Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 828 9541 106497 41419 2026-07-10T16:54:36Z Uzume 3415 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q24733825|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 106497 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p j5a6l03tjwodgrvfnv3lb4x5up93wlv 828 9542 106496 41421 2026-07-10T16:54:31Z Uzume 3415 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q29879601|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 106496 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Edit this on Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "s", ["millennium"] = " millennium", ["century"] = " century", ["million-years"] = " million years", ["billion-years"] = " billion years", ["year"] = " year", ["years"] = " years" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "Julian calendar", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Julian", ["BCE"] = "BCE", ["CE"] = "CE", ["common-era"] = "Common Era" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "unknown", ["none"] = "none" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "th" -- 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, ... 19th end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "st" elseif num == '2' then return "nd" elseif num == '3' then return "rd" else return "th" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p pgkxz3kqyoyu0zj2nmtkjkdr0ntnin5 0 27928 106499 105930 2026-07-10T18:52:31Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Freshwater acidification''' dey happen wen acidic inputs enter body of fresh water thru weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), anaa by reduction of acid anions like sulfate den nitrate inside lake, pond, anaa reservoir.<ref name="Psenner-1994">{{Cite journal|last=Psenner|first=Roland|date=March 1994|title=Environmental impacts on freshwaters: acidification as a global problem|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=143|issue=1|pages=53–61|bibcode=1994ScTEn.143...53P|doi=10.1016/0048-9697(94)90532-0|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Freshwater acidification mainly dey caused by sulfur oxides (SOx) den nitrogen oxides (NOx) wey dey enter water through atmospheric deposition den soil leaching.<ref name="Psenner-1994" /> Carbonic acid den dissolved carbon dioxide sanso fit enter freshwater in similar way thru runoff from carbon dioxide-rich soils.<ref name="Psenner-1994" /> Runoff wey carry these compounds fit bring hydrogen ions den inorganic aluminum insyd water, wey fit toxic to aquatic organisms.<ref name="Psenner-1994" /> Acid rain sef dey contribute to freshwater acidification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Irwin|first1=J.G.|last2=Williams|first2=M.L.|author2-link=Martin Williams (environmental scientist)|date=1988|title=Acid rain: Chemistry and transport|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=50|issue=1–2|pages=29–59|doi=10.1016/0269-7491(88)90184-4|issn=0269-7491|pmid=15092652}}</ref> One well-known case of freshwater acidification be Adirondack Lakes for New York wey show up for 1970s, wey be caused by acid rain from industrial sulfur dioxide (SO₂) den nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=C. T |last2=Postek |first2=K. M |last3=Mateti |first3=D |last4=Sequeira |first4=K |last5=Aber |first5=J. D |last6=Kretser |first6=W. J |last7=Mitchell |first7=M. J |last8=Raynal |first8=D. J |date=1998-08-01 |title=The response of lake water in the Adirondack region of New York to changes in acidic deposition |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1462901198000288 |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=185–198 |doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(98)00028-8 |issn=1462-9011 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Causes == === Natural === CO₂ from atmosphere anaa decomposition of organic matter fit affect freshwater acidity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ocean acidification |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-959108-4 |editor=Jean-Pierre Gattuso |oclc=975179973 |editor2=Lina Hansson}}</ref> CO₂ wey dissolve insyd water form carbonic acid. Dis carbonic acid go break into hydrogen ions (H+) den bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) wey go increase H+ ions den reduce pH level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wurts |first=William A. |last2=Durborow |first2=Robert M. |title=Interactions of pH, Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and Hardness in Fish Ponds |url=https://lee-phillips.org/Backyard/cache/464fs.pdf |journal=SRAC Publication |publication-date=1992 |issue=464 |pages=1–4}}</ref> CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃; H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃^- Microbial activity wey dey break down organic matter release organic acids like humic den fulvic acids. Dese acids fit collect insyd water bodies, especially forest den wetland areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berner |first1=Robert A. |last2=Lasaga |first2=Antonio C. |date=1989 |title=Modeling the Geochemical Carbon Cycle |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24987179 |journal=Scientific American |volume=260 |issue=3 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0389-74 |jstor=24987179 |issn=0036-8733|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Peatlands den wetlands dey often produce acidic water secof high organic matter decomposition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nordstrom |first=D. K. |date=2011 |title=Mine waters: Acidic to circumneutral |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/elements/article/7/6/393/137913/Mine-Waters-Acidic-to-Circmneutral |journal=Elements |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=393–398 |doi=10.2113/gselements.7.6.393|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Volcanic activity fit release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) den other acidic oxides enter atmosphere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schindler |first=D. W. |date=1988-01-08 |title=Effects of Acid Rain on Freshwater Ecosystems |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.239.4836.149 |journal=Science |volume=239 |issue=4836 |pages=149–157 |doi=10.1126/science.239.4836.149 |pmid=17732976 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Insyd air, sulfur dioxide convert to sulfuric acid:<ref name="Henriksen-1992">{{Cite journal |last1=Henriksen |first1=Arne |last2=Kämäri |first2=Juha |last3=Posch |first3=Maximilian |last4=Wilander |first4=Anders |date=1992 |title=Critical Loads of Acidity: Nordic Surface Waters |journal=Ambio |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=356–363 |issn=0044-7447 |jstor=4313961}}</ref> SO₂ + ¹&#x2044;₂ O₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₄; H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄^2- === Anthropogenic === [[File:Rio tinto river CarolStoker NASA Ames Research Center.jpg|thumb|Rio Tinto river for Spain show acid drainage from natural den mining origin]] Human activities dey increase freshwater acidification plenty. Burning of fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) den nitrogen oxides (NOx). Dese gases react plus water den air form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) den nitric acid (HNO₃).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Likens |first1=Gene E. |last2=Bormann |first2=F. Herbert |date=1974-06-14 |title=Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.184.4142.1176 |journal=Science |volume=184 |issue=4142 |pages=1176–1179 |doi=10.1126/science.184.4142.1176 |pmid=17756304 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nitric acid sef go dissociate into hydrogen ions H⁺) den nitrate ions (NO₃^-), wey reduce pH.<ref name="Cardoso-2009">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Inland Waters |publisher=Elsevier |last1=Cardoso |first1=A.C. |date=2009 |pages=310–331 |doi=10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00244-1 |isbn=978-0-12-370626-3 |last2=Free |first2=G. |last3=Nõges |first3=P. |last4=Kaste |first4=Ø. |last5=Poikane |first5=S. |last6=Solheim |first6=A. Lyche |chapter=Lake Management, Criteria}}</ref> NO_x + H₂O + ¹&#x2044;₂ O₂ → HNO₃; HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃^- Dis process worse for areas wer water buffering capacity low. Mining too dey contribute thru acid mine drainage. Wen pyrite (FeS₂) meet air den water, e form sulfuric acid.<ref name="Nordstrom 393–398">{{Cite journal |last=Nordstrom |first=D. K. |date=2011-12-01 |title=Mine Waters: Acidic to Circmneutral |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/elements/article/7/6/393-398/137913 |journal=Elements |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=393–398 |doi=10.2113/gselements.7.6.393 |issn=1811-5209|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Buffering Capacity == [[File:Atlantic Canada - Natural Earth.jpg|thumb|Map of Atlantic Canada]] Buffering capacity of ecosystem dey help resist pH change. Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) den carbonate (CO₃^2-) ions insyd freshwater systems fi neutralize de income hydrogen ions (H⁺). HCO₃^- + H⁺ → CO₂ + H₂O But areas with low alkalinity (like silicate bedrock regions) no get strong buffering system, so pH fit drop fast.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schindler |first=D. W. |date=1988-01-08 |title=Effects of Acid Rain on Freshwater Ecosystems |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.239.4836.149 |journal=Science |volume=239 |issue=4836 |pages=149–157 |doi=10.1126/science.239.4836.149 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, Atlantic region of [[Canada]] get low acid deposition but still get very acidic water because buffering capacity low den natural organic acids from wetlands dey add more acidity.<ref name="Clair-2007">{{Cite journal|last1=Clair|first1=Thomas A.|last2=Dennis|first2=Ian F.|last3=Scruton|first3=David A.|last4=Gilliss|first4=Mallory|date=December 2007|title=Freshwater acidification research in Atlantic Canada: a review of results and predictions for the future|journal=Environmental Reviews|volume=15|issue=NA|pages=153–167|doi=10.1139/a07-004|issn=1181-8700}}</ref> == Effects on ecosystems == [[File:Nationaal Park Drents-Friese Wold. Locatie Fochteloërveen. Waterveenmos (Sphagnum cuspidatum), Veenpluis (Eriophorum angustifolium) 03.JPG|thumb|Pond with plenty Sphagnum]] Freshwater acidification fit reduce biodiversity den change ecosystem structure den function.<ref name="Henriksen-1992" /> Macro-invertebrates den big vertebrates suffer higher death rate den lower reproduction under acidic conditions. Some algae den moss like Sphagnum fit even thrive den dominate, push other species out. Sphagnum fit exchange H⁺ for basic cations insyd freshwater, wey e fit reduce nutrient cycling by blocking water-sediment exchange.<ref name="Henriksen-1992" /> Aquatic biomonitoring dey used to check ecosystem health. Acid soil fit affect agriculture too.<ref name="Chen-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Changan |last2=Lin |first2=Juntong |last3=Liu |first3=Yuhang |last4=Ren |first4=Xiangru |date=2022 |title=Effects of freshwater acidification and countermeasures |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=1011 |issue=1 |article-number=012035 |bibcode=2022E&ES.1011a2035C |s2cid=248122033 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1011/1/012035 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some animals like frogs den perch fit survive pH 4.<ref name="Landuse.alberta.ca">{{cite web |title=Effects of Acid Rain - Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals |url=https://landuse.alberta.ca/Forms%20and%20Applications/RFR_ACFN%20Reply%20to%20Crown%20Submission%205%20-%20TabD9%20AcidRain_2014-08_PUBLIC.pdf |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Landuse.alberta.ca}}</ref> Buh chaw organisms like clams den snails no fit survive low pH; dema shells dey weaken den protection reduce.<ref name="Landuse.alberta.ca" /> == Minimizing acidification == Agricultural runoff (nitrogen den phosphorus) be major cause. Best management practices like reduce fertilizer use, improve manure management, den precision agriculture fit reduce pollution.<ref name=jac>{{Cite journal |last1=Camargo |first1=Julio A. |last2=Alonso |first2=Álvaro |date=August 2006 |title=Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412006000602 |journal=Environment International |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=831–849 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.002|pmid=16781774 |hdl=10261/294824 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Riparian buffer zones (vegetation strips near water) fit filter pollutants before dem enter freshwater.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mayer |first1=Paul M. |last2=Jr. Reynolds |first2=Steven K. |last3=Canfield |first3=Timothy J. |last4=McCutchen |first4=Marshall D. |date=2005 |title=Riparian Buffer Width, Vegetative Cover, and Nitrogen Removal Effectiveness: A Review of Current Science and Regulations |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-02/documents/riparian-buffer-width-2005.pdf |journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=311–324}}</ref> Wetlands den peatlands dey absorb pollutants den control water flow, so dem help buffer systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorham |first=Eville |date=May 1991 |title=Northern Peatlands: Role in the Carbon Cycle and Probable Responses to Climatic Warming |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/1941811 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=182–195 |doi=10.2307/1941811 |jstor=1941811 |pmid=27755660 |issn=1051-0761}}</ref> Liming (adding calcium carbonate CaCO₃) dey raise pH den restore habitat condition.<ref name="Mant-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Mant |first1=Rebecca C. |last2=Jones |first2=David L. |last3=Reynolds |first3=Brian |last4=Ormerod |first4=Steve J. |last5=Pullin |first5=Andrew S. |date=2013-08-01 |title=A systematic review of the effectiveness of liming to mitigate impacts of river acidification on fish and macro-invertebrates |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=179 |pages=285–293 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.019 |pmid=23707951 |issn=0269-7491|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013EPoll.179..285M }}</ref> Mining acid drainage fit treat through biological processes den alkaline materials.<ref name="Nordstrom 393–398" /> Circular economy approach (reduce, reuse, recycle) too fit reduce pollution overall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morseletto |first=Piero |date=2020-02-01 |title=Targets for a circular economy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921344919304598 |journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=153 |article-number=104553 |doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104553 |issn=0921-3449|hdl=1871.1/c4c1f149-0a90-46fb-9105-cbf7157cf3f8 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Regulations == Control of SO_x den NO_x emissions fit reduce acid rain den acid water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menz |first1=Fredric C. |last2=Seip |first2=Hans M. |date=2004-08-01 |title=Acid rain in Europe and the United States: an update |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901104000590 |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=253–265 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2004.05.005 |issn=1462-9011|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement reduce acid rain by 78% for Canada den 92% for US as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2005-01-25 |title=Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement: overview |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/air-pollution/issues/transboundary/canada-united-states-air-quality-agreement-overview.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Research investment den monitoring help build policy solutions. Government sanso fit support companies to reduce pollution den use better production methods.<ref name="Chen-2022" /> Examples include Acid Rain Program in US (1995) den Gothenburg Protocol by UNECE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone {{!}} UNECE |url=https://unece.org/environment-policy/air/protocol-abate-acidification-eutrophication-and-ground-level-ozone |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=unece.org}}</ref> == Case Study: Freshwater Acidification insyd de Adirondack Lakes, New York == [[File:Adirondack Lake - 2055193932.jpg|thumb|Adirondack Lake, USA]] Adirondack Lakes be one major case study of freshwater acidification. From 1970s, lakes show acidification secof low Acid Neutralizing Capacity den industrial emissions of SO₂ den NO_x wey dey cause acid rain.<ref name=":3" /> Pollutants move from Midwest US go Adirondack region, reduce pH of water den soil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DRISCOLL |first=CHARLES T. |last2=LAWRENCE |first2=GREGORY B. |last3=BULGER |first3=ARTHUR J. |last4=BUTLER |first4=THOMAS J. |last5=CRONAN |first5=CHRISTOPHER S. |last6=EAGAR |first6=CHRISTOPHER |last7=LAMBERT |first7=KATHLEEN F. |last8=LIKENS |first8=GENE E. |last9=STODDARD |first9=JOHN L. |last10=WEATHERS |first10=KATHLEEN C. |date=2001 |title=Acidic Deposition in the Northeastern United States: Sources and Inputs, Ecosystem Effects, and Management Strategies |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/51/3/180/256122 |journal=BioScience |volume=51 |issue=3 |page=180 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0180:aditnu]2.0.co;2 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref> Dis cause decline insyd biodiversity, wey dey include fish den crustacean disappearance.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6173689 |title=Adirondack lakes survey: An interpretive analysis of fish communities and water chemistry, 1984--1987 |last=Baker |first=J. P. |last2=Gherini |first2=S. A. |date=1990-01-01 |publisher=Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Adirondack Lakes Survey Corp., Ray Brook, NY (USA) |issue=ORNL/M-1148 |doi=10.2172/6173689 |osti=6173689 |language=English |last3=Munson |first3=R. K. |last4=Christensen |first4=S. W. |last5=Driscoll |first5=C. T. |last6=Gallagher |first6=J. |last7=Newton |first7=R. M. |last8=Reckhow |first8=K. H. |last9=Schofield |first9=C. L.}}</ref> Clean Air Act of 1990 help reduce SO₂ den NO_x emissions.<ref name=":3" /> Water quality improve, buh ecosystem recovery still slow because soil still hold acid effect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoddard |first=J. L. |last2=Jeffries |first2=D. S. |last3=Lükewille |first3=A. |last4=Clair |first4=T. A. |last5=Dillon |first5=P. J. |last6=Driscoll |first6=C. T. |last7=Forsius |first7=M. |last8=Johannessen |first8=M. |last9=Kahl |first9=J. S. |last10=Kellogg |first10=J. H. |last11=Kemp |first11=A. |last12=Mannio |first12=J. |last13=Monteith |first13=D. T. |last14=Murdoch |first14=P. S. |last15=Patrick |first15=S. |date=1999 |title=Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/44114 |journal=Nature |volume=401 |issue=6753 |pages=575–578 |doi=10.1038/44114 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Read further == *{{Cite web|title=Measurements and observations: OCB-OA|url=http://www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/page.do?pid=112157|access-date=2019-03-24|website=Whoi.edu|language=en-US}} == References == [[Category:Water pollution]] [[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]] [[Category:Water chemistry]] [[Category:Environmental science]] [[Category:Hydrology]] tbvfbvu4oiqxkrvaqe295jzq1pa4lfv 0 27929 106502 105932 2026-07-10T19:18:09Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Water testing''' be general description for different procedures wey dem dey use check water quality. Millions of water quality tests dey happen every day to meet regulatory requirements den to maintain safety.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail">{{cite web|title=Water testing – pass or fail?|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/10/6/market-insight/water-testing-pass-or-fail.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> Dem fit carry out testing to check: * '''ambient anaa environmental water quality''' – how surface water body fit support aquatic life as ecosystem. ''See'' Environmental monitoring, Freshwater environmental quality parameters den Bioindicator. * '''wastewater''' – how polluted water be (domestic sewage anaa industrial waste) before treatment anaa after treatment. ''See'' Environmental chemistry den Wastewater quality indicators. * '''"raw water" quality''' – how water source be before treatment for domestic use (drinking water). ''See'' Bacteriological water analysis den specific tests like turbidity den hard water. * '''"finished" water quality''' – water wey dem treat for municipal water purification plant. ''See'' Bacteriological water analysis den Category:Water quality indicators. * whether water fit serve for industrial uses like laboratory work, manufacturing anss equipment cooling. ''See'' purified water. ==Government regulation== Government rules wey relate to water testing den water quality for some major countries dey below. ===China=== ====Ministry of Environmental Protection==== Ministry of Environmental Protection of People's Republic of China be de country environmental protection department wey dey handle protection of air, water den land from pollution. E dey under State Council,wey by law e get power to enforce environmental policies den regulations. E sanso dey support research den development.<ref>{{cite web|title=MEP Mission|url=http://english.mep.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Mission/200803/t20080318_119444.htm|accessdate=20 March 2013|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126120712/http://english.mep.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Mission/200803/t20080318_119444.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Regulatory challenges den debates==== For late 2009, survey wey China Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development do show say water quality of urban supply for cities no meet standard for at least 1,000 water treatment plants out of over 4,000 wey dem check. The result no release officially, but later Century Weekly publish am for 2012. Government official later talk say 80% of urban tap water dey okay based on pilot data from 2011. China new drinking water standard get 106 indicators. But only 40% of 35 major cities fit test all 106 indicators. Some agencies dey negotiate results for over 60 indicators, so dem no dey test everything strictly. Water quality grading dey based on average 95% compliance. Inspection dey happen twice every year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gong|first=Jing|title=What's coming out of China's taps?|date=7 June 2012 |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4962-What-s-coming-out-of-China-s-taps-|publisher=China Dialogue|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> ===Pakistan=== ====Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources==== Dis organization start for 1964. E dey conduct, organize den promote research for all water resources areas. E dey focus on applied and basic research for water sector development.<ref>{{cite web|title=About PCRWR|url=http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/About.aspx|publisher=PCRWR|accessdate=25 March 2013|archive-date=16 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416000532/http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/About.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====Recent developments==== For March 2013, minister for Science and Technology talk say only 15–18% groundwater samples for Pakistan dey safe for drinking. Government set up 24 water testing labs, produce water test kits, filters den treatment sachets, and train over 2,660 professionals. Dem sanso survey 10,000 out of 12,000 water supply systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=24 water quality testing laboratories set up in country: NA told|date=13 March 2013 |url=http://www.brecorder.com/pakistan/industries-a-sectors/110480-24-water-quality-testing-laboratories-set-up-in-country-na-told.html|publisher=Business Recorder|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== ====Drinking Water Inspectorate==== Drinking Water Inspectorate be department under Environment, Food and Rural Affairs wey dey regulate public water supply companies for England den Wales.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking Water Inspectorate Home Page|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Local environmental health offices sanso fit carry out water testing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking water quality|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/drinking-water-quality/index.htm|publisher=DWI|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> ===United States=== ====Environmental Protection Agency==== [[File:A scientist inspects a water sample. (15011059180).jpg|thumb|U.S. EPA scientist dey inspect water sample]] Main federal laws wey control water testing be Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) den Clean Water Act. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) dey set rules den test methods under dese laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulatory Agendas and Regulatory Plans |url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/regulatory-agendas-and-regulatory-plans |date=2025-08-11 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> ;Drinking water analysis Under SDWA, public water systems must regularly test treated water for contaminants using EPA-approved methods. Only certified labs fit do de testing.<ref name="EPA DW methods">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwanalyticalmethods/learn-about-drinking-water-analytical-methods |title=Learn about Drinking Water Analytical Methods |date=2025-06-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Revised Total Coliform Rule (2013) den 1989 version apply to all public water systems. Dem control microbial contamination den require reporting of Escherichia coli wen e exceed safe level.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revised Total Coliform And Total Coliform Rule |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/revised-total-coliform-rule-and-total-coliform-rule |date=2025-02-19 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Acute toxicity testing fit take 24–96 hours to detect contamination.<ref name="Performance Verification Testing">{{cite web |title=Performance Verification Testing |date=6 August 2014 |url=http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_04_01_watersecurity_fs_security_rapid-tox.pdf |publisher=EPA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906121916/http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_04_01_watersecurity_fs_security_rapid-tox.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> ;Wastewater analysis All facilities wey dey discharge wastewater into rivers, lakes anaa sea must get permit under National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Dem must test wastewater regularly den report results.<ref name="NPDES basics">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-basics |title=NPDES Permit Basics |date=2025-06-03 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Private wells==== Private wells no get federal regulation. Owners dem be responsible for testing their water. Some states fit require testing for bacteria like coliform den E. coli den other contaminants like nitrates anaa arsenic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/privatewells |title=Private Drinking Water Wells |date=2025-08-11 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Publication of test methods==== Test methods dey published by government agencies, research organizations den international bodies. Approved methods must be used for regulatory compliance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clean Water Act Analytical Methods |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods |date=2025-09-09 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Homeland security==== EPA dey responsible for water sector security under U.S. homeland security policies. Threats fit include chemical contamination anaa physical attack on water systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water and Wastewater Systems Sector Cybersecurity |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-water-sector/water-and-wastewater-systems-sector-cybersecurity |date=2025-06-17 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> ====Regulatory challenges==== =====Hydraulic fracturing===== Some oil den gas companies no dey fully disclose chemicals used insyd hydraulic fracturing secof legal exemptions. Dis dey raise concerns about water safety.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Under the Safe Drinking Water Act |date=15 January 2013 |url=http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm |publisher=EPA |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> Studies later link some groundwater contamination to fracking activities in some regions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lustgarten |first=Abrahm |title=Feds Link Water Contamination to Fracking for the First Time |date=8 December 2011 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/feds-link-water-contamination-to-fracking-for-first-time |publisher=Pro Publica}}</ref> =====Pharmaceuticals den personal care products===== Small traces of pharmaceuticals dey insyd drinking water, but most treatment systems no fully remove am. No strong federal limits exist yet for most of these chemicals.<ref>{{cite web|last=McNabb|first=John|title=Testimony to Oversight Hearing|url=http://www.cleanwateraction.org/files/publications/ma/testimony-drugsinwater-mcnabb.pdf|publisher=Clean Water Action}}</ref> ====International organizations==== International Maritime Organization dey handle water-related environmental issues like ballast water management to prevent spread of invasive species.<ref>{{cite web|title=About IMO|url=http://www.imo.org/|publisher=IMO}}</ref> ==Water test initiatives== ===EarthEcho Water Challenge=== EarthEcho Water Challenge be global program wey dey encourage people test local water bodies den report results like pH, temperature, turbidity den dissolved oxygen.<ref name="monitoring challenge">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwatermonitoringday.org |title=EarthEcho Water Challenge |publisher=EarthEcho International}}</ref> ==Water test market== ===Market size and structure=== Global water testing market around 2009 worth about US$3.6 billion, wey dey include labs, instruments den monitoring systems.<ref name="Something in the water">{{cite web|title=Something in the water|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/10/6/market-insight/something-water.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence}}</ref> ===Product offering=== Market include analytical systems, instruments and chemical reagents used for testing water quality. Equipment include field devices den advanced lab machines like mass spectrometry, gas chromatography denand liquid chromatography systems.<ref name="Something in the water" /> ===New developments=== Digital sensors and improved dissolved oxygen meters dey replace older technologies.<ref name="Water Sector Primer">{{cite web|title=Water Sector Primer|url=http://www.fullermoney.com/content/2005-07-01/IainLittleGoldmanSachsWaterPrimer61505.pdf|publisher=Goldman Sachs}}</ref> ==="Razor and Razor-blade" business model=== Companies dey make money from both equipment den consumables like reagents, which people dey use repeatedly for testing.<ref name="Water Sector Primer"/> ===Suppliers=== Major suppliers include Lovibond, Merck, LaMotte, Siemens, Hach den Thermo Scientific.<ref name="Something in the water"/> ==Water testing facilities== Two main types of labs dey: commercial labs den in-house labs. ===In-house laboratories=== Dese dey insyd water plants, breweries den industries. Dem handle about half of all tests.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail"/> ===Commercial laboratories=== Small private labs dey do testing for clients. Big groups also exist and handle large share of tests.<ref name="Water testing – pass or fail"/> ==References== [[Category:Drinking water]] [[Category:Water pollution]] [[Category:Water chemistry]] [[Category:Water treatment]] 9r3rrcpodukt2orhev9jlqdo0ochdpl 0 27930 106503 105933 2026-07-10T19:23:45Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Onilahy''' be a river insyd Atsimo-Andrefana den Anosy (Toliara Province), southern [[Madagascar]]. E dey flow down from de hills near Betroka to de Mozambique Channel. E dey empty at St. Augustin, den into de Bay of Saint-Augustin. Two species of cichlids be endemic to de river basin, buh ''Ptychochromis onilahy'' be probably already extinct<ref>Stiassny, M., and Sparks, J. S. (2006).</ref> den de remaining range of ''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' dey cover less than 10 square kilometres (3.9 mi2).<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18832/177066640 |title=Ptychochromoides betsileanus: Ravelomanana, T. & Sparks, J.S.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T18832A177066640 |last=IUCN |date=2016-06-28 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18832A177066640.en |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walaszczyk |first=I. |last2=Marcinowski |first2=R. |last3=Praszkier |first3=T. |last4=Dembicz |first4=K. |last5=Bieńkowska |first5=M. |date=August 2004 |title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=543–576 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[File:Onilahy_Basin_OSM.png|thumb|Onilahy Basin]] == Geography == Sources of de Onilahy river be near Beadabo. E dey flow thru Ankilimary, to Benenitra, Ehara, Bezaha den Antanimena. E be crossed by de RN 10 near Tameantsoa. De mouth of de Onilahy river dey situate insyd de Indian Ocean at Saint Augustin, Madagascar, 35 km south of Toliara (Tuléar). Ein main affluentes from ein south be Sakamena river, Evasy River, Ianapera River, Isoanala river den de Ihazofotsy River. From de north dese be Sakondry, Taheza, Sakamare den de Imatoto rivers. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]] [[Category:Mozambique Channel]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Madagascar]] [[Category:Rivers of Atsimo-Andrefana]] [[Category:Rivers of Anosy]] h096rn694kvo1bnjm3ttuz5l8n8im1d 0 27932 106504 106192 2026-07-10T19:49:51Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karenge Drinking Water Supply System''' ('''KDWSS'''), wey dem dey call am '''Karenge Water Supply System''' too, be water intake, water treatment, den water distribution system for Rwanda. De system dey supply water give some parts of de capital city, Kigali, plus de neighboring Rwamagana District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/rwanda-the-capacity-of-the-karenge-water-plant-will-be-tripled-with-2m-from-ofid/ |title=Rwanda: The capacity of the Karenge water plant will be tripled with $2M from OFID |date=13 November 2023 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=16 November 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== De water treatment den distribution facility dey for de lakeside community wey dem dey call ''Karenge'', Rwamagana District, for Eastern Province of Rwanda, for de shore of Lake Mugesera. E dey about {{convert|50|km|0}} by road southeast from Kigali, de national capital.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== Dem establish KDWSS for 1975 plus processing capacity of {{convert|3840|m3|0}} every day. For 1985, dem increase de capacity go {{convert|7200|m3|0}} every day. For 2008, de daily output increase reach {{convert|12000|m3|0}}. As of October 2020, de system dey produce {{convert|15000|m3|0}} clean drinking water every day. Out of dat amount, {{convert|12000|m3|0}} (80 percent) dey go through pipeline enter Kigali, while {{convert|3000|m3|0}} (20 percent) dem dey distribute inside Rwamagana District.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=7 October 2020 | url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/updates/news-details/government-to-increase-production-capacity-of-karenge-water-treatment-plant-and-strengthen-its-distribution-network |title=Government To Increase Production Capacity off Karenge Water Treatment Plant And Strengthen Its Distribution Network |work=Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (Mininfra) |author=Mininfra |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Kigali, Rwanda}}</ref> ==Expansion== For 2020, Rwanda government, through ein subsidiary ''Water and Sanitation Corporation'' (WASAC Limited), decide say dem go increase de processing capacity of dis plant go {{convert|48000|m3|0}} every day.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> De expansion work include:<ref name="1R"/> * Upgrade de raw water source * Build new raw water intake pumps * Upgrade de raw water intake pipes * Move de intake pumping station go new location * Improve de capacity of de motors den pumps * Build new drinking water storage tanks * Expand de drinking water transport den distribution network by laying {{convert|33|km|0}} of new distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction den funding== De estimated cost for de expansion be US$164.3 million. De organizations below dey provide money for de construction.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Karenge Water System Expansion Funding ! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in USD !! Percentage !! Notes |- | 1 || OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) ||21.0 million ||12.8 || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 5 || Exim Bank of Hungary ||52.0 ||31.6 || Loan<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Construction Review Online | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-news/52-million-to-be-utilized-in-karenge-water-treatment-plant-upgrade-in-rwanda/ |title=$52 Million to be Utilized in Karenge Water Treatment Plant Upgrade in Rwanda |date=29 September 2023 |author=Mike Kubwa |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> |- | || '''Total''' || '''164.3 million'''|| '''100.00'''|| |- |} ==Other considerations== De expanded plant be part of de Rwanda authorities dema plan make 100 percent of everybody for de country get access to clean drinking water by December 2024.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==References== [[Category:Water resources management]] <references /> ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250513211642/https://www.wasac.rw/home Website of WASAC Limited] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241202071532/https://wasac.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/karenge_water_treatment_plant.pdf Profile of Karenge Water Treatment Plant] n0t471sxyo8z5rxrl7mgd584w8nllz5 106505 106504 2026-07-10T19:51:33Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 106505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karenge Drinking Water Supply System''' ('''KDWSS'''), wey dem dey call am '''Karenge Water Supply System''' too, be water intake, water treatment, den water distribution system for Rwanda. De system dey supply water give some parts of de capital city, Kigali, plus de neighboring Rwamagana District.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/rwanda-the-capacity-of-the-karenge-water-plant-will-be-tripled-with-2m-from-ofid/ |title=Rwanda: The capacity of the Karenge water plant will be tripled with $2M from OFID |date=13 November 2023 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=16 November 2023 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== De water treatment den distribution facility dey for de lakeside community wey dem dey call ''Karenge'', Rwamagana District, for Eastern Province of Rwanda, for de shore of Lake Mugesera. E dey about {{convert|50|km|0}} by road southeast from Kigali, de national capital.<ref name="1R"/> ==Overview== Dem establish KDWSS for 1975 plus processing capacity of {{convert|3840|m3|0}} every day. For 1985, dem increase de capacity go {{convert|7200|m3|0}} every day. For 2008, de daily output increase reach {{convert|12000|m3|0}}. As of October 2020, de system dey produce {{convert|15000|m3|0}} clean drinking water every day. Out of dat amount, {{convert|12000|m3|0}} (80 percent) dey go through pipeline enter Kigali, while {{convert|3000|m3|0}} (20 percent) dem dey distribute inside Rwamagana District.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=7 October 2020 | url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/updates/news-details/government-to-increase-production-capacity-of-karenge-water-treatment-plant-and-strengthen-its-distribution-network |title=Government To Increase Production Capacity off Karenge Water Treatment Plant And Strengthen Its Distribution Network |work=Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure (Mininfra) |author=Mininfra |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Kigali, Rwanda}}</ref> ==Expansion== For 2020, Rwanda government, through ein subsidiary ''Water and Sanitation Corporation'' (WASAC Limited), decide say dem go increase de processing capacity of dis plant go {{convert|48000|m3|0}} every day.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> De expansion work include:<ref name="1R"/> * Upgrade de raw water source * Build new raw water intake pumps * Upgrade de raw water intake pipes * Move de intake pumping station go new location * Improve de capacity of de motors den pumps * Build new drinking water storage tanks * Expand de drinking water transport den distribution network by laying {{convert|33|km|0}} of new distribution pipes.<ref name="1R"/> ==Construction den funding== De estimated cost for de expansion be US$164.3 million. De organizations below dey provide money for de construction.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Karenge Water System Expansion Funding ! Rank !! Development Partner !! Contribution in USD !! Percentage !! Notes |- | 1 || OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) ||21.0 million ||12.8 || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) || || || Loan<ref name="1R"/> |- | 5 || Exim Bank of Hungary ||52.0 ||31.6 || Loan<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Construction Review Online | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/construction-news/52-million-to-be-utilized-in-karenge-water-treatment-plant-upgrade-in-rwanda/ |title=$52 Million to be Utilized in Karenge Water Treatment Plant Upgrade in Rwanda |date=29 September 2023 |author=Mike Kubwa |access-date=16 November 2023 | location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> |- | || '''Total''' || '''164.3 million'''|| '''100.00'''|| |- |} ==Other considerations== De expanded plant be part of de Rwanda authorities dema plan make 100 percent of everybody for de country get access to clean drinking water by December 2024.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="4R"/> ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250513211642/https://www.wasac.rw/home Website of WASAC Limited] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241202071532/https://wasac.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/karenge_water_treatment_plant.pdf Profile of Karenge Water Treatment Plant] [[Category:1975 establishments insyd Rwanda]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Rwanda]] [[Category:Eastern Province, Rwanda]] [[Category:Water resources management]] nma669jasbgahmqa03jk5yjtkgreiqy 0 27933 106511 105986 2026-07-10T20:16:53Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bethanie Desalination Plant''', wey dem dey call am '''Bethany Desalination Plant''' too, be brackish water desalination plant wey dey Bethanie town for southern Namibia. Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater) own am den dem build am. De clean drinking water wey dis plant dey produce, plus e capacity of {{convert|487|m3|liter}} per day, go fit supply Bethanie town till 2037.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-desalination-plant-supplies-water-to-the-people-of-bethany/ |url-access=subscription |title=Namibia: Desalination plant supplies water to the people of Bethany | work=Afrik21.africa |date=12 August 2022 |author=Inès Magoum | access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== De desalination plant dey Bethanie town for ǁKaras Region of Namibia. Bethanie dey about {{convert|140|km|0}} west of Keetmanshoop, wey be de capital of ǁKaras Region.<ref name="1R"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=Road Distance Between Keetmanshoop, Namibia And Bethanie, Namibia (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Keetmanshoop,+Namibia/@-26.5455978,17.4605607,10z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c16835d6f27aa79:0xa253f1bc79e8f4ba!2m2!1d18.1310083!2d-26.5642351!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-10 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Bethanie dey about {{convert|535|km|0}} south of Windhoek, wey be de capital den de biggest city for de country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=Road Distance Between Bethanie, Namibia And Windhoek, Namibia (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bethanien,+Namibia/Windhoek,+Namibia/@-25.3031376,19.1605852,4.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c14f3302cf4817f:0x20f7dffa494a2cfb!2m2!1d17.1514061!2d-26.5090889!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-10 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Overview== De main aim of dis project be make e improve de amount den quality of drinking water wey people for Bethanie fit get. Dem develop am as [[pilot project]] make dem test whether e go possible to desalinate brackish [[ground water]] for house use den small commercial use. Dis one be part of Namibia government ein effort to increase water supply for de people from 85 percent for 2022 reach 100 percent.<ref name="4R">{{cite web| url=https://www.namibian.com.na/114344/read/Desalination-plant-opened-at-Bethanie |title=Desalination plant opened at Bethanie | work=[[The Namibian]] |date=18 July 2022 |author=Matthew Dlamini |access-date=15 August 2022 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref><ref name="5R">{{cite news| newspaper=[[Namibia Economist]] | url=https://economist.com.na/71900/agriculture/bethanie-village-to-get-clean-accessible-water-as-hybrid-renewable-energy-powered-desalination-plant-commisioned/ |title=Clean Accessible Water For Bethanie From Hybrid-Power Desalination Plant |date=15 July 2022 | location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Namibia set target say by 2030, 100 percent of di citizens den residents go get clean drinking water.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-3-mini-desalination-plants-for-irrigation-in-daures/ |title=Namibia: 3 mini desalination plants for irrigation in Daures |date=16 September 2022 |author=Benoit-Ivan Wansi |access-date=17 September 2022 | location=Paris, France}}</ref> De plant dey process raw brackish ground water thru desalination equipment wey include reverse osmosis membranes. Secof de place dey rural area, dem choose renewable energy sources. Dem install solar panels so say sunlight go provide de power wey de desalination process need.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==Development== Plenty national den international stakeholders work together design, build den fund dis desalination plant. De table below show de organisations wey support de project.<ref name="1R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Stakeholders for Bethanie Desalination Plant development ! Rank !! Member !! Domicile !! !! Notes |- | 1 ||NamWater || Namibia || National water parastatal utility company. Owner/operator. ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 2 || Desert Research Foundation of Namibia || Namibia || National research institution ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 3 || Adaptation Fund || United States || International climate change organisation ||<ref name="1R"/> |- | 4 || Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism || Namibia || Namibian Government Ministry ||<ref name="1R"/> |- |} De Multilateral Environmental Agreements Division of de Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism be one of de stakeholders wey support de development of dis plant.<ref name="1R"/> ==Funding den timeline== According to reports, de construction cost N$37&nbsp;million (about US$2.3&nbsp;million). De stakeholders wey dey de previous section fund am. Construction happen between "October 2020 den October 2021", then dem officially start commercial operation for July 2022.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/><ref name="5R"/> ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [https://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/pilot-rural-desalination-plants-using-renewable/ Pilot rural desalination plants using renewable power and membrane technology] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd de ǁKharas Region]] [[Category:2022 establishments insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure dem plete insyd 2022]] [[Category:Water resources management]] 59rkf9oe9qa3s2lpvrzftt4ex4bzo1s 0 27934 106516 105989 2026-07-10T20:26:31Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Witsand Solar Desalination Plant''' ('''WSDP''') be solar-powered desalination plant wey dey seaside town of Witsand, Hessequa Municipality, Western Cape Province, for mouth of Breede River.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=Melanie Gosling |date=18 July 2018 |title=Revolutionary Solar-Power Desalination Plant Could Provide Cheaper Option, but It Needs Space |url=https://www.news24.com/Green/News/revolutionary-solar-power-desalination-plant-could-provide-cheaper-option-but-it-needs-space-20180718 |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=News24Wire.com |location=Cape Town}}</ref> ==Overview== Witsand be tourist place, plus e get around 300 people wey dey live there during low tourist season. During tourist high season, de population fit pass 3,000 people, wey dey cause shortage of fresh water for de town. Western Cape Government help sponsor de plant through dema drought relief fund, plus French Treasury too support am through one fund wey dem set up to help implement innovative green technologies.<ref name="official launch">{{Cite web |title=Official launch of first Solar Desalination Plant in SA – Hessequa Municipality |url=https://www.hessequa.gov.za/official-launch-of-first-solar-desalination-plant-in-sa/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.hessequa.gov.za}}</ref> ==Technology== WSDP be de first solar-powered desalination plant for South Africa. De new technology wey dem use make am possible say dem no need storage batteries insyd de design again.<ref name="3R">{{cite web |last=Ensor |first=Linda |date=16 July 2018 |title=France to help drought-hit Witsand with solar-power desalination plant |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-07-16-france-to-help-drought-hit-witsand-with-solar-power-desalination-plant/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |publisher=Business Day (South Africa)}}</ref> French company Mascara Renewable Water develop de OSMOSUN® technology, den dema local partner TWS-Turnkey Water Solutions bring am come South Africa.<ref name="official launch" /> De plant ein new Osmosun technology dey use one special "intelligent" membrane wey fit continue dey do reverse osmosis even when cloud cover de sun, so de reduction for solar energy no go stop de system from working. When de clouds move comot, de solar energy go increase again. Dis ability to reduce de effect of changes for de energy wey dey come help protect de reverse osmosis membrane. For night time, wen sun no dey, de design allow de plant make e switch go normal grid electricity den continue dey work till de next morning wen de sun rise.<ref name="2R"/> ==Construction den cost== De project cost R9 million (US$605,000), wey e start full operation from 20 December 2018.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |title=France co-funds R8.6m desalination plant in Western Cape |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/france-co-funds-r86m-desalination-plant-in-western-cape-16055049 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA’S FIRST SOLAR POWERED DESALINATION PLANT PASSES THE 10,000,000 Liters MARK – Invest {{!}} Wesgro |url=https://www.wesgro.co.za/invest/news/2019/africas-first-solar-powered-desalination-plant-passes-the-10-000-000-liters-mark |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.wesgro.co.za |language=en}}</ref> De cost to produce purified water for dis plant dey between R7 den R8 (US$0.52 to US$0.60) for every {{convert|1000|liters|0}}. If dem compare am to de temporary diesel-powered desalination plant for Strandfontein, Cape Town, dem dey produce drinking water for R35 to R40 (US$2.62 to US$3.00) for every 1,000 liters.<ref name="2R" /> ==Challenges== Secof electricity cost too high for de operation of de plant, dem go only operate am during crisis periods den holiday seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WITSAND DESALINATION PLANT – Hessequa Municipality |url=https://www.hessequa.gov.za/witsand-desalination-plant/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.hessequa.gov.za}}</ref> ==References== <references /> ==External links== *[https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/water_crisis Special Report: Water Crisis] As at 23 July 2018. {{DEFAULTSORT:Witsand Solar Desalination Plant}} [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:2018 establishments insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Economy of de Western Cape]] [[Category:Garden Route District Municipality]] nr1gxqi19800cc5tce265w4shvk3dg5 0 27935 106525 106190 2026-07-11T10:26:08Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Erongo Desalination Plant''', wey dem dey call am '''Orano Desalination Plant''' too, be seawater desalination plant wey dey Namibia. Dem build de facility between 2008 den 2010 by Orano Mining Namibia, wey be part of de French nuclear fuel cycle company Orano. For dat time, dem dey call am Areva Ressources Namibia, wey be part of Areva. Dem build de desalination plant make e supply water give Orano ein Trekkopje Uranium Mine. Wen dem officially open dis plant, e be de biggest reverse osmosis desalination plant for Southern Africa.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|work=[[Namibia Economist]] |date=3 June 2020 |url=https://economist.com.na/53372/environment/erongo-desalination-plant-provides-55-million-cubic-meters-potable-water-to-the-region-during-10-year-operation-period/ | title=Erongo Desalination Plant Provided 55 Million Cubic Meters Potable Water To The Region During 10-Year Operation Period | author=Donald Matthys |access-date=21 August 2021 | place=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-towards-the-construction-of-a-new-desalination-plant-in-the-coastal-zone/ | title=Namibia: Towards the construction of a new desalination plant in the coastal zone |work=Afrik21.africa |date=14 June 2021 |author=Inès Magoum |access-date=21 August 2021 |place=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Location== De desalination plant dey inside Namib Desert, near de town of Wlotzkasbaken, for Erongo Region of Namibia. De plant dey about {{convert|35|km|0}} north of Swakopmund, wey be de nearest big town.<ref name="1R"/> Swakopmund sef dey about {{convert|391|km|0}} by road west of Windhoek, de capital den biggest city for de country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia With Interactive Map |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.5992371,15.9665902,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0657549!2d-22.5608807!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> De geographical coordinates of Erongo Desalination Plant be 22°22'19.0"S, 14°26'28.0"E (Latitude:-22.371944; Longitude:14.441111).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Location of Erongo Desalination Plant (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/22%C2%B022'19.0%22S+14%C2%B026'28.0%22E/@-22.372892,14.440059,696m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-22.3719444!4d14.4411111 |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> ==Overview== Orano Resources Namibia (wey before dem dey call Areva Resources Namibia) develop den own de Erongo Desalination Plant. De purified drinking water dem mainly plan am make e serve Orano ein uranium mine wey dem dey call Trekkopje Mine, wey dey near Arandis, Namibia.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/196085/archive-read/Desalination-plant-output-hits-record-high |date=5 December 2019 |title=Desalination plant output hits record high |work=[[The Namibian]] |access-date=21 August 2021 |author=Adam Hartman |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Dem dey pump de clean water from de plant go Arandis, wey straight-line distance be about {{convert|60|km|0}} den road distance be about {{convert|90|km|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Road Distance Between Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia And Arandis, Namibia With Map (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/Arandis,+Namibia/@-22.5350506,14.4414523,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c7676f1577c6dd1:0x5cffbd871e885c5c!2m2!1d14.9797753!2d-22.4193386!3e0 |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Nafasi Water, wey be "water technology and water utility service company" wey base for Rosebank, Gauteng, South Africa, dem wey dey operate de plant.<ref name="1R"/> Dem dey sell de potable water give NamWater, de national water utility company, make dem distribute am go Swakopmund, de nearby mines den oda places for Erongo Region. De present infrastructure fit produce between {{convert|12000000|m3|liter}} den {{convert|26000000|m3|liter}} every year depending on demand. If demand increase, dem fit add new infrastructure make de supply reach {{convert|45000000|m3|liter}} every year.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/> De raw seawater dey pass through dis processes before e go become clean water: (a) screen filtration (b) ultrafiltration (c) reverse osmosis (d) limestone contact den (e) chlorination.<ref name="5R"/> ==Cost== E cost N$2.5 billion (about US$153 million) for 2010 to develop dis water treatment plant.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="7R"/> ==Oda developments== For July 2022, de owners of dis facility sign power purchase agreement (PPA) plus InnoSun (wey be subsidiary of de French company InnoVent) make dem design, build, own, operate den maintain one 5 MW solar power station den supply dat power give Erongo Desalination Plant under one 10-year contract, wey go start from de commercial commissioning date. Dem expect construction to start for de second half of 2022, wey make dem commission am for 2023. Orano expect say de new solar farm go reduce de desalination plant ein carbon dioxide emissions by 30 percent anaa nearly 10,000 metric tonnes every year.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| date=5 July 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/namibia-orano-to-equip-its-erongo-desalination-plant-with-a-5-mwp-solar-park/ | title=Namibia: Orano to equip its Erongo desalination plant with a 5 MWp solar park |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=5 July 2022 |location=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Sanso spy== * [[Witsand Solar Desalination Plant]] * [[Namwater Desalination Plant]] * [[Bethanie Desalination Plant]] ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210821211619/https://www.namibian.com.na/200986/archive-read/Orano-gives-Erongo-desalinated-water Orano gives Erongo desalinated water] As of 18 May 2020. [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Erongo Region]] [[Category:Water resources management]] [[Category:2010 establishments insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Mining insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure insyd Namibia]] 6xibv9e3pc1gczo29ept5z0720t89v2 0 27936 106521 105991 2026-07-11T09:47:01Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 106521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Namwater Desalination Plant''' be one sea water desalination plant wey dem dey develop for Namibia. Namwater, de national water utility parastatal company for Namibia, dey develop de facility. Dem plan am make e help solve de serious water scarcity problem for central coastal area of Namibia, insyd de Erongo Region, plus de capital city, Windhoek.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |author=Huaxia | url=https://english.news.cn/20240626/8fa72ba7ab4f487fa6404b9a2c4b8b3f/c.html |title=Namibia to construct new desalination plant to meet rising water demand |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Beijing, China}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web| work=[[New Era (Namibia)]] |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/second-desalination-plant-coming |title=Second Desalination Plant Coming |date=16 April 2024 |author=Eveline de Klerk |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> ==Location== De desalination plant go dey for Namib Desert, near de town of Wlotzkasbaken, for Erongo Region of Namibia. Dis new plant go dey side by side plus de privately owned Erongo Desalination Plant, wey dem officially start commercial operation for 2010. De land wey go host de new plant be Erongo Regional Council donate am give Namwater.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=[[The Namibian]] | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/govt-gets-land-for-coastal-desalination-plant-namwater/ |title=Government Gets Land For Coastal Desalination Plant – NamWater |date=31 May 2023 |author=Andreas Thomas |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> Wlotzkasbaken dey about {{convert|35|km|0}} north of Swakopmund, de nearest big town, den about {{convert|390|km|0}} by road west of Windhoek, de national capital den biggest city for de country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Road Distance Between Windhoek, Namibia And Wlotzkasbaken, Namibia (Map) |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Windhoek,+Namibia/Wlotzkasbaken,+Namibia/@-22.418532,15.966196,8z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c0b1b5cb30c01ed:0xe4b84940cc445d3b!2m2!1d17.0842147!2d-22.5649344!1m5!1m1!1s0x1c764892b69b457f:0xcff2f660ca943074!2m2!1d14.4504954!2d-22.4086945?entry=ttu |access-date=11 July 2026 |website=Google Maps}}</ref> ==Overview== Namibia be dry country wey dey face serious water shortage.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20240301/42cae2ca368a43ba9fbd1fb2b3b5a2c0/c.html |title=Namibia Approves Urgent Measures To Combat Looming Water Crisis |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=1 March 2024 |author=Huaxia |access-date=28 June 2024 |location=Beijing, China}}</ref> As of 2024, Erongo Region dey get ein drinking water from (a) groundwater aquifers from de ''Omaruru Delta'', (b) de ''Kuiseb Delta'', den (c) desalinated water from de Erongo Desalination Plant. Dem connect all dis water sources thru one network of pumping stations, pipelines den reservoirs.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="AppR">{{cite web| url=https://economist.com.na/89020/agriculture/government-approves-construction-of-second-desalination-plant/ |title=Government Approves Construction of Second Desalination Plant |date=27 June 2024 |work=[[Namibia Economist]] |author=Namibia Economist |access-date=24 July 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> But secof town population dey increase, mining activities dey increase, agricultural production dey increase den industries too dey demand more water, all de three water sources almost reach dia maximum capacity. Together dem dey provide just under {{convert|30000000|m3|liter}} of [[potable water]] every year.<ref name="5R"/><ref name="AppR"/> Secof dat, for 2024, de government of Namibia approve make dem build one new modular desalination plant wey go produce {{convert|20000000|m3|liter}} of potable water every year as de first phase. Dem fit increase de capacity later anytime e become necessary.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="5R"/><ref name="AppR"/> ==Developers== De national water utility [[parastatal]], Namwater, be de owner den main developer of dis project. De Chinese-owned ''Swakop Uranium Mine'' dey collaborate plus Namwater on de project. Dem dey plan dis development since 1998.<ref name="3R"/><ref name="5R"/> Dem update de plans for 2016 after de government reject offer to buy de privately owned Erongo Desalination Plant for NAD3 billion (about US$164 million for 2024 value).<ref name="3R"/><ref name="5R"/> De matter cam be more serious secof de severe drought wey dey affect countries for Southern Africa, wey dey include Namibia, during de third decade of de 21st century (2021–2030).<ref name="6R">{{cite web| date=22 April 2024 |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/152711/severe-drought-in-southern-africa | work=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |title=Severe Drought in Southern Africa |author=NASA Earth Observatory | access-date=28 June 2024 |location=United States}}</ref> ==Cost== Dem estimate say de development of dis water treatment plant go cost N$3.5 billion (about US$191 million) for 2024.<ref name="2R"/> * Note: US$1.00 = NAD18.34 on 28 June 2024. ==Timetable== Construction suppose start for Q1 2025, wey dem plan make de plant begin commercial operation for H1 2027.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="8R">{{cite web| work=[[The Namibian]] | url=https://www.namibian.com.na/desalination-plant-construction-set-for-january/ | title=Desalination plant construction set for January |date=6 August 2024 |author=Shania Lazarus |access-date=6 August 2024 |location=Windhoek, Namibia}}</ref> ==Sanso spy== * [[Desalination]] * [[Erongo Desalination Plant]] * [[Bethanie Desalination Plant]] ==References== <references /> ==External links== * [https://www.namwater.com.na/ Website of Namwater Limited] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Erongo Region]] [[Category:2020s establishments insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Mining insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Infrastructure insyd Namibia]] [[Category:Water resources management]] rvqtjcaqp6lozs4wtfx6hp14lyc30rm 0 27978 106498 106107 2026-07-10T17:30:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 106498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mbezi River''' (''Mto Mbezi'' insyd Swahili) be located insyd de Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. E dey begin insyd Kwembe ward insyd Ubungo MC den eventually dey drain into Zanzibar Channel at Kawe ward of Kinondoni MC. Several neighborhoods den two wards be named give de river.<ref>Justin, Mhina Given, et al. "Mapping the gap of water and erosion control measures in the rapidly urbanizing Mbezi river catchment of Dar es Salaam." Water 10.1 (2018): 64.</ref><ref>Mhina, G. J., et al. "Suitability of storm water runoff for water supply in fast urbanizing cities: The case of Mbezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." Journal of Building and Land Development 21.1 (2020): 1–13.</ref> == Threats == === Metal contamination === Like all de rivers insyd de city, de Mbezi River face environmental degradation over decades. Geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, degree of contamination, modified degree of contamination, potential contamination index, den environmental toxicity quotient all dem indicate say sediments from Dar ein rivers be polluted, plus Msimbazi den Kizinga river sediments be more polluted. Dis be true even though enrichment factor dey indicate varying contamination status of heavy metals insyd rivers. Metal contamination levels for Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Al, Mn, Fe, den Zn be assessed dey use sediments from de Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, den Mzinga coastal rivers. Na dem find chaw of de higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, den Zn insyd de Msimbazi River. While na dem find higher Ni den Cu concentrations insyd de Kizinga River, higher Mn concentrations be found insyd de Mbezi River. Except for Mn, Mzinga River get de lowest amounts of most metals. Mn concentrations be lowest insyd de Kizinga River.<ref>Mihale, Matobola J. "Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).</ref> === Erosion === Residents of de historic hamlet wey dey live insyd de river plain near de outlet insyd de informal settlement of Ukwamani. De area be declared a flood danger zone by de government, den habitation anaa construction be outlawed der. De authorities begin dey relocate de citizens; owners be given compensation, buh de majority reject de transfer. Dis region ein river dey serve as a garbage disposal site, agriculture, den backyard. De most abrupt event among river behaviors, unexpected [[Flood|floods]] frequently dey affect de residents of Ukwamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> === Quarry mining === De middle den lower reaches of de river be home to seasonal sand miners. Sand be removed from de dried riverbed wey dem sell as de primary ingredient insyd brickmaking. Although mining be a lucrative river-related industry, na e be made illegal to safeguard de banks. De practice ein outlawry result in de establishment of criminal enterprises wey now run de industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When the River Crosses a City: Dar es Salaam and the Mbezi |url=https://chartercitiesinstitute.org/blog-posts/when-the-river-crosses-a-city-dar-es-salaam-and-the-mbezi/ |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of Kilimanjaro Region]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] 810gab6v33qwism10nr63o1yzvyk9y3 14 28130 106500 2026-07-10T18:53:15Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106500 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28131 106501 2026-07-10T18:53:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106501 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28132 106506 2026-07-10T19:52:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106506 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28133 106507 2026-07-10T19:52:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106507 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 28134 106508 2026-07-10T19:52:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 106508 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 28135 106509 2026-07-10T19:58:44Z Icodense 2720 + speedy deletion template 106509 wikitext text/x-wiki <div name="Deletion notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="background-color: #fee; margin: 0 1em; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> '''This {{{2|page}}} is a [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion|candidate for speedy deletion]].''' 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