jones |first3=W.B. |last4=Williams |first4=H.R. |editor1-last=Wright |editor1-first=J.B. |title=Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa |date=1985 |publisher=George Allen & UNWIN |location=London |isbn=9780045560011 |pages=45–47 |ref=gold}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ryan |last2=Anderson |first2=Eric |title=Quartz-Pebble-Conglomerate Gold Deposits, Chapter P of Mineral Deposit Models for Resource Assessment, USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070-P |date=2018 |publisher=US Dept. of the Interior, USGS |location=Reston |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/p/sir20105070p.pdf |page=9}}</ref> == Fauna == Native species dey include de ''clarias agboyiensis'', a benign type of airbreathing catfish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2098 |title=Description of ''Clarias Agboyiensis''. Retrieved May 22, 2006. |access-date=May 22, 2006 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023213403/http://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=2098 |url-status=dead }}</ref> De [[Barekese Dam]] dey locate on ein course. == Tributaries == * [[:en:Gyimi_River|Gyimi River]] == References == [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} bpjg2gybf92c4wz5p1hahs190o322wm Cuando River 0 27897 106351 105457 2026-07-06T23:15:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Cuando''' (anaa '''Kwando''') be a river insyd south-central Africa wey dey flow thru [[Angola]] den Namibia ein Caprivi Strip den into de Linyanti Swamp on de northern border of [[Botswana]].<ref>Afrique Centre et Sud, 1996</ref> Below de swamp, de river be called de '''Linyanti River''' den, farther east, de '''Chobe River''', before e flow into de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]]. == Course == [[File:Namibia_from_Linyanti_River.jpg|left|thumb|A bit of Namibia as seen from de Linyanti River]] [[File:SUNSET_OVER_THE_CHOBE_RIVER.jpg|left|thumb|Sunset over de Chobe River insyd Botswana ein Chobe National Park]] [[File:Zambezi_River_at_junction_of_Namibia,_Zambia,_Zimbabwe_&_Botswana.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial photo of de confluence of de Kuando (Chobe) River (centre left) den de Zambezi River at Kazungula (map, 9) wey dey look west, at Africa ein "four corners", wer Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, den Botswana dey meet]] [[File:Cuando-Chobe_636X366.jpg|thumb|Map of de Cuando-Linyanti-Chobe river system insyd de region of Namibia ein Caprivi Strip wey base on a NASA satellite photo (note orientation plus north-west at top). Water dey show black. '''1''' De Cuando River; '''2''' Caprivi Strip; '''3''' Mudumu National Park den Lianshulu Lodge, de end of de Linyanti Swamp; '''4''' Linyanti Swamp den Mamli National Park, wer a ridge of Kalahari sand dey block flow to de south-east; '''5''' Okavango River den delta wich dey sink into de Kalahari sands; '''6''' Linyanti River; '''7''' Lake Liambezi (dry wen dem take de photo); '''8''' Chobe River; '''9''' Confluence of Chobe den Zambezi at Kazungula; '''10''' Na Zambezi den Caprivi Swamps dey experience an extreme flood at de time of de photo]] [[File:Lake_Liambezi_aerial_view_(2019).jpg|thumb|Lake Liambesi]] De Cuando dey rise insyd de central plateau of [[Angola]] on de slopes of Mount Tembo, thence dey flow southeast along de [[Zambia|Zambian]] border. Along dis reach e dey flow insyd a maze of channels insyd a swampy corridor 5–10&nbsp;km wide (map 1: de border plus Zambia be de eastern bank of dis floodplain, no be de river channel). As plus all rivers insyd south-central Africa, ein flow dey vary enormously between de rainy season wen e flood den fi be several kilometres wide, den de dry season wen e fi disappear into marshes. De Cuando dey continue insyd ein marshy channel across de neck of de Caprivi Strip of [[Namibia]] (map, 2) den then dey form de border between Namibia den Botswana as e dey continue southeast. Sam 10,000 years ago, de Cuando merge plus de [[Okavango River]] wey dem flow south to Lake Makgadikgadi (wich be a seasonal wetland in current times<ref>C.M. Hogan, 2008</ref>), buh de land insyd dat area be uplifted. As a consequence de Cuando now dey meet slightly higher ground (map, 4) den dey break up into chaw channels den swamps (dem call de Linyanti Swamp) dem dot plus alluvial islands, nearly dey disappear into de Kalahari sands like de Okavango (map, 5). Buh instead e be diverted east wey e be captured by de Zambezi. De flow dey turn sharply east, still dey form de border plus [[Botswana]]. Insyd de dry season der be few open channels thru de swamps den marshes. Beginning at dis point e be known as de Linyanti (map, 6), den after e dey flow thru a seasonal lake, Lake Liambesi (map, 7), e be called de Chobe (map, 8). De river then dey flow into de [[Zambezi]] just above de former [[Kazungula Ferry]] (map, 9), dem now replace by de Kazungula Bridge. In years wen de Okavango dey experience a good flood sam of de water dey escape east along de normally dry channel of de Magwekwana River (dem sanso know as Selinda Spillway) into de Linyanti Swamp, thus dey enter de Zambezi basin. De Selinda Spillway den de Boteti River be de only outlets of de Okavango basin. On de north side of de Chobe River be de Caprivi Swamps, on de edge of wich be de ruined capital of de Kololo people wey conquer Barotseland insyd de 19th century. So much of de water of de Cuando, Linyanti den Chobe be lost to evaporation insyd de various swamps wey ein contribution to de flow of de Zambezi be very small except insyd occasional years wen e flood excessively. De perennial river bifurcation of Selinda Spillway (anaa Magweggana River), for de Cuando River top, dey connect de Kalahari Basin to de Zambezi Basin.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africa/galleries/prince-harry-and-meghan-markle-honeymoon-botswana/selinda-spillway/ Is this Harry and Meghan's honeymoon hotel?]</ref> == Wildlife == De Cuando system be noted for ein wildlife den for chaw of ein length de land either side be protected as game reserves anaa wildlife management areas. Sam of dese suffer poaching during wars den conflict insyd Namibia den Angola, buh plus peace restored insyd those countries dem get de chance of returning to dema former state. De national parks thru wich de Cuando dey pass anaa on wich e dey border be: * Coutada Publica do Luiana (Angola) * Sioma Ngwezi National Park (Zambia) * Bwabwata National Park (Namibia) * Mudumu National Park (Namibia) * Nkasa Rupara National Park (Namibia) * Chobe National Park (Botswana) == References == <references /> == Sources == * "Afrique Centre et Sud", Carte Routiere et Touristique Michelin, Paris (1996) * C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Makgadikgadi'', ed. A. Burnham, Makgadikgadi Ancient Village or Settlement, The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 * Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, G. M. Bernacsek (1992) A Directory of African Wetlands, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 820 pages   == External links == {{commons}} [[Category:Cuando River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Angola]] [[Category:Rivers of Namibia]] [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] [[Category:Geography of Zambezi Region]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Zambezi River]] [[Category:Botswana–Namibia border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Angola–Zambia border]] [[Category:Border rivers]] 3qmcobl8pmd6p1e2ekghnv65kgaousg Luangwa River 0 27898 106356 105458 2026-07-07T00:03:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Luangwa River''' be one of de major tributaries of de [[Zambezi]] River, den one of de four biggest rivers of [[Zambia]]. De river generally dey flood insyd de rainy season (December to March) den then dey fall considerably insyd de dry season. E be one of de biggest unaltered rivers insyd Southern Africa den de 52,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) wey make up de surrounding valley be home to abundant wildlife. De Nsefu sector insyd South Luangwa be known for ein Leopard population den intact wilderness. == Source den upper-middle course == ''Note: distances stated be approximate straight-line distances from source''. De Luangwa dey rise insyd de Lilonda den Mafinga Hills insyd north-east Zambia at an elevation of around 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), near de border plus [[Tanzania]] den [[Malawi]], wey e dey flow insyd a southwesterly direction thru a broad valley. About 150 kilometres (93 mi) from ein source e drop to an elevation of about 690 metres (2,260 ft) wey e cam be a meandering river plus a floodplain several kilometres wide. Over de next 300 kilometres (190 mi) de meanders dey increase, plus chaw oxbow lakes den abandoned meanders. Near Mfuwe, de river ein elevation dey drop to about 520 metres (1,710 ft), de floodplain be about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide den de valley dey reach about 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide, plus a north-west escarpment (Muchinga Escarpment) about 700 metres (2,300 ft) high, den a south-western escarpment about 450 metres (1,480 ft) high. Insyd de dry season sam sections, especially insyd de upper reaches, dry out completely, wey dey leave isolated pools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilvear |first=David |last2=Winterbottom |first2=Sandra |last3=Sichingabula |first3=Henry |date=April 2000 |title=Character of channel planform change and meander development: Luangwa River, Zambia |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=421–436 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(200004)25:4<421::aid-esp65>3.0.co;2-q |issn=0197-9337}}</ref> De upper den middle parts of de valley dey contain de North Luangwa National Park den South Luangwa National Parks of [[Zambia]]. De river einself be home to large populations of hippopotamuses den crocodiles. De world ein largest concentration of hippos dey live insyd de Luangwa Valley. Insyd de dry season dem be restricted by de shrinking river den pools, wey dem be easily seen especially insyd isolated pools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa River In Zambia |url=https://www.victoriafalls-zambiatravel-safaris.com/country-info/rivers/luangwa-river |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=AfricanMecca Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Luangwa_river.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|Luangwa River, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of Luangwa Bridge]] == Lower course == At 600 kilometres (370 mi) de river abruptly dey enter a narrow valley between hills wey dey rise sam 200 metres (660 ft) from de broader valley floor, wey cam be almost a gorge. About 700 kilometres (430 mi) from ein source de Luangwa dey merge plus ein tributary, de Lukusashi, after de latter merge plus de Lunsemfwa River wey dey cam from de opposite direction, den dey turn due south thru a steep narrow valley: dis be ein exit from de Luangwa Rift Valley. After only 20 kilometres (12 mi) e dey emerge from de hills into de broad valley of de Zambezi den dey meander over sandy flats about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide insyd a floodplain 3 to 5 kilometres (1.9 to 3.1 mi) insyd width. E dey merge plus de deeper Zambezi at Luangwa town.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/luangwa/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> De lower section of de river dey form de border between Zambia den [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Luangwa-River |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Rift valley == De Luangwa Valley be a rift valley anaa graben wey dey form a south-west extension of de east African Rift, wey dey branch off ein [[Lake Rukwa]]-[[Lake Malawi]] southern section, den dey reach almost as far as Lusaka. De junction no be obvious secof e fill plus material dem spew out from an ancient, extinct volcano. Der be at least 20 hot springs, characteristic of a rift valley, insyd de valley anaa on ein escarpments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa River |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/luangwa/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Confluence_of_Zambezi_and_Luangwa_rivers_20.jpg|thumb|306x306px|De Luangwa dey merge plus Zambezi River.]] == Natural barrier == De Luangwa Rift Valley den rivers within am dey form a natural barrier, plus a very low population density. Dis, de steepness of de terrain, den de existence of de wildlife reserves result in no highways wey dey cross de valley between de Lusaka-Kabwe roads insyd de west den de Isoka-Chisenga road insyd de north, a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 mi). De lower Luangwa Valley be crossed by just one road, de Great East Road at de Luangwa Bridge, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of de Luangwa-Lunsemfwa confluence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luangwa Bridge High Resolution Stock Photography and Images - Alamy |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/luangwa-bridge.html |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=www.alamy.com}}</ref> == Read further == * Camerapix: Spectrum Guide to Zambia, Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. * Terracarta: Zambia, 2nd edition, International Travel Maps, Vancouver, Canada, 2000. * Jean-Jacques Tiercelin et al., [http://www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/abstracts/annual2002/DATA/2002/13ANNUAL/SHORT/43317.pdf "Source Rocks and Reservoirs in Rift Lake Basins over the Past 300 Ma in Central and Eastern Africa"], AAPG Annual Meeting, Houston, 2002. Accessed 18 February 2007. * A.E. Moore: '"Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana". ''South African Journal of Geology'', March 2001, v. 104; no. 1; p.&nbsp;47–68. * J.H. Dumisani: "Seismotectonics of Zimbabwe." ''African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST), Science and Engineering Series'' Vol. 1, No.4, pp.&nbsp;22–28 * [http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N3/V2N3.htm "Hot springs in the Luangwa Valley"]. ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'', Vol 2 No 3 (1954) pp.&nbsp;65–66. Accessed 26 February 2007. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.nsefu.net/ "Land of Leopards in South Luangwa, Zambia"]. ''NSEFU''. Retrieved 2026-07-06. [[Category:Rivers of Zambia]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Zambezi River]] [[Category:Geography of Central Province, Zambia]] [[Category:Geography of Eastern Province, Zambia]] 2bwarz7o74ahaxyg6pd4qlmpzppt9g0 Molopo River 0 27899 106359 105459 2026-07-07T09:25:04Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Molopo River''' (Afrikaans: ''Moloporivier'') be one of de main rivers insyd Southern Africa. E get a length of approximately 960 kilometres den a catchment area of 367,201&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> wey [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]] den [[South Africa]] dey share roughly about a third of de basin each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-basin Level for Possible Future Integration |url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173828/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> == Course == [[File:Molopo_Basin_OSM.png|left|thumb|Molopo Basin]] Ein source be insyd de Molopo Oog (Eye of Molopo insyd Afrikaans), den de river generally dey flow first to de west, den then to de southwest from ein source. Insyd ein middle course de Molopo River dey form a significant section of de border between Botswana den South Africa. River flow be intermittent den wen e dey flow, ein water flows very slowly dey owe to a gradient of only 0.76 m/km. Floods be rare secof de vast sandveld areas of de Kalahari Desert on de Namibian side of ein basin absorb all water from de seasonal rains. In case of exceptionally heavy den continuous precipitation de flow dey discharge into de [[Orange River]], wich e dey meet downstream of Augrabies Falls National Park at 28°31′02″S 20°12′46″E / 28.51722°S 20.21278°E / -28.51722; 20.21278. E be believed say dis last occur more dan 100 years ago. == Tributary == De main tributary of de Molopo be de Nossob, wey ein confluence be sam 50&nbsp;km south of Twee Rivieren, at 890 metres anaa 2,920 feet above sea level. Oda tributaries be:<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm Molopo Tributaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102155212/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm|date=2013-11-02}}</ref> * Kuruman River * Phepane River * Ramatlabama River * Madebe River * Modimola River * Setlagoli River == Dams == De upper Molopo be part of de Crocodile (West) den Marico Water Management Area den de lower be included insyd de Lower Vaal Water Management Area. Major dams insyd de river be de Setumo Dam den de Disaneng Dam, both dey locate near de city of Mafikeng, South Africa, wich dey lie on de banks of de river. == References == <references /> == External links == qh02jogh2k5h35ytdimekmlddobu0wb 106360 106359 2026-07-07T09:26:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Molopo River''' (Afrikaans: ''Moloporivier'') be one of de main rivers insyd Southern Africa. E get a length of approximately 960 kilometres den a catchment area of 367,201&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> wey [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]] den [[South Africa]] dey share roughly about a third of de basin each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-basin Level for Possible Future Integration |url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173828/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> == Course == [[File:Molopo_Basin_OSM.png|left|thumb|Molopo Basin]] Ein source be insyd de Molopo Oog (Eye of Molopo insyd Afrikaans), den de river generally dey flow first to de west, den then to de southwest from ein source. Insyd ein middle course de Molopo River dey form a significant section of de border between Botswana den South Africa. River flow be intermittent den wen e dey flow, ein water flows very slowly dey owe to a gradient of only 0.76 m/km. Floods be rare secof de vast sandveld areas of de Kalahari Desert on de Namibian side of ein basin absorb all water from de seasonal rains. In case of exceptionally heavy den continuous precipitation de flow dey discharge into de [[Orange River]], wich e dey meet downstream of Augrabies Falls National Park at 28°31′02″S 20°12′46″E / 28.51722°S 20.21278°E / -28.51722; 20.21278. E be believed say dis last occur more dan 100 years ago. == Tributary == De main tributary of de Molopo be de Nossob, wey ein confluence be sam 50&nbsp;km south of Twee Rivieren, at 890 metres anaa 2,920 feet above sea level. Oda tributaries be:<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm Molopo Tributaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102155212/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm|date=2013-11-02}}</ref> * Kuruman River * Phepane River * Ramatlabama River * Madebe River * Modimola River * Setlagoli River == Dams == De upper Molopo be part of de Crocodile (West) den Marico Water Management Area den de lower be included insyd de Lower Vaal Water Management Area. Major dams insyd de river be de Setumo Dam den de Disaneng Dam, both dey locate near de city of Mafikeng, South Africa, wich dey lie on de banks of de river. == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} *[http://www.panrusa.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/WP8.pdf 'Where is the life in farming': Agricultural livelihoods in Molopo and Barolongs compared] [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] [[Category:Botswana–South Africa border]] [[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]] [[Category:Rivers of North West (South African province)]] ckfhader9fj1k56vxljvqmo55sykdpy Sebou River 0 27901 106361 105524 2026-07-07T09:35:02Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sebou''' (Berber: '''Asif en Sbu''', Arabic''': سبو''') be a river insyd northern Morocco. At ein source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains e be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long weye get an average water flow of 137 m<sup>3</sup>/s, wich dey make am de largest North African river by volume. E dey pass near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den e dey discharge to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich get de only river port insyd Morocco. Ein most important tributaries be de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river dey support [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco ein most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou be known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder dey state say an e be "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), wey dey flow near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> Der be scant historical reference to de Sebou be used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, ein river mouth be an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid build a bridge over de river near Fes wich be preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou be renowned for ein Twait shad wich be highly prized by de people of Fex, buh secof pollution de shad cam be extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigate de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably wey dey include pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] mgbu0uvua2brev146snhutzyug59c59 106362 106361 2026-07-07T09:36:02Z DaSupremo 9 /* External links */ Improve article 106362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Sebou''' (Berber: '''Asif en Sbu''', Arabic''': سبو''') be a river insyd northern Morocco. At ein source insyd de Middle Atlas mountains e be known as de '''Guigou River''' (Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> De river be 496 kilometers long weye get an average water flow of 137 m<sup>3</sup>/s, wich dey make am de largest North African river by volume. E dey pass near Fes, de second largest city insyd Morocco, den e dey discharge to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at Mehdya. Sebou be navigable for only 16km as far as de city of Kenitra, wich get de only river port insyd Morocco. Ein most important tributaries be de Ouergha River, Baht River den Inaouen River. De river dey support [[irrigation]] insyd Morocco ein most fertile region: de Gharb. ==History== Sebou be known insyd antiquity as Sububus. Pliny de Elder dey state say an e be "magnificus et navigabilis" (grand den navigable), wey dey flow near de towns of Banasa (near de city of Mechra Bel Ksiri) den Thamusida.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en}}</ref> Der be scant historical reference to de Sebou be used for navigation after de Islamic conquest; nevertheless, ein river mouth be an important harbor den shipyard insyd de Almohad period. Insyd 1669–1670, de Alaouite sultan Moulay Rashid build a bridge over de river near Fes wich be preserved today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} During de precolonial period, de Sebou be renowned for ein Twait shad wich be highly prized by de people of Fex, buh secof pollution de shad cam be extinct on de Sebou. Insyd de first years of de French protectorate an expedition successfully navigate de Sebou from Sidi Ali Ben Sliman to de city of Fez on a small steam boat Le Dantec. ==Environmental issues== A number of water pollutants enter de Sebou River, notably wey dey include pesticides den fertilisers from agricultural runoff den untreated sewage from towns along de river.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Morocco]] hbm27mqb7r69ubin89dlprwng42yiw9 Water treatment 0 27902 106363 105833 2026-07-07T10:00:43Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C.]] '''Water treatment''' be any process wey dey improve de quality of water make e fit for a particular use. Dat use fit be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, keeping river flow, water recreation, anaa plenty other purposes, wey dey include returning de water safely back into de environment. Water treatment dey remove contaminants den oda unwanted substances, anaa reduce de amount insyd de water, so de water go fit for de purpose wey dem want use am for. Dis treatment be very important for human health wey e help people use water safely for drinking den irrigation. Insyd recent decades, scientists develop more advanced water treatment methods secof growing concerns about new pollutants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, den per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Dese methods dey include advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, den adsorption techniques wey dey use special materials like engineered nanomaterials den activated carbon. Besides dat, people dey pay more attention to energy efficiency, resource recovery, den sustainability for water treatment systems, especially for places wey water scarce den environmental challenges dey increase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishmitha |first=P. S. |last2=Akhilghosh |first2=Kochuparambil Ajayaghosh |last3=Aiswriya |first3=Vijayalekshmi Padmachandran |last4=Ramesh |first4=Athira |last5=Muthuchamy |first5=Muthukumar |last6=Muthukumar |first6=Anbazhagi |date=2025-05-01 |title=Understanding emerging contaminants in water and wastewater: A comprehensive review on detection, impacts, and solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772416625001664 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances |volume=18 |article-number=100755 |doi=10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100755 |issn=2772-4166|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Types == === Drinking water treatment === Water contamination mostly happen secof industries den commercial businesses discharge untreated wastewater. Wastewater from different companies, wey get different kinds den amounts of contaminants, often enter rivers den oda water sources. De wastewater fit contain plenty organic den inorganic contaminants from de beginning. Industries produce wastewater thru manufacturing processes, paper den pulp production, textile production, chemical industries, den systems like cooling towers, boilers, den production lines.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=N. B. |last2=Nagpal |first2=Garima |last3=Agrawal |first3=Sonal |last4=Rachna |date=2018-08-01 |title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663 |journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation |language=en |volume=11 |pages=187–240 |doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006 |bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |issn=2352-1864 |s2cid=103693107|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Typical drinking water treatment processes]] Treatment for drinking water production dey involve removing contaminants den making harmful microorganisms inactive from raw water so de final water go pure enough for human consumption widout causing any short-term anaa long-term health problems. De biggest microbial risks usually come from drinking water contaminated plus human anaa animal (wey dey include bird) feces. Feces fit carry harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, den helminths. Removing anaa destroying dese disease-causing microorganisms be very important. Dis usually involve using chemical agents together plus treatment methods to remove suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, den minerals like iron den manganese. Research, wey dey include de work of Professor Linda Lawton den ein team at Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, dey help improve de detection of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Lawton – 11th International Conference on Toxic Cyanobacteria|url=http://ictc11.org/speakers/linda-lawton/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Dese harmful substances still dey affect chaw developing countries wey no get effective water purification systems. Making sure water quality dey good no depend only on treatment. E sanso include how de treated water be transported den distributed. Secof dis, e be common practice to leave a small amount of disinfectant inside treated water to kill bacteria during distribution den keep water pipes clean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwi.gov.uk/consumers/learn-more-about-your-water/chlorine/|title=Chlorine|publisher=Drinking water inspectorate|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Water wey people receive for house thru tap water anaa oda domestic uses fit receive extra treatment before use. Dese additional treatments fit include water softening anaa ion exchange. [[File:Imeytysallas Virttaankankaan tekopohjavesilaitos.JPG|thumb|At Turun Seudun Vesi Oy ein artificial groundwater plant, de pretreated raw water from de Kokemäki River dey soak thru de basins enter de Virttaankangas ridge formation.]] == Processes == [[File:Prázdná aerační místnost, ÚV Káraný.jpg|thumb|upright|Empty aeration tank for iron precipitation]] To remove hazardous chemicals from water, people dey use different treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jothirani|first1=R.|last2=Kumar|first2=P. Senthil|last3=Saravanan|first3=A.|last4=Narayan|first4=Abishek S.|last5=Dutta|first5=Abhishek|date=2016-07-25|title=Ultrasonic modified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X1630137X|journal=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=39|pages=162–175|doi=10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.024|issn=1226-086X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> De processes wey dey remove contaminants include physical methods like settling den filtration, chemical methods like disinfection den coagulation, den biological methods like slow sand filtration. Water treatment plants around de world choose one anaa more of dese processes wey dey depend on de season den de type of contaminants den chemicals insyd de raw water. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks plus sand filters to remove precipitated iron (no dey work at de time)]] Different chemical treatment methods dey help convert harmful substances into safer forms anaa remove pollutants completely before safe disposal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Saravanan |first1=A. |last2=Senthil Kumar |first2=P. |last3=Jeevanantham |first3=S. |last4=Karishma |first4=S. |last5=Tajsabreen |first5=B. |last6=Yaashikaa |first6=P. R. |last7=Reshma |first7=B. |date=2021-10-01 |title=Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653521010663 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=280 |article-number=130595 |bibcode=2021Chmsp.28030595S |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595 |issn=0045-6535 |pmid=33940449|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Pre-chlorination to control algae growth den stop biological growth. * Aeration together plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron wen small amounts of manganese dey present. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, den oda disease-causing microorganisms by using chlorine, ozone, anaa ultraviolet light. === Chemical === [[File:Pískové rychlofiltry odželezovny v Káraném v klidu.jpg|thumb|Tanks wey get sand filters to remove iron wey don settle (dem no dey work for dat time)]] Different chemical methods dey help convert substances into final products anaa remove pollutants so dem fit safely remove contaminants.<ref name=":4"/> * Pre-chlorination to control algae den stop biological growth. * Aeration plus pre-chlorination to remove dissolved iron, especially if small amount of manganese dey inside. * Disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses den oda pathogens by using chlorine, ozone den ultraviolet light. === Physical === Physical water den wastewater treatment methods dey depend on physical processes instead of biological anaa chemical changes to remove contaminants.<ref name=":4" /> De most common physical methods be: * [[Sedimentation]] be one of de main wastewater treatment processes. [[Gravity separation|Gravity settling]] separate particles from liquid. As water speed reduce during treatment, suspended particles begin settle down secof gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gottfried|first1=A.|last2=Shepard|first2=A. D.|last3=Hardiman|first3=K.|last4=Walsh|first4=M. E.|date=2008-11-01|title=Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation–sedimentation processes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135408003291|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=42|issue=18|pages=4683–4691|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.011|pmid=18789473 |bibcode=2008WatRe..42.4683G |issn=0043-1354|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Sneha|date=2020-04-15|title=Effect of shape and size of filler particle on the aggregation and sedimentation behavior of the polymer composite|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591020301613|journal=Powder Technology|language=en|volume=366|pages=43–51|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.054|s2cid=213499533 |issn=0032-5910|url-access=subscription}}</ref> E dey mainly remove [[suspended solids]] wey trap insyd floc. * [[Filtration]] dey remove pollutants based on particle size. Removing pollutants from wastewater make am possible to reuse de water for different purposes. De type of filter wey dem go use depend on de contaminants insyd de water. Particle filtration den [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] be de two main filtration methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Arslan|last2=Rutten|first2=Sam|last3=de Waal|first3=Luuk|last4=Vollaard|first4=Peter|last5=van Genuchten|first5=Case|last6=Bruning|first6=Harry|last7=Cornelissen|first7=Emile|last8=van der Wal|first8=Albert|date=2020-06-15|title=Mechanisms of arsenate removal and membrane fouling in ferric based coprecipitation–low pressure membrane filtration systems|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=241|article-number=116644|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116644|s2cid=214445348 |issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free|hdl=1854/LU-8699161|hdl-access=free}}</ref> * [[Dissolved air flotation]] ([[Degasification]]) be process wey dey remove dissolved gases from [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]. According to [[Henry's law]], de amount of gas wey dissolve insyd liquid depend on de gas pressure. Degasification be low-cost way to remove [[carbon dioxide]] gas from wastewater, wey dey increase de water [[pH]] by removing de gas.<ref name=":4" /> * [[Deaerator]] dey reduce oxygen den nitrogen for boiler feed water applications. === Physico-chemical === Dem sanso dey call am "Conventional" Treatment. * Coagulation for [[flocculation]]. Adding coagulants dey destabilize colloidal suspensions by neutralizing dema charges, wey make de smaller particles join together during coagulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nyström|first1=Fredrik|last2=Nordqvist|first2=Kerstin|last3=Herrmann|first3=Inga|last4=Hedström|first4=Annelie|last5=Viklander|first5=Maria|date=2020-09-01|title=Removal of metals and hydrocarbons from stormwater using coagulation and flocculation|journal=Water Research|language=en|volume=182|article-number=115919|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2020.115919|pmid=32622122 |s2cid=219414366 |issn=0043-1354|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020WatRe.18215919N }}</ref> * Coagulant aids, wey dem sanso dey call [[polyelectrolyte]]s, dey improve coagulation den help create stronger flocs. * Polyelectrolytes anaa polymers normally get either positive anaa negative charge. De type wey dem go choose depend on de characteristics of de source water. * Most times dem dey use dese togeda plus primary coagulants like ferric chloride, ferric sulfate anaa alum. [[Precipitation (chemistry)|Chemical precipitation]] be common process wey dey reduce [[heavy metals]] concentration for wastewater. Dissolved metal ions dey change into insoluble form thru chemical reaction plus precipitating agents like lime. For industrial work, dem fit use stronger alkalis to make de precipitation complete. For drinking water treatment, de [[common-ion effect]] dey help reduce water hardness.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Chemical Precipitation|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=141–197|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Vaccari|first2=David A.|last3=Li|first3=Yan|last4=Shammas|first4=Nazih K.|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref> Flotation dey use bubbles attach to solids anaa dispersed liquids so dem fit separate dem from liquid phase.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wang|first1=Lawrence K.|chapter=Dissolved Air Flotation|date=2005|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=431–500|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=Lawrence K.|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|language=en|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:431|isbn=978-1-58829-165-3|access-date=2021-11-12|last2=Fahey|first2=Edward M.|last3=Wu|first3=Zucheng|editor2-last=Hung|editor2-first=Yung-Tse|editor3-last=Shammas|editor3-first=Nazih K.|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Membrane filtration ==== Membrane filtration fit remove suspended solids, organic substances, plus inorganic pollutants like heavy metals. To remove heavy metals, dem fit use different types of [[Membrane filter|membrane filtration]] like [[ultrafiltration]], [[nanofiltration]], den [[reverse osmosis]], wey dey depend on de particle size wey de membrane fit hold back.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chadha |first1=Utkarsh |last2=Selvaraj |first2=Senthil Kumaran |last3=Vishak Thanu |first3=S. |last4=Cholapadath |first4=Vishnu |last5=Abraham |first5=Ashesh Mathew |last6=Zaiyan |first6=Mohammed |last7=Manikandan |first7=M |last8=Paramasivam |first8=Velmurugan |title=A review of the function of using carbon nanomaterials in membrane filtration for contaminant removal from wastewater |journal=Materials Research Express |date=6 January 2022 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=012003 |doi=10.1088/2053-1591/ac48b8|bibcode=2022MRE.....9a2003C |s2cid=245810763 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kurniawan|first1=Tonni Agustiono|last2=Chan|first2=Gilbert Y. S.|last3=Lo|first3=Wai-Hung|last4=Babel|first4=Sandhya|date=2006-05-01|title=Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894706000362|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2006.01.015|bibcode=2006ChEnJ.118...83K |issn=1385-8947|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Antiscalant]]s fit help maintain membrane filtration system.<ref name="f467">{{cite journal | last1=Armbruster | first1=Dominic | last2=Müller | first2=Uwe | last3=Happel | first3=Oliver | title=Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | journal=Journal of Chromatography A | volume=1601 | date=2019 | doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.014 | pages=189–204| pmid=31130225 }}</ref> Some very small molecules fit still [[Permeation|permeate]] pass thru sam [[membrane]]s.<ref name="f467"/> ==== Ion exchange ==== Ion exchange be reversible process wey one insoluble substance ([[resin]]) take ions from electrolytic solution den release oda ions wey get de same charge in almost equal amount, widout changing de structure of de resin.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Vigneswaran|first1=Saravanamuthu|chapter=Physicochemical Treatment Processes for Water Reuse|date=2005|title=Physicochemical Treatment Processes|pages=635–676|place=Totowa, NJ|publisher=Humana Press|last2=Ngo|first2=Huu Hao|last3=Chaudhary|first3=Durgananda Singh|last4=Hung|first4=Yung-Tse|doi=10.1385/1-59259-820-x:635 |isbn=978-1-58829-165-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rengaraj|first1=S|last2=Yeon|first2=Kyeong-Ho|last3=Moon|first3=Seung-Hyeon|date=October 2001|title=Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=87|issue=1–3|pages=273–287|doi=10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00291-6|pmid=11566415|bibcode=2001JHzM...87..273R|issn=0304-3894}}</ref> ==== Electrochemical treatment techniques ==== * Electrodialysis (ED) * Membrane electrolysis (ME) * Electrochemical precipitation (EP)<ref name=":12" /> ==== Adsorption ==== Adsorption be mass transfer process wey one substance move from liquid phase go de surface of solid anaa liquid adsorbent, then e attach der physically anaa chemically as adsorbate. Dem dey divide adsorption into two types based on de attraction between de adsorbent den adsorbate: physical adsorption (physisorption) den chemical adsorption (chemisorption).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=N. B.|last2=Nagpal|first2=Garima|last3=Agrawal|first3=Sonal|last4=Rachna|date=2018-08-01|title=Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417302663|journal=Environmental Technology & Innovation|language=en|volume=11|pages=187–240|doi=10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006|bibcode=2018EnvTI..11..187S |s2cid=103693107 |issn=2352-1864|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BABEL|first1=Sandhya|last2=KURNIAWAN|first2=Tonni Agustiono|date=2003|title=A Research Study on Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite|journal=Journal of Ion Exchange|volume=14|issue=Supplement|pages=289–292|doi=10.5182/jaie.14.supplement_289|bibcode=2003JIEx...14S.289B |issn=1884-3360|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===== Activated carbon ===== [[Activated carbon]]s (ACs) anaa biological-activated carbon (BAC)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00029-X|title=The BAC-process for treatment of waste water Containing non-ionogenic synthetic surfactants |year=2001 |last1=Sirotkin |first1=A. |last2=Koshkina |first2=L. Yu. |last3=Ippolitov |first3=K. G. |journal=Water Research |volume=35 |issue=13 |pages=3265–3271 |pmid=11487125 |bibcode=2001WatRe..35.3265S }}</ref> be very effective adsorbents for many different contaminants. One of de industrial uses be removing colour, smell, taste den oda harmful organic den inorganic substances from drinking water den wastewater thru adsorption.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164">{{Cite journal|last1=Mezohegyi|first1=Gergo|last2=van der Zee|first2=Frank P.|last3=Font|first3=Josep|last4=Fortuny|first4=Agustí|last5=Fabregat|first5=Azael|date=2012-07-15|title=Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: A short review on the versatile role of activated carbon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000904|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|language=en|volume=102|pages=148–164|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.021|pmid=22459012 |bibcode=2012JEnvM.102..148M |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription}}</ref> If activated carbon get high surface area plus plenty pores, e dey work better. Plenty studies use activated carbon remove heavy metals den oda contaminants from wastewater. Buh commercial activated carbon (AC) don cam be expensive secof e no dey enough. Secof de high surface area, porosity den flexibility, activated carbon still get plenty potential for wastewater treatment.<ref name="Mezohegyi 148–164"/> === Biological === Dis method be wer dem dey remove dissolved den suspended organic chemical substances thru [[biodegradation]], wer dem add correct amount of [[microorganism]] so dem fit continue de same natural self-purification process wey dey happen for nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=GracePavithra|first1=Kirubanandam|last2=Jaikumar|first2=V.|last3=Kumar|first3=P. Senthil|last4=SundarRajan|first4=PanneerSelvam|date=2019-08-10|title=A review on cleaner strategies for chromium industrial wastewater: Present research and future perspective|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619311965|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=228|pages=580–593|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.117|bibcode=2019JCPro.228..580G |s2cid=159345994 |issn=0959-6526|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Microorganisms fit break down organic matter for wastewater thru two main biological processes: biological oxidation den biosynthesis. For biological oxidation, microorganisms dey convert organic materials insyd wastewater into end products like [[mineral]]s, carbon dioxide, den ammonia. Dese products remain insyd de wastewater den later dey discharge plus de effluent. For biosynthesis, microorganisms dey use organic materials insyd wastewater to create new microbial cells. Dis new biomass go cam be dense wey later dem remove am thru [[sedimentation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Nick|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315276106/water-technology-nick-gray|title=Water Technology|date=2017-01-31|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-315-27610-6|edition=3|location=London|doi=10.1201/9781315276106}}</ref> == Standards == [[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Countries wer tap water dey safe to drink (blue)]] Many developed countries get dema own standards wey dem dey apply locally. For Europe, dis include de [[Drinking water directive|European Drinking Water Directive]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislation: The Directive overview |url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/legislation_en.html |date=2019-12-31 |publisher=European Commission |location=Brussels |website=Environment}}</ref>, while for United States, de [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) set standards under de [[Safe Drinking Water Act]]. For countries wey no get strong legal framework, de [[World Health Organization]] provide guidelines wey dem fit follow.<ref>Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition; World Health Organization; 2011</ref> China sanso get dema own drinking water standard GB3838-2002 (Type II) under de Ministry of Environmental Protection insyd 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm|title=Environmental quality standards for surface water|access-date=2019-11-19|archive-date=2018-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803083322/http://kjs.mep.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.htm}}</ref> Even where standards dey exist, most of them be guidelines or targets instead of strict laws, wey only few get real enforcement power.<ref>{{cite book | title = What is the purpose of drinking water quality guidelines/regulations? | url = http://www.safewater.org/resources/fact-sheets.html | publisher = Safe Drinking Water Foundation | location = Canada }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006230543/http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf Pdf.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006230543/http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/PurposeofDrinkingWaterQualityGuidelinesRegulations.pdf |date=2011-10-06 }}</ref> Only exceptions be de European Drinking Water Directive den de Safe Drinking Water Act for United States, wey require legal compliance. == Developing countries == Appropriate technology for water treatment for developing countries include both community-scale systems den household-level point-of-use (POU) anaa self-supply systems.<ref name="cawstHWT">{{cite web |date=March 2008 |title=Household Water Treatment Guide |url=http://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809090835/https://www.cawst.org/en/resources/pubs |archive-date=2018-08-09 |access-date=2011-03-09 |publisher=[[Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology]], Canada}}</ref> Some of dese systems dey use solar water disinfection (SODIS), wer sunlight, especially UV-A rays, dey kill harmful microorganisms for water directly anaa indirectly plus photocatalysts like titanium dioxide (TiO₂).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sand as a low-cost support for titanium dioxide photocatalysts |url=http://www.materialsviews.com/sand-as-a-low-cost-support-for-titanium-dioxide-photocatalysts/ |work=Materials Views |publisher=Wiley VCH }}</ref> Even though SODIS technology improve, military surplus water treatment units like ERDLator still be used for some developing areas. New portable Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) sanso cam be more available for civilian use.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lindsten, Don C. |title=Technology transfer: Water purification, U.S. Army to the civilian community |journal=The Journal of Technology Transfer |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=September 1984 |pages=57–59 |doi=10.1007/BF02189057 |s2cid=154344107 }}</ref> For waterborne disease control to last long, treatment programs wey research groups start for developing countries for be sustainable by local people, so dat wen external teams leave, de system go still continue working well. == Energy Consumption == Water treatment plants fit consume plenty energy. For example, for California, more dan 4% of electricity consumption dey go into moving den treating water over long distances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/spearrin1/|title=Energy Costs of Water in California|website=large.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-05-07}}</ref> For areas where clean water dey flow by gravity, energy cost dey low. But pumping water dey consume most of de energy insyd many systems. Some low-energy water treatment methods include trickling filters, slow sand filters, den gravity aqueduct systems. == Materials == Stainless steels like Type 304L den 316L widely be use for building water treatment plants secof dem resist corrosion from water den chlorine used for disinfection.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuthill |title=Stainless Steels for Potable Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/stainless-steel-for-potable-water-treatment-plants-10087/ |website=Nickel Institute |publisher=|first=A.H.|last2=Powell|first2=C.A.|last3=Lamb|first3=S|last4=Avery|first4=R.E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=A.H. Tuthill and S. Lamb |title=Guidelines for the use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants |url=https://nickelinstitute.org/en/library/technical-guides/guidelines-for-the-use-of-stainless-steel-in-municipal-waste-water-treatment-plants-10076/ |website=Nickel Institute}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.iwahq.org International Water Association] Professional / research organization * [https://www.nsf.org NSF International] – Independent non-profit standards organization * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621162202/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/index.html WHO.int], WHO Guidelines * [http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater/ Safe and Sustainable Water for Haiti web site hosted by Grand Valley State University] * [https://waterpurifierinsights.in/guides/compare-scmt-ro-uv-mf-and-uf-water-purifiers/ Different types of water purification systems compared] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Water treatment| ]] b5a9j1oeyr6xun3lwqjb3vs4z7sflyx UNICEF Tap Project 0 27913 106358 106165 2026-07-07T01:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 106358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling|date = August 2023}} {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=February 2014}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|UNICEF Tap Project wey dem create for 2007]] The '''UNICEF Tap Project''' be one nationwide{{Which|date=February 2014}} campaign wey help provide safe and clean drinking water give pikin dem for poor countries. The campaign dey end during World Water Week as part of the celebration of the United Nations ein World Water Day. This campaign involve restaurants, customers wey dey chop for restaurants, students, volunteers, plus support from companies, communities, celebrities and governments. During World Water Week, restaurants across the United States dey encourage customers make dem donate US$1 or more for the tap water wey normally dem dey drink free. At the same time, UNICEF Tap Project volunteers dey organise local fundraising events and activities to support the campaign. Today, almost 990 million people around the world no get access to safe and clean drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Every day too, around 4,100 children dey die because of diseases wey relate to unsafe water. The UNICEF Tap Project dey support UNICEF ein work towards the Millennium Development Goals – Goal 7 – wey aim to reduce by half, before 2015, the number of people wey no get sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF USA officially end the project for March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== UNICEF Tap Project start for 2007 by one New York City advertising/communications agency wey dem dey call Droga5, and dem launch am on World Water Day. Di idea be say make restaurant customers donate $1 or more for di tap water wey dem normally dey drink free. Di money go help provide clean drinking water for pikin wey dey poor communities. With just $1, UNICEF fit give one pikin access to clean, safe water for about 15 days. For di first year, di campaign happen only on World Water Day, but later e turn into one campaign wey dey happen throughout World Water Week. Di first Tap Project for New York City get support from thousands of customers across more than 300 restaurants, and e help raise around $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project raise almost $2.5 million to support water and sanitation programmes for children. ==Destination of funds== Money wey UNICEF Tap Project raise through di campaign dey support different UNICEF programmes for water, hygiene and sanitation. Di money don help children get access to clean water for countries like Belize, Guatemala, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraq, Togo and Vietnam. Some of di projects include drilling wells, installing water pumps, building toilets for poor communities, and teaching school children plus dia families important hygiene practices. Di Tap Project also support rainwater harvesting and affordable water filters.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Country that has received aid!! year |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Central African Republic || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraq || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==National sponsors== Since 2007, UNICEF Tap Project don get plenty sponsors wey support di campaign. For 2010, Giorgio Armani start one campaign wey dem call "Acqua for Life". Di campaign use im men's perfume "Acqua di Giò" take raise awareness and money for Tap Project. For 2011, Armani add di women's perfume "Acqua di Gioia" join di campaign. Giorgio Armani donate $1 for every bottle of these two perfumes wey people buy during March. Di offer cover bottles wey people buy for all 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System take part for Tap Project campaign for four straight years. Di company support UNICEF Tap Project Volunteer Program by providing money to recruit and train volunteers, supply resources and give free adverts to help spread awareness about di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 be advertising agency wey start for 2006, and dem partner with UNICEF for 2007 to support di Tap Project campaign. Droga5 dey create promotional materials wey advertise di project across different media before and during World Water Week to help create awareness about di global water crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay join UNICEF for 2009 to help provide clean and safe water for children through di Tap Project. Di company create one programme wey dem call GivingWorks, where buyers and sellers fit donate part of dia profit from sales on eBay. People fit also donate money when dem dey check out products or listings wey support di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> UNICEF Tap Project also get promotional support from MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb and Yelp, Inc. These companies provide free advertising and media exposure to help promote di campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Celebrity Tap Set]] To raise more money for di Tap Project, UNICEF launch Celebrity Tap for 2011. Di campaign package water from celebrities' home taps inside special bottles. Anybody wey donate $5 through di Tap Project website enter draw for chance to win one full case of luxury celebrity tap water.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Di money wey Celebrity Tap raise help provide clean and safe water for children around di world. Some of di celebrities wey join di project be Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna and Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from providing water from dia own homes, these celebrities also volunteer dia time for commercials and advertising campaigns to promote UNICEF Tap Project. ===UNICEF Tap Project 2014=== For 2014, UNICEF launch one new campaign wey challenge people make dem stay without something wey no be as important as clean water—dia mobile phone. If users visit di Tap Project website with dia smartphone, dem go challenge dem make dem no touch dia phone for as long as dem fit. Every 15 minutes wey person no touch im phone, UNICEF sponsors go donate money wey fit provide one day of clean water for children wey need am. Di campaign attract more than 2.6 million users. On average, each person spend more than one hour for di website. Altogether, di campaign raise $1.6 million after users spend more than 250 million minutes without touching dia phones. ==Achievements== ===Awards=== Since di Tap Project start for 2007, plenty organisations don recognise am and give am different awards. For June 2007, di Tap Project win di Titanium Lion award for Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival for France because of ein creative innovation.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> For 2008, di Tap Project win Gold award from The Advertising Club of New York International ANDY Awards for Public Service, plus Silver award for Integrated Branding. (Gold / 2008 Richard T. O. Reilly) for Public Service.<ref name="awards" /> For dat same year too, Jay Aldous, wey be former Chief Marketing and Communications Officer for U.S. Fund for UNICEF, become one of di first winners of di Non-profit Marketer of the Year award from di American Marketing Association and di American Marketing Association Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Notable media=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson win di competition, and UNICEF Tap Project be di charity wey e support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==External links== *[http://www.tapproject.org "Tap Project" Homepage. 17 February 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Celebrating the Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 February 2009] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 "World Water Council." 16 March 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 February 2009 }} ==References== [[Category:UNICEF]] [[Category:Water-related charities]] nvg9bo9yprho7wcrd20qqrlwipmu2du Category:Kampala 14 28061 106336 2026-07-06T19:53:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106336 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Wetlands of Uganda 14 28062 106337 2026-07-06T19:53:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106337 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Kampala Capital City Authority 14 28063 106338 2026-07-06T19:53:58Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106338 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Nairobi 14 28064 106347 2026-07-06T22:38:16Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106347 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Cuando River 14 28065 106352 2026-07-06T23:16:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106352 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Geography of Zambezi Region 14 28066 106353 2026-07-06T23:16:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106353 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Botswana–Namibia border 14 28067 106354 2026-07-06T23:17:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106354 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Angola–Zambia border 14 28068 106355 2026-07-06T23:17:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106355 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Category:Geography of Eastern Province, Zambia 14 28069 106357 2026-07-07T00:03:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106357 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1