Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 27910 106364 105876 2026-07-07T16:59:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[Kenya]] dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]] den parts of [[Uganda]], a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/contributors/african-crisis-exposes-failed-logic-of-humanitarian-system-20110717-1hk0u.html|title=African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis.<ref name="Gdundfis">{{cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|title=UN declares famine in Somalia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|access-date=21 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 July 2011|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232835/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd."<ref name="CNN 20 July">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|title=U.N. declares famine in Somalia; makes urgent appeal to save lives|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063202/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Humanitarian situation == For 20 July 2011 top, de UN declare a famine for de Lower Shabelle den Bakool insyd, two regions of southern Somalia.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> For 3 August top, dem further declare famine for de Balcad den Cadale districts insyd for Middle Shabelle insyd sana de IDP settlements for Mogadishu den Afgooye insyd for response insyd to data from de UN ein food security den nutrition analysis unit.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /><ref name="AtlanticWire 20 July 2011">{{cite web |author=Uri Friedman |date=20 July 2011 |title=What It Took for the U.N. to Declare a Famine in Somalia |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/what-it-took-un-declare-famine-somalia/40152/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914184849/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/what-it-took-un-declare-famine-somalia/40152/ |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> According to de UN, famine go spread to all eight regions of southern Somalia for four to six weeks insyd sekof inadequate humanitarian response wey cause both by ongoing access restrictions den funding gaps.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /> De Economist sanso report say widespread famine go soon occur across de entire Horn of Africa, "a situation...wey dem no see give 25 years".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011" /> [[File:Horn_of_Africa_lack_of_Rainfall.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horn_of_Africa_lack_of_Rainfall.jpg|right|thumb|Rainfall levels for de larger East Africa region insyd from 1995 to 2011.]]According to Luca Alivoni, de head of FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists since farmers dey often stay behind for demma land plots top to "protect demmar crops", while herders dey move plus demma livestock to pastureland.<ref name="Mafhscbafro" /> For 20 July 2011 top, staple prices dey at 68% ova de five-year average,<ref name="UN 25 July 2011">[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_216.pdf Horn of Africa Drought Crisis Factsheet 28 July 2011]. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)</ref> wey dey include increases of up to 240% for southern Somalia insyd, 117% for south-eastern Ethiopia insyd, den 58% for northern Kenya insyd.<ref name="FEWS Net" /><ref name="smh" /> For early July insyd, de UN World Food Programme say dat e expect 10 million pippoe across de Horn of Africa region to need food aid, wey e revise upward an earlier estimate of 6&#x20;million. Later for de month insyd, de UN further update de figure to 12&#x20;million, plus 2.8&#x20;million for southern Somalia insyd alone, wey be de most affected area. For 3 August top, de UN declare famine for three oda regions of southern Somalia insyd, wey e cite worsening conditions den inadequate humanitarian response. Dem expect famine to spread across all regions of de south for de following four to six weeks insyd.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /> For 5 Sep top, de UN add de entire Bay region for Somalia insyd to de list of famine-stricken areas.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/world/africa/06somalia.html Famine Spreads in Somalia, U.N. Says], New York Times, Jeffrey Gettleman, 5 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14785304 Somalia famine: UN warns of 750,000 deaths], BBC, 5 September 2011 Last updated at 13:00 ET.</ref> De UN already conduct several airlifts of supplies for addition insyd to on-the-ground assistance,<ref name="Rhombus">{{cite news|last=Mvunganyi|first=Jackson|title=The UN World Food Program Begins Relief Flights to Somalia|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/the-un-world-food-program-begins-relief-flights-to-somalia072711/158561.html|access-date=27 July 2011|publisher=VOA News|date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917110159/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/The-UN-World-Food-Program-Begins-Relief-Flights-to-Somalia072711.html|archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> but a severe lack of funding give international aid wey couple plus security issues already hinder humanitarian response to de crisis for de region insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /><ref name="BBC 20 July">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905|title=UN to declare famine in parts of drought-hit Somalia|date=20 July 2011|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720080542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 20 July b">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/8637978/The-forgotten-people-of-Africas-famine-cry-out-for-aid.html|title=The forgotten people of Africa's famine cry out for aid|date=20 July 2011|work=Telegraph|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719092817/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/8637978/The-forgotten-people-of-Africas-famine-cry-out-for-aid.html|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As of September 2011, dem already finance 63 percent of de UN ein appeal give $2.5&#x20;billion (US) for humanitarian assistance insyd.<ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11" /> Dem expect de crisis to worsen for de following months insyd, wey e peak for August den September insyd, plus large-scale assistance needed until at least December 2011.<ref name="FEWS 20 July press release">{{cite web |date=20 July 2011 |title=Expanding famine across southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/FSNAU_FEWSNET_200711press%20release_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921054319/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/FSNAU_FEWSNET_200711press%20release_final.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=FEWS NET}}</ref> Torrential rains sanso exacerbate de situation for Mogadishu insyd by destroying makeshift homes. Dem consequently lef tens of thousands of southern Somalia ein internally displaced pippoe out for de cold insyd.<ref name="Guardianrain">{{cite news|title=Somali famine victims lose homes as torrential rain hits refugee camps|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/31/somali-famine-victims-rain-camps|access-date=1 August 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=31 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_There_Are_No_Weddings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_There_Are_No_Weddings.jpg|right|thumb|Turkana women for de Turkana District insyd, one of [[Kenya]] ein most drought-affected regions.]]For addition insyd, de Kenyan Red Cross warns of a looming humanitarian crisis for de northwestern Turkana region of Kenya insyd, wey e border [[South Sudan]]. According to officials plus de aid agency, ova three-fourths of de area ein population rydee dey for dire need of food supplies insyd. Malnutrition levels sanso be at demma highest.<ref name="RedCross">{{cite web |author=SawaSawa.com (webmaster@sawasawa.com) |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> As a consequence, dem shut down schools for de region insyd "sekof der dey no food for de kiddies".<ref name="Kscafthit">{{cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> About 385,000 kiddies for dem neglected parts of Kenya dey already malnourished, along plus 90,000 pregnant den breast feeding women. Dem estimate a further 3.5&#x20;million pippoe for Kenya insyd to be at risk of malnutrition.<ref name="Nksoboiof">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-kenya-stands-on-brink-of-its-own-famine-2328372.html|title=Now Kenya stands on brink of its own famine|work=The Independent|location=London|date=29 July 2011|access-date=7 August 2011|first=Emily|last=Dugan|archive-date=19 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019171915/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-kenya-stands-on-brink-of-its-own-famine-2328372.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For August 2012 insyd, famine reportedly affect an estimated 87,000 pippoe for de Taita-Taveta District of Kenya insyd, a situation dem attribute to a combination of wildlife invasions den drought. Large herds of elephants den monkeys ovarun farms for de district ein lowland den highland areas insyd, respectively, wey dey ruin thousands of acres of crops.<ref name="AA" /> Local residents, about 67,000 of wey dey receive food aid, sanso accuse de Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) of intentionally moving de monkeys to de district. Howeva, de KWS deny am.<ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Raphael Mwadime |date=30 August 2012 |title=Kenya: Hungry Taita Taveta Residents Now Appeal for Relief Supplies |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208310427.html |publisher=AllAfrica.com}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * [http://www.fao.org/crisis/horn-africa/en/ Crisis in the Horn of Africa] at ''[[FAO]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812191710/http://www.unocha.org/crisis/horn-africa-crisis Horn of Africa crisis]{{snd}}[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140510093708/http://drought.icpac.net/ African Flood and Drought Monitor] (AFDM) * [http://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2011-000029-ken Humanitarian response and analysis via ReliefWeb] * [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_216.pdf Full Report on the Horn of Africa drought], United Nations, 29 July 2011 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728193016/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/hornofafrica/ Horn of Africa Drought] collected news and commentary at ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' * [https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/21/disunited-in-hunger East Africa's Famine: Disunited in hunger], ''[[The Economist]]'', 21 July 2011 * {{Guardian topic|2=Famine}}, with [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/famine-in-somalia?intcmp=239 Explainer] and [https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2011/jul/21/horn-africa-drought-map Drought map] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926094327/http://www.fews.net/Pages/Horn-of-Africa-Emergency.aspx Horn of Africa Emergency] at the [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network]] (FEWS NET), funded by [[USAID]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921093128/http://www.usaid.gov/fwd/ FWD (Famine, War, Drought) Public Awareness Campaign] at [[USAID]] * [http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:africadrought2011/Horn%20of%20Africa:%20drought%20and%20famine%20crisis/ PreventionWeb 2011 East Africa drought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627173043/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:africadrought2011/Horn%20of%20Africa:%20drought%20and%20famine%20crisis/ |date=27 June 2012 }} ;Humanitarian organizations * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228172327/http://caritas.org/activities/emergencies/EastAfricaAfterFoodCrisis.html Video: Fighting Hunger During Kenya's Food Crisis] at [[Caritas (charity)|Caritas]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072655/http://www.oxfam.org/en/emergencies/east-africa-food-crisis East Africa food crisis] at [[Oxfam]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812150842/http://www.mercycorps.org/hornofafricahungercrisis Horn of Africa Hunger Crisis] at [[Mercy Corps]] * [http://www.unicef.org/esaro/ Eastern and Southern Africa] at [[UNICEF]] ppp57bk55egkbodoxzykqdp3kfr1p51 106365 106364 2026-07-07T17:02:10Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Samtin wey dey occur between July 2011 den mid-2012, a severe drought affect de entire East African region.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) |date=10 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa Drought Humanitarian Report No. 3 |url=http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703142101/http://reliefweb.int/node/419452 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=reliefweb.int}} ></ref> Dem say am to be "de worst for 60 years insyd",<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|title=Horn of Africa tested by severe drought|author=Mike Wooldridge|date=4 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713232854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14023160|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> de drought cause a severe food crisis across [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]] den [[Kenya]] dat threaten de livelihood of 9.5 million pippoe.<ref name="Unsfisobasn">{{cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=UN: Somali famine is over, but action still needed |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.thejournal.ie/un-somalian-famine-is-over-but-action-still-needed-347449-Feb2012/ |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Thejournal.ie}}</ref> Many refugees from southern Somalia flee to neighboring Kenya den Ethiopia, wey crowded, unsanitary conditions togeda plus severe malnutrition lead to a large nomba of deaths.<ref name="Huffington Post 16 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|title=Somalia Food Crisis One of Biggest in Decades: U.S. State Department Official|date=16 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=16 July 2011|first=Eline|last=Gordts|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718063437/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/15/somalia-food-crisis_n_899811.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda countries for East Africa insyd, wey dey include [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]] den parts of [[Uganda]], a food crisis sanso affect am.<ref name="BBC News 4 July 2011" /><ref name="FEWS-Net 24 June 2011">{{cite web |author=OCHA, [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|FEWS-Net]] |date=24 June 2011 |title=East Africa: Famine warning for southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |publisher=FEWS-Net}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|title=Horn of Africa drought: 'A vision of hell'|author=Ben Brown|date=8 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710113113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14078074|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 12 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|title=Horn of Africa drought: Somalia aid supplies boosted|date=12 July 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712112254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118507|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists.<ref name="Mafhscbafro">{{cite web |title=Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How+Somalia+crisis++became+a+fund+raising+opportunity+/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172557/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/How%20Somalia%20crisis%20%20became%20a%20fund%20raising%20opportunity%20/-/2558/1246690/-/item/0/-/vkrx97/-/index.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) consequently note dat most of de displaced persons belong to de agro-pastoral Rahanweyn clan den de agricultural Bantu ethnic minority group.<ref name="Hrwp">{{cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |title=Human Rights Watch Plan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |access-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia0214_ForUpload.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> For 20 July top, de United Nations officially declare famine for two regions insyd for de southern part of de country insyd (IPC Phase 5), de first time de UN already declare a famine for de region insyd for nearly thirty years insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July">{{cite news|title=UN declares first famine in Africa for three decades as US withholds aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|agency=Telegraph|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030035/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/somalia/8648296/UN-declares-first-famine-in-Africa-for-three-decades-as-US-withholds-aid.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBC 18 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/somalia-on-verge-of-famine-1.1065398|title=Somalia on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035002/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/07/18/un-famine-east-africa.html|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem believe tens of thousands of pippoe to already die for southern Somalia insyd before dem declare famine.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> Dis be mainly a result of Western governments wey dey prevent aid from reaching affected areas for an attempt insyd to weaken de Al-Shabaab militant group, against wey dem engage am.<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Alex Perry|title=Somalia: A Very Man-Made Disaster|url=https://world.time.com/2011/08/18/somalia-a-very-man-made-disaster/|access-date=8 January 2016|magazine=TIME|date=18 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A sharp-eyed look at contemporary Africa|url=https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21685433-sharp-eyed-look-contemporary-africa-clear-sighted|access-date=8 January 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery for sam areas insyd, a scaling up of relief operations for mid-November insyd already unexpectedly significantly reduce malnutrition den mortality rates for southern Somalia insyd, wey e prompt de UN to downgrade de humanitarian situation for de Bay, Bakool den Lower Shabele regions insyd from famine to emergency levels.<ref name="Rfrisbwba">{{cite news|title=Famine receding in Somalia but war blocks aid|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123171933/http://af.reuters.com/article/kenyaNews/idAFL5E7MI2OJ20111118|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2011}}</ref> According to de Lutheran World Federation, military activities for de country ein southern conflict zones insyd by early December 2011 already sanso greatly reduce de movement of migrants.<ref name="Nosrddtaar">{{cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Number of Somali refugees declining due to aid and rainfall |url=http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911214432/http://www.pcusa.org/news/2011/12/5/number-somali-refugees-declining-due-aid-and-rainf/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Pcusa.org}}</ref> By February 2012, several thousand pippoe sanso begin already dey return to demma homes den farms.<ref name="Kdptc">{{cite news|author=Clar ni Chonghaile in Nairobi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/22/kenya-denies-plan-to-close-refugee-camp|title=Kenya denies planning to close world's largest Somalia refugee camp at Dadaab|work=Guardian|date=22 February 2012|access-date=7 August 2012|location=London}}</ref> For addition insyd, humanitarian access to rebel-controlled areas already improve den rainfall already surpass expectations, wey e improve de prospects of a good harvest for early 2012 insyd.<ref name="Rfrisbwba" /> By January 2012, de food crisis for southern Somalia insyd dey no longer at emergency levels according to de International Committee of de Red Cross (ICRC).<ref name="Sfcrwtty">{{cite web |author=Source: alertnet // Maria Caspani |title=Somalia food crisis recovery will take two years – ICRC |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808172753/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/somalia-food-crisis-recovery-will-take-two-years-icrc |archive-date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Trust.org}}</ref> De UN indicate for February 2012 insyd say indirect data from health den relief centers point to improved general conditions from August 2011. De UN sanso announce say de famine for southern Somalia insyd be ova.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr">{{Cite web |title=U.N. Says Famine in Somalia Is Over, but Risks Remain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082519/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/world/africa/un-says-famine-in-somalia-is-over-but-risks-remain.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Howeva, FEWS NET indicate say Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity persist thru March for several areas insyd for account of crop flooding top den ongoing military operations for dem areas insyd, wey restrict humanitarian access, trade den movement.<ref name="FEWSNETFeb">{{cite web |title=FEWS NET – Emergency levels of food insecurity will continue in parts of southern Somalia; grave food security concerns in Sudan and South Sudan |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172443/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/East%20Africa%20Regional%20Brief%202012_02_final.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Aid agencies subsequently shift demma emphasis to recovery efforts, wey dey include digging irrigation canals den distributing plant seeds.<ref name="Unsfisiobrr" /> Long-term strategies by national governments for conjunction insyd plus development agencies dem say am to offer de most sustainable results.<ref name="Twdisyihoa">{{cite web |title=The worst drought in 60 years in Horn Africa |url=http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102172007/http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/node/2158 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=Africa and Europe in Partnership}}</ref> == Background == [[File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Horn_of_Africa_famine_Oxfam_01.jpg|right|thumb|Carcasses of sheep den goats amidst a severe drought for Waridaad insyd for de Somaliland region insyd for 2017 insyd]]Weather conditions ova de Pacific, wey dey include an unusually strong La Niña, wey e interrupt seasonal rains give two consecutive seasons. De rains fail for 2011 insyd for Kenya den Ethiopia insyd, den give de previous two years for Somalia insyd.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /><ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11">[http://www.smh.com.au/world/famine-victims-soar-20110910-1k33e.html Famine victims soar], Sydney Morning Herald, Nairobi, 11 September 2011. " . . . which developed after three successive years of failed rains and accelerated as food prices soared and livestock died . . . "</ref> For many areas insyd, de precipitation rate during de main rainy season from April to June, de primary season, dey less dan 30% of de average of 1995–2010.<ref name="FEWS Net">{{cite web |date=24 June 2011 |title=Eastern Africa: Humanitarian Snapshot |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921052910/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Horn_of_Africa_Drought_2011_06.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> De lack of rain lead to crop failure den widespread loss of livestock, as high as 40–60% for sam areas insyd, wey decrease milk production sana dey exacerbate a poor harvest. As a result, cereal prices rise to record levels while livestock prices den wages fell, wey e reduce purchasing power across de region.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine">{{cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172016/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |publisher=Relief Web, UN}}</ref> Dem no sanso expect rains to return until September of de year.<ref name="ReliefWeb 10 June 2011" /> Dem compound de crisis by rebel activity wey dey around southern Somalia from de Al-Shabaab group.<ref name="BBC News 8 July 2011" /> De head of de United States Agency give International Development, Rajiv Shah, state say climate change contribute to de severity of de crisis. "Der dey no question dat hotter den drier growing conditions for sub-Saharan Africa insyd already reduce de resiliency of dem communities."<ref name="Huffington Post 14 July 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|title=East Africa Famine Threatens Regional Stability, USAID Chief Says|author=Joshua Hersh|date=13 July 2011|work=Huffington Post|location=US|access-date=13 July 2011|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164906/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/famine-in-africa-usaid_n_897644.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For de oda hand top, two experts plus de International Livestock Research Institute suggest dat e be premature to blame climate change give de drought. Indeed, de majority of climate models already predict a long-term increase for rain insyd give dis area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rowell |first1=David P. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Sharon E. |last4=Good |first4=Peter |date=7 October 2015 |title=Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=9768–9788 |bibcode=2015JCli...28.9768R |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=129146135}}</ref> While der dey consensus dat a particularly strong La Niña contribute to de intensity of de drought, dem no establish de relationship between La Niña den climate change well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Africa: Too soon to blame climate change for drought|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93204|date=12 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175016/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93204|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem criticize de failure of de international community to heed de early warning system give leading to a worsening of de crisis. De Famine Early Warning Systems Network, wey U.S.A.I.D. finance am, anticipate de crisis as early as August 2010, den by January 2011, de American ambassador to Kenya declare a disaster den bell am give urgent assistance. For 7 June 2011 top, FEWS NET declare dat de crisis be "de most severe food security emergency for de world insyd today, den de current humanitarian response dey inadequate to prevent further deterioration".<ref name="The New York Times 29 November 2011">{{cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/famine-africa-solutions-aid-foreign|title=The Famine Next Time|first=Sausage|last=Loewenberg|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2011|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> De UN later announce for 28 June top say de drought affect 12 million pippoe for de East Africa region insyd den dat sam areas dey for de brink of famine top, plus many wey dem displace am for search of water den food insyd.<ref name="Wdixy">{{cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Worst drought in 60 years hits 10 mln in east Africa |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701190627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gACog4nDVD8yZ8RDDjs4FQjHII4g |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Oxfam ein humanitarian director Jane Cocking state say "Dis be a preventable disaster den solutions dey possible".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/07/once-more-unto-the-abyss|title=Once more unto the abyss|newspaper=The Economist|date=7 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718000612/http://www.economist.com/node/18929467|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Suzanne Dvorak, de chief executive of '''Save the Children''', write say "politicians den policymakers for rich countries insyd dey often skeptical about taking preventative action sekof dem dey think aid agencies dey inflate de problem. Dem embarass developing country governments about being seen as unable to feed demma pippoe. [...] dem kiddies dey waste away for a disaster insyd dat we fi—den suppose—already prevent."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/contributors/african-crisis-exposes-failed-logic-of-humanitarian-system-20110717-1hk0u.html|title=African crisis exposes failed logic of humanitarian system|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 July 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Soon after, dem declare a famine for parts of southern Somalia insyd. Oxfam sanso charge several European governments of "wilful neglect" ova de crisis.<ref name="Gdundfis">{{cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|title=UN declares famine in Somalia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|access-date=21 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 July 2011|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232835/http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jul/20/un-declares-famine-somalia|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> E issue a statement wey dey say dat "Dem already see de warning signs give months, den de world already dey slow to act. Dem need much greater long-term investment for food production insyd den basic development to help pippoe cope plus poor rains den dey ensure say dis be de last famine for de region insyd."<ref name="CNN 20 July">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|title=U.N. declares famine in Somalia; makes urgent appeal to save lives|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063202/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.famine/|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Humanitarian situation == For 20 July 2011 top, de UN declare a famine for de Lower Shabelle den Bakool insyd, two regions of southern Somalia.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /> For 3 August top, dem further declare famine for de Balcad den Cadale districts insyd for Middle Shabelle insyd sana de IDP settlements for Mogadishu den Afgooye insyd for response insyd to data from de UN ein food security den nutrition analysis unit.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /><ref name="AtlanticWire 20 July 2011">{{cite web |author=Uri Friedman |date=20 July 2011 |title=What It Took for the U.N. to Declare a Famine in Somalia |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/what-it-took-un-declare-famine-somalia/40152/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914184849/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2011/07/what-it-took-un-declare-famine-somalia/40152/ |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> According to de UN, famine go spread to all eight regions of southern Somalia for four to six weeks insyd sekof inadequate humanitarian response wey cause both by ongoing access restrictions den funding gaps.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /> De Economist sanso report say widespread famine go soon occur across de entire Horn of Africa, "a situation...wey dem no see give 25 years".<ref name="The Economist 7 July 2011" /> [[File:Horn_of_Africa_lack_of_Rainfall.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horn_of_Africa_lack_of_Rainfall.jpg|right|thumb|Rainfall levels for de larger East Africa region insyd from 1995 to 2011.]]According to Luca Alivoni, de head of FAO-Somalia, de food crisis for Somalia insyd primarily affect farmers for de south insyd rada dan de northern pastoralists since farmers dey often stay behind for demma land plots top to "protect demmar crops", while herders dey move plus demma livestock to pastureland.<ref name="Mafhscbafro" /> For 20 July 2011 top, staple prices dey at 68% ova de five-year average,<ref name="UN 25 July 2011">[http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_216.pdf Horn of Africa Drought Crisis Factsheet 28 July 2011]. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)</ref> wey dey include increases of up to 240% for southern Somalia insyd, 117% for south-eastern Ethiopia insyd, den 58% for northern Kenya insyd.<ref name="FEWS Net" /><ref name="smh" /> For early July insyd, de UN World Food Programme say dat e expect 10 million pippoe across de Horn of Africa region to need food aid, wey e revise upward an earlier estimate of 6&#x20;million. Later for de month insyd, de UN further update de figure to 12&#x20;million, plus 2.8&#x20;million for southern Somalia insyd alone, wey be de most affected area. For 3 August top, de UN declare famine for three oda regions of southern Somalia insyd, wey e cite worsening conditions den inadequate humanitarian response. Dem expect famine to spread across all regions of de south for de following four to six weeks insyd.<ref name="Relief Web 3 August 2011 famine" /> For 5 Sep top, de UN add de entire Bay region for Somalia insyd to de list of famine-stricken areas.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/world/africa/06somalia.html Famine Spreads in Somalia, U.N. Says], New York Times, Jeffrey Gettleman, 5 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14785304 Somalia famine: UN warns of 750,000 deaths], BBC, 5 September 2011 Last updated at 13:00 ET.</ref> De UN already conduct several airlifts of supplies for addition insyd to on-the-ground assistance,<ref name="Rhombus">{{cite news|last=Mvunganyi|first=Jackson|title=The UN World Food Program Begins Relief Flights to Somalia|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/the-un-world-food-program-begins-relief-flights-to-somalia072711/158561.html|access-date=27 July 2011|publisher=VOA News|date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917110159/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/The-UN-World-Food-Program-Begins-Relief-Flights-to-Somalia072711.html|archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> but a severe lack of funding give international aid wey couple plus security issues already hinder humanitarian response to de crisis for de region insyd.<ref name="Telegraph 20 July" /><ref name="BBC 20 July">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905|title=UN to declare famine in parts of drought-hit Somalia|date=20 July 2011|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720080542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14211905|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 20 July b">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/8637978/The-forgotten-people-of-Africas-famine-cry-out-for-aid.html|title=The forgotten people of Africa's famine cry out for aid|date=20 July 2011|work=Telegraph|access-date=20 July 2011|location=London|first=Mike|last=Pflanz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719092817/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/8637978/The-forgotten-people-of-Africas-famine-cry-out-for-aid.html|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> As of September 2011, dem already finance 63 percent of de UN ein appeal give $2.5&#x20;billion (US) for humanitarian assistance insyd.<ref name="SydneyMorningHeraldSept11" /> Dem expect de crisis to worsen for de following months insyd, wey e peak for August den September insyd, plus large-scale assistance needed until at least December 2011.<ref name="FEWS 20 July press release">{{cite web |date=20 July 2011 |title=Expanding famine across southern Somalia |url=http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/FSNAU_FEWSNET_200711press%20release_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921054319/http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/FSNAU_FEWSNET_200711press%20release_final.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |publisher=FEWS NET}}</ref> Torrential rains sanso exacerbate de situation for Mogadishu insyd by destroying makeshift homes. Dem consequently lef tens of thousands of southern Somalia ein internally displaced pippoe out for de cold insyd.<ref name="Guardianrain">{{cite news|title=Somali famine victims lose homes as torrential rain hits refugee camps|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/31/somali-famine-victims-rain-camps|access-date=1 August 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=31 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_There_Are_No_Weddings.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_There_Are_No_Weddings.jpg|right|thumb|Turkana women for de Turkana District insyd, one of [[Kenya]] ein most drought-affected regions.]]For addition insyd, de Kenyan Red Cross warns of a looming humanitarian crisis for de northwestern Turkana region of Kenya insyd, wey e border [[South Sudan]]. According to officials plus de aid agency, ova three-fourths of de area ein population rydee dey for dire need of food supplies insyd. Malnutrition levels sanso be at demma highest.<ref name="RedCross">{{cite web |author=SawaSawa.com (webmaster@sawasawa.com) |date=25 July 2011 |title=Red Cross warns of catastrophe in Turkana |url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104173650/http://www.kbc.co.ke/news.asp?nid=71528 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Kbc.co.ke}}</ref> As a consequence, dem shut down schools for de region insyd "sekof der dey no food for de kiddies".<ref name="Kscafthit">{{cite web |date=28 July 2011 |title=Kenya: schools close as famine takes hold in Turkana |url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019172150/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=18686 |archive-date=19 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com}}</ref> About 385,000 kiddies for dem neglected parts of Kenya dey already malnourished, along plus 90,000 pregnant den breast feeding women. Dem estimate a further 3.5&#x20;million pippoe for Kenya insyd to be at risk of malnutrition.<ref name="Nksoboiof">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-kenya-stands-on-brink-of-its-own-famine-2328372.html|title=Now Kenya stands on brink of its own famine|work=The Independent|location=London|date=29 July 2011|access-date=7 August 2011|first=Emily|last=Dugan|archive-date=19 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019171915/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/now-kenya-stands-on-brink-of-its-own-famine-2328372.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For August 2012 insyd, famine reportedly affect an estimated 87,000 pippoe for de Taita-Taveta District of Kenya insyd, a situation dem attribute to a combination of wildlife invasions den drought. Large herds of elephants den monkeys ovarun farms for de district ein lowland den highland areas insyd, respectively, wey dey ruin thousands of acres of crops.<ref name="AA" /> Local residents, about 67,000 of wey dey receive food aid, sanso accuse de Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) of intentionally moving de monkeys to de district. Howeva, de KWS deny am.<ref name="AA">{{cite web |author=Raphael Mwadime |date=30 August 2012 |title=Kenya: Hungry Taita Taveta Residents Now Appeal for Relief Supplies |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208310427.html |publisher=AllAfrica.com}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * [http://www.fao.org/crisis/horn-africa/en/ Crisis in the Horn of Africa] at ''[[FAO]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812191710/http://www.unocha.org/crisis/horn-africa-crisis Horn of Africa crisis]{{snd}}[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140510093708/http://drought.icpac.net/ African Flood and Drought Monitor] (AFDM) * [http://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2011-000029-ken Humanitarian response and analysis via ReliefWeb] * [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_216.pdf Full Report on the Horn of Africa drought], United Nations, 29 July 2011 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728193016/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/hornofafrica/ Horn of Africa Drought] collected news and commentary at ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' * [https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/07/21/disunited-in-hunger East Africa's Famine: Disunited in hunger], ''[[The Economist]]'', 21 July 2011 * {{Guardian topic|2=Famine}}, with [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jul/20/famine-in-somalia?intcmp=239 Explainer] and [https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2011/jul/21/horn-africa-drought-map Drought map] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926094327/http://www.fews.net/Pages/Horn-of-Africa-Emergency.aspx Horn of Africa Emergency] at the [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network]] (FEWS NET), funded by [[USAID]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921093128/http://www.usaid.gov/fwd/ FWD (Famine, War, Drought) Public Awareness Campaign] at [[USAID]] * [http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:africadrought2011/Horn%20of%20Africa:%20drought%20and%20famine%20crisis/ PreventionWeb 2011 East Africa drought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627173043/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/tags/index.php/pw:africadrought2011/Horn%20of%20Africa:%20drought%20and%20famine%20crisis/ |date=27 June 2012 }} ;Humanitarian organizations * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228172327/http://caritas.org/activities/emergencies/EastAfricaAfterFoodCrisis.html Video: Fighting Hunger During Kenya's Food Crisis] at [[Caritas (charity)|Caritas]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072655/http://www.oxfam.org/en/emergencies/east-africa-food-crisis East Africa food crisis] at [[Oxfam]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812150842/http://www.mercycorps.org/hornofafricahungercrisis Horn of Africa Hunger Crisis] at [[Mercy Corps]] * [http://www.unicef.org/esaro/ Eastern and Southern Africa] at [[UNICEF]] {{DEFAULTSORT:East Africa drought, 2011}} [[Category:2011 insyd Djibouti]] [[Category:2011 insyd Kenya]] [[Category:2011 disasters insyd Somalia]] [[Category:2011 insyd South Sudan]] [[Category:2011 insyd Sudan]] [[Category:2011 insyd Uganda]] [[Category:2011 natural disasters]] [[Category:Meteorological events insyd 2011]] [[Category:2011 droughts]] [[Category:2011 disasters insyd Ethiopia]] [[Category:2010s famines]] [[Category:Droughts insyd Africa]] [[Category:History of East Africa|Drought, 2011]] [[Category:Famines insyd Africa]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Djibouti|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Ethiopia|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Kenya|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Somalia|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd South Sudan|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Sudan|Drought]] [[Category:Natural disasters insyd Uganda|Drought]] [[Category:Famines insyd Somalia]] [[Category:2010s disasters insyd Sudan]] gtxttb3i72fijxepl81cfedly9asuwd 0 27911 106373 105828 2026-07-07T17:22:49Z DaSupremo 9 Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin 106373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation in Benin''' be subject to considerable progress since de 1990s, in particular insyd rural areas, wer coverage be higher dan insyd chaw oda African countries,<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |journal=WSP}}</ref> den almost all development partners follow a national demand-responsive strategy, wich be adopted insyd 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last = World Bank | author-link = World Bank | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21}}, p. 106</ref> New strategies to increase water supply insyd rural den urban areas be adopted insyd 2005 den 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr|journal=danidadevforum}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs insyd urban den rural areas usually be high enough to cover de costs for operation den maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adrien |first=Adrien |date=September 2007 |title=Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin |url=https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Cranfield University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-20 |title=Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> However, challenges remain. A coherent institutional framework be developed give rural areas wey projects be implemented plus strong help by external donors. Responsibilities insyd water supply be defined insyd a national strategy insyd 2007 den de national utility SONEB receive significant support in terms of investment den technical assistance.<ref name="WSP" /> Sanitation receive less attention. Wastewater treatment hardly dey exist.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = [[International Food Policy Research Institute|International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> In order to reach de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) wey dey concern water den sanitation, de Ministry of Economic and Financial Development dey estimate say US$80 million den US$22 million, respectively be needed per year from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr|journal=UNDP}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr|journal=UNDP}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">{{Cite web |title=Online Forex Broker & Crypto Trading {{!}} OANDA {{!}} US |url=https://www.oanda.com/us-en/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.oanda.com |language=en-US}}</ref> For de sake of comparison, less dan US$ 10m per year be invested insyd water supply den sanitation insyd rural areas wer 55% of de population of Benin dey live. No figures be available on actual investments insyd urban areas. Most likely, investments for increase manifold in order to reach de MDGs. == References == hux3pwii02o37rpk49djdkz62seknt2 106374 106373 2026-07-07T17:27:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Drinking water supply and sanitation in Benin''' be subject to considerable progress since de 1990s, in particular insyd rural areas, wer coverage be higher dan insyd chaw oda African countries,<ref name="WSP">{{cite journal|last=Water and Sanitation Program |title=Benin Challenges and Opportunities |url=http://wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |access-date=2008-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714011544/http://www.wsp.org/filez/country/117200715921_Benin.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |journal=WSP}}</ref> den almost all development partners follow a national demand-responsive strategy, wich be adopted insyd 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors | date = 2004-12-20 | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/11/000012009_20050111085004/Rendered/PDF/296560BEN.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-21|journal=World Bank}}, p. 106</ref> New strategies to increase water supply insyd rural den urban areas be adopted insyd 2005 den 2006.<ref name="DANIDA 12-13">{{cite journal | last = Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) | author-link = DANIDA | title = Programme d'Appui au Développement du Secteur Eau et assainissement (PADSEA) (PhaseII) | date = August 2004 | url = http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/67C09687-D240-40FB-A668-B9A8CE079C51/0/WS_ProgDocPhase2.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-16|language=fr|journal=danidadevforum}}, p. 12-13</ref> Tariffs insyd urban den rural areas usually be high enough to cover de costs for operation den maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adrien |first=Adrien |date=September 2007 |title=Sustainability of the extension of water supply network from urban to periurban area in Cotonu, Benin |url=https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/2185/1/Thibault-2007.pdf |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Cranfield University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-20 |title=Benin - Enhancing the effectiveness of public spending - a review of three sectors |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> However, challenges remain. A coherent institutional framework be developed give rural areas wey projects be implemented plus strong help by external donors. Responsibilities insyd water supply be defined insyd a national strategy insyd 2007 den de national utility SONEB receive significant support in terms of investment den technical assistance.<ref name="WSP" /> Sanitation receive less attention. Wastewater treatment hardly dey exist.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Heidecke | first = Claudia | title = Development and evaluation of a regional water poverty index for Benin | journal = EPTD Discussion Papers | volume = 145 | publisher = [[International Food Policy Research Institute|International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)]] | location = [[Washington, D.C.]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.ifpri.org/divs/eptd/dp/papers/eptdp145.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-20}}, p. 21</ref> In order to reach de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) wey dey concern water den sanitation, de Ministry of Economic and Financial Development dey estimate say US$80 million den US$22 million, respectively be needed per year from 2006 to 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr|journal=UNDP}}, p. 17-18</ref><ref name="MEPN 24">{{cite journal | last = Ministry of Economic and Financial Development | title = Strategie pour l'atteinte de l'objectif N°7 des OMD au Benin. (Version définitive) | date = December 2006 | url = http://www.undp.org.bj/docs/omd/OMD_Envir_Assainissement_Benin.pdf | access-date = 2008-05-23|language=fr|journal=UNDP}}, p. 24</ref><ref name="CFA 2006">{{Cite web |title=Online Forex Broker & Crypto Trading {{!}} OANDA {{!}} US |url=https://www.oanda.com/us-en/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.oanda.com |language=en-US}}</ref> For de sake of comparison, less dan US$ 10m per year be invested insyd water supply den sanitation insyd rural areas wer 55% of de population of Benin dey live. No figures be available on actual investments insyd urban areas. Most likely, investments for increase manifold in order to reach de MDGs. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08125.pdf Government of Benin: Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction (2007)] *(in French) [http://www.gouv.bj/ministere.php?id_rub=33&lib_rub=Minist%C3%A8re%20des%20Mines,%20de%20l'Energie%20et%20de%20l'Eau%20(MMEE) Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water] *(in French) [http://www.soneb.com/ National Water Society of Benin (SONEB)] *(in French) [http://eaubenin.bj/site/index.php Direction Générale de l'Eau]: * (in French) Hydroconseil:[http://www.hydroconseil.com/fr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=61&Itemid=41 Livre Bleu Benin] [[Category:Health insyd Benin]] [[Category:Water insyd Benin]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country]] [[Category:Decentralization]] i48l4dlwelgjtchv6peonp2w3a952z1 0 27912 106392 105831 2026-07-07T20:09:42Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area''' be inshore conservation area wey dey insyd territorial waters of South Africa. == History == Langebaan Lagoon first cam be marine reserve under Sea Fisheries Act for 1973. For 1985, dem include am insyd Langebaan National Park, wey later change name go West Coast National Park. For 25 April 1988, dem declare Langebaan Ramsar site. De Marine Protected Area (MPA) later cam be official when Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, proclaim am for Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 under section 43 of Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=mpatlas.org |title=MPAtlas » Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area |url=http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200206234744/http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-date=2020-02-06 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.mpatlas.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023 |url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=West Coast National Park}}</ref> == Purpose == Marine protected area be area wey IUCN define as “clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated den managed thru legal anaa other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature together plus ecosystem services den cultural values”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2018 |title=Marine Protected Areas |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Langebaan Lagoon saltmarshes be unique for South Africa because no river dey flow enter de lagoon. Dem cover about 32% of all saltmarsh habitat for de whole country. De salinity dey quite stable, den de area support plenty molluscs den crustaceans plus different types of seaweed. De lagoon be breeding den nursery ground for young fishes, wey e support about 55,000 water birds during summer, wey dey include 23 species of waders.<ref name=":1" /> == Extent == About 65&nbsp;km coastline den 280&nbsp;km² sea area be protected under dis MPA. === Boundaries === De MPA boundary dey follow high-water mark insyd Langebaan Lagoon from south of northern boundary. De northern boundary be line from Leentjiesklip No.2 (S33°03.707′, E018°2.462′) go Salamander Point (S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′), reach seaward boundary of South African National Defence Force area as dem mark am plus buoys shown for SAN Chart SC2. From der, boundary continue follow dat line reach yellow buoy east of Meeu Island (S33°05.166′, E018°00.809′), then go Perlemoen Point (S33°05.590′, E018°00.211′) for western side of de lagoon.<ref name="Declaration" /> === Zonation === Dem lagoon divide into three zones.<ref name=":1" /> Controlled zone for north allow recreational fishing den power boating; restricted zone allow only non-powered vessels den no fishing; sanctuary zone for south totally closed for all access.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park |url=http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=www.photodestination.co.za}}</ref> == Management == [[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Saldanha Bay & Langebaan Lagoon.jpg|thumb|right|Saldanha Bay den de lagoon (below), dem see from space]] South African National Parks (SANParks) dey manage de MPA to make sure say dem protect de marine resources well den use dem insyd a sustainable way. De Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries wey dem dey issue permits, quotas, den enforce de law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African National Parks - SANParks - Official Website - Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230715171416/https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.sanparks.org |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Geography == === Climate === De climate of de South-western Cape be markedly different from de rest of South Africa, wich be a summer rainfall region, wey dey receive chaw of ein rainfall during de summer months of December to February. De South-western Cape get a Mediterranean type climate, plus chaw of ein rainfall during de winter months from June to September. During de summer de dominant factor wey dey determine de weather insyd de region be a high pressure zone, dem know as de South Atlantic High, wey locate over de South Atlantic Ocean to de west of de Cape coast. Winds wey dey circulate insyd an anticlockwise direction from such a system reach de Cape from de south-east, wey dey produce periods of up to several days of high winds den mostly clear skies. Dese winds keep de region relatively cool. secof ein west coast location, de area be exposed to dese winds. Winter insyde South-western Cape be characterised by disturbances insyd de circumpolar westerly winds, wey dey result in a series of eastward moving depressions. Dese bring cool cloudy weather den rain from de north west. == Ecology == [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion]] De MPA be insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sink |first=K |last2=Harris |first2=J |last3=Lombard |first3=A |date=October 2004 |title=South African marine bioregions (PDF) |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041217/http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=sanpcc.org.za}}</ref> Four major habitats exist insyd de sea insyd dis region, wey be distinguished by de nature of de substrate. De substrate, anaa base material, be important in dat e dey provide a base to wich an organism fi anchor einself, wich be vitally important for those organisms wich need to stay insyd one particular kind of place. Rocky shores den reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for de attachment of plants den animals. Some of dese fi get kelp forests, wich reduce de effect of waves den provide food den shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches den bottoms be a relatively unstable substrate wey no fi anchor kelp anaa chaw of de other benthic organisms. Finally der be open water, above de substrate den clear of de kelp forest, wer de organisms for drift anaa swim. Mixed habitats sanso frequently be found, wich be a combination of those mentioned above.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Branch |first=George |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86977-115-9 |title=The living shores of Southern Africa |last2=Branch |first2=Margo |date=1981 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-0-86977-115-0 |location=Cape Town}}</ref> '''Rocky shores den reefs''' Der be rocky reefs den mixed rocky den sandy bottoms. For chaw marine organisms de substrate be anoda type of marine organism, wey e be common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of dis be red bait pods, wich usually be encrusted plus sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, den gastropods, den abalone, wich usually be covered by similar seaweeds to those dem find on de surrounding rocks, usually plus a variety of other organisms wey dey live on de seaweeds.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.2}} De type of rock of de reef be of sam importance, as e dey influence de range of possibilities for de local topography, wich in turn dey influence de range of habitats dem provide, den therefore de diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone den oda sedimentary rocks erode wey weather very differently, den dey depend on de direction of dip den strike, den steepness of de dip, fi produce reefs wich relatively be flat to very high profile den full of small crevices. Dese features fi be at varying angles to de shoreline den wave fronts. Der be fewer large holes, tunnels den crevices insyd sandstone reefs, buh often many deep buh low near-horizontal crevices. '''Kelp forests''' Kelp forests be a variation of rocky reefs, as de kelp dey require a fairly strong den stable substrate wich fi withstand de loads of repeated waves wey dey drag on de kelp plants. De sea bamboo ''Ecklonia maxima'' dey grow insyd water wich be shallow enough to allow am to reach to de surface plus ein gas-filled stipes, so dat de fronds form a dense layer at anaa just below de surface, wey dey depend on de tide. De shorter split-fan kelp ''Laminaria pallida'' dey grow mostly on deeper reefs, wer der no be so much competition from de sea bamboo. Both dese kelp species provide food den shelter give a variety of oda organisms, particularly de sea bamboo, wich be a base give a wide range of epiphytes, wich in turn provide food den shelter give more organisms.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.4}} [[File:West Coast National Park (11356224206).jpg|thumb|Saltmarshes of Langebaan]] '''Sandy beaches den bottoms''' (wey dey include shelly, pebble den gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance dey appear to be fairly barren areas, as dem lack de stability to support chaw of de spectacular reef based species, den de variety of large organisms be relatively low. De sand continually be moved around by wave action, to a greater anaa lesser degree wey dey depend on weather conditions den exposure of de area. Dis dey mean say sessile organisms for be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all dese factors. Sandy bottoms get one important compensation give dema instability, animals fi burrow into de sand den move up den down within ein layers, wich fi provide feeding opportunities den protection from predation. Oda species fi dig demaselves holes in wich to shelter, anaa fi feed by filtering water drawn thru de tunnel, anaa by extending body parts dem adapt to dis function into de water above de sand.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.3}} '''De open sea''' De pelagic water column be de major part of de living space at sea. Dis be de water between de surface den de top of de benthic zone, wer living organisms dey swim, float anaa drift, wey de food chain dey start plus phytoplankton, de mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms wey convert de energy of sunlight into organic material wich dey feed nearly everything else, directly anaa indirectly. Insyd temperate seas der be distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on de available nutrients den de available sunlight. Either fi be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton dey tend to thrive wer der be plenty of light, wey dem demselves be a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so de photosynthetic zone dey tend to be shallower insyd areas of high productivity.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.6}} Zooplankton dey feed on de phytoplankton, wey dem be in turn eaten by larger animals. De larger pelagic animals be generally faster moving den more mobile, wey dey give dem de option of changing depth to feed anaa to avoid predation, den to move to oda places in search of a better food supply. === Marine species diversity === ==== Animals ==== *23 species of wading birds.<ref name=":1" /> *29 species of bony fish<ref name=":2" /> *12 shark den ray species, wey dey include sandshark (''Rhinobatos annulatus'')<ref name=":2" /> *Geelbek<ref name=":2" /> *Cape stumpnose<ref name=":2" /> *Snoek (''Thyrsites atun'')<ref name=":2" /> *Yellowtail<ref name=":2" /> More dan 400 species of marine invertebrates.<ref name=":2" /> *''Siphonaria'' *''Assiminea globulus'' ==== Seaweeds ==== 71 species of marine algae.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Endemism ==== De MPA dey insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Alien invasive species ==== As of April 23, 2025, dem record 29 known alien marine species insyd de marine protected area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New marine alien species Amathia verticillata discovered in Langebaan Lagoon MPA – Our Stories – Scientific Services |url=https://www.sanparks.org/conservation/scientific-services/stories/new-marine-alien-species-amathia-verticillata-discovered-in-langebaan-lagoon-mpa |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SANParks |language=en}}</ref> One example be de sea beard ''Amathia verticillata'', one invasive bryozoan wey dem discover for 2023. Researchers believe say e likely enter de area thru de nearby Saldanha Bay port secof commercial shipping activities. Dese bryozoans dey cover large areas of seagrass den artificial surfaces like boat hulls den shipwrecks. Dema population dey change plus de seasons—dem reduce during winter den dey cam back again for summer.<ref name=":0" /> == References == pie9n9oghw74dy9io04zqr5p25u2h9a 106393 106392 2026-07-07T20:13:30Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area''' be inshore conservation area wey dey insyd territorial waters of South Africa. == History == Langebaan Lagoon first cam be marine reserve under Sea Fisheries Act for 1973. For 1985, dem include am insyd Langebaan National Park, wey later change name go West Coast National Park. For 25 April 1988, dem declare Langebaan Ramsar site. De Marine Protected Area (MPA) later cam be official when Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, proclaim am for Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 under section 43 of Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=mpatlas.org |title=MPAtlas » Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area |url=http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200206234744/http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-date=2020-02-06 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.mpatlas.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023 |url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=West Coast National Park}}</ref> == Purpose == Marine protected area be area wey IUCN define as “clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated den managed thru legal anaa other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature together plus ecosystem services den cultural values”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2018 |title=Marine Protected Areas |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Langebaan Lagoon saltmarshes be unique for South Africa because no river dey flow enter de lagoon. Dem cover about 32% of all saltmarsh habitat for de whole country. De salinity dey quite stable, den de area support plenty molluscs den crustaceans plus different types of seaweed. De lagoon be breeding den nursery ground for young fishes, wey e support about 55,000 water birds during summer, wey dey include 23 species of waders.<ref name=":1" /> == Extent == About 65&nbsp;km coastline den 280&nbsp;km² sea area be protected under dis MPA. === Boundaries === De MPA boundary dey follow high-water mark insyd Langebaan Lagoon from south of northern boundary. De northern boundary be line from Leentjiesklip No.2 (S33°03.707′, E018°2.462′) go Salamander Point (S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′), reach seaward boundary of South African National Defence Force area as dem mark am plus buoys shown for SAN Chart SC2. From der, boundary continue follow dat line reach yellow buoy east of Meeu Island (S33°05.166′, E018°00.809′), then go Perlemoen Point (S33°05.590′, E018°00.211′) for western side of de lagoon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 (PDF) |url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=Centre for Environmental Rights}}</ref> === Zonation === Dem lagoon divide into three zones.<ref name=":1" /> Controlled zone for north allow recreational fishing den power boating; restricted zone allow only non-powered vessels den no fishing; sanctuary zone for south totally closed for all access.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park |url=http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=www.photodestination.co.za}}</ref> == Management == [[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Saldanha Bay & Langebaan Lagoon.jpg|thumb|right|Saldanha Bay den de lagoon (below), dem see from space]] South African National Parks (SANParks) dey manage de MPA to make sure say dem protect de marine resources well den use dem insyd a sustainable way. De Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries wey dem dey issue permits, quotas, den enforce de law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African National Parks - SANParks - Official Website - Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230715171416/https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.sanparks.org |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Geography == === Climate === De climate of de South-western Cape be markedly different from de rest of South Africa, wich be a summer rainfall region, wey dey receive chaw of ein rainfall during de summer months of December to February. De South-western Cape get a Mediterranean type climate, plus chaw of ein rainfall during de winter months from June to September. During de summer de dominant factor wey dey determine de weather insyd de region be a high pressure zone, dem know as de South Atlantic High, wey locate over de South Atlantic Ocean to de west of de Cape coast. Winds wey dey circulate insyd an anticlockwise direction from such a system reach de Cape from de south-east, wey dey produce periods of up to several days of high winds den mostly clear skies. Dese winds keep de region relatively cool. secof ein west coast location, de area be exposed to dese winds. Winter insyde South-western Cape be characterised by disturbances insyd de circumpolar westerly winds, wey dey result in a series of eastward moving depressions. Dese bring cool cloudy weather den rain from de north west. == Ecology == [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion]] De MPA be insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sink |first=K |last2=Harris |first2=J |last3=Lombard |first3=A |date=October 2004 |title=South African marine bioregions (PDF) |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041217/http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=sanpcc.org.za}}</ref> Four major habitats exist insyd de sea insyd dis region, wey be distinguished by de nature of de substrate. De substrate, anaa base material, be important in dat e dey provide a base to wich an organism fi anchor einself, wich be vitally important for those organisms wich need to stay insyd one particular kind of place. Rocky shores den reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for de attachment of plants den animals. Some of dese fi get kelp forests, wich reduce de effect of waves den provide food den shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches den bottoms be a relatively unstable substrate wey no fi anchor kelp anaa chaw of de other benthic organisms. Finally der be open water, above de substrate den clear of de kelp forest, wer de organisms for drift anaa swim. Mixed habitats sanso frequently be found, wich be a combination of those mentioned above.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Branch |first=George |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86977-115-9 |title=The living shores of Southern Africa |last2=Branch |first2=Margo |date=1981 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-0-86977-115-0 |location=Cape Town}}</ref> '''Rocky shores den reefs''' Der be rocky reefs den mixed rocky den sandy bottoms. For chaw marine organisms de substrate be anoda type of marine organism, wey e be common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of dis be red bait pods, wich usually be encrusted plus sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, den gastropods, den abalone, wich usually be covered by similar seaweeds to those dem find on de surrounding rocks, usually plus a variety of other organisms wey dey live on de seaweeds.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.2}} De type of rock of de reef be of sam importance, as e dey influence de range of possibilities for de local topography, wich in turn dey influence de range of habitats dem provide, den therefore de diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone den oda sedimentary rocks erode wey weather very differently, den dey depend on de direction of dip den strike, den steepness of de dip, fi produce reefs wich relatively be flat to very high profile den full of small crevices. Dese features fi be at varying angles to de shoreline den wave fronts. Der be fewer large holes, tunnels den crevices insyd sandstone reefs, buh often many deep buh low near-horizontal crevices. '''Kelp forests''' Kelp forests be a variation of rocky reefs, as de kelp dey require a fairly strong den stable substrate wich fi withstand de loads of repeated waves wey dey drag on de kelp plants. De sea bamboo ''Ecklonia maxima'' dey grow insyd water wich be shallow enough to allow am to reach to de surface plus ein gas-filled stipes, so dat de fronds form a dense layer at anaa just below de surface, wey dey depend on de tide. De shorter split-fan kelp ''Laminaria pallida'' dey grow mostly on deeper reefs, wer der no be so much competition from de sea bamboo. Both dese kelp species provide food den shelter give a variety of oda organisms, particularly de sea bamboo, wich be a base give a wide range of epiphytes, wich in turn provide food den shelter give more organisms.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.4}} [[File:West Coast National Park (11356224206).jpg|thumb|Saltmarshes of Langebaan]] '''Sandy beaches den bottoms''' (wey dey include shelly, pebble den gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance dey appear to be fairly barren areas, as dem lack de stability to support chaw of de spectacular reef based species, den de variety of large organisms be relatively low. De sand continually be moved around by wave action, to a greater anaa lesser degree wey dey depend on weather conditions den exposure of de area. Dis dey mean say sessile organisms for be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all dese factors. Sandy bottoms get one important compensation give dema instability, animals fi burrow into de sand den move up den down within ein layers, wich fi provide feeding opportunities den protection from predation. Oda species fi dig demaselves holes in wich to shelter, anaa fi feed by filtering water drawn thru de tunnel, anaa by extending body parts dem adapt to dis function into de water above de sand.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.3}} '''De open sea''' De pelagic water column be de major part of de living space at sea. Dis be de water between de surface den de top of de benthic zone, wer living organisms dey swim, float anaa drift, wey de food chain dey start plus phytoplankton, de mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms wey convert de energy of sunlight into organic material wich dey feed nearly everything else, directly anaa indirectly. Insyd temperate seas der be distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on de available nutrients den de available sunlight. Either fi be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton dey tend to thrive wer der be plenty of light, wey dem demselves be a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so de photosynthetic zone dey tend to be shallower insyd areas of high productivity.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.6}} Zooplankton dey feed on de phytoplankton, wey dem be in turn eaten by larger animals. De larger pelagic animals be generally faster moving den more mobile, wey dey give dem de option of changing depth to feed anaa to avoid predation, den to move to oda places in search of a better food supply. === Marine species diversity === ==== Animals ==== *23 species of wading birds.<ref name=":1" /> *29 species of bony fish<ref name=":2" /> *12 shark den ray species, wey dey include sandshark (''Rhinobatos annulatus'')<ref name=":2" /> *Geelbek<ref name=":2" /> *Cape stumpnose<ref name=":2" /> *Snoek (''Thyrsites atun'')<ref name=":2" /> *Yellowtail<ref name=":2" /> More dan 400 species of marine invertebrates.<ref name=":2" /> *''Siphonaria'' *''Assiminea globulus'' ==== Seaweeds ==== 71 species of marine algae.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Endemism ==== De MPA dey insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Alien invasive species ==== As of April 23, 2025, dem record 29 known alien marine species insyd de marine protected area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New marine alien species Amathia verticillata discovered in Langebaan Lagoon MPA – Our Stories – Scientific Services |url=https://www.sanparks.org/conservation/scientific-services/stories/new-marine-alien-species-amathia-verticillata-discovered-in-langebaan-lagoon-mpa |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SANParks |language=en}}</ref> One example be de sea beard ''Amathia verticillata'', one invasive bryozoan wey dem discover for 2023. Researchers believe say e likely enter de area thru de nearby Saldanha Bay port secof commercial shipping activities. Dese bryozoans dey cover large areas of seagrass den artificial surfaces like boat hulls den shipwrecks. Dema population dey change plus de seasons—dem reduce during winter den dey cam back again for summer.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> {{Biodiversity of South Africa|proare}} [[Category:Marine protected areas of South Africa]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd South Africa]] j3elvibfhtixhpv5uwf7p2i8l3co8dy 106394 106393 2026-07-07T20:14:08Z DaSupremo 9 Remove template 106394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area''' be inshore conservation area wey dey insyd territorial waters of South Africa. == History == Langebaan Lagoon first cam be marine reserve under Sea Fisheries Act for 1973. For 1985, dem include am insyd Langebaan National Park, wey later change name go West Coast National Park. For 25 April 1988, dem declare Langebaan Ramsar site. De Marine Protected Area (MPA) later cam be official when Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, proclaim am for Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 under section 43 of Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=mpatlas.org |title=MPAtlas » Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area |url=http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200206234744/http://www.mpatlas.org:80/mpa/sites/67704832/ |archive-date=2020-02-06 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.mpatlas.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023 |url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=West Coast National Park}}</ref> == Purpose == Marine protected area be area wey IUCN define as “clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated den managed thru legal anaa other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature together plus ecosystem services den cultural values”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2018 |title=Marine Protected Areas |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Langebaan Lagoon saltmarshes be unique for South Africa because no river dey flow enter de lagoon. Dem cover about 32% of all saltmarsh habitat for de whole country. De salinity dey quite stable, den de area support plenty molluscs den crustaceans plus different types of seaweed. De lagoon be breeding den nursery ground for young fishes, wey e support about 55,000 water birds during summer, wey dey include 23 species of waders.<ref name=":1" /> == Extent == About 65&nbsp;km coastline den 280&nbsp;km² sea area be protected under dis MPA. === Boundaries === De MPA boundary dey follow high-water mark insyd Langebaan Lagoon from south of northern boundary. De northern boundary be line from Leentjiesklip No.2 (S33°03.707′, E018°2.462′) go Salamander Point (S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′), reach seaward boundary of South African National Defence Force area as dem mark am plus buoys shown for SAN Chart SC2. From der, boundary continue follow dat line reach yellow buoy east of Meeu Island (S33°05.166′, E018°00.809′), then go Perlemoen Point (S33°05.590′, E018°00.211′) for western side of de lagoon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 (PDF) |url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=Centre for Environmental Rights}}</ref> === Zonation === Dem lagoon divide into three zones.<ref name=":1" /> Controlled zone for north allow recreational fishing den power boating; restricted zone allow only non-powered vessels den no fishing; sanctuary zone for south totally closed for all access.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park |url=http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=www.photodestination.co.za}}</ref> == Management == [[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Saldanha Bay & Langebaan Lagoon.jpg|thumb|right|Saldanha Bay den de lagoon (below), dem see from space]] South African National Parks (SANParks) dey manage de MPA to make sure say dem protect de marine resources well den use dem insyd a sustainable way. De Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries wey dem dey issue permits, quotas, den enforce de law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African National Parks - SANParks - Official Website - Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230715171416/https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |archive-date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=www.sanparks.org |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Geography == === Climate === De climate of de South-western Cape be markedly different from de rest of South Africa, wich be a summer rainfall region, wey dey receive chaw of ein rainfall during de summer months of December to February. De South-western Cape get a Mediterranean type climate, plus chaw of ein rainfall during de winter months from June to September. During de summer de dominant factor wey dey determine de weather insyd de region be a high pressure zone, dem know as de South Atlantic High, wey locate over de South Atlantic Ocean to de west of de Cape coast. Winds wey dey circulate insyd an anticlockwise direction from such a system reach de Cape from de south-east, wey dey produce periods of up to several days of high winds den mostly clear skies. Dese winds keep de region relatively cool. secof ein west coast location, de area be exposed to dese winds. Winter insyde South-western Cape be characterised by disturbances insyd de circumpolar westerly winds, wey dey result in a series of eastward moving depressions. Dese bring cool cloudy weather den rain from de north west. == Ecology == [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion]] De MPA be insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sink |first=K |last2=Harris |first2=J |last3=Lombard |first3=A |date=October 2004 |title=South African marine bioregions (PDF) |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041217/http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-26 |access-date=7 July 2026 |website=sanpcc.org.za}}</ref> Four major habitats exist insyd de sea insyd dis region, wey be distinguished by de nature of de substrate. De substrate, anaa base material, be important in dat e dey provide a base to wich an organism fi anchor einself, wich be vitally important for those organisms wich need to stay insyd one particular kind of place. Rocky shores den reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for de attachment of plants den animals. Some of dese fi get kelp forests, wich reduce de effect of waves den provide food den shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches den bottoms be a relatively unstable substrate wey no fi anchor kelp anaa chaw of de other benthic organisms. Finally der be open water, above de substrate den clear of de kelp forest, wer de organisms for drift anaa swim. Mixed habitats sanso frequently be found, wich be a combination of those mentioned above.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Branch |first=George |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86977-115-9 |title=The living shores of Southern Africa |last2=Branch |first2=Margo |date=1981 |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-0-86977-115-0 |location=Cape Town}}</ref> '''Rocky shores den reefs''' Der be rocky reefs den mixed rocky den sandy bottoms. For chaw marine organisms de substrate be anoda type of marine organism, wey e be common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of dis be red bait pods, wich usually be encrusted plus sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, den gastropods, den abalone, wich usually be covered by similar seaweeds to those dem find on de surrounding rocks, usually plus a variety of other organisms wey dey live on de seaweeds.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.2}} De type of rock of de reef be of sam importance, as e dey influence de range of possibilities for de local topography, wich in turn dey influence de range of habitats dem provide, den therefore de diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone den oda sedimentary rocks erode wey weather very differently, den dey depend on de direction of dip den strike, den steepness of de dip, fi produce reefs wich relatively be flat to very high profile den full of small crevices. Dese features fi be at varying angles to de shoreline den wave fronts. Der be fewer large holes, tunnels den crevices insyd sandstone reefs, buh often many deep buh low near-horizontal crevices. '''Kelp forests''' Kelp forests be a variation of rocky reefs, as de kelp dey require a fairly strong den stable substrate wich fi withstand de loads of repeated waves wey dey drag on de kelp plants. De sea bamboo ''Ecklonia maxima'' dey grow insyd water wich be shallow enough to allow am to reach to de surface plus ein gas-filled stipes, so dat de fronds form a dense layer at anaa just below de surface, wey dey depend on de tide. De shorter split-fan kelp ''Laminaria pallida'' dey grow mostly on deeper reefs, wer der no be so much competition from de sea bamboo. Both dese kelp species provide food den shelter give a variety of oda organisms, particularly de sea bamboo, wich be a base give a wide range of epiphytes, wich in turn provide food den shelter give more organisms.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.4}} [[File:West Coast National Park (11356224206).jpg|thumb|Saltmarshes of Langebaan]] '''Sandy beaches den bottoms''' (wey dey include shelly, pebble den gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance dey appear to be fairly barren areas, as dem lack de stability to support chaw of de spectacular reef based species, den de variety of large organisms be relatively low. De sand continually be moved around by wave action, to a greater anaa lesser degree wey dey depend on weather conditions den exposure of de area. Dis dey mean say sessile organisms for be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all dese factors. Sandy bottoms get one important compensation give dema instability, animals fi burrow into de sand den move up den down within ein layers, wich fi provide feeding opportunities den protection from predation. Oda species fi dig demaselves holes in wich to shelter, anaa fi feed by filtering water drawn thru de tunnel, anaa by extending body parts dem adapt to dis function into de water above de sand.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.3}} '''De open sea''' De pelagic water column be de major part of de living space at sea. Dis be de water between de surface den de top of de benthic zone, wer living organisms dey swim, float anaa drift, wey de food chain dey start plus phytoplankton, de mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms wey convert de energy of sunlight into organic material wich dey feed nearly everything else, directly anaa indirectly. Insyd temperate seas der be distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on de available nutrients den de available sunlight. Either fi be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton dey tend to thrive wer der be plenty of light, wey dem demselves be a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so de photosynthetic zone dey tend to be shallower insyd areas of high productivity.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|Ch.6}} Zooplankton dey feed on de phytoplankton, wey dem be in turn eaten by larger animals. De larger pelagic animals be generally faster moving den more mobile, wey dey give dem de option of changing depth to feed anaa to avoid predation, den to move to oda places in search of a better food supply. === Marine species diversity === ==== Animals ==== *23 species of wading birds.<ref name=":1" /> *29 species of bony fish<ref name=":2" /> *12 shark den ray species, wey dey include sandshark (''Rhinobatos annulatus'')<ref name=":2" /> *Geelbek<ref name=":2" /> *Cape stumpnose<ref name=":2" /> *Snoek (''Thyrsites atun'')<ref name=":2" /> *Yellowtail<ref name=":2" /> More dan 400 species of marine invertebrates.<ref name=":2" /> *''Siphonaria'' *''Assiminea globulus'' ==== Seaweeds ==== 71 species of marine algae.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Endemism ==== De MPA dey insyd de warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to de west of Cape Point wich dey extend northwards to de [[Orange River]]. Der be a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along dis coastline.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Alien invasive species ==== As of April 23, 2025, dem record 29 known alien marine species insyd de marine protected area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New marine alien species Amathia verticillata discovered in Langebaan Lagoon MPA – Our Stories – Scientific Services |url=https://www.sanparks.org/conservation/scientific-services/stories/new-marine-alien-species-amathia-verticillata-discovered-in-langebaan-lagoon-mpa |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=SANParks |language=en}}</ref> One example be de sea beard ''Amathia verticillata'', one invasive bryozoan wey dem discover for 2023. Researchers believe say e likely enter de area thru de nearby Saldanha Bay port secof commercial shipping activities. Dese bryozoans dey cover large areas of seagrass den artificial surfaces like boat hulls den shipwrecks. Dema population dey change plus de seasons—dem reduce during winter den dey cam back again for summer.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Marine protected areas of South Africa]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd South Africa]] 2kaot6agz0idq3a8l85islzgihcncjx 14 28070 106366 2026-07-07T17:04:24Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106366 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28071 106367 2026-07-07T17:04:41Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106367 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28072 106368 2026-07-07T17:04:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106368 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28073 106369 2026-07-07T17:04:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106369 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28074 106370 2026-07-07T17:05:40Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106370 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28075 106371 2026-07-07T17:05:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106371 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28076 106372 2026-07-07T17:06:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106372 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28077 106375 2026-07-07T17:28:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106375 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28078 106376 2026-07-07T17:28:38Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106376 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28079 106377 2026-07-07T17:28:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106377 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28080 106378 2026-07-07T17:30:32Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106378 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28081 106379 2026-07-07T17:30:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106379 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28082 106380 2026-07-07T17:30:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106380 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28083 106381 2026-07-07T17:31:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106381 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28084 106382 2026-07-07T17:31:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106382 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28085 106383 2026-07-07T17:32:06Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106383 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28086 106384 2026-07-07T17:32:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106384 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28087 106385 2026-07-07T17:32:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106385 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28088 106386 2026-07-07T17:32:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106386 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28089 106387 2026-07-07T17:32:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106387 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28090 106388 2026-07-07T17:35:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106388 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28091 106389 2026-07-07T17:37:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106389 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28092 106390 2026-07-07T17:38:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106390 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28093 106391 2026-07-07T17:39:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106391 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28094 106395 2026-07-07T20:14:28Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106395 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1