Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah

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'''Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah''' (dem born am for 13 September 1980) be [[Ghanaian]] transformational coach, mBIT Master Coach, corporate trainer, consultant, author,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.com/stores/Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah/author/B00IWLIF2Y &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah: books, biography, latest update&quot;]. ''Amazon.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt; den columnist.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.com/stores/Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah/author/B00IWLIF2Y &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah&quot;]. ''HuffPost UK''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nyabor, Jonas (2018-03-16). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325140026/http://citifmonline.com/2018/03/16/looking-possible-causes-unhappy-ghanaians-article/ &quot;Looking at possible causes for 'Unhappy Ghanaians' &amp;#x5B;Article&amp;#x5D;&quot;]. ''Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always''. Retrieved 2024-01-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yeboah, Scofray Nana Yaw. [https://www.modernghana.com/news/913514/some-samaritans-worthy-of-appreciation-in-little-isaac-amput.html &quot;Some Samaritans Worthy Of Appreciation In Little Isaac Amputation Story&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://coachingfederation.org/blog/purpose-driven-leadership &quot;Executive Coaching: Empowering Purpose-Driven Leadership in an AI-Led Corporate Future&quot;]. ''International Coaching Federation''. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2019, he come make Fellow for de Crans Montana Forum (CMF), an international organization wey dey insyd Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Online, Peace FM. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231125172845/https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/201903/378210.php &quot;Scofray Honored For His Industrious And Dedicated Service To The Youth&quot;]. ''peacefmonline.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, he cam make first graduate insyd de whole world wey cam turn Fellow for Institute of Commercial Management, United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;Etefe, Juliet (2023-09-27). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/27/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboahthe-first-past-student-of-icm-uk-to-reach-fellow-status-globally/ &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah:The first past student of ICM-UK to reach fellow status globally&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; He san be de lead trainer den consultant for Zoweh Global Consult den he be de President den lead trainer for SLIT Africa, ebe non-profit organization wey dey insyd Bloemfontein, [[South Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;Otoo, Lilipearl Baaba (2018-03-12). [https://thebftonline.com/2018/03/12/20-young-leaders-trained-in-strategic-leadership/ &quot;20 Young leaders trained in Strategic Leadership&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scofray dey serve as de Presido of Eastern Konnect, network connecting alumni associations insyd de Eastern Region of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;voltaonlinegh (2018-09-28). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027195801/https://voltaonlinegh.com/2018/09/28/eastern-konnect-organises-maiden-games/ &quot;Eastern Konnect Organises Maiden Games&quot;]. ''Volta Online''. Retrieved 2019-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein early life ==
Scofray dem born am on 13 September 1980 for Adweso, [[Koforidua]] wey dey de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana. Dem born am to  Mr Ebenezer Yaw Otu as ein puppie den Victoria Abena Kwakyewaa as ein mummy. He dey cam from [[Akropong|Akropong Akuapem]] insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/910804/self-help-to-stop-the-increasing-of-dopamine-in-the-usage-of.html &quot;Self-Help To Stop The Increasing Of Dopamine In The Usage Of Social Media&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://theustimes.com/exclusive-interview-with-scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah/ &quot;Exclusive Interview With Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah – The US Times&quot;]. ''theustimes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein education ==
Scofray attend St. Dominic's Catholic School insyd Adweso for ein basic education insyd 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He get ein secondary education for Koforidua Senior High Technical School insyd [[Koforidua]], from January 1996 go December 1998. He serve as dema presido for de old students association up until de year 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsghana.com.gh/koforidua-sectech-50th-anniversary-a-time-for-re-positioning-and-transformation/ &quot;Koforidua Sectech 50th Anniversary: A Time for Re-positioning and Transformation&quot;]. ''News Ghana''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Koforidua-SECTECH-celebrates-50th-anniversary-607293 &quot;Koforidua SECTECH celebrates 50th anniversary&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/sectech-old-students-support-schools-golden-jubilee-celebration-in-style/ &quot;SECTECH old students support school's Golden Jubilee celebration in style - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

He san proceed to de City and Guilds of London Institute, wey he go study microcomputer technology den electrical-electronics engineering.&lt;ref&gt;AmaGhana (2022-03-29). [https://amaghanaonline.com/2022/03/29/personality-profile-bft-spotlights-life-coach-scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah/ &quot;Personality Profile: B&amp;FT Spotlights Life Coach Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah&quot;]. ''AmaGhanaonline.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; He be certified professional trainer by IAPPD United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Insyd May 2021, he obtain ein certificate insyd ontological mindfulness den ecological coach&lt;ref&gt;[https://coachscofray.com/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''Ontological Executive Coach | Coach Scofray''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; from de Ideal Coaching Global insyd San Francisco, California, wey dey insyd USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/14819/ghanas-scofray-yeboah-becomes-the-first-african.html &quot;Ghana's Scofray Yeboah, becomes the first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2021-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (2021-05-11). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210511132455/https://thebftonline.com/11/05/2021/scofray-yeboah-first-african-to-graduate-from-ideal-coaching-global/ &quot;Scofray Yeboah, first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2021-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt; He san be trained facilitator for de Institute of Healing Memories wey dey insyd Cape Town, South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah | HuffPost&quot;]. ''www.huffingtonpost.co.uk''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2022, he plet ein certificate training insyd mBIT Master Coaching from de NeuroCoach Institute insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;Awal, Mohammed (2022-03-29). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/29/scofray-yeboah-certifies-as-first-professional-mbit-coach/ &quot;Scofray Yeboah certifies as first Professional mBIT coach&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2023-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah | HuffPost&quot;]. ''www.huffingtonpost.co.uk''. Retrieved 2023-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt; He dey hold Graduate Diploma insyd Management Studies den Advance Diploma insyd Leadership studies from de Institute of Commercial Management (ICM) wey dey insyd UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefe, Juliet (2023-09-27). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/27/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboahthe-first-past-student-of-icm-uk-to-reach-fellow-status-globally/ &quot;Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah:The first past student of ICM-UK to reach fellow status globally&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Scofray job for several areas lyk he be brand expert, corporate trainer, transformational coach, writer, den author. As he dey job as a Columnist, he gey 34 publications wey for ModernGhana.com.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He san be media analyst den he be lead consultant for Zoweh Global Consult.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105050422/https://www.zowehglobalconsult.com/ &quot;A Leading Transformational Coaching, Training and Consulting Firm&quot;]. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (2020-12-19). [https://thebftonline.com/2020/12/19/coaching-services-and-experiences-in-ghana-survey-2020-2/ &quot;Coaching services and experiences in Ghana survey 2020&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; He be member of de National Society of Black Engineers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

He be de current presido for de International Coaching Federation (ICF), Ghana Chapter. De ICF be de largest den most credible professional coaching body insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240420064139/https://icfghanachapter.org/about-us/ &quot;About Us - ICF Ghana Chapter&quot;]. ''icfghanachapter.org''. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240814142120/https://icfghanachapter.org/board-of-directors/ &quot;Board of Directors - ICF Ghana Chapter&quot;]. ''icfghanachapter.org''. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Awal, Mohammed (2023-09-23). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/23/the-icf-ghana-chapter-establishing-a-thriving-professional-coaching-industry/ &quot;The ICF Ghana Chapter: Establishing a thriving professional coaching industry&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; As we dey talk, he carry Professional Certified Coach (PCC) credential from de International Coaching Federation plus over 2500 coaching hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105143204/https://apps.coachingfederation.org/eweb/ccfdynamicpage.aspx?webcode=ccfcoachprofileview&amp;coachcstkey=9d819b8e-deed-4a73-a286-22c2008466b6&amp;site=icfapp &quot;ICF View Coach Profile&quot;]. ''apps.coachingfederation.org''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards den recognition ==

* Dem honor Scofray as a fellow of Crans Montana Forum insyd 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Presently, he dey hold distinction of being de first black male mBIT Master Coach Master Coach insyd Africa.&lt;ref&gt;Awal, Mohammed (2022-03-29). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/29/scofray-yeboah-certifies-as-first-professional-mbit-coach/ &quot;Scofray Yeboah certifies as first Professional mBIT coach&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem nominate am insyd de Special Recognition category for de Africa Youth Award insyd 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Dem recognize  am as de first Ghanaian den African wey graduate from Ideal Coaching Global insyd San Francisco, California insyd de USA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Dem recognize am as de first African OME Systemic Thinking Executive Coach, wey plete de Advanced Training for Executive Coaching.&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (2021-05-11). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/05/11/scofray-yeboah-first-african-to-graduate-from-ideal-coaching-global/ &quot;Scofray Yeboah, first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dem recognize am as one of de Most Influential Young Ghanaians insyd 2015 den 2016.
* Dem recognize Scofray by Speakers Bureau Africa as one of Ghana ein top 100 Speakers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Books ==
Scofray author three books den over 34 publications.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

* Branding 360
* Art of Life
* Transformational Pearls

=== Other publications ===

* ''Building a Corporate Coaching Culture using PASCAD core skills for resilience and job satisfaction&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250318025914/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/building-a-corporate-coaching-culture-using-pascad-core-skills-for-resilience-and-job-satisfaction/ &quot;Building a Corporate Coaching Culture using PASCAD core skills for resilience and job satisfaction |&quot;]. 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Goal-Setting; the benefits of getting it done with a professional coach&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105142016/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/goal-setting-the-benefits-of-getting-it-down-with-a-professional-coach/ &quot;Goal-Setting; the benefits of getting it done with a professional coach – Golden City Business Magazine&quot;]. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''The fourth component lagging in women and youth empowerment in Africa&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250318124744/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/transformational-leadership-skills-and-training-the-fourth-component-lagging-in-women-and-youth-empowerment-in-africa/ &quot;The fourth component lagging in women and youth empowerment in Africa – Golden City Business Magazine&quot;]. 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Neuroscience and mBraining: A catalyst to influence the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership&lt;ref&gt;Etefe, Juliet (2023-03-30). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/03/30/neuroscience-and-mbraining-a-catalyst-to-influence-the-impact-of-emotional-intelligence-on-leadership/ &quot;Neuroscience and mBraining: A catalyst to influence the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Leadership-Executive &amp; Team Coaching: A Systemic Intervention to stimulate employee well-being and company growth&lt;ref&gt;Etefe, Juliet (2022-09-13). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/09/13/leadership-executive-team-coaching-a-systemic-intervention-to-stimulate-employee-well-being-and-company-growth/ &quot;Leadership-Executive &amp; Team Coaching: A Systemic Intervention to stimulate employee well-being and company growth&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Coaching impact on mastermind through mBraining for self-mastery and corporate growth (Part I)&lt;ref&gt;Awal, Mohammed (2022-05-12). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/05/12/coaching-impact-on-mastermind-through-mbraining-for-self-mastery-and-corporate-growth-part-i/ &quot;Coaching impact on mastermind through mBraining for self-mastery and corporate growth (Part I)&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Language and our words:…birthing peak performance and growth&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (2021-01-17). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/01/17/language-and-our-wordsbirthing-peak-performance-and-growth/ &quot;Language and our words:…birthing peak performance and growth&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Executive coaching impact and influence on strategic decision-making by C-suite&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105142025/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/executive-coaching-impact-and-influence-on-strategic-decision-making-by-c-suite/ &quot;Executive coaching impact and influence on strategic decision-making by C-suite&quot;]. 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Some Samaritans Worthy of Appreciation in little Isaac amputation story&lt;ref&gt;Yeboah, Scofray (2019-02-05). [https://www.modernghana.com/news/913514/some-samaritans-worthy-of-appreciation-in-little-isaac-amput.html &quot;Some Samaritans Worthy Of Appreciation In Little Isaac Amputation Story&quot;]. ''Modernghana.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Coaching impact on job satisfaction, work-life balance, and customer experience&lt;ref&gt;Awal, Mohammed (2021-09-15). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/09/15/coaching-impact-on-job-satisfaction-work-life-balance/ &quot;Coaching impact on job satisfaction, work-life balance, and customer experience&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Why great achievers hire coaches&lt;ref&gt;Segbefia, Sedem (2020-12-11). [https://thebftonline.com/2020/12/11/why-great-achievers-hire-coaches/ &quot;Why great achievers hire coaches&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Midland Savings and Loans saga; The reality of Ghana's Customer Care Service&lt;ref&gt;Yeboah, Scofray Nana Yaw. [https://www.modernghana.com/news/869957/midland-savings-and-loans-saga-the-reality-of-ghanas-custo.html &quot;Midland Savings and Loans saga; The reality of Ghana's Customer Care Service&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Letter to Christiane Amanpour; The rage of Ghanaians was not against Moesha&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Letter-to-Christiane-Amanpour-The-rage-of-Ghanaians-was-not-against-Moesha-645396 &quot;Letter to Christiane Amanpour: The rage of Ghanaians was not against Moesha&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''What happens when c-suites and chros lack emotional intelligence&lt;ref&gt;Tetteh, Kennedy (2018-04-18). [https://thebftonline.com/2018/04/18/what-happens-when-c-suites-and-chros-lack-emotional-intelligence/ &quot;What happens when C-Suites and CHROs lack Emotional Intelligence&quot;]. ''The Business &amp; Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Why every 21st Century CEO and Leader must acquire''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/author/ScofrayNanaYawYeboah &quot;Columnist: Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah&quot;]. ''www.modernghana.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/columnist.php?S=Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah &quot;Columnist Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah&quot;]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian Christians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian writers]]
[[Category:Koforidua Senior High Technical School alumni]]
[[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]]</text>
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    <title>Kathleen Addy</title>
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'''Kathleen Addy''' be [[Ghana|Ghanaian]] activist plus special interest insyd governance den human rights.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.ghanastar.com/news/kathleen-addy-appointed-deputy-ncce-commissioner/ &quot;Kathleen Addy Appointed Deputy NCCE Commissioner&quot;]. ''The Ghana Star''. 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;admin (2017-03-16). [http://www.ghanalive.tv/2017/03/16/kathleen-addy-becomes-new-commissioner/ &quot;Kathleen Addy becomes new NCCE Commissioner&quot;]. ''Ghana Live TV''. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; She be de Deputy Commissioner of de National Commission for Civic Education (NCCE),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143651/https://www.nccegh.org/management/ &quot;Management – NCCE&quot;]. ''NCCE''. Archived from [https://www.nccegh.org/management/ the original] on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; position she dey zuk since March 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na she job plus governmental den non governmental organisations insyd Ghana make she promote de use of communications strategies den interventions wey dey enhance social impact.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.commsconsult.org/staff/kathy-addy/ Kathy Addy]&quot;. ''CommsConsult''. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education ==
Addy graduate plus bachelor's degree insyd Psychology from de [[University of Ghana]]. She obtain master's degree insyd Communications from de [[University of Ghana]] School of Communications Studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://ghanaguardian.com/kathleen-addy-appointed-deputy-ncce-commissioner &quot;Kathleen Addy appointed Deputy NCCE Commissioner&quot;]. ''The Ghana Guardian News''. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Insyd 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Presido [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] of Ghana&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; appoint Addy as Deputy Chairperson in Charge of Finance den Administration for de National Commission For Civic Education.&lt;ref&gt;Patricia, Mavis (2018-05-17). [http://www.ghanalive.tv/2018/05/17/ncce-serious-resource-constraints-kathleen-addy/ &quot;NCCE has 'serious resource constraints' – Kathleen Addy&quot;.] ''Ghana Live TV''. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Addy job plus civil society organisations for Ghana insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; wey dey include de Center for Democratic Development (CDD) wer na she be de Afrobarometer Communications Manager plus oversight of seven African Countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Addy sanso job plus de Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA) Ghana as Research den Communications Officer,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/761871/kathleen-addy-appointed-deputy-ncce-commissioner.html &quot;Kathleen Addy appointed Deputy NCCE Commissioner&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; plus focus for Women's Economic Empowerment den Economic Partnership agreements top.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708030512/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Southern%20Voices%20Conference%20Report-%20FOR%20WEB_0.pdf &quot;Southern Voices in the Northern Policy Debate - A Conference Report&quot;] (PDF). ''Wilson Center''. Archived from [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Southern%20Voices%20Conference%20Report-%20FOR%20WEB_0.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Addy job for projects insyd gender den economic development top,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/documents/partners/civil_society/additional_documents/Africa%20Forum%20on%20Civil%20Society%20and%20Governance%20Assessments/DAKAR%20FORUM%20Participant%20bios%20FINAL%202.pdf &quot;Africa Forum on Civil Society and Governance Assessments - Bios: Speakers and Facilitators&quot;] (PDF). ''UNDP''. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; gender based den domestic violence,&lt;ref&gt;Tetteh, Kennedy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200502023522/https://thebftonline.com/2018/features/press-for-progress-framing-our-future/ &quot;'PRESS FOR PROGRESS'…framing our future | Business &amp; Financial Times Online&quot;]. Retrieved 2019-05-25.&lt;/ref&gt; economic development thru international trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Ghanaian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women]]
[[Category:University of Ghana alumni]]</text>
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    <title>Mansoura University</title>
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Dem found '''Mansoura University''' for 1972 insyd Mansoura city, [[Egypt]]. Edey de middle of de Nile Delta. Ebe one of de biggest Egyptian universities wey e contribute much to de cultural den scientific life insyd Mansoura den Egypt.

== History ==
Na dem found de faculty of medicine insyd 1962 as branch of Cairo University.&lt;ref&gt;[https://cu.edu.eg/Home &quot;Cairo University&quot;]. ''cu.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt; For 1972 insyd, presidential decree announce de establishment of de varsity under de name &quot;East Delta University&quot;. Dem change ein name go Mansoura University for 1973 insyd.

For 2018 insyd, de ''Mansourasaurus'',&lt;ref&gt;Community, Nature Portfolio Ecology &amp; Evolution (2018-01-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210604172215/https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/29712-mansourasaurus-a-story-from-the-land-of-pharaoh-and-dinosaurs &quot;Mansourasaurus- A story from the land of Pharaoh and Dinosaurs&quot;]. ''Nature Portfolio Ecology &amp; Evolution Community''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt; genus of herbivorous lithostrotian sauropod dinosaur,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/animal/sauropod &quot;Sauropod | dinosaur infraorder&quot;]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt; wey team under Mansoura University paleontologist Hesham Sallam discover wey na dem name am after de varsity.&lt;ref&gt;Kaplan, Karen (29 January 2018). [http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-dinosaur-egypt-mansourasaurus-20180129-story.html &quot;Why this dinosaur from Egypt is a big deal in more ways than one&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 30 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ranking ==
According to Times Higher Education (THE) (''Edition: 2020''), de ranking of Mansoura University be:&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/mansoura-university &quot;University | World University Rankings 2020&quot;]. ''timeshighereducation.com/''. Retrieved 2020-02-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

* World Ranking: 401–500&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings &quot;World University Rankings&quot;]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egyptian Ranking: 2&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Egypt &quot;Egypt | Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions&quot;]. ''www.webometrics.info''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Faculties den institutes ==

* De Faculty of Computers den Information Sciences&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211019174356/http://csifac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Faculty of Computers &amp; Information, Mansoura University, Egypt - Home&quot;]. ''csifac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Engineering&lt;ref&gt;[http://engfac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home&quot;]. ''Faculty of Commerce, Mansoura University, Egypt''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Science&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211020055857/http://scifac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home - Faculty of Science, Mansoura University&quot;]. ''scifac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Agriculture&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211019191940/http://agrfac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home - Faculty of Agriculture - Mansoura University&quot;]. ''agrfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Arts&lt;ref&gt;Art, Faculty. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104255/https://artsfac.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Faculty of Art&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Commerce&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240605100536/http://comfac.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Home&quot;]. ''Faculty of Commerce, Mansoura University, Egypt''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Dental Medicine&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240606020757/https://dentfac.mans.edu.eg/ &quot;dental medicine&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Law&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211019105830/http://lawfac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home - Faculty of Law, Mansoura University&quot;]. ''lawfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Medicine&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240617105129/http://medfac.mans.edu.eg/index.php/en/ &quot;Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt - Home&quot;]. ''medfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Pharmacy &amp; Clinical Pharmacy&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104255/http://pharfac.mans.edu.eg/index.php?lang=en &quot;Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt - Home&quot;]. ''pharfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Tourism den Hotels&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230628055102/http://thfac.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Home - Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Mansoura University, Egypt&quot;]. ''thfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Veterinary Medicine&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104255/http://vetfac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University&quot;]. ''vetfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Nursing&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104255/http://nurfac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Nursing Faculty - Mansoura University - Egypt - Nursing Faculty - Mansoura University&quot;]. ''nurfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Physical Education&lt;ref&gt;[http://spofac.mans.edu.eg/index.php?lang=en &quot;Home - Faculty of Physical Education, Mansoura University, Egypt&quot;]. ''spofac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Kindergarten&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211023071312/http://kinderfac.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Faculty of Education for Childhood, Mansoura University,Egypt - Mansoura University - Home&quot;]. ''kinderfac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* De Faculty of Specific Education&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211019162944/http://sefac.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Special Education Faculty - Mansoura University - Home&quot;]. ''sefac.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Technical Institute of Nursing
* De Faculty of Media Literature
* De Faculty of Fine Arts&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230927191706/https://fineartsfac.mans.edu.eg/ &quot;Fine Arts&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hospitals den medical centers ==

* Urology den Nephrology Center&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unc.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Urology &amp; Nephrology Center-Mansoura University-Egypt - Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt&quot;]. ''www.unc.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Specialized Medical Hospital&lt;ref&gt;[https://smh.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Medical Hospital&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gastroenterology Surgical Center&lt;ref&gt;webmaster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603105819/https://www.mans.edu.eg/en/discover-mansoura-university/1078-gastroenterology-surgical-center &quot;Gastroenterology Surgical Center&quot;]. ''Mansoura University, Egypt''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mansoura University Hospitals&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210604220025/https://muh.mans.edu.eg/en/contacts/9-mansoura-university-hospitals &quot;Mansoura university hospitals&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emergency Hospital
* Mansoura University Children's Hospital&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240605064655/http://much.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Mansoura University Children Hospital - Home&quot;]. ''much.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oncology Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104255/https://ocmu.mans.edu.eg/en/ &quot;Oncology Center&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ophthalmic Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210604172222/http://www1.mans.edu.eg/FacMed/english/centers/ophthalmologycenter/default.htm &quot;OphthalmologyCenter&quot;]. ''www1.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190920054829/http://www1.mans.edu.eg/FacMed/centers/merc/default.htm &quot;MERC&quot;]. ''www1.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Special centers den units ==

* Communication and Information Technology Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231014184305/http://citc.mans.edu.eg/en &quot;Home - Communications and Information Technology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt&quot;]. ''citc.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Water Sanitary Drainage and Industrial Projects Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231014130307/http://centers.mans.edu.eg/water/eindex.htm &quot;Center of water Sanitary Drainage and Industrial Projects&quot;]. ''centers.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Engineering Studies Research and Consultancies Center
* Technical Laboratory Scientific Services Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210605190943/https://engfac.mans.edu.eg/index.php/en/about-7/center-for-technical-laboratory-and-scientific-services &quot;Technical Laboratory Scientific Services Center&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Information, Documentation and Decision Support Center
* Values Studies and Nationals Affiliation Center
* Managerial Training &amp; Consulting Center
* Scientific Computing Center (SCC)&lt;ref&gt;webmaster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104303/https://www.mans.edu.eg/en/discover-mansoura-university/1080-scientific-computing-center-scc &quot;Scientific Computing Center (SCC)&quot;]. ''Mansoura University, Egypt''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Public Service Center
* Mansoura University Nanotechnology Center&lt;ref&gt;webmaster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603105803/https://www.mans.edu.eg/en/discover-mansoura-university/1085-nano-technology-center &quot;Nano Technology Center&quot;]. ''Mansoura University, Egypt''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mansoura University Staff Club
* English for Specific Purposes Center (ESPC)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104258/http://www2.mans.edu.eg/centers/espc/english/ &quot;English for Specific Purposes Center (ESPC), Mansoura University, Egypt&quot;]. ''www2.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Childhood Care Development Center
* Arabic Language Learning Center for non-native speakers
* Elearning Unit (ELU)
* UNIVERSITY CENTERS FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT&lt;ref&gt;[http://uccd.mans.edu.eg/ &quot;Main Page | University Center For Career Development&quot;]. ''uccd.mans.edu.eg''. Retrieved 2021-06-04.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Glass Research Group&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Glass-research-Lab-Hamdy-Doweidar &quot;Glass Research Group&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable alumni den faculty members ==

* Mohamed Ghoneim
* Kareem Mohamed Abu-Elmagd
* Hamdy Doweidar
* Ayman Nour
* Khairat el-Shater
* Mohamed Mansi Qandil
* Hesham Salam
* Farha Elshenawey

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210508154609/https://www.mans.edu.eg/en/ Mansoura University official website]

[[Category:Mansoura University]]
[[Category:Universities insyd Egypt]]
[[Category:1972 establishments insyd Egypt]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1972]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1972]]</text>
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    <title>University of Zululand</title>
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De '''University of Zululand''' anaa '''UniZulu''' be comprehensive tertiary educational institution north of de uThukela River insyd KwaZulu-Natal, [[South Africa]]. De varsity get partnerships dem establish plus schools insyd de United States den Europe such as de University of Mississippi, Radford University, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University den Chicago State University. Na dem found UniZulu plus de help of de Prince of Phindangene, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, wey na he sanso be chancellor of de institution wen na dem establish am.

== Campus ==
De main Campus be 22 km south of Empangeni den about 142&amp;nbsp;km north of Durban off de N2 National Road for de KwaZulu-Natal North Coast top. Empangeni (UMhlathuze Local Municipality) be de nearest town.

=== Satellite campuses ===
While for de past insyd, de varsity get satellite campuses thru out de KwaZulu-Natal Province den even further afield, e currently get satellite campus per, wey dey offer mostly certificate den diploma programmes insyd Richards Bay. E sanso get Science Centre, wey sanso dey Richards Bay insyd, wey dey provide hands-on science experience to school kiddies from thru out de province.

== Students ==

=== Student enrollment ===
De University of Zululand be contact-only university, plus 8,751 students dem enrol insyd 2007. Dis total include 8,738 full-time students den 13 part-time students. Of de total, na 8,583 be South African citizens, while na 75 be from oda [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]] countries den 93 students from non-SADC countries. Na enrollment be 17,360 students for de academic year of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120422025544/http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20Zululand &quot;University of Zululand&quot;]. ''Southern African Regional Universities Association''. Archived from [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_University%20of%20Zululand the original] on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Campus media ==

* Na Ongoye Online be de official newsletter of de University of Zululand wey publish news for de varsity staff den management.

== Academic faculties ==
Dem dey offer programs within four faculties:

=== Commerce, Administration den Law ===
De Faculty of Commerce, administration den law (Henceforth FCAL) be headed by de dean Professor Lorraine Greyling wey dey comprise 5 academic departments, namely:

# Accounting &amp; Auditing&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230804141455/http://www.fcal.unizulu.ac.za/accounting-auditing-2/ &quot;Accounting &amp; Auditing – Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; (wey dey include Information Systems) wich Professor M Livingstone CA (SA) dey head am
# Department of Business Management&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240521191851/https://www.fcal.unizulu.ac.za/business-management-2/ &quot;Business Management – Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; (wey dey incorporate Human Resources Management) wich N Vezi-Magigaba dey head am
# Department of Economics,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230804141454/http://www.fcal.unizulu.ac.za/economics-2/ &quot;Economics – Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Professor I Kaseeram dey head am
# Department of Public Administration,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240521191907/https://www.fcal.unizulu.ac.za/public-admin-2/ &quot;Public Admin – Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; NM Jili dey head am
# Department of law&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240521191830/https://www.fcal.unizulu.ac.za/law-2/ &quot;Law – Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; (Private law, Public law den Criminal &amp; Procedural law) wich K Naidoo dey head am

De Faculty dey participate avidly insyd community outreach den development programmes.

=== Education ===
De faculty dey consist of six departments, namely, Comparative den Science of Education, Curriculum den Instruction Studies, Educational Planning den Administration, Educational Psychology den Foundations of Education.

=== Engineering, Science den Agriculture ===
De Faculty of Science den Agriculture dey offer various Science Programmes within de departments of Agriculture, Biochemistry den Microbiology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Science, Consumer Science, Geography den Environmental Studies, Human Movement Sciences, Hydrology, Mathematical Science, Nursing, Physics den Engineering, Science Foundation den Zoology.

=== Humanities &amp; Social Sciences ===

# De Faculty of Arts&lt;ref&gt;Gwebu, Mmeli D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529122428/https://www.arts.unizulu.ac.za/ &quot;HSS Home&quot;]. ''Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences''. Retrieved 19 February 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; be de largest faculty within de institution wey dey boast 16 departments. De Faculty dey head up by de dean, Professor MA Masoga.
# Anthropology den development studies
# Communication science
# Creative Arts
# English
# General Linguistics den modern languages
# Geography den environmental studies
# History

== Sports den recreation ==
Sports den Recreation be govern by de Student Services Department wich dey carry out sam of de co-curricular services wey dey aim make e dey contribute towards total personal student development den advancement. Der be 23 sports codes dem classify as indoor den outdoor.

Indoor sports dey include aerobics, basketball, bodybuilding, boxing, chess, dance, judo, karate, pool, squash, den table tennis.

Outdoor sports dey include athletics, cricket, hiking, hockey, netball, rowing, rugby, soccer (men den women), softball, swimming, tennis, den volleyball.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250714023749/https://www.unizulu.ac.za/ University of Zululand's official website]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:University of Zululand]]
[[Category:Public universities insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments insyd South Africa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1960]]
[[Category:Education insyd KwaZulu-Natal]]</text>
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    <title>International Open University</title>
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De''' International Open University''' ('''IOU''') be private distance education university headquartered insyd Kanifing, [[The Gambia]]. Ebe Bilal Philips wey found am, insyd 2007 wey dey offer undergraduate den graduate degrees.

== History ==

Na dem initially establish de university insyd 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154238/http://www.thenigertimes.com/2014/03/niger-state-government-pays-islamic-online-university-fees-for-35-students.html &quot;Niger State Government Pays Islamic Online University BA Fees for 35 Students&quot;]. ''Niger Times''. March 2014. Archived from [http://www.thenigertimes.com/2014/03/niger-state-government-pays-islamic-online-university-fees-for-35-students.html the original] on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; buh dem temporarily cease operations. Insyd April 2007, e reopen under de name Islamic Online University plus greater offering of completely free short courses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; For January 13, 2020, dem announce say dem change de institution ein name to de International Open University.&lt;ref&gt;onedeentech (2019-02-12). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241211131204/https://sierraleoneislamicweb.com/2019/02/12/iou-launches-one-million-scholarship-program-in-sierra-leone/ &quot;IOU launches one million scholarship program in Sierra Leone&quot;]. ''Sierra Leone Islamic Web''. Retrieved 2020-01-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ernest Bai Koroma, de chancellor of de [[University of Sierra Leone]] (USL) welcome de idea of make dem establish de IOU type Islamic institution.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140517173851/http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/63888 &quot;Chancellor of IOU meets Chancellor of USL&quot;]. ''Sierra Express''. December 12, 2013. Archived from [http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/63888#sthash.Yrx2hSXp.dpuf the original] on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2014, de Niger State Government bia de International Open University ein Bachelor of Arts school fees give 35 students wey register from de state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

As of 2018, de International Open University be amongst de most ethnically diverse universities insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170413/http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/5024-islamic-online-university-signs-agreement-with-fbc &quot;Islamic Online University Signs Agreement with FBC&quot;]. ''ayvnewspaper.com''. Archived from [http://ayvnewspaper.com/index.php/k2-categories/politics/item/5024-islamic-online-university-signs-agreement-with-fbc the original] on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-04-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insys 2018, na dem rank de International Open University ein programs among de six best online Middle Eastern Studies programs by Successful Student,&lt;ref&gt;[https://successfulstudent.org/best-online-middle-eastern-studies-programs/ &quot;6 Best Online Middle Eastern Studies Programs&quot;]. 2018-03-13.&lt;/ref&gt; although by June 2020 dem komot dem from dis list.&lt;ref&gt;[https://successfulstudent.org/best-online-middle-eastern-studies-programs/ &quot;Best Online Middle Eastern Studies Programs&quot;]. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 25 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2021, de online Kenyan newspaper ''Tuko'' rank de International Open University among de top accredited distance learning universities insys Africa, along plus de [[University of Johannesburg]], de [[University of Zambia]], de [[University of South Africa]], de [[University of Nairobi]] den de [[University of Pretoria]], for addition to few oda universities.&lt;ref&gt;Wanjala, Caiaphas (2021-04-28). [https://www.tuko.co.ke/408497-top-distance-learning-universities-africa-enroll-2021.html &quot;Top distance learning universities in Africa to enroll in 2021&quot;]. ''Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news''. Retrieved 2021-11-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd November 2022, de IOU Chancellor Dr. Bilal Philips pay courtesy visit to Adama Barrow, de Presido of the Gambia, wey he offer scholarships worth USD 4,000,000 for education of underprivileged Gambians for de International Open University.&lt;ref&gt;thevoice (2022-11-10). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240422083610/https://www.voicegambia.com/2022/11/10/iou-chancellor-meets-president-adama-barrow/ &quot;IOU Chancellor meets President Adama Barrow -&quot;]. Retrieved 2022-11-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Affiliations ==

De International Open University be full member of [[Association of African Universities]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aau.org/members/member-in-focus/ &quot;Member in focus&quot;]. ''Association of African Universities''. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt; approve member of International Council for Open and Distance Education,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221001112831/https://www.icde.org/institutional-members &quot;ICDE Institutional Members&quot;]. ''ICDE''. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt; African Quality Assurance Network (AfriQAN), Association of Quality Assurance Agencies of the Islamic World (IQA), associate member of International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160328/https://www.inqaahe.org/islamic-online-university &quot;Islamic Online University | INQAAHE&quot;]. ''www.inqaahe.org''. Archived from [https://www.inqaahe.org/islamic-online-university the original] on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Asian Association of Open Universities,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220329145330/http://aaou.upou.edu.ph/associate-members/ &quot;Associate Members&quot;]. ''Asian Association of Open Universities''. 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as member of International Council of Islamic Finance Educators (ICIFE) den member of de Talloires Network.&lt;ref&gt;[https://talloiresnetwork.tufts.edu/blog/news/2015/07/31/islamic-online-university-gambia/ &quot;Islamic Online University (Gambia)&quot;]. ''The Talloires Network''. 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Research ==

De International Open University launch multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal, ''Journal of Integrated Sciences'', insyd 2019.

Professor Dr. G. Hussein Rassool, de dean for de Faculty of Liberal Arts den Sciences, head of de Department of Psychology, Director of Research den Publications dem Professor of Islamic Psychology for de International Open University be editor-in-chief of de journal.

== Community service ==

De International Open University set mandatory community service give de students as part of graduation requirements. In order make dem graduate, for addition to academic requirements, dem mandate students make dem plete 216 hours of community service.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://iou.edu.gm// International Open University]
* [http://www.iou-gqmc.com/ Global Qur'an Memorization Center]

[[Category:Islamic universities den colleges]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2001]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2001]]
[[Category:Online colleges]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions base insyd the Gambia]]
[[Category:2001 establishments insyd the Gambia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed</title>
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De '''University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed''' (insyd Arabic: جامعة وهران 2 محمد بن أحمد) be Algerian public university wey dey locate insyd Belgaïd within de commune of Bir El Djir insyd de eastern suburbs of Oran. Na dem establish de university insyd September 2014 by executive decree no. 14-261 dem date 22 September 2014, wich dem provide for de establishment of University of Oran 2 as division from University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, dem found insyd 1967.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240618100120/https://www.lequotidien-oran.com/index.php?news=5233640 &quot;University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed&quot;]. ''Le Quotidien d'Oran''. S. M. 21 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== 2019 Hirak ===
During de Hirak protests, gatherings take place within de university for support of de movement.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/algerie-les-etudiants-se-mobilisent-a-leur-tour-en-masse-contre-un-cinquieme-mandat-de-bouteflika_3208823.html &quot;Algeria: Students mobilize massively against Bouteflika's fifth term&quot;]. ''Franceinfo''. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222706/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/les-universitaires-disent-non-a-la-repression-18-05-2021 &quot;University academics say &quot;NO&quot; to repression&quot;]. ''El Watan''. Retrieved 18 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240618101625/https://www.univ-oran2.dz/index.php/en/ Official website]

[[Category:Universities insyd Algeria]]
[[Category:2014 establishments insyd Algeria]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2014]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Oran]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2014]]
[[Category:Education insyd Algeria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pentecost University</title>
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      <text bytes="6618" sha1="72g1awct01qx1axiwtsaqem1jlil5jk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q2069397}}De '''Pentecost University''' be private university wey dey [[:en:Sowutuom|Sowutuom]] for [[Greater Accra Region]] of [[Ghana]]. De [[:en:The_Church_of_Pentecost|Church of Pentecost (COP)]] wey establish am wey e evolve from De Pentecost Bible College wey initially train only Lay Leaders den full-time Ministers give de COP. For May 22, 2003 insyd, J. A. Kufuor, de former President of Ghana, inaugurate PUC for de Sowutuom campus. Dem induct de first PUC Council  for May 6, 2004. National Accreditation Board (NAB), Ghana accredit Pentvars for November 2004 wey  [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] wey be [[:en:President_of_Ghana|President of de Republic of Ghana]] award ein Presidential Charter for May 28, 2020 insyd .&lt;ref&gt;Bureau, Communications. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241214104801/https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/1594-president-akufo-addo-presents-charters-to-pentecost-university-and-all-nations-university &quot;President Akufo-Addo Presents Charters To Pentecost University And All Nations University&quot;]. ''presidency.gov.gh''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;pentvars (2020-05-28). [https://pentvars.edu.gh/puc-receives-presidential-charter/ &quot;PUC Receives Presidential Charter&quot;]. ''Pentecost University''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ashiadey, Bernard Yaw (2020-05-28). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200628143347/https://thebftonline.com/2020/business/education/pentecost-all-nations-universities-receive-presidential-charters-set-to-award-own-degrees/ &quot;Pentecost, All Nations universities receive presidential charters … set to award own degrees&quot;]. ''Business Financial Times Online | Economy, World, Finances, IT, ICT, Business''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Prior say ego receive ein Presidential Charter, na de university be affiliate plus [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science den Technology]], [[University of Cape Coast]], den [[University of Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;Ashiadey, Bernard Yaw (2020-05-28). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200628143347/https://thebftonline.com/2020/business/education/pentecost-all-nations-universities-receive-presidential-charters-set-to-award-own-degrees/ &quot;Pentecost, All Nations universities receive presidential charters … set to award own degrees&quot;]. ''Business Financial Times Online | Economy, World, Finances, IT, ICT, Business''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt; For June 1, 2020 insyd, de university announce de appointment of Rev. Prof. Kwabena Agyapong-Kodua, wey replace Apostle Daniel Okyere Walker, as de first Vice-Chancellor since de university cam turn fully-fledged.&lt;ref&gt;pentvars (2020-06-01). [https://pentvars.edu.gh/pentecost-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ &quot;Pentecost University gets new Vice-Chancellor&quot;]. ''Pentecost University''. Retrieved 2020-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

De student population be about 3000, made up of students wey enrol for degree, certificate den professional programmes insyd.

De main campus of Pentecost University dey Sowutuom, away from Accra. Sowutuom (wey literally dey mean “ make you hold your gun”) dey within de western parts of Accra, sam quiet den serene area off de Kwashieman-Ofankor highway.

== Demma Faculties ==
Currently, de university get four Faculties namely, Faculty of Engineering, Science den Computing (FESAC), Faculty of Business Administration (FBA), Faculty of Theology den Mission (FTM) den Faculty of Health den Allied Sciences (FHAS). Esana get credit as de Pentecost University Graduate School (PUGS)  den de College of Foundation den Professional Studies (COFOPS) (Make you spy University website: https://pentvars.edu.gh/ for demma detailed list of all degree, certificate den professional programmes).

== Demma Professional programmes ==
De university sana dey run professional programmes wey dem design say ego keep students up to de latest trends for demma respective work environment insyd.&lt;ref&gt;----[https://pentvars.edu.gh/admissions/professional-programmes/ &quot;College of Foundation and Professional Studies (COFOPS)&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Foundation den professional programmes under de COFOPS dey include:

* Association of Business Executives (ABE)
* National Computing Centre Education (NCC Education)
* Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM UK)
* Certificate in Theology &amp; Church Administration
* Certificate in Alternative Conflict Resolution
* Certificate in Business Administration
* Certificate in Leadership den Governance in Health Systems Management
* Certificate in Holistic Early Child Care Development
* Chartered Institute of Logistics den Transport (CILT)
* BCS Approved Centre (Professional IT Training)
* Institute of Chartered Accountants Ghana (ICAG)

== Demma Affiliations ==
Pentvars dey hold established agreements plus several internationally recognised bodies den Universities for Faculty, student den staff exchange, potential funding as well as collaborative research. Dese bodies dey include Saginaw Valley State University, USA; London South Bank University, Bucks New University, University of Salford den NCC Education, all dey UK.  Pentvars sana be member of de following Associations: Association of African Universities, Council for Advancement den Support of Education (CASE), USA, den Council of Independent Universities, Ghana.

== Demma Notable alumni ==

* [[:en:Jacinta_Ocansey|Jacinta Ocansey]], female stand-up comedian
* [[:en:Nana_Akosua_Konadu|Nana Akosua Konadu]], CEO den television host
* [[:en:Joe_Mettle|Joe Mettle]], award-winning Ghanaian gospel musician
* Kweku Frimpong, Ghanaian oil den insurance businessman

== Sana spy ==

* [[:en:List_of_universities_in_Ghana|List of universities insyd Ghana]]

== References ==

[[Category:Christian universities den colleges insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Education insyd Accra]]
[[Category:Pentecostal universities den colleges]]
[[Category:2003 establishments insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Private universities den colleges]]
[[Category:Universities insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2003]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Universities insyd West Africa]]
[[Category:Education insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Education insyd West Africa]]
[[Category:Education insyd Africa]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100418160814/http://www.nab.gov.gh/nabsite/index.php National Accreditation Board]
* [http://pentvars.edu.gh/ Pentecost University College]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929220512/http://www.thechurchofpentecosthq.org/pentecost-university.html Church of Pentecost - Pentecost University]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Plastic pollution</title>
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'''Plastic pollution''' be de accumulation of plastic objects den particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags den microbeads) insyd de [[Earth]] ein environment wey dey adversely affect humans, wildlife den dema habitat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1589019/plastic-pollution |title=Plastic pollution |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=1 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516224226/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/06/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2018|title=We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It.|author=Laura Parker|date=June 2018|website=NationalGeographic.com|access-date=25 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plastics wey act as pollutants dem categorize by size into micro-, meso-, anaa macro debris.&lt;ref name=&quot;plastics in marine environment&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hammer|first1=J|last2=Kraak|first2=MH|last3=Parsons|first3=JR|title=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|chapter=Plastics in the Marine Environment: The Dark Side of a Modern Gift|date=2012|volume=220|pages=1–44|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1|pmid=22610295|isbn=978-1461434139|s2cid=5842747}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plastics be inexpensive den durable, wey dey make dem very adaptable give different uses; as a result, manufacturers dey choose make dem use plastic over oda materials.&lt;ref&gt;Hester, Ronald E.; Harrison, R. M. (editors) (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TCfYfIDymd8C&amp;pg=PA84 Marine Pollution and Human Health]. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 84–85. {{ISBN|184973240X}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de chemical structure of chaw plastics wey dey render dem resistant to chaw natural processes of degradation den as a result be de slow make dem degrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plastic Pollution&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide|last1=Le Guern|first1=Claire|date=March 2018|website=Coastal Care|url=https://coastalcare.org/2020/01/plastic-pollution-when-the-mermaids-cry-the-great-plastic-tide-by-claire-le-guern/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda, dese two factors dey allow large volumes of plastic make dem enter de environment as mismanaged waste wich dey persist insyd de ecosystem wey dey travel thru out food webs.&lt;ref&gt;Worm, Boris; Lotze, Heike K.; Jubinville, Isabelle; Wilcox, Chris; Jambeck, Jenna (17 October 2017). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700|&quot;Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant&quot;]]. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''42''' (1): 1–26. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700|10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5938 1543-5938].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ong, Sandy (24 August 2023). [https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/how-to-recycle-plastic-with-enzymes &quot;The living things that feast on plastic&quot;]. ''Knowable Magazine''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/knowable-082423-1|10.1146/knowable-082423-1]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Major plastic waste generator end polluter countries ==

=== Total plastic waste polluters ===
Dem dey generate around 275''&amp;nbsp;''million tonnes of plastic waste each year around de world; wey dem dey dump between 4.8 million den 12.7''&amp;nbsp;''million tonnes into de sea.&lt;ref name=&quot;Worm&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Worm|first1=Boris|last2=Lotze|first2=Heike K.|last3=Jubinville|first3=Isabelle|last4=Wilcox|first4=Chris|last5=Jambeck|first5=Jenna|title=Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant|journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources|date=17 October 2017|volume=42|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700|language=en|issn=1543-5938|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 60% of de plastic waste insyd de ocean dey cam from de top five countries: China, Indonesia, de Philippines, Thailand den Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.futureagenda.org/foresights/plastic-oceans/|title=Plastic Oceans|website=futureagenda.org|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; De table below dey list de top 20 plastic waste polluting countries insyd 2010 according to a study dem publish by ''Science'', Jambeck ''et al'' (2015).&lt;ref&gt;Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris; Siegler, Theodore R.; Perryman, Miriam; Andrady, Anthony; Narayan, Ramani; Law, Kara Lavender (13 February 2015). [https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1260352 &quot;Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean&quot;]. ''Science''. '''347''' (6223): 768–771. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347..768J 2015Sci...347..768J]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1260352|10.1126/science.1260352]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25678662 25678662]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206562155 206562155].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191205020701/https://www.earthday.org/2018/04/06/top-20-countries-ranked-by-mass-of-mismanaged-plastic-waste/ &quot;Top 20 Countries Ranked by Mass of Mismanaged Plastic Waste&quot;]. ''Earth Day.org''. 4 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|+Top plastic polluters {{as of|2010|lc=y}}
!Position
!Country
!Plastic pollution 
(insyd 1000 tonnes per year)
|-
|1
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |China
|8820
|-
|2
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Indonesia
|3220
|-
|3
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Philippines
|1880
|-
|4
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Vietnam
|1830
|-
|5
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Sri Lanka
|1590
|-
|6
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Thailand
|1030
|-
|7
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[Egypt]]
|970
|-
|8
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Malaysia
|940
|-
|9
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[Nigeria]]
|850
|-
|10
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Bangladesh
|790
|-
|11
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[South Africa]]
|630
|-
|12
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |India
|600
|-
|13
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[Algeria]]
|520
|-
|14
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[Turkey]]
|490
|-
|15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Pakistan
|480
|-
|16
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Brazil
|470
|-
|17
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |Myanmar
|460
|-
|18
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[Morocco]]
|310
|-
|19
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |North Korea
|300
|-
|20
| style=&quot;text-align:left; &quot; |[[United States]]
|280
|-
|}
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sources ===

* {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5|title=The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review|year=2002|last1=Derraik|first1=José G.B|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=44|issue=9|pages=842–52|pmid=12405208|bibcode=2002MarPB..44..842D|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0311|title=Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities|year=2009|last1=Hopewell|first1=Jefferson|last2=Dvorak|first2=Robert|last3=Kosior|first3=Edward|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2115–26|pmid=19528059|pmc=2873020}}
* Knight, Geof (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oDWq8McAZC8C Plastic Pollution]. Capstone. {{ISBN|978-1432960391}}

== Read further ==
[[File:Where_is_all_the_plastic_in_the_ocean_video.webm|thumb|Lecture of Erik van Sebille (Utrecht University) on plastic pollution]]

* Colette, Wabnitz &amp; Wallace J. Nichols. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200901025726/http://www.seaturtle.org/plasticpollution/MTN129p1-4.pdf Editorial: Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency]. 3 March 2010. 28 January 2013.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205220921/http://unep.org/gpa/documents/publications/BiodegradablePlastics.pdf Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter. Misconceptions, concerns and impacts on marine environments], 2015, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jun/28/a-million-a-minute-worlds-plastic-bottle-binge-as-dangerous-as-climate-change A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change']. ''The Guardian''. 28 June 2017.
* [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/19/551261222/guess-whats-showing-up-in-our-shellfish-one-word-plastics Guess What's Showing Up In Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics]. NPR. 19 September 2017
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/07/microplastic-pollution-revealed-absolutely-everywhere-by-new-research Microplastic pollution revealed ‘absolutely everywhere’ by new research]. ''The Guardian''. 6 March 2019
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/04/plastic-pollution-fossil-record After bronze and iron, welcome to the plastic age, say scientists]. ''The Guardian''. 4 September 2019.
* [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/ Planet Plastic: How Big Oil and Big Soda kept a global environmental calamity a secret for decades]. ''Rolling Stone''. 3 March 2020.
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55006333 Plastics an 'unfolding disaster' for US marine life]. BBC, 19 November 2020.
* Elizabeth Kolbert, &quot;A Trillion Little Pieces: How plastics are poisoning us&quot;, ''The New Yorker'', 3 July 2023, pp.&amp;nbsp;24–27. &quot;If much of contemporary life is wrapped up in plastic, and the result of this is that we are poisoning our kids, ourselves, and our ecosystems, then contemporary life may need to be rethought.&quot; (p.&amp;nbsp;27.)
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web |url=https://ecowatch.com/2014/04/07/22-facts-plastic-pollution-10-things-can-do-about-it/ |title=22 Facts About Plastic Pollution (And 10 Things We Can Do About It) |publisher=ecowatch.com |access-date=4 January 2016 |date=7 April 2014}}

[[Category:Anthropocene]]
[[Category:Pollution]]
[[Category:Plastics den de environment]]
[[Category:Environmental impact of products]]</text>
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    <title>Stephanie Jallen</title>
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'''Stephanie Jallen''' (born February 13, 1996), dem nickname am '''Hopper''', be American skier. She qualify give de 2014 Winter Paralympics wey dey compete give Team USA wey win bronze insyd de standing super-G den super combined.

== Personal history ==

Na dem born Stephanie Jallen for 13 February 1996 insyd Kingston, Pennsylvania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140315030600/http://www.stephaniejallen.org/Stephanie_Jallen_Paralympic_Fund,_Inc./About_Me.html &quot;About Me...&quot;] ''Stephanie Jallen''. Archived from [http://www.stephaniejallen.org/Stephanie_Jallen_Paralympic_Fund,_Inc./About_Me.html the original] on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem born Jallen plus CHILD syndrome, Congenital Hemidysplasia plus Ichthyosis den Limb Defects Syndrome.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Dis mean say na dem for amputate Jallen ein left leg, ein left side be under-developed, wey she dey suffer from rashes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ein nickie, Hopper, dey cam from de fact dat wen na she no wear ein prosthetic limbs, she for hop.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140323151349/http://psdispatch.com/news/ackerman/1150052/World-class-in-many-ways-and-only-17?template=dispatchart &quot;World class in many ways, and only 17&quot;]. ''The Sunday Dispatch''. January 25, 2014. Archived from [http://psdispatch.com/news/ackerman/1150052/World-class-in-many-ways-and-only-17?template=dispatchart the original] on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jallen always be active wey she learn how to play soccer plus ein friends. She get crutch buh she dey use am mainly for balance wey she be happy to stand anaa move around for ein leg top. Insyd interview she say dat she go no want make she get ein limbs back to normal as dat go just make am &quot;boring&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Jallen dey study for King's College in hopes make she earn business degree.&lt;ref&gt;Bufano, Matt. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073606/http://citizensvoice.com/sports/jallen-preparing-for-2018-paralympics-1.2233655 &quot;Jallen preparing for 2018 Paralympics&quot;]. ''The Citizens' Voice''. Retrieved January 23, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==

Na dem introduce Jallen to skiing for 2006 winter ski clinic insyd Pennsylvania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326025307/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&amp;sportid=564&amp;personid=1103493&amp;refreshauto=1 &quot;Jallen Stephanie&quot;]. ''IPC''. Archived from [http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&amp;sportid=564&amp;personid=1103493&amp;refreshauto=1 the original] on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein international debut be insyd 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Insyd dat year, na she be de US slalom champion after she cam first insyd de event.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stephaniejallen.blogspot.com/2012/01/waterville-valley-nh-us-nationals.htm &quot;Waterville Valley, NH. US Nationals!&quot;]. ''Stephanie Jallen''. January 14, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she encourage Iraq war amputees wey na wen she be eleven insyd 2007 she speak for Harrisburg to de Pennsylvania senate wey she tell dem make dem no give up.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 2012, she &quot;lacerated&quot; ein face insyd Kimberley, British Columbia insyd Super-G event. De wound result in she need twelve facial stitches. She sanso fracture ein tibia plateau wey she partly tear knee ligament.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312075700/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-stephanie-jallen &quot;Stephanie Jallen&quot;]. ''Sochi.ru''. Archived from [http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-stephanie-jallen the original] on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313002845/http://www.adaptivespirit.com/cms/athlete_bios/99fc8f48ef732048/index.html &quot;Stephanie Jallen - Alpine&quot;]. ''Adaptive Spirit''. Archived from [http://www.adaptivespirit.com/cms/athlete_bios/99fc8f48ef732048/index.html the original] on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Jallen sanso suffer head den back injuries, as well as she undergo surgeries to de knee den ankle.&lt;ref&gt;Bufano, Matt (August 23, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073606/http://citizensvoice.com/sports/jallen-preparing-for-2018-paralympics-1.2233655 &quot;Jallen preparing for 2018 Paralympics&quot;]. ''The Citizens' Voice''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paralympics ===
For ein début Paralympics, de 2014 Winter Paralympics insyd Sochi, Jallen compete give Team USA insys three events: de super-G, de slalom, den de super combined (Jallen dey compete insyd standing for all events insyd).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Na she be de second-youngest member of de national team.&lt;ref&gt;Magda, Kyle (March 4, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313002537/http://www.timesleader.com/news/sports/1233225/Conquering-the-world &quot;Conquering the world&quot;]. ''The Times Leader''. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; She cam third insyd de super-G, wey she fini 5.94 seconds behind [[Marie Bochet]]; wey she sanso fini behind [[Solène Jambaqué]], both of France.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312220258/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-standing &quot;Women's Super-G - Standing&quot;]. ''Sochi.ru''. Archived from [http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/alpine-skiing-women-s-super-g-standing the original] on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Jallen cam third insyd de super combined&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; plus time of 1:25.15 seconds, 4.74 seconds behind Bochet, wey win.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140314002842/http://citizensvoice.com/sports/jallen-eyes-2nd-medal-at-paralympics-1.1648981 &quot;Jallen eyes 2nd medal at Paralympics&quot;]. ''Citizen's voice''. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; However, Jallen no fini de slalom&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209163144/http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/JA/Stephanie-Jallen &quot;Stephanie Jallen&quot;]. ''Team USA''. Archived from [http://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/JA/Stephanie-Jallen the original] on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she fall insyd de giant slalom.&lt;ref&gt;Reeser, Jim (March 16, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140322135240/http://citizensvoice.com/breaking-news/jallen-unable-to-complete-giant-slalom-1.1651753 &quot;Jallen unable to complete giant slalom&quot;]. ''Citizen's Voice''. Archived from [http://citizensvoice.com/breaking-news/jallen-unable-to-complete-giant-slalom-1.1651753 the original] on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230627000000/https://www.teamusa.org/Athletes/JA/Stephanie-Jallen Stephanie Jallen] at Team USA (archived)
* [https://www.paralympic.org/stephanie-jallen Stephanie Jallen] at de International Paralympic Committee
* [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&amp;sportid=-1&amp;personid=1103493 Stephanie Jallen] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived)

[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:People wey komot Kingston, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Paralympic alpine skiers for de United States]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2014 Winter Paralympics]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for de United States]]
[[Category:American amputees]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2014 Winter Paralympics]]
[[Category:American female alpine skiers]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd alpine skiing]]
[[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roberta Annan</title>
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'''Roberta Annan''' ( born 2 December 1982)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SowetanLIVE|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[Ghanaian]] businesswoman den de founder of de African Fashion Foundation. She sanso be an investor, philanthropist, den a United Nations Environment Programme Goodwill Ambassador.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Environment|first=U. N.|date=2019-08-20|title=Roberta Annan|url=http://www.unep.org/people/roberta-annan|access-date=2021-03-25|website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Annan be de youngest African make dem induct am into de African Leadership Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Roberta Annan Inducted Into the African Leadership Hall of Fame|url=https://ghanaonlinenews.com/roberta-annan-inducted-into-the-african-leadership-hall-of-fame/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Ghana Online News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A graduate of Carleton University den Georgetown University, Annan begin ein career plus an internship for de U.N. headquarters insyd New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-02|title=Africa Style Profiles: Roberta Annan, Africa Co-Chair, World Fashion Development Program|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/roberta-annan_b_2397592|access-date=2021-03-25|website=HuffPost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Annan be de owner of Annan Capital Partners, an investment company insyd Sub-Saharan Africa, den ALDG, a portfolio of assets insyd sustainable hospitality, agribusiness, den sustainable luxury insyd [[Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-20 |title=Roberta Annan Capital Partners to help with Ghana Smart Cities project |url=https://www.consultancy.africa/news/1469/roberta-annan-capital-partners-to-help-with-ghana-smart-cities-project |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=Consultancy Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Education ==
Annan get ein secondary level education for de SOS-Hermann Gmeiner International College. Na she graduate ''summa cum laude'' for Biochemistry insyd from Carleton University wey dey Ottawa, [[Canada]], wey she sana earned Biotechnology master's degree insyd Georgetown University.&lt;ref&gt;by (2016-08-26). [https://moguldom.com/131394/how-ghanaian-entrepreneur-roberta-annan-built-a-business-blending-cultures/ &quot;How Ghanaian Entrepreneur Roberta Annan Built A Business Blending Cultures&quot;]. ''Moguldom''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Annan, wey dey speak both English den de Akan dialect,&lt;ref&gt;[https://goodpitch.org/orgs/frallain &quot;Good Pitch&quot;]. ''Good Pitch''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt; work as a Research Analyst Intern at de University of Giessen plus multi-nationals like Athgo International den MAP International between 2005 den 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231205202526/http://afkinsider.com/131394/how-ghanaian-entrepreneur-roberta-annan-built-a-business-blending-cultures/ &quot;How Ghanaian Entrepreneur Roberta Annan Built a Business Blending Cultures&quot;]. 26 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2008, Annan join de United Nations as intern, den later she cam turn de consultant for de UN, wer she dey mobilise funds den dema resources for de UN projects worldwide. Insyd 2012, she found de Roberta Annan Consulting, wey re-brand to Annan Capital Partners insyd 2016 after two years plus LJ Africa Advisors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roberta Annan|url=http://www.businessworldghana.com/20under40/roberta-annan/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Business World Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905173841/http://www.businessworldghana.com/20under40/roberta-annan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2017, na dem appoint Annan as de Senior Market Liaison for Fieldstone Africa wey na she lead business strategy den marketing. She sana serve for boards wey dey include De Frallain Group, Industrie Africa, Women's Empowerment den Investment Group, den de Ghana France Business Club. She be de adviser to The Rose of Sharon Foundation, by [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] business magnate, Folorunsho Alakija den The European Commission Devco Steering Committee for de International Colloquium for the Creative Economy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/23641/ghanaian-owned-luxury-group-frallain-inc-to.html &quot;Ghanaian Owned Luxury Group, Frallain, Inc., To Partner With Guaranty Trust Bank Lagos Fashion And Design Week&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2011, na Annan found de Africa Fashion Foundation (AFF) wey dey support Africa ein growing fashion industry.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/ &quot;Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine&quot;]. Retrieved 2022-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; She be de co-founder for de Impact Fund for African Creatives (IFFAC), a €100 million impact investment fund wey dey aim at supporting Africa ein creative den lifestyle industries.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/fund-african-fashion &quot;A fund for African Fashion&quot;]. ''UN Environment''. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Roberta Annan Consulting sana be a franchise owner for de Miss Universe Pageant from 2011 to 2015, buh na she hand dis over to new management after allegations say de contest no be fairly run.&lt;ref&gt;Debrah, Ameyaw (2015-09-09). [https://yen.com.gh/20464-miss-universe-ghana-organizers-wanted-police.html &quot;Miss Universe Ghana Organizers Wanted By Police?&quot;]. ''Yen - Ghana news''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;admin (2014-04-15). [https://www.ghanalive.tv/2014/04/15/hanniel-jamin-miss-universe-ghana/ &quot;Hanniel Jamin News: Miss Universe Ghana sues organizers&quot;]. ''Ghana Live TV''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tamakloe, Nana (8 September 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250206185030/https://www.fashionghana.com/site/leaked-letters-show-miss-universe-ghana-2015-paid-for-victory-and-put-the-organization-to-shame/ &quot;Leaked Letters Show Miss Universe Ghana 2015 Paid For Victory And Put Roberta Annan Pr To Shame - FashionGHANA.com: 100% African Fashion&quot;]. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fund raising den philanthropy ==
Annan, wey dem recognise for fundraising projects wey dey include de €100 Million Funds for African Creatives insyd partnership plus UN-ITC Ethical Fashion Initiative.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/13103/roberta-annans-african-fashion-fund-itc-ethical.html &quot;Roberta Annan's African Fashion Fund, ITC Ethical Fashion Initiative, and the European Commission Lau&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Annan Capital sanaa raised funds through engagement plus de High-net-worth individuals, corporations den foundations for both non-profit den for-profit initiatives projects from $6MM to $100MM.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/ghana-press-focuses-on-ghanaian-companies-engaged-in-export-to-members-of-afcfta-others/ &quot;Ghana: Press focuses on Ghanaian companies engaged in export to members of AfCFTA, others&quot;]. ''Journal du Cameroun'' (in French). 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-03-25&lt;/ref&gt;

Under de African Foundation Kayayei Initiative, Annan den other Ghanaian women wey dey include [[Ophelia Crossland]], Torlowei den Velma Owusu-Bempah trained head porters known as Kayayei insyd fashion den millinery.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vogue.it/vogue-talents/article/african-fashion-foundation-the-kayayei-fashion-training-programme &quot;African Fashion Foundation: the Kayaye Project&quot;]. ''Vogue Italia'' (in Italian). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-25&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/988966/african-fashion-foundation-the-lotte-to-launch.html &quot;African Fashion Foundation, The Lotte To Launch Kayayei Fashion Training Programme&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.glamour.co.za/fashion/trends/7-inspiring-ghanaian-fashion-brands-from-the-glitz-fashion-week-98b330f7-a33f-4aec-b4b3-ec4311c29c46 &quot;7 Inspiring Ghanaian Fashion Brands from the Glitz Fashion Week&quot;]. ''Glamour South Africa''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

During de peak of de COVID-19 outbreak insyd [[Ghana]], WEIG in partnership plus Annan Capital Partners den GUBA, launched demma COVID-19 Stimulus Fund, wey dey offer financial prizes to support den invest insyd female-led enterprises insyd Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/winners-of-covid-19-stimulus-fund-to-receive-packages-friday/ &quot;Winners of COVID-19 Stimulus Fund to Receive Packages Friday - MyJoyOnline.com&quot;]. ''Myjoyonline''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210727003545/https://thebftonline.com/11/03/2021/roberta-annan-writes-women-in-leadership-achieving-an-equitable-future-in-a-covid-19-world/ &quot;Roberta Annan writes...... Women in Leadership: Achieving an equitable future in a COVID-19 world&quot;]. 11 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awards den recognitions ==
Annan be member of de Young President Organization (YPO) den she currently be de UNEP Goodwill Ambassador for de Creative Economy, '20 under 40 Influential Business Leaders insyd Ghana', de &quot;40 under 40 Influential Business Leaders insyd Consulting&quot; den de &quot;100 Young Influential Africans&quot;, &quot;Youngest African wey dem ever induct insyd de African Leadership Hall of Fame&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.todaygh.com/roberta-annan-inducted-african-leadership-hall-fame/ &quot;Roberta Annan to be inducted into the African Leadership Hall of Fame – Today Newspaper&quot;]. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Annan speak at de United Nations Conference on Trade den Development round table panel discussion plus Isabelle Durant, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; Mahendra Siregar, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of de Republic of Indonesia den Marisa Henderson, Head of UNCTAD Creative Economy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/roberta-annan-to-speak-on-creative-economy-at-unctad-dialogue.html &quot;Roberta Annan to speak on creative economy at UNCTAD dialogue&quot;]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

Annan be advisory council member for de prestigious Condé Nast College of Fashion and Design. She dey work plus Edward Enninful, Victoria Beckham, Naomi Campbell, Suzy Menkes den Sarah Mower.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184737/https://braperucci.africa/roberta-annan-joins-edward-enninful-and-other-industry-players-on-conde-nast-college-of-fashion-design-advisory-council/ &quot;Roberta Annan joins Edward Enninful and other industry players on Condé Nast College Of Fashion &amp; Design Advisory Council&quot;]. ''Bra Perucci Africa''. 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2021-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Design, The Condé Nast College of Fashion &amp;. [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/roberta-annan-appointed-as-member-of-conde-nast-college-of-fashion--design-advisory-council-301312782.html &quot;Roberta Annan Appointed As Member Of Condé Nast College Of Fashion &amp; Design Advisory Council&quot;]. ''prnewswire.'' (Press release). Retrieved 2021-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Awards'''

* Global Style Icon Awards 2020 - Fashionpreneur of the year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Nedy Music honoured at Global Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/africa/Nedy-Music-honoured-at-Global-Style-Icon-Awards-1138736|access-date=2021-03-25|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Business Executive Award - She Achiever Award 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-05|title=37 women honored at 6th Feminine Ghana Achievement Awards|url=https://thebusinessexecutive.net/37-women-honored-at-6th-feminine-ghana-achievement-awards/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=The Business Executive|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 40 Influential Business Leaders Award 2018
* 20 under 40 Influential Business Leaders Award 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-03-08|title=Ghana's 20 under 40 Influential Business Leaders 2017|url=http://www.businessworldghana.com/ghanas-20-40-influential-business-leaders/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Business World Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ghana Feminine Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Roberta Annan|url=https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/speaker/roberta-annan/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Global Landscapes Forum Events|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa Leadership Hall of Fame (NYC)
* World Fashion 4 Development Program (WF4D) Leadership Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2013 |title=Fashion 4 Development First Ladies Luncheon - Vogue.it |url=https://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/parties-events/2013/09/first-ladies-luncheon-fashion-4-development |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=vogue |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Women Leadership Award Woman 2.1&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-08-29|title=Roberta Annan Appointed UN Ambassador For Creative Economy|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/roberta-annan-appointed-un-ambassador-for-creative-economy/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 Game Changer Honors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gamerchangers Reach for Change|url=http://ghana.reachforchange.org/en/programs/gamechangers|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Reach for Change|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2019 - Entrepreneur of the Year Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=ENTREPRENEUR OF THE YEAR AWARD |url=https://hautefashionafrica.com/roberta-annan-wins-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award-2019/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=hautefashionafrica.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Annan dey live plus ein mommie den ein son Allain insyd [[Accra]], [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;Gachango, Rayhab (2017-07-20). [https://www.potentash.com/2017/07/20/ghanaian-entrepreneur-roberta-annan/ &quot;20 Questions With Ghanaian Entrepreneur Roberta Annan&quot;]. ''Potentash''. Retrieved 2021-03-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0bqEstpOmM Roberta Annan speaks at TEDX East Legon]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KQ6w5l3PX8 Roberta Annan on Investing in Africa's Creative]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbkzAMzscOo Roberta Annan at UNEP]
* [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/karine-ohana-roberta-annan-promote-african-luxury-bono-macys-1202906519/ Change Agents: Using Technology, Funds to Leapfrog Luxury in Africa]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl6n68gDnN06XkgFh9bF35w Annan Capital Partners: What We Do]

[[Category:Akan people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Georgetown University alumni]]
[[Category:Ghanaian chief executives]]
[[Category:Carleton University alumni]]
[[Category:People wey komot Accra]]</text>
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    <title>Joyce Aryee</title>
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'''Joyce Rosalind Aryee''' (dem born am 27 March 1946) be [[Ghanaian]] former politician, business executive den minister. Aryee don be recognized for having served Ghana for more than 40 years insyd de public sana de private sectors.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413120148/https://ar.ug.edu.gh/joyce-rosalind-aryee &quot;Joyce Rosalind Aryee | University of Ghana Alumni Relations Office&quot;]. ''University of Ghana''. Archived from [https://ar.ug.edu.gh/joyce-rosalind-aryee the original] on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; From 2001 to 2011, she don serve as de chief executive officer for de Ghana Chamber of Mines&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Minister-on-right-course-with-galamsey-directive-Joyce-Aryee-531713 &quot;Minister on right course with 'galamsey' directive - Joyce Aryee&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143541/https://www.todaygh.com/dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee-first-ceo-ghana-chamber-mines/ &quot;Dr. Joyce Rosalind Aryee – First CEO of Ghana Chamber of Mines&quot;]. ''Today Newspaper''. 13 October 2017. Archived from [https://www.todaygh.com/dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee-first-ceo-ghana-chamber-mines/ the original] on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; den don be de first woman insyd Africa to have held that role. She don sana held political roles insyd Ghana from de early years of de [[Provisional National Defence Council]] (PNDC) government. She currently be de executive director of Salt den Light Ministries,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250320090208/https://saltandlightministriesgh.org/ &quot;Salt and Light Ministries&quot;]. Retrieved 12 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; a para-church organization.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghananewsagency.org/social/women-of-courage-awards-held--74629 &quot;Women of Courage Awards held&quot;]. Retrieved 29 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; She be an Honorary Council Member of de Ghana Association of Restructuring den Insolvency Advisors.&lt;ref&gt;[https://garia.org/governing-council/ &quot;Governing Council&quot;]. ''GARIA''. Retrieved 29 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein early life den education ==
Born to a Fante mother den a Ga father, Joyce Aryee be de second for four children.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413120148/https://ar.ug.edu.gh/joyce-rosalind-aryee &quot;Joyce Rosalind Aryee | University of Ghana Alumni Relations Office&quot;]. ''University of Ghana''. Archived from [https://ar.ug.edu.gh/joyce-rosalind-aryee the original] on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;WWW.OFMTV.COM, OFM Computer World- (7 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413113849/https://ghanachurch.com/profile-biography-of-dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee/ &quot;Profile &amp; Biography of Dr. Joyce Rosalind Aryee&quot;]. ''GhanaChurch.com''. Archived from [https://ghanachurch.com/profile-biography-of-dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee/ the original] on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; During ein early years, she don live plus ein family insyd North Suntreso, Kumasi, wey she don start ein early years for education for Methodist Primary School den Methodist Middle School insyd. She don later do to Achimota School den graduated insyd 1969 from de University of Ghana, Legon, plus a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree for English insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Attah-Mensah, Samuel (4 November 2019). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwX3TW9hH3k &quot;Footprints on Citi TV with Dr. Joyce Aryee&quot;]. ''Citi Tube''. Retrieved 11 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Career ==

=== Ein early career ===
During ein studies at de University of Ghana, Aryee don take a holiday job at de West Africa Examination Council insyd de Test Development den Research Office (TDRO). She sana don work at de Ghana Museums den Monument Board plus de administration. From 1976 to 1981, she don work as a Public Relations Officer at de den newly established Environmental Protection Council. Later, she don moved to de Ghana Standards Board (currently Ghana Standards Authority) as Public Relations Officer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ein political career ===
From 1982 to 1985, Aryee don be appointed by de late ex-president for Ghana Jerry John Rawlings as de secretary for information for de PNDC.&lt;ref&gt;Festus Eribo &amp; William Jong-Ebot, ''Press Freedom and Communication in Africa'', 1997, p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; From 1985 to 1987, she don be Minister of Education, den insyd 1987–88 Minister of Local Government. From 1988 to 2001 she don be Minister of Democracy insyd de Office of de Prime Minister, den from 1993 to 2001 a Member of de National Defence Council.&lt;ref&gt;Martin K. I. Christensen (31 May 2010). [http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ghana.htm &quot;Ghana Ministers&quot;]. ''Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership''. Martin K. I. Christensen. Retrieved 10 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ein Salt &amp; Light Ministries ===
Aryee be de founder den currently executive director of Salt &amp; Light Ministries, a para-church organization. She sana dey run de Joyce Aryee Consult, wey dey focus on de areas of Management den Communications. She dey serve as a board member on several boards, such as de Kinross Chirano Gold Mine Ghana board, de Mentoring Women Ghana board, den de Roman Ridge School Academic Board.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Harmonious Chorale ===
Aryee dey serve as de chair for Harmonious Chorale, a music group insyd Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200629195417/https://thebftonline.com/2017/lifestylesports/harmonious-chorale-marks-10th-anniversary/ &quot;Harmonious Chorale marks 10th anniversary - Business &amp; Financial Times Online&quot;]. ''Business &amp; Financial Times Online''. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; She be de founder of de Salt and Light Ministries, a ministry don set to encourage den motivate de Body of Christ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200602183658/http://saltandlightministriesgh.org/our-founder/ &quot;Our Founder – Salt and Light Ministries&quot;]. Archived from [https://saltandlightministriesgh.org/our-founder/ the original] on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Accra Mining Network ===
Aryee sana be de First Patron Extraordinaire for AMN, Accra Mining Network,&lt;ref&gt;Accra Mining Network (AMN), Since 2015 (27 July 2015). [https://accramining.net/amn-patrons/ &quot;Joyce Aryee, AMN Patron Extraordinaire&quot;]. ''Accra mining''. Retrieved 6 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; de largest amorphous extractive industry professional organisation for de world insyd.

== Ein personal life ==
Joyce Aryee don be marry twice; first to a medical doctor plus whom she don live for Germany insyd den then later to Dr Charles Wereko-Brobby.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143541/https://www.todaygh.com/dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee-first-ceo-ghana-chamber-mines/ &quot;Dr. Joyce Rosalind Aryee - First CEO of Ghana Chamber of Mines - Today Newspaper&quot;]. ''Ghana Today''. Archived from [https://www.todaygh.com/dr-joyce-rosalind-aryee-first-ceo-ghana-chamber-mines/ the original] on 12 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gideon Sackitey, [http://www.ghanadot.com/personalities.brobbey.123006.html Dr Charles Wereko-Brobby]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein awards den honours ==
Aryee don collect de second highest State award, de Companion of de Order of de Volta, insyd 2006 in recognition for ein service to de nation. She don be de recipient of de Chartered Institute of Marketing, Ghana (CIMG), Marketing Woman of de Year Award for 2007 den de African Leadership on Centre for Economic Development's African Female Business Leader of de Year Award for 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Quansah, Hadiza Nuhhu-Billa. [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/superwoman-award-on-mother-s-day.html &quot;Superwoman Award on Mother's Day&quot;]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 19 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsghana.com.gh/profile-on-speakers-for-youth-revolution-conference/ &quot;Profile On Speakers For Youth Revolution Conference | News Ghana&quot;]. ''NewsGhana''. Retrieved 19 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Boateng, Dennis Agyei (23 January 2017). [http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/achimota-school-names-girls-dormitory-after-rev-joyce-aryee.html &quot;Achimota School names girls' dormitory after Rev. Joyce Aryee - Graphic Online | Ghana News&quot;]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 23 January 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

She sana don be awarded insyd 2012 de Honorary Award of de year 2012, sana one of de pioneers den pillars of gospel music, at de Adom FM Ghana Gospel Industry Awards (GGIA) (2nd Edition).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/selina-boateng-wins-artiste-of-the-year-at-ghana-gospel-industry-awards/ &quot;Selina Boateng wins Artiste of the Year at Ghana Gospel Industry Awards&quot;]. ''MyJoyOnline''. 24 June 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2011, Aryee don sana be honoured insyd mining den public service at de maiden edition of de Women in Excellence award den don be nominated as de &quot;2011 Woman of the Year&quot; by de American Biographical Institute (ABI). She don be de first female to receive de Inspirational Woman Award at de Ghana UK Based Achievement (GUBA) Awards 2015 for creating change wey pave de way for women. In addition, she don win award as de Public Relations Personality of de Year 2014 by de Institute of Public Relations Ghana den don be mentioned insyd de list of 100 Global Inspiration Women insyd Mining for de world insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Aryee be Honorary Fellow of de Ghana Institution of Engineers den don receive an Honorary Doctorate from de University of Mines and Technology insyd recognition of ein immense contributions to de growth of de mining industry.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180621113703/http://www.glicogen.com/about-glico-general/profile/profile-of-board/board-member-dr-mrs-joyce-aryee &quot;Board Member, Dr. Mrs. Joyce Aryee&quot;] Archived 21 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Glico General.&lt;/ref&gt;

Achimota School don name ein 17th dormitory as &quot;Rev Joyce R. Aryee House&quot; after her, in honour of ein selfless service to de nation den commitment sana contribution to ein alma mater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Ein publications ==
Aryee be co-author, plus Samuel Koranteng-Pipim, for de 2012 book ''The Transformed Mind''.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.amazon.com/The-Transformed-Mind-Samuel-Koranteng-Pipim-ebook/dp/B008EK0IKK The Transformed Mind]'' (Eagle Online Books, 2012). Amazon.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryee, Joyce}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Ghanaian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Ghanaian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Ghanaian women politicians]]
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[[Category:Local government ministers of Ghana]]
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[[Category:University of Ghana alumni]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Ghana]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Enzo Fernández</title>
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'''Enzo Jeremías Fernández''' (born 17 January 2001), dem often refer to am as '''Enzo''', be an Argentine professional footballer wey dey play as a midfielder for Premier League club Chelsea den de [[Argentina]] national team. Primarily a central midfielder, he sanso be capable of playing as a defensive anaa attacking midfielder.

== Ein life matter ==
Dem name Fernández after three-time Copa América winner den former River Plate player Enzo Francescoli, secof ein poppie Raúl ein fascination plus de Uruguayan. Insyd an interview, na he say dat ein favorite player be [[Lionel Messi]].&lt;ref&gt;Uria, Maximiliano (26 September 2020). [https://www.clarin.com/deportes/enzo-fernandez-juvenil-river-brilla-copa-libertadores-defensa-justicia_0_-B61_VQnB.html &quot;Enzo Fernández, el juvenil de River que brilla en la Copa Libertadores para Defensa y Justicia&quot;]. ''Clarín''. Retrieved 1 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honours ==
'''Defensa y Justicia'''
* Copa Sudamericana: 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;SW12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Argentina – E. Fernández|work=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/enzo-jeremias-fernandez/547472/|access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Recopa Sudamericana: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SW12&quot; /&gt;

'''River Plate'''
* Argentine Primera División: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SW12&quot; /&gt;
* Trofeo de Campeones: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;SW12&quot; /&gt;

'''Benfica'''
*Primeira Liga: 2022–23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/3242-benfica-crowned-champions-of-portugal|title=Benfica crowned champions of Portugal|publisher=PortuGOAL|last=Kundert|first=Tom|date=27 May 2023|access-date=27 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Argentina'''
* FIFA World Cup: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Scott |date=18 December 2022 |title=Argentina beat France on penalties after thrilling World Cup final – live reaction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/dec/18/argentina-france-world-cup-2022-final-live |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=The Guardian }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Copa América: 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://copaamerica.com/en/news/argentina-champion-colombia-copa-america-lautaro-martinez|title=Argentina defeats Colombia to Become The Champion of CONMEBOL Copa América 2024™|website=Copa América|date=15 July 2024|access-date=15 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Individual'''
* CONMEBOL Copa Sudamericana Squad of the Season: 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;SW12&quot; /&gt;
* FIFA World Cup Young Player Award: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2022 |title=Mbappe pips Messi to Golden Boot |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/kylian-mbappe-wins-golden-boot-top-goalscorers-fifa-world-cup-qatar-2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/enzo-fernandez Enzo Fernández] at the Chelsea F.C. website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250330123137/https://www.premierleague.com/players/63741/ Enzo Fernández] at Premier League
* [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/547472/ Enzo Fernández] at Soccerway.com
* [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/enzo-fernandez/ Enzo Fernández] at WorldFootball.net
* [https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=146709 Enzo Fernández] at Soccerbase.com
* [https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/88719.html Enzo Fernández] at National-Football-Teams.com
* [https://www.11v11.com/players/0-271020/ Enzo Fernández] at 11v11.com
* [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j44772.html Enzo Fernández] at BDFutbol
* [https://www.kicker.de/enzo-fernandez/spieler Enzo Fernández] at kicker (in German)
* [https://fbref.com/en/players/5ff4ab71/ Enzo Fernández] at FBref.com
* [https://global.espn.com/football/player/_/id/285450 Enzo Fernández] at ESPN FC
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250330123137/https://www.premierleague.com/players/63741/ Enzo Fernández] at Premier League
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Enzo}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
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[[Category:Defensa y Justicia footballers]]
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[[Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople insyd Portugal]]
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  <page>
    <title>Nana Kuffour</title>
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'''Mohammed Tuah Khamis''' (born 27 February 1985) be a former Ghanaian-American soccer player den current soccer coach.

== Career ==

=== Playing career ===

==== Club ====
Na dem born Kuffour insyd Nyakrom. Na de forward be signed by D.C. United as a developmental player during de 2004 season,&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghanaweb.net/GhanaHomePage//soccer/artikel.php?ID=61626 Kuffuor put on DC United developmental roster] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723134952/http://ghanaweb.net/GhanaHomePage//soccer/artikel.php?ID=61626 Archived] 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine on www.ghanaweb.net&lt;/ref&gt; after he immigrate to de [[United States]] from Ghana wey he receive citizenship.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.mlsnet.com/players/bio.jsp?team=t103&amp;player=kuffour_n&amp;playerId=kuf207645 Major League Soccer: Roster: Player Bio] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100119053216/http://web.mlsnet.com/players/bio.jsp?team=t103&amp;player=kuffour_n&amp;playerId=kuf207645 Archived] 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine on www.mlsnet.com&lt;/ref&gt; Before he play give United, na Kuffour most recently play give Super Rainbows of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.modernghana.com/sports/117404/2/united-unearths-gem-in-kuffour.html United unearths gem in Kuffour] on www.modernghana.com&lt;/ref&gt; Na Kuffour be released by D.C. United insyd November 2005&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghanaweb.net/GhanaHomePage///SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=94494 Kuffour Released] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723135000/http://ghanaweb.net/GhanaHomePage///SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=94494 Archived] 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine on www.ghanaweb.net&lt;/ref&gt; wey he join Liberty Professionals FC after three years plus de club he sign give [[Accra Hearts of Oak S.C.|Accra Hearts of Oak SC]] on 18 October 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://todaygh.com/2009/10/14/ghana-premiership-hearts-kotoko-to-renew-hostilities/ Ghana premiership: Hearts-Kotoko to renew hostilities] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100927083106/http://todaygh.com/2009/10/14/ghana-premiership-hearts-kotoko-to-renew-hostilities/ Archived] 27 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Clubs =====

* [[Apam Senior High School|Apam Secondary School]] (2001–2003)
* Super Rainbows (2003)
* Assi National FC (2004)
* D.C. United (2004–2005)
* Liberty Professionals FC (2005–2009)
* Accra Hearts of Oak SC (2009–2010)

==== International career ====
Na Kuffour be a member of de Black Meteors.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201434/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/u23.php Black Meteors: U-23 Team]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coaching ===
After ein retirement insyd 2017 he cam turn U-16 Head coach for Liberty Professionals F.C. den later give West African Football Academy, before na he begin ein senior coaching career insyd March 2019 dem name am as Head coach give Madina Republicans FC&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230723133944/https://sportsworldghana.com/former-liberty-attacker-tuah-khemis-appointed-madina-republicans-coach/ Former Liberty Attacker Tuah Khemis Appointed Madina Republicans Coach]&lt;/ref&gt; wey na he work der til ein release insyd early 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091329/https://ghanaguardian.com/madina-republic-part-ways-with-head-coach-tuah-khamis Madina Republic part ways with head coach Tuah Khamis]&lt;/ref&gt; He currently be coach den owner of de Tuah Khamis Football Academy insyd Shukura a suburb of Ablekuma Central, insyd de [[Greater Accra Region]].

== Ein life matter ==
Na dem born Mohammed Tuah Khamis as Nana Kwame Kuffour wey he convert go [[Islam]] insyd 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/soccer/player.php?ID=265 Player Profile : Mohammed Tuah Khamis] on www.ghanaweb.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/704227/ Nana Kuffour] at Soccerway
* [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/nana-kuffour/#wac_660x40_top Nana Kuffour] at WorldFootball.net
* [https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/nana-kuffour/ Profile] at mlssoccer.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuffour, Nana}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaian emigrants to de United States]]
[[Category:Ghanaian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:D.C. United players]]
[[Category:Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. players]]
[[Category:Liberty Professionals F.C. players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Central Region (Ghana)]]
[[Category:21st-century Ghanaian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Ghanaian Muslims]]
[[Category:Ghanaian sports coaches]]
[[Category:Ghanaian sports executives den administrators]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Omotola Jalade Ekeinde</title>
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      <text bytes="30405" sha1="ct18d4gpz5tafhje1854d60iedoa9n5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Omotola Jalade Ekeinde''' (dem born '''Omotola Jalade''', 7 February 1978) be Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist den former model.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/index.html &quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'&quot;]. ''CNN Entertainment''. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Okafor, Kelvin (3 February 2021). [https://www.legit.ng/1102269-omotola-jalade-biography.html &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde biography: Age, husband, children, movies&quot;]. ''legit.ng''. Retrieved 15 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Since ein Nollywood film debut insyd 1995, Ekeinde appear insyd over 300 films, dey sell millions of copies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Omotola be de second Nigerian den first Nigerian celebrity wey receive over 1 million likes for ein Facebook page top.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/201302181875.html &quot;Nigeria: Omotola Hits 1 Million Facebook Likes&quot;]. ''Leadership''. 16 February 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013 – via All Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Alonge, Osagie (10 February 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-surpasses-1m-likes-on-facebook/ &quot;Omotola surpasses 1m 'likes' on Facebook&quot;]. ''Nigeria Entertainment Today''.&lt;/ref&gt; Rydee, she get a total of 3 million followers for Facebook top.&lt;ref&gt;Odumade, Omotolani. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160718224358/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-actress-celebrates-3m-followers-on-facebook-id5258216.html &quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: Actress celebrates 3m followers on Facebook&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Retrieved 20 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2013, na dem include am insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Corliss, Richard (18 April 2013). [https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ &quot;The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde&quot;]. ''Time magazine''. London. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Insyd 2013, na Ekeinde make a brief appearance for VH1 ein scripted series, ''Hit the Floor''.&lt;ref&gt;A. Obenson, Tambay (24 June 2013). [https://www.imdb.com/news/ni55839009/ &quot;Nigerian Actress Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Will Make USA TV Debut On 'Hit The Floor' Tonight&quot;]. ''IMDb''. IndieWire. Retrieved 28 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2 November 2013, na she speak at de 2013 edition of de WISE- Summit, wey dem hold insyd Doha, Qatar.&lt;ref&gt;Omolewa, Mufutau (3 November 2013). [http://www.modernghana.com/movie/25209/3/gorgeous-omotola-speaks-at-the-wise-summit-in-doha.html &quot;Gorgeous Omotola speaks at the WISE Summit in Doha,Qatar(PHOTOS)&quot;]. ''ModernGhana''. Retrieved 16 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Insyd 2014, na dem honour am by de Nigerian government, wey she cam turn a Member of de Order of de Federal Republic (MFR) give ein contributions to Nigerian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;Mojeed, Musikilu (18 September 2014). [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/headlines/168316-jonathans-steward-taxi-driver-traffic-warden-304-other-nigerians-get-national-honours.html &quot;Jonathan's steward, taxi driver, traffic warden, 304 other Nigerians get National Honours&quot;]. ''Premium Times''. Retrieved 24 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein early life den education ==
Omotola Jalade, wey be of Ondo descent, dem born am insyd Lagos State. Na she grow up plus ein parents den two younger brothers, Tayo den Bolaji Jalade. Na ein mommie, Oluwatoyin Jalade née Amori Oguntade, Husby Captain Matthew Ekeinde, work at J.T Chanrai Nigeria, den ein poppie, Oluwashola Jalade, work for de YMCA den de Lagos Country Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://heelsofinfluence.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-2/ &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde&quot;]. ''Heels of Influence''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; She attend Chrisland School, Opebi (1981–1987), Oxford Children School (1987), Santos Layout, den Command Secondary School, Kaduna (1988–1993).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;The360reporters (20 April 2020). [https://www.the360report.com/2020/04/20/omotola-jalade-ekeide-biography-and-net-worth/ &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Net Worth 2020_Biography, Age, Marriage, Movies And Endorsements Deals&quot;]. ''Latest News and Entertainment Updates''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; She get a brief stint at [[Obafemi Awolowo University]] wey she plete ein studies at [[Yaba College of Technology]] (1996–2004), wey she study Estate Management. Na originally she wan a career insyd business management.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; However, as she dey await for ein results from university, she begin dey model make she earn a living.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ein career ==
'''&lt;big&gt;Acting career&lt;/big&gt;'''

Na dem introduce Ekeinde to acting while dey accompany a friend to an audition. Na ein first acting role be insyd de 1995 film ''Venom of Justice'',&lt;ref&gt;[https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/05/17/omosexy-celebrates-25-years-in-entertainment-with-sexy-look/ &quot;Omosexy celebrates 25 years in entertainment with sexy look - P.M. News&quot;.].&lt;/ref&gt; wey Reginald Ebere direct am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201030233237/https://www.insidenolly.ng/reginald-ebere/ &quot;Reginald Ebere (Writer, Director) | Movies | INSIDENOLLY&quot;]. ''www.insidenolly.ng''.&lt;/ref&gt; na dem give am de lead role insyd de film. Ein first major role be insyd de film ''Mortal Inheritance'' (1995), wey she play a sickle-cell patient wey fight for ein life against small odds of survival.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/17/showbiz/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-queen-nollywood/ &quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde: 10 things to know about 'Omosexy'&quot;]. January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Since den, she star insyd chaw films, wey dey include ''Games Women Play'',&lt;ref&gt;izuzu, chibumga (19 June 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241201023114/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/throwback-thursday-throwback-to-the-movie-games-women-play/hsx4b2z &quot;Throwback to the Movie &quot;Games Women Play&quot;&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Blood Sisters'',&lt;ref&gt;''[[oclc:558658799|Blood sister]]''. 31 March 2003. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558658799 558658799] – via Open WorldCat.&lt;/ref&gt; ''All My Life'', ''Last Wedding'', ''My Story'', ''The Woman in Me'' den others. 

For ein role insyd ''Mortal Inheritance'', she win &quot;Best Actress in an English Speaking Movie&quot; den &quot;Best Actress Overall&quot; at de 1997 Movie Awards. She be de youngest actress insyd Nigeria for dat time make she win dis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nigerianfinder.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-career-age-husband-children-movies/ &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Biography: Career, Husband, Children, Movies&quot;]. ''nigerianfinder.com''. Retrieved 15 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Insyd de late 1990s den early 2000s, she star insyd chaw sequel films, wey dey include ''Lost Kingdom II'', ''Kosorogun II'', den ''Blood Sister II'', dey lead to a grand achiever award from de Global Excellence Recognition Awards insyd 2004. Na dem award am best Actress insyd a supporting role during de Africa Movie Academy Awards insyd 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Folaranmi, Femi (13 May 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060909132636/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm &quot;Rhythm of a new world of movies As Nollywood stars storm Yenagoa for AMAA&quot;]. ''The Daily Sun''. Archived from [http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/13/showtime-13-05-2005-006.htm the original] on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

After she shoot roughly three hundred video movies, Ekeinde receive ein first cinematic movie role insyd de 2010 film &quot;''Ije&quot;.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085830/http://ijethemovie.com/ &quot;IJE&quot;]. Vow Foundation. Archived from [http://ijethemovie.com/ the original] on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem shoot dis film at locations insyd Jos den de [[United States]]. &quot;''Ije&quot;'' be de highest grossing Nollywood film at de time – A feat wey later ''Phone Swap (2012)'' break am. Insyd 2012, she star insyd de Nollywood thriller, ''Last Flight to Abuja'' wey cam turn de second-highest-grossing movie insyd [[West Africa|West African]] cinemas insyd 2012''.''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/last-flight-to-abuja-grosses-n8m-in-the-box-office/ &quot;Last Flight to Abuja grosses N8m in the box office&quot;]. ''Vanguard Newspaper''. Vanguard. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.informationng.com/2012/11/omotola-clinches-actress-of-the-year-award.html &quot;Omotola Clinches Actress of the Year Award&quot;]. ''The Daily Sun''. 26 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; She go on go win over forty domestic den international awards.&lt;ref&gt;James, Osaremen Ehi (11 November 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313063016/http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html &quot;Omotola Emerges Biggest Box-Office Actress of the Year ...As Last Flight To Abuja Becomes 2012 Best Box-Office Hit&quot;]. Nigeria films. Archived from [http://nigeriafilms.com/news/19501/2/omotola-emerges-biggest-box-office-actress-of-the-.html the original] on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/omotola-jalade-ekeinde/ &quot;The 2013 Time 100: Omotola Jalade Ekeinde&quot;]. ''Shout-Africa''. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Media, Bigsam (8 August 2012). [http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvmovie/96039/3/last-flight-to-abuja-is-the-number-2-film-in-west-.html &quot;Last Flight to Abuja is the number 2 film in West African Cinemas&quot;]. ''The Nigerian Voice''. Retrieved 26 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Insyd 2015, Ekeinde celebrate ein 20th anniversary insyd de entertainment industry, wey she appear insyd about two hundred films.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114183207/http://pulse.ng/movies/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-omosexy-is-a-nollywood-cornerstone-yahoo-id3399022.html &quot;&quot;Omosexy is a Nollywood cornerstone&quot; – Yahoo&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''. Chidumga Izuzu. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd June 2018, Ekeinde den fellow Nigerian Femi Odugbemi receive invitations to be voting members for de Academy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200122131241/https://guardian-ng.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/amp?usqp=mq331AQCCAE=&amp;amp_js_v=0.1#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp;amp_tf=From%20%251$s&amp;ampshare=https://guardian.ng/news/meet-voting-members-of-oscars-2018-odugbemi-omotola/ &quot;Meet voting members of Oscars 2018: Odugbemi, Omotola&quot;]. Retrieved 25 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Music career ===
Ekeinde launch a music career insyd 2005 plus de release of ein debut album dem title am &quot;gba&quot;. De album don produce de singles &quot;Naija Lowa&quot; den &quot;The Things You Do To Me.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/omotola/album/gba-blue-pie/track/honey-boy Honey Boy]'', 1 January 2006, retrieved 3 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://buzznigeria.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-biography-family/ &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde's Biography and Age Accomplishments&quot;]. ''BuzzNigeria.com''. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Ein unreleased second album – ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'', bring insyd production from Paul Play den Del B. Na e be supported by de songs &quot;Feel Alright&quot;, dey feature Harrysong, den &quot;Through the Fire&quot;, dey feature Uche.&lt;ref&gt;Media, Bigsam. [http://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/photos/event_album.asp?parent_id=27252&amp;action=view &quot;HOW CELEBRITIES AND DIGNITARIES MINGLED AT OMOTOLA'S ALBUM LAUNCH&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 19 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;     

Insyd late 2012, Ekeinde begin dey work on ein third album wey enlist de help of The Bridge Entertainment. She go to Atlanta, Georgia insyd de United States make she work plus producers den songwriters wey fi help am create a sound wey go resonate plus American audiences. She get studio sessions plus Kendrick Dean, Drumma Boy den Verse Simmonds&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020201/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/2013/01/18/2015/ &quot;Omotola Jalade features top foreign acts in new album as she returns to music&quot;]. ''Nigerian Monitor''. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she record a song plus singer Bobby V.&lt;ref&gt;Eta, Philip (28 January 2013). [http://dailypost.com.ng/2013/01/28/photospeak-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-records-with-bobby-v-in-atlanta/ &quot;PHOTOSPEAK: Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde records with Bobby V in Atlanta&quot;]. ''Daily Post''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James, Osaremen Ehi (28 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130202190808/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;UPDATED: Omotola Storms Atlanta Studio With Bobby V [Picture]&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]. ''Nigeria Films.com''. Archived from [http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/20300/2/updated-omotola-storms-atlanta-studio-with-bobby-v.html the original] on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reality show ===
Insyd 2012, Ekeinde sana launch a reality television show, ''Omotola: The Real Me'', for Africa Magic Entertainment top, a M-Net subsidiary broadcast for DStv top. She be de first Nigerian celebrity make she star insyd ein own reality show.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140319065204/http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ &quot;Omotola:The Real Me&quot;]. ''Africa Magic Dstv''. MultiChoice Ltd. Archived from [http://africamagic.dstv.com/category/shows/omotola-the-real-me/ the original] on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein philanthropy ==
Ekeinde can turn a United Nations World Food Programme Ambassador insyd 2005, dey go to missions insyd [[Sierra Leone|Sierra- Leone]] den [[Liberia]]. She sana dey support organisations wey dey include Charles Odii ein SME100 Africa wey empower youth den young women for society insyd. She be active insyd the Walk the World project wey she participate insyd de Walk the World campaign insyd Liberia plus President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.&lt;ref&gt;Hunger, fight (7 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia &quot;Gearing up for Walk the World in Liberia&quot;]. ''TNT Corporate Responsibility''. Archived from [http://www.movingtheworld.org/cordelia_salternour/blog/2007/03/07/gearing_up_for_walk_the_world_in_liberia the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ein human rights campaign work be centered for ein NGO project, dem call am de Omotola Youth Empowerment Program (OYEP). Dis undertaking bring hundreds of youths togeda give de Empowerment Walk den Convention.&lt;ref&gt;Aiki, Damilare (24 January 2012). [http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/01/24/bn-exclusive-in-loving-memory-of-her-mother-omotola-jalade-ekeindes-foundation-oyep-gives-20-widows-amazing-makovers-must-see-photos/ &quot;BN Exclusive: In Loving Memory of her Mother, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde's Foundation OYEP gives 20 Widows AMAZING Makeovers – Must See Photos!&quot;]. ''Bella Naija''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; She lend ein voice insyd 2010 to de &quot;Rewrite The Future&quot; campaign of Save The Children [[United Kingdom|UK]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

She cam turn an Amnesty International campaigner insyd 2011 wey she participate insyd campaigns insyd Sierra-Leone (Maternal Mortality) den a 2012 campaign give de Niger Delta insyd Nigeria, wey she shoot a video dey ask Shell plc den de government to &quot;own up, clean up, pay up| den take responsibility give de oil spills insyd de Niger Delta.&lt;ref&gt;Macnamara, Lucy (17 April 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta &quot;'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta&quot;]. Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Akintayo, Opeoluwani (7 January 2012). [https://www.amnesty.org/en/blog/art-for-amnesty/nollywood-star-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-calls-shell-clean-niger-delta &quot;'Nollywood' Star Omotola Jalade Ekeinde calls on Shell to clean up the Niger Delta&quot;]. ''All Africa''. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;    

Insyd June 2020, she visit an orphanage home insyd [[Tanzania]] run by Tanzania Mitindo House wey dey focus on HIV infected kiddies, plus Tanzanian actress Wema Sepetu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/omotola-storms-tanzania-for-charity/ &quot;Omotola storms Tanzania for charity&quot;]. ''Vanguard News''. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;    

To promote de 2021 World No Tobacco Day den de #SmokeFreeNollywood campaign, Ekeinde den actors (Dakore Egbuson-Akande, Daniel Effiong, Meg Otanwa, Michelle Dede, Osas Ighodaro) pledge make dem stop smoking insyd dema movie scenes, as e get a negative influence on young kiddies wey look up to dem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/world-no-tobacco-day-2021-nollywood-celebrities-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes/ &quot;World No Tobacco Day 2021: Nollywood celebrities pledge to stop smoking scenes&quot;]. ''Vanguard News''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; De campaign be backed by US non-profit organization Tobacco-Free Kids den a sub-Saharan public strategy firm - Gatefield.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Omotola, Dakore, Nollywood artistes pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies&quot;. ''Daily Trust''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://tribuneonlineng.com/omotola-dakore-others-pledge-to-stop-smoking-scenes-in-movies/ &quot;Omotola, Dakore, others pledge to stop smoking scenes in movies&quot;]. ''Tribune Online''. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein awards den recognition ==
Ekeinde get a regular column insyd ''OK! Nigeria Magazine'' dem title am &quot;Omotola's Diary&quot;, wey dey feature writings about ein life den experiences.&lt;ref&gt;Aiki, Damilare (26 August 2012). [http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/lifestyle/Cocktails-With-Omotola-Jalade-Ekeinde_12345893 &quot;Nollywood's Omotola; Cocktails with Omotola Jalade Ekeinde&quot;]. ''Jamaica Observer''. Retrieved 2 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; For 5 November 2013, she receive de Ebony Vanguard Award at de Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA) wey dem hold am insyd Birmingham, England.&lt;ref&gt;Alonge, Osagie (7 November 2013). [https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ &quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards&quot;]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140313235131/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; For 9 November 2013, Oba Victor Kiladejo, de Royal king of Ondo Kingdom confer on Omotola a chieftaincy title insyd ein hometown of Ondo State.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.naij.com/51433.html &quot;Omotola Jalade, David Mark, Others Receive Chieftaincy Title in Ondo Kingdom&quot;]. Naij News. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2012, CNN Travel include Ekeinde ein accent on dema list of de &quot;world's twelve sexiest accents&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Burchette, Jordan (30 November 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915152446/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/life/worlds-sexiest-accents-130333 &quot;World's 12 sexiest accents&quot;]. CNN. Retrieved 20 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; De Nigerian accent rank fifth for de list. Insyd 2013, na dem include insyd ''Time'' magazine ein list of de 100 most influential people insyd de world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Na dem include Ekeinde insyd de list of Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine insyd 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[https://newsghana.com.gh/top-100-influential-people-in-africa-see-the-nigerian-list/ &quot;Top 100 Influential People In Africa: See the Nigerian list&quot;]. ''News Ghana''. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2015, dem list am among de highest-grossing movie actors. Others for de list dey include Shah Rukh Khan, Frank Welker, Bob Bergen, Jack Angel, Mickie McGowan, Michael Papajohn, Martin Klebba, Clint Howard den Chris Ellis. Dis listing be compiled den researched by Yahoo!.&lt;ref&gt;[https://uk.yahoo.com/movies/the-highest-grossing-movie-stars-youve-never-107601608266.html &quot;The Highest-Grossing Movie Stars You've Probably Never Heard Of&quot;]. ''Yahoo Movies UK''. Retrieved 9 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Jalade marry Captain Matthew Ekeinde insyd 1996. Togeda, dem get four kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/how-omotola-hubby-kept-the-nuptial-fire-burning-for-25-years/ &quot;How Omotola, hubby kept the nuptial fire burning for 25 years&quot;]. ''Vanguard News''. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein selected filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Actor
|-
|'''Title'''
|'''Year'''
|'''Role'''
|'''Notes'''
|-
|''Iva''
|1993
|
|Plus Francis Duru, Olu Jacobs
|-
|''Venom of Justice''
|1995
|
|
|-
|''Mortal Inheritance''
|1996
|Kemi Johnson
|Plus Fred Amata, Kunle Bamtefa, Abiola Atanda
|-
|''Scores to Settle''
|1998
|
|Plus Liz Benson, Richard Mofe-Damijo, Teco Benson
|-
|''Lost Kingdom''
|1999
|
|Plus Pete Edochie, Enebeli Elebuwa
|-
|''Kosorogun''
|2002
|
|Plus Faithia Balogun, Shan George
|-
|''When Love Dies''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2003
|Mary
|
|-
|''Under Fire''
|
|Plus Chiege Alisigwe, Charles Awurum
|-
|''The Outsider''
|
|
|-
|''Rescue''
|
|
|-
|''Blood Sisters''
|Gloria
|Plus Genevieve Nnaji
|-
|''Royal Family''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004
|
|
|-
|''Die Another Day''
|Queen
|
|-
|''A Kiss from Rose''
|
|Plus Desmond Elliot, Fred Amata
|-
|''Games Women Play''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2005
|Yvonne
|
|-
|''Brave Heart''
|
|Plus Zack Orji, Emma Ayalogu
|-
|Taste of Sin
|2006
|Debbie
|Plus Funke Adewusi, Uduak Akrah
|-
|''The Revelation''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|
|
|-
|''Sand in My Shoes''
|
|Plus Tchidi Chikere, Mike Ezuruonye
|-
|''Careless Soul''
|
|Plus Emeka Ike, Ralph Onu
|-
|''Yankee Girls''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2008
|Immaculate
|Plus Suen Akindele, Musa Abudu
|-
|''Temple of Justice''
|
|Plus Nonso Diobi, Queen Nwokoye
|-
|''My Last Ambition''
|2009
|Amanda
|Plus Nonso Diobi, Nadia Buari
|-
|''Ije: The Journey''
|2010
|Anya Opara Michino
|Plus Genevieve Nnaji, Odalys Garcia, Ulrich Que
|-
|''A Private Storm''
|2010
|Gina
|Plus Ramsey Nouah, Ufuoma Ejenobor, John Dumelo
|-
|''Ties That Bind''
|2011
|Adobea Onyomena
|Plus Ama K. Abebrese, Kimberly Elise
|-
|''Last Flight to Abuja''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012
|Suzie
|Plus Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Jim Iyke, Jide Kosoko
|-
|''Amina''
|Amina
|Plus Charlie Buck, Alison Carroll, Jonathan Cohen
|-
|''Hit The Floor''
|2013
|Omotola
|
|-
|''Blood on the Lagoon''
|2014&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203092059/http://pulse.ng/movies/blood-in-the-lagoon-watch-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-okey-uzoeshi-in-trailer-id4634404.html &quot;&quot;Blood in the Lagoon&quot; Watch Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Okey Uzoeshi in trailer&quot;]. ''Pulse.ng''. Chidumg Izuzu. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|Scarlett Belo
|Plus Stephen Abeng, Akuma Agu, Niran Aladetan
|-
|''My Only Inheritance''
|
|
|
|-
|''Alter Ego''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|Ada Igwe
|Plus Wale Ojo den Kunle Remi
|-
|The Island
|Mrs Tokunbo Bowe Cole
|TV series
|-
|The Tribunal
|
|
|-
|''Up Creek a Paddle''
|TBA
|Desiye
|Post production
|-
|''RattleSnake: The Ahanna Story''
|2020
|Maimuna Atafo
|Plus Stan Nze, Osas Ighodaro
|-
|Shadow Parties
|2021&lt;ref&gt;[[imdbname:2122395|&quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde | Actress, Writer, Producer&quot;]]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
|as Princess Fadekemi
|Plus Toyin Abraham, Ayanfe Adekunle
|-
|Lockdown
|2021
|Dr Njoku
|Plus Omini Aho, Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha
|}

== Ein discography ==

=== Studio albums ===

* ''GBA'' (2005)
* ''Me, Myself, and Eyes'' (unreleased)

=== Singles ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Album
|-
|2014
|&quot;Barren Land&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/omotola-releases-single-upcoming-album/ &quot;Omotola releases single from upcoming album&quot;]. Vanguard. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Me, Myself, and Eyes''
|-
|2015
|&quot;Strong Girl (Remix)&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150927215700/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dbanj-bono-waje-omotola-jalade-ekeinde-star-in-conscious-strong-girl-remix-id4200409.html &quot;D'banj Bono, Waje, Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde star in conscious 'Strong girl' remix&quot;]. ''Pulse.com.gh''. David Mawuli. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;As featured artiste&lt;/small&gt;
|—
|}

== Ein awards den nominations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1997
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |The Movie Awards (THEMA)
|Best Actress English
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Mortal Inheritance''
|She win
|
|-
|Best Actress Overall
|She win
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2004
|City People awards for Excellence
|Best Actress
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Einself
|She win
|
|-
|Global Excellence Recognition Awards
|Best Actress &amp; Grand Achiever
|She win
|
|-
|Civil Enlightenment Organization of Nigeria (CEON)
|Best Individual &amp; Symbol of Creativity
|She win
|
|-
|NUSEC Awards
|Best Actress
|She win
|
|-
|2005
|1st Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|She win
|
|-
|2006
|Youths Benefactor's Award
|Most friendly Actress
|She win
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|2009 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Best Actress Leading Role (Yoruba)
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Actress
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Actress Film/Short Story
|''Deepest of Dreams''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2010 Ghana Movie Awards
|Best Actress-Africa Collaboration
|''A Private Storm''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2011
|8th Africa Movie Academy Awards
|Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ties That Bind''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2011 Ghana Movie Awards
|Best Actress-Africa Collaboration
|She win
|
|-
|2011 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Best Actress Leading Role (English)
|''A Private Storm''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Actress Film/Short Story
|''Ijé''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2012
|Eloy Awards
|Actress of the Year
|''Ties That Bind''
|She win
|
|-
|Screen Nation Awards
|Pan African Best Actress
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Einself
|She win
|
|-
|Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts Awards (BEFFTA)
|Film Actress Icon
|She win
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards
|GIAMA Humanitarian Award
|Omotola Youth Empowerment Foundation
|She win
|
|-
|Viewers Choice -Female
|Einself
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Actress in A Film
|''Ties That Bind''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2012 Nollywood Movies Awards
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|''A Private Storm''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|2013 Nollywood Movies Awards
|Popular Online Choice
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Einself
|She win
|
|-
|Music Video and Screen Awards (MVISA)
|Ebony Vanguard Award
|She win
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://thenet.ng/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ &quot;Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde honoured at Music Video and Screen Awards&quot;]. Nigerian Entertainment Today. 7 November 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235616/http://thenet.ng/2013/11/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-honoured-at-music-video-and-screen-awards/ Archived] from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Lead Actress in a Film
|''Last Flight to Abuja''
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2014
|MTV Africa Music Awards 2014
|Personality of the Year
|Einself
|Dem nominate am
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140420073700/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2014/04/17/mafikizolo-uhuru-davido-lead-nominations-for-mtv-africa-music-awards &quot;Mafikizolo, Uhuru, Davido lead nominations for MTV Africa Music Awards&quot;]. Sowetan LIVE. Retrieved 17 April 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|City People Social Media Awards
|Female Entertainment Personality
|Einself
|She win
|&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-wins-award-as-female-entertainment-personality.html &quot;Omotola Jalade Ekeinde Wins Award as 'Female Entertainment Personality'&quot;]. 14 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2017
|Nollywood Travel Film Festival
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Actress
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Alter Ego''
|She win
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://guardian.ng/life/film/omotola-jalade-wins-best-actress-award-at-nollywood-travel-film-festival/ &quot;Omotola Jalade, wins best actress award at Nollywood Travel Film Festival&quot;]. ''The Guardian (Nigeria)''. 18 September 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival
|She win
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Best of Nollywood Awards
|Lifetime Achievement Award
|Einself
|She win
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award &quot;BON Awards 2017: Kannywood's Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award&quot;]. ''Daily Trust''. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Kiss in a Movie
|Einself and Kunle Remmy
|Dem nominate am
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Actress Leading Role (English)
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Alter Ego''
|-
|City People Movie Awards
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2018
|Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards (AMVCA)
|Best Actress in a Movie/TV Series
|She win
|&lt;ref&gt;[https://allnews.ng/news/25yearsofomosexy-celebrating-the-achievements-of-nollywood-sweetheart &quot;25YearsOfOmosexy: Celebrating Achievements Of Omot... - All News Nigeria&quot;]. ''allnews.ng''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q3511530|c=Category:Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* [[imdbname:2122395|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]] at IMDb
* [https://www.facebook.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Facebook
* [https://x.com/Realomosexy Omotola Jalade Ekeinde] on Twitter

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekeinde, Omotola Jalade}}
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian women singers]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Nigerian people]]
[[Category:Yoruba actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses wey komot Lagos]]
[[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Nigerian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]]
[[Category:Yoruba women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Nigerian Christians]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress Africa Movie Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Yaba College of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Members of de Order of the Federal Republic]]
[[Category:Actresses insyd Yoruba cinema]]
[[Category:English-language singers wey komot Nigeria]]
[[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]]
[[Category:Models wey komot Lagos]]
[[Category:Yoruba women musicians]]
[[Category:Yoruba female models]]
[[Category:Actresses wey komot Ondo State]]</text>
      <sha1>ct18d4gpz5tafhje1854d60iedoa9n5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rabies</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107504</id>
      <parentid>57344</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-20T23:31:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>61</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg|Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: per [[:c:COM:NETCOPYVIO|]].</comment>
      <origin>107504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8872" sha1="5i14c94ed0m8z1257ahxr7fl84x3vun" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Rabies
| synonym       = 
| image         = Dog with rabies.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_thumbtime = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = A dog with rabies in the paralytic (post-furious) stage
| pronounce     = 
| field         = Infectious disease
| symptoms      = Fever, fear of water, confusion, excessive salivation, hallucinations, trouble sleeping, paralysis, coma
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| types         = 
| causes        = [Rabies virus, Australian bat lyssavirus
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = Rabies vaccine, animal control, rabies immunoglobulin
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = Nearly always death after onset of symptoms
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 17,400 (2015)
| named after   = 
}}

'''Rabies''' be a viral disease wey dey cause encephalitis insyd humans den oda mammals.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=July 2013|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|archive-date=1 April 2014|access-date=28 February 2014|work=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ebe historically referred to as '''hydrophobia''' (&quot;fear of water&quot;) secof ein victims panic wen na dem offer liquids make dem drink. Early symptoms fi include fever den abnormal sensations for de site of exposure.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; Dese symptoms be followed by one anaa more of de following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability make dem move parts of de body, confusion, den loss of consciousness.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=15 November 2017|title=Rabies, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980|work=Medical News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rabies, Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|work=Mayo Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 February 2020|title=Animal bites and rabies|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/animal-bites-and-rabies|work=Johns Hopkins Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Once symptoms appear, de result be virtually always death.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; De time period between contracting de disease den de start of symptoms be usually one to three months buh fi vary from less dan one week to more dan one year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; De time dey depend on de distance de virus fi travel along peripheral nerves make e reach de central nervous system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease|vauthors=Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8|edition=7th|page=1375}}&lt;/ref&gt;Rabies be caused by lyssaviruses, wey dey include de rabies virus den Australian bat lyssavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=Dec 2013|title=Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm|archive-date=4 March 2014|access-date=1 March 2014|work=The Department of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey spread wen an infected animal bites anaa scratches a human anaa oda animals.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; Saliva from an infected animal sanso fi transmit rabies if de saliva cam into contact plus de eyes, mouth, anaa nose.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; Globally, dogs be de most common animal involved.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt; Insyd countries wer dogs commonly get de disease, more dan 99% of rabies cases insyd humans be de direct result of dog bites.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint20102&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|vauthors=Tintinalli JE|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2010|isbn=978-0-07-148480-0|pages=Chapter 152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de Americas, bat bites be de most common source of rabies infections insyd humans, den less dan 5% of cases be from dogs.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint20102&quot; /&gt; Rodents be very rarely infected plus rabies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tint20102&quot; /&gt; De disease fi be diagnosed per after de start of symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO20133&quot; /&gt;

== Etymology ==
De name rabies be derived from de Latin ''rabies'', wey dey mean &quot;madness&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpsonDP1979&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary|vauthors=Simpson DP|publisher=Cassell|year=1979|isbn=978-0-304-52257-6|edition=5th|location=London|page=883}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Greeks derive de word ''lyssa'', from ''lud'' anaa &quot;violent&quot;; dem dey use dis root insyd de genus name of de rabies virus, ''Lyssavirus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rotivel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rotivel Y |date=1995 |title=Introduction: The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention? |url=https://fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.3201/eid0104.950401 |pmc=2626887 |pmid=8903179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426031557/http://www.fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009 |veditors=Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Fekadu M, Childs JE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cause ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:Rabies_Virus.jpg|Rendering of de rabies virus
File:Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG|TEM micrograph plus numerous rabies virions (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) den Negri bodies (de larger pathognomonic cellular inclusions of rabies infection)
&lt;/gallery&gt;Rabies be caused by a number of lyssaviruses wey dey include de rabies virus den Australian bat lyssavirus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Au20143&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=Dec 2013|title=Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm|archive-date=4 March 2014|access-date=1 March 2014|work=The Department of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duvenhage lyssavirus fi cause a rabies-like infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thiel2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=van Thiel PP, de Bie RM, Eftimov F, Tepaske R, Zaaijer HL, van Doornum GJ, Schutten M, Osterhaus AD, Majoie CB, Aronica E, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Wandeler AI, Kager PA |date=July 2009 |title=Fatal human rabies due to Duvenhage virus from a bat in Kenya: failure of treatment with coma-induction, ketamine, and antiviral drugs |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=e428 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000428 |pmc=2710506 |pmid=19636367 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;
==Read further==
*Pankhurst, Richard. &quot;The history and traditional treatment of rabies in Ethiopia.&quot; ''Medical History'' 14, no. 4 (1970): 378–389.
== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q39222|c=Category:Rabies|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=rabies|species=no}}
* {{cite web|title=Rabies|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/index.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=12 August 2012}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/search_landing.spg?decorator=rhabdo | work = Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR) | title = Rhabdoviridae }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/rabies-portal/ | title = OIE's Rabies Portal | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200813050639/https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/rabies-portal/ | archive-date = 13 August 2020 }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Karuturi S | date = 20 June 2009 | url = http://www.doctorshangout.com/forum/topics/videos-of-aerophobia-and | title = Videos of Aerophobia and Hydrophobia in a suspected Rabies case | work =  Doctors Hangout | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160402053228/http://www.doctorshangout.com/forum/topics/videos-of-aerophobia-and | archive-date = 2 April 2016 }}
* {{cite web |title=''Rabies virus'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=11292 |id=11292}}
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[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Juliet Bawuah</title>
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'''Juliet Bawuah''' be [[Ghanaian]] sports journalist wey rep give top media houses. She interview FIFA President, Gianni Infantino as well as de former World Player of de Year den former [[Liberia]] President George Weah. She cam turn popular secof ein interview plus Gianni Infantino, for de sidelines of sam FIFA Summit top insyd de North-Western African country, [[Mauritania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 March 2018|title=#50FromGhana: A celebration of 50 awesome Ghanaian women and their excellence|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/international-womens-day-2018-50fromghana-a-celebration-of-50-awesome-ghanaian-women/7jxf2yl|access-date=2 October 2019|website=pulse.com.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 August 2014|title=Meet Juliet Bawuah, Ghana's Admirable Sports Journalist – News Ghana|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/meet-juliet-bawuah-ghanas-admirable-sports-journalist/|access-date=2 October 2019|website=News Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://dailyguidenetwork.com/juliet-bawuah-grateful-interviewing-fifa-president/ &quot;Juliet Bawuah Grateful For Interviewing FIFA President&quot;]. ''DailyGuide Network''. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghanaian Sports Journalist Juliet Bawuah interviews FIFA President Gianni Infantino|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Ghanaian-Sports-Journalist-Juliet-Bawuah-interviews-FIFA-President-Gianni-Infantino-627769?video=1|access-date=2 October 2019|website=ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Starrfmonline|date=19 February 2018|title=Sports Journalist Juliet Bawuah interviews FIFA President Gianni Infantino {{!}} Starr Fm|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/02/sports-journalist-juliet-bawuah-interviews-fifa-president-gianni-infantino/|access-date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sana form Africa Women's Sports Summit, sam program wey dey bring together Africa ein leading shoddies sports names den aspiring ones.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Starrfmonline (29 April 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230416182201/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/04/juliet-bawuah-supersports-tshabalala-others-for-africa-womens-sports-summit/ &quot;Juliet Bawuah, SuperSport's Tshabalala Others for Africa Women's Sports Summit | Starr Fm&quot;]. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Education ==
After ein secondary education for Mawuko Girls Senior High School, Bawuah graduate from de [[University of Media, Arts and Communication|Ghana Institute of Journalism]] plus Bachelor of Arts degree insyd Journalism den Public Relations. She sana dey hold Diploma insyd Communication Studies from de [[African University College of Communications]]. She be alumna of Radio Netherlands Training Center insyd de Netherlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Online, Peace FM. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210804225244/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/radiotv/201510/257026.php &quot;Sports Journalist Juliet Bawuah Leaves TV3&quot;]. ''peacefmonline.com''. Archived from [https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/radiotv/201510/257026.php the original] on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2018, she get ein Master's degree insyd International Public Relations den Global Communications for Cardiff University.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hi|first=Country Manager Cardiff Contact|last2=Jones|first2=I'm Alexa|title=Cardiff University|url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/international/your-country/africa/ghana/our-students/juliet-bawuah|access-date=14 October 2019|publisher=Cardiff University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Career ==
Before she start dey work for TV3 insyd July 2013, she work plus Goal.com, CITI FM, de Globe Newspaper, Cafonline.com, Metro TV, den ETV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Before she further ein studies for Cardiff University, she work plus Euronews’ sister station Africanews wey dey [[Congo Free State|Congo]] as de host of Football Planet wey she cover de 2017 AFCON tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Tetteh, Kennedy (4 March 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190923131804/https://thebftonline.com/2018/sports/taking-sports-journalism-by-storm-the-rise-of-juliet-bawuah/ &quot;Taking sports journalism by storm: The rise of Juliet Bawuah | Business &amp; Financial Times Online&quot;]. Retrieved 2 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PHOTOS: Ghanaian Sports Journalist Juliet Bawuah interviews FIFA President Gianni Infantino {{!}} GhanaGist.Com|url=http://ghanagist.com/juliet-bawuah-interviews-fifa-president-gianni-infantino/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014105408/http://ghanagist.com/juliet-bawuah-interviews-fifa-president-gianni-infantino/|archive-date=14 October 2019|access-date=2 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Featured Member for the Month of April – Juliet Bawuah {{!}} Penplusbytes {{!}} Leader in promotion of effective governance using new digital technologies in Africa|url=http://penplusbytes.org/members/featured-member-for-the-month-of-april-juliet-bawuah/|access-date=2020-04-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She appear for BBC top as well wey she dey contribute give de Turkish broadcaster TRT.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

She be founder of Africa Women's Sports Summit, wey dem first host am for 15 May 2019 insyd [[Accra]]. De Africa Women's Sports Summit be gathering give Africa ein leading shoddies sports names den aspiring ones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=14 May 2019|title='Take Your Place': Ghana hosts historic African Womens Sports Summit|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/14/take-your-place-ghana-hosts-historic-african-womens-sports-summit/|access-date=2 October 2019|website=Africanews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 April 2019|title=Ghana to host maiden edition of Africa women's sports summit|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/04/ghana-to-host-maiden-edition-of-africa-womens-sports-summit-2/|access-date=2 October 2019|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kiunguyu|first=Kylie|date=21 May 2019|title=Ghana hosts first ever Africa Women's Sports Summit|url=https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/ghana-hosts-first-ever-africa-womens-sports-summit/|access-date=2 October 2019|website=This is africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=#AWSportsSummit: The African woman must drive conversation – Bawuah|url=https://enewsgh.com/2019/05/15/awsportssummit-the-african-woman-must-drive-conversation-bawuah/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126141051/http://enewsgh.com/2019/05/15/awsportssummit-the-african-woman-must-drive-conversation-bawuah/|archive-date=26 January 2022|access-date=2 October 2019|website=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} Enews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem appoint am as member of Women’s Premier League Super Cup’s Local Organizing Committee (LOC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 March 2021|title=Barbara Ayisi chairs Women's Super Cup LOC - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/barbara-ayisi-chairs-womens-super-cup-loc/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Philanthropy ==
Na Bawuah be ambassador give de UNAIDS’ ‘Protect de Goal’ campaign. Na she be one of de known Ghanaians wey pledge commitment give de campaign, wey na ebe initiative between UNAIDS den FIFA, wey go advocate give de prevention of HIV infection through sports.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ein Achievements den awards ==
Insyd 2015, dem nominate am for de Sport Media Pearl Awards. Wey insyd 2017, Confederation of African Football name am as part of de panel of voting experts give de African Football of de Year Awards. Wey recently, she join de voting panel give de BBC African Footballer of de Year, one of de most respected schemes insyd de football world. Na she sana be among 49 other African journalists wey make up de voting panel of de maiden edition of de ''‘Africa Football Shop Player of de Year Award’.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She sana win de year 2021 African Woman insyd Sport award for de GSport Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 September 2021|title=African Woman Sport award|url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/09/05/juliet-bawuah-wins-african-woman-in-sport-award/#:~:text=The%20Group%20Head%20of%20Sports,award%20at%20the%20GSport%20Awards.|access-date=16 March 2022|website=thebftonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; For de 26th Ghana Journalists Awards insyd, Dem name Juliet as de Sports Journalist of de Year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Amoh|first=Emmanuel Kwame|date=2022-11-12|title=TV3's Portia Gabor adjudged GJA Journalist of the Year|url=https://3news.com/tv3s-portia-gabor-adjudged-gja-journalist-of-the-year/|access-date=2022-11-14|website=3News.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaian television journalists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian sportswriters]]
[[Category:Ghanaian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women journalists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:Ghanaian radio journalists]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Ghanaians]]
[[Category:Ghana Institute of Journalism alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Kagame</title>
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'''Paul Kagame''' (/kəˈɡɑːmeɪ/ &lt;sup&gt;ⓘ&lt;/sup&gt; ''kə-GAH-may''; born 23 October 1957) be Rwandan politician plus former soldier wey don dey serve as President of Rwanda since 2000. Before that, e be commander for Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wey be rebel force wey invade Rwanda for 1990. De RPF be one of de main sides for Rwandan Civil War, plus na dem end de 1994 Rwandan genocide. After all dat, e come turn de person wey dey run tins behind de scenes as Vice President plus Minister of Defence under President Pasteur Bizimungu, until dem elect am as Rwanda ein 4th president for 2000, wey dem take cancel de vice-presidential post.

Kagame be Tutsi wey dem born for southern Rwanda, but ein family run go Uganda when e be two years old. E grow up for there while de Rwandan Revolution dey happen, wey end de Tutsi demma power for politics. For 1980s inside, Kagame join Yoweri Museveni ein rebel army fight, and after plenty military wins wey carry Museveni go become Uganda ein president, Kagame turn senior officer for Ugandan army. Later e join RPF and take over control after de leader before, Fred Rwigyema, die on de second day of de 1990 invasion. By 1993, de RPF take control over big part of Rwanda, and dem arrange ceasefire. But when dem kill Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana, e spark de genocide, wey Hutu extremists kill like 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi plus moderate Hutu. Kagame start de civil war again after dat and finish am by winning military victory, wey end de genocide.

As Kagame dey vice president, e control de national army plus e be de one wey dey make sure say de government hold ein power, while other officials dey try rebuild de country. Plenty RPF soldiers go do revenge killings. Kagame talk say e no support dat kind killings, but e no stop am too. Hutu refugee camps start dey pop up for Zaire plus other countries, and RPF attack some of dem camps for 1996, but insurgents still dey attack Rwanda. As part of de invasion move, Kagame back two rebel wars wey happen for Zaire. Rebels wey Rwanda plus Uganda support win de first war (1996–97), come install Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president make e replace Mobutu Sese Seko, de dictator. Dem come change Zaire ein name back to how e be before Mobutu—Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Then second war start for 1998 against Kabila, and later ein son Joseph, after DRC government sack Rwandan plus Ugandan soldiers from de country. De war turn big gbege wey no calm down till peace deal plus ceasefire reach for 2003.

Bizimungu step down for 2000, and e be like say dem force am, after e fall out plus de RPF. Na Kagame take over from am. Later, dem carry Bizimungu go prison for corruption plus stirring ethnic violence, but human rights people talk say de charges be political move. People dey see Kagame ein rule as authoritarian, and human rights groups dey talk say e dey suppress opposition. People wey dey look de regime from outside get mixed opinion. But as president, Kagame make national development ein top priority—e bring in plenty programs wey boost healthcare, education, plus economic growth. E get better relations plus de East African Community plus United States; but ein relationship plus France no be good till 2009. Even though dem get ceasefire for 2003, relations plus DRC still dey rough. Human rights groups plus one leaked UN report talk say Rwanda dey support two rebel groups for DRC, but Kagame deny dat matter. Because of dis, some countries stop demma aid for 2012. Since e take power, Kagame win four presidential elections, but international observers no rate any of dem as free or fair. People dey argue too say e get hand inside some killings of exiled political opponents, wey bring controversy.

== Early life ==
Dem born Kagame on 23 October 1957, as de last born insyd six children, for one village dem dey call Tambwe, for Ruanda-Urundi, a place wey dey insyd now dem dey call de Southern Province of Rwanda. Ein poppie, Deogratias Rutagambwa, be Tutsi person—na from dat ethnic group de royal family don come since 18th century or even before. Deogratias, wey be member of de Bega clan, get family link plus King Mutara III, but instead make he stay close to de royal court, he choose to do ein own business. However, Rutagambwa ein uncle, Rwubusisi, be one powerful and well-known politician. Kagame ein mommie, Asteria Bisinda, be descendant from de family of de last Rwandan queen, Rosalie Gicanda, from de Hebera branch of de royal Nyiginya clan.

At de time wey Kagame take born, Rwanda be United Nations Trust Territory, wey Belgium don dey rule in different ways since 1916, under dem mandate to take supervise how independence go come. Rwandans dem consist of three different groups: de Tutsi, wey be minority, be de traditional ruling class, and de Belgian colonial administration long time promote Tutsi supremacy. De majority group, Hutu, be people wey dey farm. De third group, wey dem dey call Twa, be pygmy people wey dey live for forest, wey come from Rwanda ein first people, and dem be less than 1% of de population.

Tension between Tutsi den Hutu start rise during de 1950s, den e end up insyd de 1959 Rwandan Revolution. Hutu activists start kill Tutsi people, wey make more than 100,000 Tutsi run go seek safety insyd neighbouring countries. Kagame ein family lef dem house den live for two years insyd northeastern Rwanda, before dem finally cross de border go Uganda. Dem move small small go north, den for 1962, dem settle insyd Nshungerezi refugee camp for de Toro sub-region. Na around dis same time Kagame first meet Fred Rwigyema, wey later become leader for de Rwandan Patriotic Front.

Kagame start ein primary school for one school close to de refugee camp, where he den other Rwandan refugees learn how to speak English den start blend insyd Ugandan culture. When he reach nine years, he move go Rwengoro Primary School, wey dem respect well, around 16 kilometres from de camp. After dat, he go Ntare School, one of de top schools insyd Uganda, wey be de same school future Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni go. According to Kagame, ein poppie ein death for early 1970s den de way Rwigyema comot go one place dem no know, cause am make ein school performance drop den make he start dey fight people wey dey look down on Rwandans. Later, dem suspend am from Ntare, den he finish ein studies for Old Kampala Secondary School.

After he finish ein education, Kagame do two visits go Rwanda, for 1977 den 1978. At first, family members of ein former classmates host am, but as he reach insyd Kigali, he connect plus ein own family people. He keep ein profile low during dem visits, as he believe say as he be well-connected Tutsi exile, dem fit arrest am. For de second visit, he enter de country through Zaire instead of Uganda to avoid make people suspect am. Kagame take dat time wey he spend for Rwanda explore de country, get used to de political den social condition, den build links wey later help am for ein future plans.

== Military career, 1979–1994 ==

=== Ugandan Bush War ===
For 1978, Fred Rwigyema return go western Uganda den reconnect plus Kagame. As he no dey around, Rwigyema join de rebel army wey Yoweri Museveni lead. Dem base for Tanzania, wey dem plan to overthrow de Ugandan government under Idi Amin. Rwigyema go back Tanzania den fight for de 1979 war, where Museveni ein rebel group, FRONASA, join body plus Tanzanian army den other Ugandan exiles, take defeat Amin. After Amin fall, Kagame den other Rwandan refugees give loyalty to Museveni, wey don become cabinet member insyd de new transition government. Kagame later go get military training for United States Army Command den General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

De former president Milton Obote win de 1980 Ugandan general election. Museveni no agree say de result be fair, so he den ein people pull out from de new government as protest. For 1981, Museveni form de rebel Popular Resistance Army (PRA); Kagame den Rwigyema join as founding soldiers, plus 38 other Ugandans. De goal of de army be to overthrow Obote ein government—dis movement later turn into wetin people dey call de Ugandan Bush War. Kagame take part insyd de Battle of Kabamba, wey be PRA ein first operation, for February 1981.

Kagame den Rwigyema join de PRA mainly to make life better for Rwandan refugees wey Obote ein regime dey persecute. Dem get long-term plan too—to return go Rwanda plus other Tutsi refugees; de military training dem go get go help dem fit fight de Hutu-controlled Rwandan army. De PRA join another rebel group for June 1981, den together dem form de National Resistance Army (NRA). Inside de NRA, Kagame focus on intelligence-gathering, den he climb reach position wey near Museveni ein own. De NRA, wey base dey insyd de Luwero Triangle, fight Ugandan army for five more years, even after Obote lose ein power through coup d'état for 1985 den peace talks start.

For 1986, de NRA capture Kampala plus 14,000 soldiers, including 500 Rwandans, den dem form new government. After Museveni take office as president, he appoint Kagame den Rwigyema as senior officers insyd de new Ugandan army; Kagame be de head for military intelligence. For one 2018 paper, Canadian scholar den Rwanda expert Gerald Caplan talk say dis appointment be big achievement for person wey be foreigner den refugee. Caplan talk say Museveni get reputation for being tough, den say Kagame too for be tough like am before he fit get dat kind post. He come talk say military intelligence work no be soft thing, so e no go realistic to believe say Kagame no take part for de &quot;unsavory activities&quot; wey military security dey do. Aside dem army duty, Kagame den Rwigyema start build secret network of Rwandan Tutsi refugees inside de army ranks, as plan for future attack go Rwanda. By 1989, Rwanda ein President Habyarimana den plenty Ugandans insyd de army start criticize Museveni because he dey give top posts to Rwandan refugees. As result, Museveni demote Kagame den Rwigyema.

Kagame den Rwigyema still remain de facto senior officers, but de change push dem make dem fast-track dem plans to invade Rwanda. Dem join one organisation dem dey call de Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wey be refugee group wey don dey operate under different names since 1979. Rwigyema become de RPF leader shortly after he join, den while still dey serve insyd de Ugandan army, he plus Kagame finish plan de invasion.

=== Rwandan Civil War ===
Insyd October 1990, Rwigyema lead over 4,000 RPF rebels enter Rwanda through de Kagitumba border post, den dem advance 60 kilometres go south reach de town of Gabiro. Kagame no dey insyd de early stage of de attack, as he dey United States, attend de Command plus General Staff College for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. On de second day of de invasion, Rwigyema get shot for ein head den he die. De exact way wey e happen still dey bring argument; de official explanation from Kagame ein government, plus de one wey historian Gérard Prunier write for ein 1995 book, be say stray bullet na e kill Rwigyema.

Inside ein 2009 book Africa's World War, Prunier talk say na Rwigyema ein subcommander Peter Bayingana kill am after dem get wahala over tactics. According to dat story, Bayingana plus anoda subcommander, Chris Bunyenyezi, later get executed under Museveni ein orders. But for one 2005 talk wey Prunier get plus Caplan, he give anoda version—say de people wey kill Bayingana den Bunyenyezi na Kagame bring dem. Caplan talk say de story still no clear because proper research no dey, but if e true, then dis “tales of death den intrigue” show one more angle inside Kagame ein character. Rwigyema ein death throw de RPF into serious confusion. France plus Zaire send demma own forces come support de Rwandan army, den by end of October, dem push RPF back go de far northeast corner of de country.

Kagame come back to Africa den take command of de RPF forces, wey dem reduce to less than 2,000 soldiers. Kagame plus ein soldiers move go west, pass through Uganda, enter de Virunga Mountains—one rugged high-altitude place wey de land conditions favour dem. From there, he re-arm den re-organise de army, den do fundraising plus recruit people from de Tutsi diaspora. Insyd January 1991, Kagame restart de fight, begin with attack for de northern town of Ruhengeri. As dem take people by surprise, de RPF capture de town den hold am for one day before dem retreat go back insyd de forests.

For de next year, de RPF fight guerilla war wey be hit-and-run style, capture some border places but no really get big win against de Rwandan army. Dis actions cause around 300,000 Hutu people to run comot from dem areas. Prunier write for 1995 say de RPF surprise say Hutu farmers &quot;no show excitement for being 'liberated' by dem&quot;. But for her 2018 book ''In Praise of Blood'', Canadian journalist Judi Rever talk say some witnesses claim say e be de RPF wey force de people to run, through attack on villages, laying landmines den even shooting children. Caplan ein paper question whether some of de witnesses wey Rever talk to really be credible, but he still point say &quot;plenty anoda sources besides Rever confirm say RPF do war crimes&quot;.

After dem form multi-party coalition government for Kigali for June 1992, Kagame announce ceasefire den start negotiations plus de Rwandan government for Arusha, Tanzania. But for early 1993, some extremist Hutu groups come form den begin serious violence against Tutsi people. Kagame respond by pausing de peace talks small, den launch big attack, wey make de RPF capture large area for de northern part of de country.

Peace talks start again for Arusha, den de final agreement dem reach—wey dem call de Arusha Accords—get signed for August 1993. Inside de agreement, de RPF get positions inside one broad-based transitional government (BBTG), den demma place too inside de national army. De United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), wey be peacekeeping team, come arrive, den dem give RPF base inside de national parliament building for Kigali to use during de setup of de BBTG.

=== Rwandan genocide ===
''Main article: [[Rwandan genocide]]''

On 6 April 1994, Rwandan President Habyarimana ein plane get shot down near Kigali Airport, wey kill both Habyarimana den de President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, plus demma entourage den three French crew members. De people wey do de attack still remain unknown. For ein 1995 book, Prunier talk say e most likely be coup d'état wey some extreme Hutu members from Habyarimana ein government plan, as dem fear say de president really wan follow de Arusha agreement, den say dis act be part of de planned genocide. But dis theory get challenge for 2006 by one French judge, Jean-Louis Bruguière, den again for 2008 by Spanish judge Fernando Andreu. Both of dem talk say na Kagame plus de RPF be de ones responsible.

Rever too hold Kagame responsible, say ein motive be to throw Rwanda insyd confusion so dat de RPF go get platform to finish dem plan to take over de whole country. Later for 2018, Caplan check de two arguments den question de evidence wey Bruguière den Rever use, say people don discredit am plenty times because of ein bad method den de way e depend on sources wey don split badly plus Kagame. Caplan also point say extremist Hutu people already make plenty threats before to kill Habyarimana for demma journals den radio stations, den eyewitnesses talk say roadblocks get set up for Kigali den killings start within one hour after de crash—dis be sign say de plane shooting na de start of de genocide wey dem plan.

After Habyarimana ein death, one military committee wey Colonel Théoneste Bagosora lead take quick control of de country. Under de committee ein orders, de Hutu militia Interahamwe plus de Presidential Guard start kill Hutu den Tutsi opposition politicians den other top Tutsi people. After dat, de killers turn target de whole Tutsi population, plus moderate Hutu too, wey be de beginning of de Rwandan genocide. For around 100 days, dem estimate say between 206,000 to 800,000 Tutsi den moderate Hutu die under de committee ein orders. On 7 April, Kagame give warning to de committee plus UNAMIR say he go restart de civil war if dem no stop de killings.

De next day, Rwandan government forces attack de national parliament building from different directions, but de RPF soldiers wey dey station there fight back successfully. Kagame start ein own attack from de north on three fronts, wey aim to link up quick plus de troops wey dey isolated insyd Kigali. Dem set up one interim government but Kagame no gree talk to dem, as he believe say dat one just be cover for Bagosora ein rule. Over de next few days, RPF move steady go south, capture Gabiro den large areas of countryside for de north den east of Kigali. Dem no attack Kigali or Byumba at dat stage, but dem do movements to circle de cities den block supply routes.

All through April, UNAMIR try many times to get ceasefire, but every time Kagame talk say de RPF no go stop de fight unless de killings stop. For late April, RPF take control of de whole Tanzanian border area den start dey move west from Kibungo, wey dey south of Kigali. Dem no face much resistance, apart from de areas around Kigali den Ruhengeri. By 16 May, dem cut de road between Kigali den Gitarama, wey be de temporary place wey de interim government stay, den by 13 June, dem take Gitarama after Rwandan government forces fail to open de road again. De interim government come move go Gisenyi, wey dey far northwest. As de war still dey go on, Kagame dey recruit plenty to make de army grow. De new recruits be Tutsi people wey survive de genocide plus refugees from Burundi, but dem no get de same training or discipline like de ones wey join earlier.

After Kagame complete de circle around Kigali, he spend de second half of June dey fight to take over de city. Even though government forces get more soldiers den better weapons, de RPF still dey win territory small small, den dem do raids to rescue civilians wey dey trapped behind enemy lines. Roméo Dallaire, wey be UNAMIR ein force commander, talk say de success be because Kagame be “master of psychological warfare”; he take advantage of de fact say government forces dey focus on de genocide instead of de war for Kigali, den use de way dem morale drop to gain more ground. De RPF finally beat de Rwandan government forces insyd Kigali on 4 July, den on 18 July dem take Gisenyi plus de rest of de northwest, wey make de interim government run enter Zaire, wey bring de genocide to end. By de end of July 1994, Kagame ein forces control de whole of Rwanda except one area wey dey southwest, wey French-led United Nations team occupy under wetin dem call Opération Turquoise.

Kagame ein tactics plus actions during de genocide still cause controversy. Some Western people like Dallaire den Luc Marchal, wey be senior Belgian peacekeeper for Rwanda at dat time, talk say de RPF care more about taking power pass saving lives or stopping de genocide. Scholars too believe say de RPF kill plenty Rwandan civilians, mostly Hutu, during de genocide plus even months after. Dem estimate say de number of people wey die fit be tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands. For her book ''Leave None to Tell de Story: Genocide insyd Rwanda'' wey she write for Human Rights Watch, Rwanda expert Alison des Forges talk say although de RPF save many lives, dem “relentlessly go after people dem believe say be guilty of genocide,” den say “for de sake of military win plus ending de genocide, de RPF kill thousands, including people wey no dey fight, government troops, plus militia members.”

De Organisation of African Unity document human rights abuses wey de RPF do during de genocide for one 2000 report, den Prunier too write am for ''Africa’s World War''. Inside one interview plus journalist Stephen Kinzer, Kagame admit say killings happen, but he talk say rogue soldiers do dem, den say e no dey possible to control dem all. De RPF killings continue after de genocide end—de one wey make international people notice na de 1995 Kibeho massacre, wey soldiers shoot people inside one camp for internally displaced persons for Butare Province. Australian soldiers wey dey serve under UNAMIR estimate say at least 4,000 people die, but de Rwandan government talk say de death toll be 338.

== Vice President den Minister of Defence ==
After de genocide, de new Rwandan government take over office for Kigali inside July 1994. Dem base am loosely on de Arusha Accords, but Habyarimana ein party, MRND, get banned. De positions wey MRND suppose hold, de RPF take dem over. De military wing of de RPF change name to Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), wey come turn de national army. Paul Kagame take two roles—Vice President of Rwanda den Minister of Defence—while Pasteur Bizimungu, one Hutu wey work as civil servant under Habyarimana before he run go join de RPF, get appointed as president. Bizimungu plus ein cabinet get small control over home affairs, but Kagame still be commander-in-chief of de army den actually be de one wey run de country. German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle talk say &quot;Bizimungu be like placeholder for Kagame&quot; in de way people see am.

==== Domestic situation ====
De genocide spoil de whole infrastructure den economy of de country bad. Plenty buildings no fit be used again, den de people wey rule before carry all de money plus demma movable things run when dem flee. Human power too short well-well, as over 40% of de population either die or run comot. Many people wey remain get serious trauma; most of dem lose family members, see people dey killed, or even take part inside de killings. Kagame hold control over de national army den e job be to make sure de government power stay strong, while de other government officials start rebuild de country.

Non-governmental organisations start return back to de country, den de international community spend US$1.5 billion on humanitarian help between July den December 1994. But Prunier talk say dis money “no really connect to de true economic needs of de community.” Kagame try make de government look inclusive den no be like say e dey dominated by Tutsi. He order make dem remove ethnicity from citizens demma national ID cards, den de government start policy to make de difference between Hutu, Tutsi den Twa people no be something wey dem dey push again.

De unity government start break small for 1995. De violence wey still dey go on, plus de way dem appoint local government officials wey mostly be RPF Tutsi, cause big disagreement between Kagame den some top Hutu government members like prime minister Faustin Twagiramungu den interior minister Seth Sendashonga. Twagiramungu resign for August, den de next day, Kagame sack Sendashonga plus three anoda people. Pasteur Bizimungu still remain president, but de new government now be mostly RPF Tutsi people loyal to Kagame.

After dem comot from de government, Twagiramungu den Sendashonga move go abroad go form new opposition party. Sendashonga, wey also talk say dem for punish rogue RPF soldiers wey dey kill people, go settle for Kenya. After one attempt to kill am fail for 1996, dem later assassinate am for Nairobi for May 1998, when dem shoot inside UN vehicle wey he dey inside. Plenty observers believe say na Kagame order de killing; Caplan talk say “de RPF deny any responsibility, wey nobody apart from demma die-hard followers believe.”

=== Refugee crisis den insurgency ===
After de RPF win, about two million Hutu people run go refugee camps for neighbouring countries, especially Zaire, as dem fear say de RPF go take revenge for de Rwandan genocide. De camps get set up by de United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), but na de army den government of de old Hutu regime take control dem—inside include plenty people wey lead de genocide. Dis same regime dey eager to come back to power for Rwanda, so dem start rearm, kill Tutsi people wey dey stay for Zaire, plus launch attacks cross de border with support from de Interahamwe paramilitary group. By late 1996, de Hutu militants turn serious threat to de new Rwandan government, so Kagame launch one counterattack.

Kagame first provide soldiers plus military training to help one rebellion against Zaire by de Banyamulenge, one Tutsi group wey dey live near Bukavu for South Kivu province insyd Zaire. Plus support from de Rwandan army, de Banyamulenge defeat local security forces den start attack de Hutu refugee camps wey dey that area. Same time, Kagame ein forces join body plus Zairian Tutsi people wey dey around Goma to attack two of de camps wey dey there. Most of de refugees wey dey inside de camps wey dem attack run go settle for one big place dem dey call Mugunga camp. For November 1996, Rwandan army attack Mugunga, wey cause about 800,000 refugees to scatter. Some go back to Rwanda even though de RPF still dey control, anoda group move go further west inside Zaire.

Even though dem disband de camps, de forces from de old regime wey dem defeat still continue cross-border attacks into Rwanda from North Kivu. De insurgents remain inside Rwanda ein northwestern regions den get support from plenty Hutu people wey used to dey inside de refugee camps before de attacks. As Kagame dey support de wars wey dey happen for Congo, he start one propaganda campaign to pull de Hutu people come ein side. He put former soldiers from de genocidal regime ein army inside de RPF-controlled national army, den also appoint top Hutu people take government positions inside de areas wey insurgency dey worry. These methods work well—by 1999, de people wey dey north west stop dey support de insurgents, den most of de rebels get defeat.

=== Congo wars ===
Even though Kagame ein main reason for military action inside Zaire be to break down de refugee camps, he also start dey plan one war to remove longtime dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power. Mobutu support de genocidaires wey dey hide inside de camps, plus people accuse am say he allow attacks on Tutsi people wey dey live inside Zaire. Kagame come join body plus Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni take support one new rebel group dem call de Alliance of Democratic Forces for de Liberation of Congo (ADFL). Dis be one alliance of four rebel groups wey Laurent-Désiré Kabila lead, den dem start fight de First Congo War.

De ADFL, plus help from Rwandan den Ugandan soldiers, take control of North den South Kivu provinces for November 1996. From there, dem move west, dey take land from de Zairian army wey no really get organisation or morale to fight back. By May 1997, dem control almost all of Zaire except de capital, Kinshasa. Mobutu run comot den de ADFL enter de capital without any fight. Dem change de country name to Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC), den Kabila become de new president. People accuse de Rwandan Defence Forces plus de ADFL say dem commit mass atrocities during de First Congo War—reports talk say as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees go missing.

Kagame plus de Rwandan government still hold strong influence over Kabila after dem swear am in, den de Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) keep heavy presence insyd Kinshasa. But people wey dey de capital no happy about dis, same as many for eastern Kivu provinces, where ethnic fights increase sharp sharp. For July 1998, Kabila sack ein Rwandan chief-of-staff, James Kabarebe, den order all RPA soldiers make dem leave de country. Kagame accuse Kabila say he dey support de rebels wey dey fight Rwanda from North Kivu—na de same thing he talk say Mobutu do. As reply to de way dem drive ein soldiers, Kagame support one new rebel group dem call Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), den from there dem start de Second Congo War.

De first action for de war be one blitzkrieg wey de RCD den RPA launch under de command of Kabarebe. Dem move fast, cover ground from de Kivu provinces go west, reach within 130 kilometres from Kinshasa in just twelve days. But de capital escape capture because Angola, Namibia den Zimbabwe step in to support Kabila. As de blitzkrieg fail, de fight turn into long, serious conventional war wey last till 2003, cause massive destruction plus millions of people die. De International Rescue Committee (IRC) talk say de war kill between 3 million den 7.6 million people, most of dem die from hunger den sickness because of how de war scatter de society.

Even though Kagame ein main reason for de two Congo wars be Rwanda ein security, people accuse am say he make economic gain by tapping into de mineral riches from eastern Congo. One 2001 United Nations report from Panel of Experts talk say Kagame plus Ugandan President Museveni “almost turn godfathers of de illegal exploitation of natural resources den de continued conflict” for de Democratic Republic of de Congo. De same report claim say de Rwandan Ministry of Defence get one “Congo Desk” wey dey collect taxes from companies wey get mining license near Kisangani, den say big amounts of coltan plus diamonds pass through Kigali before dem sell am for de international market by people wey dey work for dis Congo Desk.

One international NGO wey dem call Global Witness do some field studies for early 2013. Dem conclude say minerals from North den South Kivu dey export illegally go Rwanda, then dem dey market am as if e be Rwandan minerals. Kagame reject de allegations, say dem no get evidence and dem be political motivation. For one 2002 interview wey he do plus Africa Confidential newsletter, Kagame talk say if solid evidence against any Rwandan officers come up, de matter go be treated very serious. Then for 2010, United Nations release one report wey accuse de Rwandan army say dem commit large-scale human rights violations plus crimes against humanity inside de Democratic Republic of de Congo during both de First den Second Congo Wars. But de Rwandan government deny all de charges.

== Presidency ==

==== Accession ====
For late 1990s, Kagame start dey clash publicly plus Bizimungu den de Hutu-led government for Rwanda. Kagame accuse Bizimungu say he dey do corruption den poor governance, but Bizimungu feel say he no get power over who dem appoint go de cabinet, den say de Transitional National Assembly just dey act like puppet for Kagame. Bizimungu resign from de presidency for March 2000. Most historians believe say Kagame force Bizimungu to resign after he talk against de National Assembly den try bring confusion inside de RPF. But when Kagame talk to Kinzer, he claim say de news surprise am—say na one friend call am then tell am de “shocking news.” After Bizimungu resign, Rwanda Supreme Court rule say make Kagame act as president until dem choose permanent successor.

Kagame don be de real leader since 1994, but he focus more on military matters, foreign relations den security of de country pass day-to-day running. By 2000, de danger from cross-border rebels don reduce, so when Bizimungu resign, Kagame decide say he go run for president himself. De transitional constitution still dey work by then, wey mean say na government ministers plus de Transitional National Assembly dem elect president, not direct voting by citizens.

De RPF choose two people as candidates—Kagame plus de RPF secretary general Charles Murigande. De ministers den parliament vote, wey Kagame win by eighty-one votes to three. For April 2000, Kagame swear in as president. Around dat same time, some Hutu politicians wey include prime minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema comot from de government, so de new cabinet now full of people wey dey close to Kagame. Bizimungu come start ein own party for 2001, but Kagame ein government ban am say political campaign no dey allowed under de transitional constitution. De next year, Kagame give public warning to Bizimungu say de government ein patience with ein political moves no be “infinite,” then two weeks later dem arrest am. Later, dem convict am for corruption den inciting ethnic violence—human rights groups talk say de charges be political.

=== New constitution ===
Between 1994 den 2003, Rwanda dey under some set of documents wey mix President Habyarimana ein 1991 constitution, de Arusha Accords, plus some anoda new protocols wey de transitional government add. As de accords demand, Kagame set up one constitutional commission make dem draft new permanent constitution. De constitution suppose follow some key principles like fair power sharing den democracy. De commission try make sure say de draft constitution go be “home-grown,” make e fit Rwanda ein own needs, den make e show de views of all de people; dem send questions go civil groups all over de country, den dem reject help from international people except for financial support.

Dem release de draft constitution for 2003; parliament approve am, den dem carry am go referendum for May of dat year. De government promote de referendum well-well; in de end, 95% of adults wey fit vote register, den de turnout on voting day be 87%. De people accept de constitution strong, as 93% vote for am. Inside de new constitution, dem set up one two-house parliament, elected president wey go serve seven-year terms, den multi-party politics.

De constitution too try stop any group—Hutu or Tutsi—from dey control political power pass everybody. Article 54 talk say “political organisations no dey allowed to base demselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any anoda division wey fit bring discrimination.” But Human Rights Watch talk say dis clause, plus some anoda laws wey parliament later pass, make Rwanda turn like one-party state, as “under de excuse of stopping anoda genocide, de government no dey tolerate even small small forms of disagreement.”

=== Elections den referendum ===
Since Kagame climb de presidency seat insyd 2000, ein don face four presidential elections—insyd 2003, 2010, 2017 den 2024. For each of dem elections, dem re-elect am with heavy margin, as e win more than 90 percent of de vote. Referendum wey dem do insyd 2015 for constitutional amendment—wey give Kagame power to contest for anoda terms—sana pass with similar margins. International election monitors, human rights organisations den journalists dey see dem elections like dem no get freedom plus fairness, as Rwandan state enter matter to make sure say Kagame go win. According to Ida Sawyer, Central Africa director for Human Rights Watch, “Rwandans wey try talk or shake status quo, dem arrest dem, dem disappear by force or dem kill dem, independent media no dey talk, den fear don make civil rights or free speech people no dey talk again.” After de 2017 vote, Human Rights Watch bring out proof say some election officials no do well—dem force people to write demma votes where everybody dey see, den dem vote for people wey no show up. De United States Department of State talk say e worry about de irregularities wey dem observe during voting process, plus long-time concern over how dem dey count de votes.

For demma 2018 book ''How to Rig an Election'', political scientists Nic Cheeseman den Brian Klaas talk say journalists ask dem why Kagame go “go through de motions of organizing a national poll wey e already sure say e go win.” De book explain say one of de reasons why dem dey do elections be say elections dey “important to secure base level of international legitimacy,” plus say “if you no even pretend say you dey do elections, dem fit sack you from de African Union.” Law professor den human rights researcher Lars Waldorf write say de way RPF dey control de elections fit be strategy to make dem look strong. Waldorf talk say de party ein big margins of victory “no be to convince anybody; but rather, e dey show potential opponents plus de people say Kagame plus RPF dey totally in charge.” Scholars no dey agree on whether Kagame go still win if e no use tactics to control de elections. Caplan write say, as RPF dey intimidate opposition candidates before elections, “wetin pain pass be say dem no even need all dis wahala to hold power.” But Belgian academic Filip Reyntjens no dey agree, ein point be say “RPF know well say if dem open de political space, e go end up make dem lose power.”

==== Presidential election, 2003 ====
De first election wey happen after di genocide come off insyd August 2003, after dem adopt de new constitution. For May, parliament vote make dem ban Republican Democratic Movement (MDR), after one parliamentary commission report accuse MDR say dem dey preach “divisive” ideology. MDR been be one of de coalition parties wey dey insyd de transitional government of national unity, den be de second-biggest party for de country after RPF. Amnesty International no agree with dat move, dem talk say “de allegations against de people wey dem mention for de report no get foundation, e just be part of one government plan to crackdown on political opposition.” Kagame be RPF ein candidate, den former prime minister Twagiramungu be ein main opponent. Twagiramungu plan say e go contest under MDR, but after dem ban de party, e go run as independent. E come back insyd de country from Europe for June 2003, den start ein campaign for August.

Kagame declare say e win de election just one day after de poll finish, den de National Electoral Commission later confirm ein victory. De final results show say Kagame chop 95.1 percent of de vote, Twagiramungu get 3.6 percent, den de third candidate, Jean Nepomuscene Nayinzira, pull 1.3 percent; voter turnout reach 96.6 percent. De whole campaign, election day plus wetin come after all pass peacefully, but observer from European Union (EU) raise concern say RPF intimidate opposition supporters. Twagiramungu no gree accept de result, den e question de margin of victory, as e talk say, “Almost 100 percent? Dat no be possible.” E take matter go Supreme Court say make dem cancel de result, but e no win de case, den e lef Rwanda shortly after, cause e fear say dem go arrest am. De EU observer too question de result, talk say dem see “plenty irregularities,” but dem still describe de election as “positive step” for de country ein history.

==== Presidential election, 2010 ====
Kagame contest for re-election insyd 2010, as ein first elected term end. RPF national congress endorse am as demma candidate for May 2010, den dem accept am officially for July. Ein main opponent be Victoire Ingabire, Hutu woman wey dey live abroad for some years, den return come Rwanda insyd January 2010 to contest for presidency. After she criticize Kagame ein policies small, dem arrest am for April, plus dem no allow am make she run for de election again. Amnesty International ein Tawanda Hondora describe dis as “pre-electoral repression.” Kagame start ein campaign with one rally for Kigali ein Amahoro Stadium on 20 July, den e tour de whole country do more rallies for di campaign period. De rallies pull tens of thousands, all dey shout for Kagame, but some Rwandans wey The New York Times interview talk say dem no get freedom to vote against am. Dem talk say government officials from top level reach village level dey put heavy pressure make dem register to vote, donate some of demma small money for Kagame ein campaign, plus attend all de rallies.

De election go on as planned insyd August 2010, but without Ingabire plus two other candidates wey dem ban. Kagame face three contestants wey Human Rights Watch describe as “broadly supportive of de RPF.” Kagame later pull 93.08 percent of de total vote for dat election. Opposition groups plus human rights organisations talk say de election no clean, as dem mention issues like repression, murder, plus no credible competition. Kagame reply say, “I no see any problem, but some people dey choose to see problems where problem no dey.”

==== Constitutional referendum, 2015 ====
As Kagame ein second term dey go on, e start hint say e fit try change de term-limit clause for de Rwandan constitution, make e fit contest again for a third term for de 2017 elections. Earlier for ein presidency, e talk say e no go do dat kind tin, but for one 2014 speech wey e give for Tufts University insyd United States, Kagame talk say e no know when e go commot office, den say e be de Rwandan people dem go decide. E talk give de delegates say “…make we wait plus see wetin go happen as we dey go. Anything wey go happen, explanation go dey.” De next year, some protest happen for outside de parliament, den one petition wey 3.7 million people—wey pass half of de electorate—sign, dem carry am go give lawmakers make dem allow Kagame stay for office. Parliament respond by passing amendment to de constitution for November 2015, wey both de Chamber of Deputies plus de Senate vote together for am. De motion wey pass still keep de two-term limit, den e reduce de length of terms from 7 years to 5 years, but e make clear exception for Kagame, say e fit run for one more 7-year term, den plus two extra 5-year terms if e wan. After de amendment pass for parliament, dem need do referendum before e go take full effect.

De referendum happen on 18 December 2015, as Rwandans wey dey abroad vote on 17 December. De amendment gain de electorate ein support, as 6.16 million voters talk yes, wey be around 98 percent of de votes. De electoral commission talk say de voting be peaceful plus orderly. De Democratic Green Party, wey be de main domestic group wey no support de change, protest say dem no give dem chance to campaign openly against de amendment. Human Rights Watch ein executive director, Ken Roth, announce for Twitter say e no believe say de election be free plus fair, as e talk say “no suspense for Rwanda referendum when so many dissidents silenced, civil society stifled.” De amendment get criticisms from European Union den United States too, as US release statement talk say Kagame for respect de previous term limits plus “foster a new generation of leaders in Rwanda.” Kagame respond say e no be ein personal decision to go for third term, but say parliament plus de people be de ones wey demand am.

==== Presidential election, 2017 ====
As e follow de constitutional change, presidential election happen for August 2017. De opposition figure wey get highest profile for de 2017 election be one local businesswoman, Diane Rwigara. Even though she talk say &quot;much don improve under Kagame&quot;, Rwigara still criticize Kagame ein government, say &quot;people dey disappear, others dey die under unexplained conditions, den nobody dey talk about dis because of fear&quot;. Just like how Ingabire take happen insyd 2010, dem no allow Rwigara run for de election. Kagame get endorsement as RPF demma candidate for de election for mid-June, den e start ein re-election campaign for mid-July with rally wey happen for Ruhango.

After three weeks of campaigning, wey end with one big rally for Gasabo District, de election happen between Kagame plus two opposition candidates. Kagame win re-election for ein third term with 98.8 percent of de vote, wey be ein highest percentage so far. Dem swear am in again for anoda seven-year term on 18 August. Just like ein previous wins, independent monitors plus human rights organisations talk say irregularities plus intimidation happen during de election process. Cheeseman plus Klaas talk for demma book say Kagame “no even try manipulate de election with de clever ways” wey e use for past campaigns.

=== Domestic policy ===

==== Vision 2020 den Vision 2050 ====
Insyd late 1990s, Kagame start dey plan serious methods to push national development. E launch one national consultation process, plus e seek advice from experts from emerging countries like China, Singapore plus Thailand. After all dis consultations, den shortly after e take over de presidency, Kagame launch one bold national development programme wey dem call Vision 2020. De main goals of de programme be to unite de Rwandan people den turn Rwanda from highly poor country go middle income level. De programme get list of targets wey government plan to achieve before year 2020. Some of dem include reconstruction, better infrastructure plus transport system, good governance, increase agriculture production, develop private sector, den improve health plus education.

Insyd 2011, de Ministry of Finance plus Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) release one report wey show how Vision 2020 goals dey move. De report check all de goals dem set, den rate each one with status like &quot;on-track&quot;, &quot;on-watch&quot; or &quot;off-track&quot;. Out of 44 goals, dem find say 66% dey on-track, 11% dey on-watch, plus 22% dey off-track. De major areas wey dem find say e dey off-track be population, poverty plus de environment. By 2012, MINECOFIN ein review talk say 26% of Vision 2020 demma original indicators don already reach. As dem highlight key areas wey need improvement, de review boost some targets too, like dem change de GDP per capita target from $900 go $1,240. Dat same year, independent review wey some academics from Belgium do say de progress be &quot;quite encouraging&quot;, as dem point out improvements for education plus health sectors, plus say Kagame dey create good business environment. But de review also raise worry over de policy of &quot;maximum growth at any cost&quot;, as dem suggest say e dey cause situation where only de rich dey enjoy while rural poor no dey benefit much.

As dem finish de programme for December 2020, Kagame announce Vision 2050, as e talk say &quot;Vision 2020 be wetin we for do make we survive plus take back our dignity. But Vision 2050 be about de future we go choose, because we fit, plus because we deserve am.&quot; Vision 2050 dey focus around two main pillars—Economic Growth plus Prosperity, den High Quality of Life plus Standards of Life for Rwandans. Vision 2050 be de clear plan wey show Kagame ein ambition say Rwanda go turn upper-middle income country by 2035, plus high-income country by 2050.

==== Economy ====
Rwanda be country wey no get plenty natural resources, plus de economy dey rely heavy on subsistence agriculture, as about 75% of de working population dey do farming. 

Under Kagame ein presidency, de service sector don grow. E dey make up around half of de country ein GDP, plus e be de second biggest employer after agriculture. For 1995, dem create Tri-Star Investments, wey dem change ein name to Crystal Ventures for 2009—e be one investment fund plus financial arm of de Rwandese Patriotic Front. Paul Kagame be de de facto CEO of dis holding company wey, as of 2017, get estimated capital of 500 million dollars plus employ over 12,000 people. Key contributors for de tertiary sector include banking plus finance, wholesale plus retail trade, hotels plus restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services, den public administration, including education plus health.

Information plus communications technology (ICT) be priority under Vision 2020, wey target make Rwanda turn ICT hub for Africa. Because of dat goal, government complete 2,300 kilometres (1,400 miles) fibre-optic telecommunications network, wey dem plan say go give broadband services plus help push electronic commerce. Also, for 2012, dem establish Crystal Telecom Rwanda.

Tourism be one of de fastest-growing economic resources, plus e turn de country ein top foreign exchange earner for 2011. Rwanda too don exploit Congolese minerals illegally, wey be important part of wetin boost Rwanda ein economy. Political economy researcher Stefaan Marysse estimate say for 1999, 6.1% of Rwanda ein GDP come from illegal resource extraction for inside de DRC.

Insyd 2013, foreign aid still make up over 20 percent of GDP plus nearly half of de budget. Economic growth favour mostly de elites wey dey insyd de capital while rural areas still dey behind. Even though government get official policy of privatization, for real life dem rather increase state control over de economy through companies wey get strong ties plus de state plus de ruling party.

Rwanda ein economy don grow fast fast under Kagame ein continuous presidency since 2000, as per-capita gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) reach $2,214 for 2020, compared to $631 for 2000. De yearly growth from 2000 to 2020 average around 7% every year. Kagame ein economic policy dey base on liberalizing de economy, cutting red tape for businesses, plus turning de country from agricultural to knowledge-based economy. Kagame talk say e believe Rwanda fit follow de same economic development path like how Singapore do since 1960. Inside ein national Vision 2050 Policy, Kagame believe say Rwanda fit turn upper middle income country by 2035, plus high income country by 2050.

Rwanda don rank high for several areas of de World Bank ein ease of doing business index. For 2005, after dem rank de country 158th for de Ease of Doing Business Index, Kagame set up one special unit make dem study de economy plus find ways to make business easier. Because of dis, de country top de list of reformers for 2009. For 2012, de country ein overall ranking for ease of doing business reach 52nd out of 185 countries for worldwide, plus third out of 46 for Sub-Saharan Africa. Rwanda come place eighth for de 2012 rankings for ease of starting business; de Rwanda Development Board talk say business fit get authorisation plus registration within 24 hours. De business environment plus economy too benefit from de low level of corruption wey dey de country; for 2010, Transparency International rank Rwanda as de eighth cleanest out of 47 countries for Sub-Saharan Africa, plus sixty-sixth cleanest out of 178 for de whole world. As of 2010, de country get international recognition for ein strong institutions plus low level of corruption.

Foreign donors plus investors, including Bill Clinton den Starbucks ein chairman Howard Schultz, don praise Kagame ein economic policy.

==== Education den health ====
Kagame put youth education for Rwanda as top priority under ein administration, as e allocate 17% of de yearly budget give dat sector. Rwandan government dey provide free education for state-run schools for twelve years—six years for primary plus six for secondary school. De last three years of dis free education come in 2012, after Kagame pledge am during ein 2010 re-election campaign. Kagame give credit to ein government for de progress wey tertiary education sector make; number of universities rise from 1 for 1994 go 29 for 2010, plus de tertiary gross enrollment ratio climb from 4% for 2008 go 7% for 2011. From 1994 reach 2009, secondary education dey in either French or English; but since 2009, as de country increase ein links plus de East African Community den de Commonwealth of Nations, English come turn de only language of instruction inside public schools from primary grade 4 going. De country ein literacy rate, wey mean people aged 15 or above wey fit read plus write, be 71% for 2009—up from 58% for 1991 plus 38% for 1978.

Rwanda ein health profile dey controlled by communicable diseases, including malaria, pneumonia plus HIV/AIDS. Prevalence plus mortality rates don drop sharply for de past ten years, but de short supply or no availability of some medicines still dey make disease management hard. Kagame ein government dey try improve dis matter as part of de Vision 2020 priorities. Dem increase funding, as de health budget move from 3.2% of national expenditure for 1996 go 9.7% for 2008. Dem set up training institutes, including Kigali Health Institute (KHI), plus for 2008 dem pass law wey make health insurance compulsory for everybody; by 2010, over 90% of de people get coverage. All dis policies help increase quality of healthcare plus improve important health indicators under Kagame ein presidency. For 2010, 91 children die before dem reach age five out of every 1000 live births, down from 163 for every 1000 live births for 1990. Prevalence of some diseases dey drop, including elimination of maternal plus neonatal tetanus, plus serious reduction for malaria morbidity, mortality rate, plus specific lethality. As trained medical workers no reach, de Rwandan government launch one eight-year US$151.8 million plan for 2011 to train medical professionals.

Kagame don get praise for how de country respond to de ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. Even though de health care system no too developed, Rwanda be one of de countries wey get lowest infection plus mortality rates for de world, den people dey see am as success story. Rwanda be de only nation for Africa wey ein residents fit enter de Schengen Area for non-essential travel. But Rwanda ein response no dey free from criticism, especially for how civil liberties plus individual freedoms take suffer. By April 2022, Rwanda be one of de few countries for Africa wey don fully vaccinate over 60% of ein population against COVID-19.

=== Foreign policy ===

==== Democratic Republic of the Congo ====
De Second Congo War, wey start for 1998, still dey go on when Kagame take over presidency for 2000. Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe plus Chad send troops support de Congolese government side, while Rwanda, Uganda plus Burundi dey back rebel groups. De rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) split for 1999 into two: RCD-Goma, wey Rwanda support, plus RCD-Kisangani, wey Uganda dey support. Uganda too back Movement for de Liberation of de Congo (MLC), one rebel group from de north. All dem rebel groups dey fight against Kabila ein government for Kinshasa, but dem too dey turn against each other. Dem do plenty peace meetings, wey end for July 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement wey Kabila, Kagame plus all de other foreign governments sign. But de rebel groups no be part of de agreement, so de fighting still continue. RPA still strong inside de Congo War throughout 2000, as dem fight de Ugandan army for Kisangani, plus fight Kabila ein army for Kasai and Katanga.

Insy January 2001, Kabila get assassinated inside ein palace. Ein son Joseph come take over as president, and e quick start dey show ein power by sack ein papa ein cabinet plus senior army commanders, assemble new government, plus start engage international community. De new government give fresh push to peace negotiations, and for July 2002, dem reach peace agreement between Rwanda, Congo, and de other main players. De deal talk say all foreign troops go withdraw, and RCD-Goma go join one power-sharing transitional government with Joseph Kabila as interim president till dem fit hold elections. Kagame ein government announce for end of 2002 say all Rwandan troops wey wear uniform don commot from Congolese land, but UN panel of experts talk different for 2003 report. Dem say Rwandan army get one special “Congo desk” wey dem use take do large-scale illegal take over of Congolese resources.

Even after de agreement plus de ceasefire, tension still dey between Kagame plus de Congolese government. Kagame blame DRC say dem no dey control de Democratic Forces for de Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Rwandan Hutu rebels wey dey operate for North and South Kivu provinces. Kabila too accuse Rwanda say dem dey use de Hutu matter as excuse to keep control plus influence for de area. Fighting still dey go on for Congo ein eastern provinces since 2004, and during dat period, Kagame support two big insurgencies. One be rebellion from 2005 to 2009 wey Congolese Tutsi Laurent Nkunda lead, and de other be de one from March 23 Movement (M23) wey start for 2012 under Bosco Ntaganda. One leaked United Nations report for 2012 mention say Kagame ein defence minister, James Kabarebe, dey act as de main commander of M23. Relations begin improve from 2016, as Kagame hold bilateral meeting with Kabila for Gisenyi. When Félix Tshisekedi become DRC president for 2019, Kagame—wey be AU chairman dat time—try call for AU investigation into de election, but e no work. Still, e come build close relationship with Tshisekedi after dat, as dem hold summits for Kinshasa plus Kigali. By 2020, people still dey accuse Kagame say Rwandan troops dey active inside de Kivu provinces. Congolese officials like Walikale MP Juvénal Munubo plus some civilians talk say dem see RDF soldiers inside DRC, but Kagame always deny say e send troops go der.

On 20 June 2024, Kagame talk give France 24 say “we ready to fight” against de DRC if e become necessary, as e dodge questions about Rwanda ein military presence for de region. Because Rwanda support de Goma offensive wey M23 rebels do, DRC break diplomatic ties with Rwanda on 26 January 2025. After dat, Kagame claim say South Africa no fit mediate de issue, as South African peacekeepers for de region dey work with “genocidal armed groups” wey dey threaten Rwanda.

==== Uganda den de East African Community ====
Kagame spend most of ein childhood plus young adult life for Uganda, and e get personal relationship with President Yoweri Museveni from way back in de late 1970s. Dem fight together inside de Ugandan Bush War, and after de NRA win for 1986, Kagame become head of military intelligence inside Museveni ein national army. When RPF soldiers break away from de Ugandan army and invade Rwanda for 1990, Museveni no support dem openly, but according to Prunier, e likely say e know about de plan before e happen. Museveni also allow de RPF pass through Ugandan land safely to reach de Virunga mountains after dem early defeats for de war, and for 1998 heads of state meeting, e reveal say Uganda help RPF with support during de Rwandan Civil War. After RPF win, de two countries enjoy close political plus trade relationship.

Rwanda and Uganda be allies during de First Congo War against Zaire, as both countries play big role for setting up de AFDL plus send troops go fight. Dem join forces again for start of de Second Congo War, but things spoil between dem around late 1998 as Museveni and Kagame get different priorities for de war. For early 1999, de RCD rebel group divide into two, and Rwanda and Uganda come support opposite sides. Then for August, de Rwandan and Ugandan armies fight each other with heavy artillery inside de Congolese city of Kisangani. Dem fight again for Kisangani for May and June 2000, wey cause 120 soldiers plus about 640 Congolese civilians demma death. Relations begin cool down slowly during de 2000s, and by 2011 de two countries come enjoy close friendship again. But fresh gbeef rise again for early 2019, as de two countries clash over trade and regional politics. Kagame accuse Museveni ein government say dem dey support de FDLR and dey harass Rwandan people inside Uganda, so Rwanda set up one truck blockade for de border. Museveni too accuse Rwanda say dem dey send troops enter ein territory, including one incident for Rukiga district wey one Ugandan citizen die. De Rwanda–Uganda border open again on 31 January 2022.

Insyd 2007, Rwanda join de East African Community, wey be intergovernmental organisation for East Africa region wey include Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi plus Rwanda. As part of joining, de country sign different agreements with de other members, like one defence intelligence sharing pact, customs union, plus plans to fight drug trafficking. De countries inside de Community form one common market for 2011, plus dem dey plan more integration, including steps toward political federation. De Community too set up East African Monetary Institute, wey dey target introduce single currency by 2024.

==== France ====
France keep tight relationship with President Habyarimana during de time e dey rule, as part of dem Françafrique policy. When de RPF start de Rwandan Civil War for 1990, Habyarimana quick get support from French President François Mitterrand. France send 600 paratroopers, wey take over how de government respond to de invasion, plus dem help take back almost all de areas wey RPF gain for de first few days of de war. France keep dis military presence throughout de war, and dem fight Kagame ein RPF forces again for February 1993 during one offensive wey make RPF double ein territory. For de later part of de 1994 Rwandan genocide, France launch Opération Turquoise, one mission under United Nations wey aim to create safe areas for displaced people, refugees, and civilians wey dey danger; but plenty Rwandans see am as move to protect Hutu from de RPF, even some people wey take part for de genocide. De French still no support de RPF, and dem presence slow down Kagame ein advance for southwestern Rwanda small.

After de genocide end plus Opération Turquoise withdraw, France still no warm up to de new RPF government. Dem reestablish diplomatic ties for January 1995, but things still dey tense as Rwanda accuse France say dem help de genocidaires, while France defend say dem only dey intervene. For 2006, one French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière release report on President Habyarimana ein assassination, wey conclude say Kagame order de plane shooting. Bruguière then issue arrest warrants for nine close people wey dey around Kagame. Kagame deny all de accusations sharp and cut diplomatic ties with France immediately. Things start cool small for 2008, and diplomacy resume again by late 2009. For 2010, Nicolas Sarkozy become de first French president to visit Rwanda since de genocide, and e talk say France make &quot;grave errors of judgment.&quot; Kagame respond with official visit go Paris for 2011.

==== United States, United Kingdom den de Commonwealth ====
Since de Rwandan genocide end for 1994, Rwanda don build close relationship with de English-speaking world, especially United States (US) plus United Kingdom (UK). De two countries support de RPF ein programme to stabilise and rebuild; UK dey donate plenty money each year for budget support, and US dey give military aid plus back development projects. As president, Kagame don criticize how de West no act during de genocide, and both UK and US come admit say dem fail—Bill Clinton, wey be US president during de genocide, talk say ein inaction be &quot;personal failure.&quot; Insyd de 2000s, Clinton plus UK Prime Minister Tony Blair praise Rwanda ein progress under Kagame, and dem call am model country for international development funds—Clinton even talk say Kagame be &quot;one of the greatest leaders of our time.&quot; Both Clinton and Blair still support de country after dem leave office—Clinton through de Clinton Global Initiative, and Blair as unpaid advisor to de Rwandan government.

As part of ein plan to keep strong ties with English-speaking countries, Kagame look for Commonwealth of Nations membership, wey dem grant Rwanda for 2009. Rwanda be only de second country, after Mozambique, to join de Commonwealth even though dem no get any colonial link with de British Empire. Kagame attend de next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for Perth, Australia, where e address de Business Forum. Rwanda too apply successfully for rotating seat for United Nations Security Council for 2012, and e take over de presidency of de organisation for April 2013.

Kagame ein relationship with de US and UK come face pressure for early 2010s, after dem allege say Rwanda dey support de M23 rebel movement for Eastern Congo. Because of dat, UK suspend ein budget support programme for 2012, and dem freeze £21 million donation. Other European countries like Germany too stop general budgetary support from 2008. But from 2013, dem start restore de payments small small, this time as sector budget support plus support for specific programmes. De US too freeze part of ein military aid programme for Rwanda for 2012, but dem no suspend all de aid. By 2020, US still support Kagame ein government strong and remain Rwanda ein biggest bilateral donor.

==== China den moves towards self-sufficiency ====
China dey invest inside Rwandan infrastructure since 1971, with some early projects like hospitals for Kibungo and Masaka. Under Kagame ein presidency, trade between de two countries grow fast. From 2005 to 2009, de trade volume increase five times, then e double again inside de next three years—by 2012 e reach US$160 million. Some projects wey dem finish include renovation of Kigali road network (funded by Chinese government loan and built by China Road and Bridge Corporation); Kigali City Tower (built by China Civil Engineering Construction); plus one pay television service operated by Star Media.

Kagame dey talk boldly praise give China and how dem dey relate with Africa. For one 2009 interview, e talk say &quot;the Chinese bring what Africa needs: investment and money for governments and companies.&quot; E compare dis with Western countries, wey e say dem dey focus too much on giving aid instead of building proper trading relationship. E also believe say Western countries dey use high tariffs block African products from entering world market. China no dey involve itself openly for domestic matters of de countries dem dey trade with, so dem no follow de West criticize Kagame over de war matter for Congo.

Kagame ein main goal for international relations be to shift Rwanda from country wey dey depend on donor aid plus loans go self-sufficiency, where e go fit trade with other countries on equal level. For one 2009 article, Kagame write say &quot;the primary purpose of aid should ultimately be to work itself out&quot;, so e for focus on making people self-reliant plus help grow de private sector. E give example say when donor countries give farmers free fertiliser, e no good because e go kill local fertiliser businesses, wey dem no go grow or fit compete. For 2012, Kagame launch de Agaciro Development Fund, based on ideas from one national dialogue session wey dem do for 2011. Agaciro be solidarity fund wey aim to raise development money from inside Rwanda itself, make e add on top of de aid dem dey get from outside. De fund dey collect contributions from Rwandan citizens inside de country and in de diaspora, plus from private companies and “friends of Rwanda.” How de fund go use de money go depend on what de people say, and e go finance projects wey go help reach de Vision 2020 programme.

== Assassinations ==
From de time Kagame serve as vice president reach de time e become president, people link am to murders plus disappearances of political opponents, both for Rwanda and outside. For one 2014 report dem call “Repression Across Borders”, Human Rights Watch talk say since late 1990s, at least 10 cases dey involve attacks or threats against critics outside Rwanda, all because dem criticize de Rwandan government, de RPF or Kagame himself. Some examples include de killing of Sendashonga for 1998, assassination attempts on Nyamwasa for South Africa, and de murder of former intelligence boss Patrick Karegeya for South Africa on 31 December 2013. About Karegeya ein killing, Kagame talk say “whoever betrays the country will pay the price, I assure you”, show say e support am. For 2015, one former Rwandan military officer testify for U.S. Congress say de Rwandan government offer am $1 million make e kill Karegeya plus another Kagame critic, General Kayumba Nyamwasa. After ein testimony, dis officer start face threats for Belgium, same as one Canadian journalist. For December 2017, South African court find say de Rwandan government still dey plan assassinations against ein critics overseas.

== Chairperson of de African Union ==
Kagame be Chairperson of de African Union from 28 January 2018 to 10 February 2019. As Chair, e push de Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) plus de African Continental Free Trade Area. De proposed Continental Free Trade Area get signed on 21 March 2018 by 44 out of de 55 AU countries. By de time e leave office for February 2019, 19 out of de 22 countries wey dem need to ratify de agreement don already do am, so e fit take effect soon. Kagame too push reforms for African Union structures so dem go work better and fit sustain themselves financially.

== Public image den personality ==
People get different views on Kagame ein leadership among international scholars plus journalists. Political scientist Alexander Dukalskis talk say Kagame dey very good at creating fine image of Rwanda abroad. Dukalskis say de Kagame regime dey suppress negative information by blocking access to academics and journalists, plus threatening and killing critics of de regime. Other people like Philip Gourevitch, wey write de 1998 book ''We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families'', focus on wetin Kagame do to end de genocide after de international community fail act—plus reconciliation, economic growth, foreign investment, and better public health and education. But authors like Judi Rever counter dis, as dem highlight war crimes wey de RPF commit before, during and after de 1994 genocide, assassinations of opponents and de totalitarian nature of Kagame ein rule. For ein piece ''Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary'', Gerald Caplan talk say we need new way of telling dis story—a narrative wey go combine both sides and “strike de proper balance between de old and de newly revised.”

Insyd Rwanda, people see Kagame ein RPF as Tutsi party, and for de years after de 1994 genocide, Hutu people—wey be 85% of de population—no like dem. Around two million Hutu live as refugees for nearby countries till 1996, when Kagame force dem return home. Plenty Hutu too support de cross-border insurgency against Kagame during de late 1990s, led by de old regime forces. But by 1999, RPF weaken de insurgents, and Tutsi and Hutu begin live peaceful together for de northwest. Kayumba Nyamwasa, wey still dey inside Rwandan army dat time, talk say “the mood had changed,” as de balance of power shift and de genocidaires no get chance come back to power again. As of 2021, because speech no free for Rwanda, plus elections no really dey free or fair, nobody fit talk sure about Kagame ein real popularity. But some journalists like Jason Burke from The Guardian and Rashid Abdallah from Al Jazeera describe am as “authentically popular in Rwanda” and say e get “overwhelming public support.” On de other hand, British author Michela Wrong and Filip Reyntjens no agree; Wrong talk say de way Kagame dey attack de Rwanda National Congress and how e dey push Uganda and South Africa to expel or shut down de group show say e see dem as serious threat.

Kagame ein reputation among foreign leaders dey very positive until de late 2000s. People give am credit for ending de genocide, bringing peace plus security to Rwanda, and helping de country develop. But since 2010, de international community start criticize am more, especially after one leaked United Nations report accuse Rwanda say dem dey support de M23 rebel group for Congo. For 2012, United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands plus other countries stop demma budget support programmes to Rwanda, and plenty of dem divert de aid go project-based support instead.

As dem describe Kagame ein personality, Roméo Dallaire talk say e get “studious air wey no really cover ein hawk-like intensity.” American journalist Stephen Kinzer, wey write Kagame ein biography ''A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It'' with Kagame ein involvement, call am “one of the most intriguing leaders in Africa.” Even though Kinzer praise Kagame ein leadership skills, e still talk say Kagame get “chronic impatience, barely suppressed anger, and impulsive scorn for critics.” For one interview with ''Daily Telegraph'' ein Richard Grant, Kagame talk say e dey sleep only four hours each night, and e use de rest of de time for work, exercise, family and reading academic books and foreign newspapers. When journalist Jeffrey Gettleman ask am about ein reputation for physically beating ein subordinates, Kagame talk say, “I can be very tough, I can make mistakes like that.”

Kagame dey receive plenty honours and accolades during ein time as president. These include honorary degrees and medals from different Western universities, plus de highest national awards wey Liberia and Benin give am. Since 2002, de Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations name demma football tournament de Kagame Interclub Cup, because Kagame dey sponsor de event.

== Personal life ==
Kagame marry Jeannette Nyiramongi, one Tutsi exile wey dey live for Nairobi, Kenya, for Uganda on 10 June 1989. Kagame ask ein family make dem suggest suitable woman for marriage, and dem recommend Nyiramongi. E travel go Nairobi go introduce himself give her, and e convince am make she visit am for Uganda. Nyiramongi already sabi about de RPF plus demma aim to help refugees return go Rwanda. She respect Kagame well. Dem get four children together.

Ein daughter, Ange Kagame Ndengeyingoma, finish her education abroad and she no too show for public eye during most of her childhood because of security and privacy reasons. She go Dana Hall School, one private prep school for Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States. She attend Smith College where she study political science as major and African studies as minor. She too get master’s degree for international affairs from Columbia University.

Kagame dey speak three languages—English, Kinyarwanda, den French— wey he be supporter of Arsenal F.C. He be Catholic and e no dey drink alcohol at all.

==Honours==
*[[Benin]]:
**[[File:BEN National Order of Dahomey - Grand Cross BAR.png|60px]] Grand Cross of de National Order of Benin (2010)
*[[Burkina Faso]]: 
** [[File:Burkina Faso Ordre national GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of de Ordre de l'Étalon, formerly National Order of Burkina Faso (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.igihe.com/news/president-kagame-honoured-in-burkina-faso.html | title=President Kagame honoured in Burkina Faso, commends Pan-African FESPACO | date=2 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*[[Central African Republic]]:
** [[File:CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of de Order of Reconnaissance of Central African (2019) 
*[[Guinea]]:
**[[File:National Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Guinea).png|60px]] Grand Cross of de National Order of Merit (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Perezida-Kagame-yambitswe-umudari-uruta-indi-muri-Guinea-Conakry | title=Perezida Kagame yambitswe umudari uruta indi muri Guinea Conakry|work=Kigali Today|date=9 March 2016|access-date=4 February 2025|language=Kinyarwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Guinea-Bissau]]:
**[[File:Medalha_Amílcar_Cabral.svg|60px]] Recipient of de Medal of Amílcar Cabral (20 June 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://rpfinkotanyi.rw/amatora/en/rpf-chairman-receives-highest-honour-in-guinea-bissau | title=RPF Chairman receives highest honour in Guinea-Bissau – FPR Inkotanyi }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Ivory Coast]]
**[[File:Cote d'Ivoire Ordre national GC ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of de National Order of the Ivory Coast (2018)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/paulkagame/albums/72157704800679895/with/44580247540 | title=State Visit to Côte d'Ivoire &amp;#124; Abidjan, 19–20 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Morocco]]:
**[[File:Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png|60px]] Collar of de Order of Muhammad (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/06/189603/king-mohammed-vi-holds-talks-with-pres-paul-kagame-2 | title=King Mohammed VI Holds Talks with Pres. Paul Kagame|work=Morocco World News|date=20 June 2016|access-date=4 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Liberia]]:
**[[File:Order of the Pioneers of Liberia - ribbon bar.png|60px]] Grand Cordon of de Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (2009)
*Serbia:
**[[File:Orden Republike Srbije 1.gif|60px]] Second Class of de Order of the Republic of Serbia (2016)
*[[Uganda]]:
**[[File:Order of the Pearl of Africa (Uganda) - ribbon bar.gif|60px]] Most Excellent Order of the Pearl of Africa: Grand Master (2012)
*La Francophonie:
**[[File:Ordre_de_la_Pléiade_(Francophonie).gif|60px]] Grand Cross of de Order of La Pléiade (2022)
== References ==
[[Category:Living people]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== Sources ==

* {{cite web|author=Agaciro Development Fund (I)|title=Agaciro Development Fund|url=https://www.agaciro.org/IMG/pdf/agaciro_brochure_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129024429/https://www.agaciro.org/IMG/pdf/agaciro_brochure_eng.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2013|access-date=30 May 2013}}
* {{cite web|author=Agaciro Development Fund (II)|title=Background|url=https://www.agaciro.org/background|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116063650/https://www.agaciro.org/background|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=30 May 2013}}
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* {{cite web|author=United Nations (III)|author-link=United Nations|title=Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999)|url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006064439/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml|archive-date=6 October 2017|access-date=28 February 2012}}
* {{cite web|author=United Nations (IV)|author-link=United Nations|date=12 April 2001|title=Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111134319/http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm|archive-date=11 November 2014|access-date=26 November 2012}}
* {{cite web|author=United Nations (V)|author-link=United Nations|title=Paul Kagame|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates/members/paul-kagame.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100958/https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates/members/paul-kagame.shtml|archive-date=16 December 2020|access-date=8 February 2013|work=Secretary General's Millennium Development Goals Advocacy Group}}
* {{cite book|last=Waldorf|first=Lars|title=Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78360-249-0|editor=Anders Themnér}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-10879859|title=Rwanda government denies killings|last=Walker|first=Rob|date=5 August 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=11 November 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111145236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-10879859|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Wallis|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APMavTJucM4C|title=Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France's Role in the Rwandan Genocide|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-247-9|location=London|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718190959/https://books.google.com/books?id=APMavTJucM4C|archive-date=18 July 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Waugh|first=Colin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp1em-hedE8C|title=Paul Kagame And Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front|publisher=McFarland|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1941-8|location=Jefferson, N.C.|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718191006/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp1em-hedE8C|archive-date=18 July 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|author=World Bank (I)|title=School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030063050/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR|archive-date=30 October 2013|access-date=16 February 2012|work=Data}}
* {{cite journal |author=World Health Organization (WHO) (II) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |url-status=dead |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |issn=0042-9686 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113032750/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2008 |ref={{sfnRef|WHO (II)|2008}}}}
* {{cite news|author=World Review|date=10 January 2013|title=Paul Kagame guides Rwanda out of war and poverty|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/paul-kagame-guides-rwanda-out-war-and-poverty|access-date=4 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428061823/http://www.worldreview.info/content/paul-kagame-guides-rwanda-out-war-and-poverty|archive-date=28 April 2013}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target/article27382007/|title=Rwandan officer who leaked assassination-list evidence becomes a target|work=The Globe and the Mail|last=York|first=Geoffrey|date=19 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806072716/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target/article27382007/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ruling-by-south-african-court-exposes-details-of-latest-rwandan-assassinationplot/article37417017/|title=Details of latest Rwandan assassination plot exposed|work=The Globe and the Mail|last=York|first=Geoffrey|date=22 December 2017|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101195426/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ruling-by-south-african-court-exposes-details-of-latest-rwandan-assassinationplot/article37417017/|url-status=live}}

== External links ==
==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q1231345|c=Category:Paul Kagame|n=Category:Paul Kagame|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}

* [http://www.paulkagame.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.c-span.org/person/?87539 Appearances] on C-SPAN
* [https://charlierose.com/videos/6465 Paul Kagame] on ''Charlie Rose''
* [[imdbname:1879094|Paul Kagame]] at IMDb
* [https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/paul_kagame/index.html Paul Kagame] collected news and commentary at ''The New York Times''
* [https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/ Paul Kagame Biography and Interview] on Academy of Achievement
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  <page>
    <title>Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:TamaleStadium.jpg|TamaleStadium.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:TamaleStadium.jpg|]].</comment>
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De '''Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium''', formerly '''Tamale Sports Stadium''', be a multipurpose stadium insyd [[Tamale, Ghana]], dem mostly use am for football matches as well as a place for hosting events such as entertainment concerts den album shows wey e dey serve as de home stadium of Real Tamale United, Tamale City FC, Northern City FC den Steadfast FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=It took me 4 years of preparation to fill Tamale Sports Stadium - Fancy Gadam - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-took-me-4-years-of-preparation-to-fill-tamale-sports-stadium-fancy-gadam/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem plete de stadium insyd 2008 by de Shanghai Construction Group of China. De stadium dey look similar to de Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium. Na de stadium, wich host sam matches during de 2008 African Cup of Nations, get a capacity of about 20,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Stadiums - Stadiums Ghana |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/ghana.shtml |access-date=2017-12-11 |website=www.worldstadiums.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alhaji Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium (Tamale Stadium) – StadiumDB.com |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/gha/tamale_stadium |access-date=2017-12-11 |website=stadiumdb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Gallery==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;120px&quot; caption=&quot;Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium&quot;&gt;
ALIU MAHAMA SPORT STADIUM - TAMALE..jpg|De interior
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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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*[https://cafe.daum.net/stade/5BHw/22 Photos] at [https://cafe.daum.net/stade/ cafe.daum.net/stade]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102655/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&amp;listing=Tamale%20Stadium&amp;page=viewListing&amp;lid=122&amp;Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia website - Tamale Stadium]

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  <page>
    <title>Planetary health</title>
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{{Short description|Health of civilization and natural systems}}
{{Tone|date=December 2025}}

'''Planetary Health''' na di way human health an environment health dey depend on each oda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mago |first1=Arpit |last2=Dhali |first2=Arkadeep |last3=Kumar |first3=Harendra |last4=Maity |first4=Rick |last5=Kumar |first5=Bharat |date=2024 |title=Planetary health and its relevance in the modern era: A topical review |journal=SAGE Open Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |article-number=20503121241254231 |doi=10.1177/20503121241254231 |issn=2050-3121 |pmc=11107315 |pmid=38774741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebi research field wey bring plenty different subjects together plus worldwide movement wey dey study how changes for environment dey affect human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Jo |last2=Cassell |first2=Jackie A. |last3=Colthart |first3=Gavin |last4=Dem |first4=Francesca |last5=Fairhead |first5=James |last6=Head |first6=Michael G. |last7=Inacio |first7=Joao |last8=Jimbudo |first8=Mavis |last9=Laman |first9=Moses |last10=Novotny |first10=Vojtech |last11=Peck |first11=Mika |last12=Philip |first12=Jonah |last13=Pomat |first13=William |last14=Sui |first14=Shen |last15=West-Oram |first15=Peter |date=2020-11-01 |title=Rationale, experience and ethical considerations underpinning integrated actions to further global goals for health and land biodiversity in Papua New Guinea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |journal=Sustainability Science |language=en |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=1653–1664 |doi=10.1007/s11625-020-00805-x |bibcode=2020SuSc...15.1653M |issn=1862-4057|hdl=10072/413428 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Planetary health mean &quot;di health of human civilization plus di condition of di natural systems wey human beings dey depend on.&quot; For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health introduce dis concept,&lt;ref name=Lancet2015&gt;{{cite journal |title=Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health |journal=The Lancet |date=2015-11-14 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 |volume=386 |pages=1973–2028  | last1 = Whitmee | first1 = Sarah|issue=10007 |pmid=26188744 |s2cid=21925353 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Lanc..386.1973W }}&lt;/ref&gt; an dem still dey develop am into new health science wey now get more than 25 different areas of expertise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Myers |first1=Samuel |title=Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves |last2=Frumkin |first2=Howard |date=2020 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-966-1 |location=Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background and milestones==

Plenty ideas an concepts come before di Planetary Health concept. According to Susan Prescott, di term &quot;planetary health&quot; come out from di environmental an holistic health movements wey happen for di 1970s an 1980s. For 1980, Friends of the Earth expand di World Health Organization definition of health by saying, &quot;health na state of complete physical, mental, social an ecological well-being, no be only absence of disease. Personal health include planetary health too.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=Susan L. |last2=Logan |first2=Alan C. |date=March 2019 |title=Planetary Health: From the Wellspring of Holistic Medicine to Personal and Public Health Imperative |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550830718301824 |journal=Explore |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1016/j.explore.2018.09.002 |pmid=30316687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

James Lovelock create di term '''&quot;Planetary Medicine&quot;''' for 1986.&lt;ref&gt;Lovelock, J. E. (1986). Geophysiology: A new look at earth science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 67(4), 392-397.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1993, Norwegian doctor Per Fugelli write say:

&quot;The patient Earth dey sick. Global environmental problems fit cause serious effects for human health. E don reach time make doctors check di whole world, diagnose am, an recommend treatment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;lancet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Casassus |first=Barbara |date=November 2017 |title=Per Fugelli |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361732737X |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=390 |issue=10107 |pages=2032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32737-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For di 1990s, dem develop model curriculum wey dem call Terra Medicine (Planetary Medicine) for Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt as part of di Altmühltal Agenda 21 project.&lt;ref&gt;Stappen, R.: Terramedizin und Master for Sustainable Development – Zwei Konzepte für innovative. Modellstudiengänge. In: Stadt-Umland-Perspektiven – Zukunftsfähige Regionen in Europa. 2000, ISBN 3-00-007218-7, S. 284–285.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2000, James Lovelock publish im book ''Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lovelock |first1=James E. |title=Gaia, the practical science of planetary medicine |last2=Lovelock |first2=James E. |date=1991 |publisher=Gaia Books |isbn=978-1-85675-040-0 |edition=1. publ |series=Gaia Original |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Milestones===

For March 2014, one issue of di medical journal ''The Lancet'' call for new planetary health movement wey go change di public health field. Before dis, public health mostly focus on human population health without paying enough attention to di natural ecosystems wey surround people.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=From public to planetary health: a manifesto |journal=The Lancet |date=2014-03-06 |last1=Horton |first1=Richard |last2=Beaglehole |first2=Robert |last3=Bonita |first3=Ruth |last4=Raeburn |first4=John |last5=McKee |first5=Martin |volume=383 |issue=9920 |page=847 |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60409-8/fulltext |access-date=2016-10-05 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60409-8|pmid=24607088 |bibcode=2014Lanc..383..847H |s2cid=29341866 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di proposal also recognize new threats wey dey affect both natural systems an human-made systems wey support human life.&lt;ref name=&quot;thelancet.com&quot;/&gt;

For 2015, di Rockefeller Foundation an ''The Lancet'' launch di Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance start for '''December 2015''' by Harvard University together with di Wildlife Conservation Society plus oda partner organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://planetaryhealthalliance.org/|title=Planetary Health Alliance|website=planetaryhealthalliance.org|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/planetary-health-alliance-launched-to-address-public-health-threats/|title=Harvard University, Wildlife Conservation Society launch new 'Planetary Health Alliance' with support from The Rockefeller Foundation|date=2015-12-11|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Rockefeller Foundation Economic Council on Planetary Health for Oxford Martin School start work on 1 June 2017 to help define dis new field of planetary health. Di open-access journal ''Lancet Planetary Health'' publish ein first issue for April 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Lancet Planetary Health {{!}} All Journal Issues {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230424044618/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-lancet-planetary-health/issues |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health na action call wey different stakeholders create together during di 2021 Planetary Health Annual Meeting for São Paulo, Brazil. Di declaration dey encourage governments, private sector organizations, civil society, an ordinary people make dem commit to di Great Transition so dem go protect healthy an fair future for humanity plus safeguard all life for Earth.

For 2022, as dem celebrate 50 years since di first UN environmental conference, &quot;United Nations Conference on the Human Environment&quot; wey happen for Stockholm for 1972, di United Nations publish di report ''UN Conference Stockholm+50: A Healthy Planet for the Prosperity of All – Our Responsibility, Our Opportunity''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K22/117/97/PDF/K2211797.pdf?OpenElement Report UN-Conference Stockholm+50: a healthy planet for the prosperity of all – our responsibility, our opportunity][[United Nations]]'&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2023, di Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publish di '''Academic Health Institutions' Declaration on Planetary Health'''. Di declaration call on all academic health institutions around di world make dem take immediate action to reduce di harmful effects of dia activities on di planet's natural systems an introduce adaptive plus regenerative measures, including advocacy. More than 40 academic health institutions sign di declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration on Planetary Health |url=https://www.afmc.ca/initiatives/planetaryhealthdeclaration/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=AFMC |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include medical schools, faculties of medicine, schools of nursing, schools of public health, plus oda health-related institutions from countries like Canada, India, Finland, Dominican Republic, South Africa, Germany, Portugal, Indonesia, an plenty more.

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences publish one detailed report for June 2023 about di current state of planetary health research an di future research agenda. Di report no be only useful for Netherlands but e get international importance too ([https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]).

For April 2024, more than 100 members from worldwide Planetary Health community create di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan. Dis roadmap build on di principles an action call from di 2021 São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health. Di roadmap cover important areas like governance, education, business an communication, giving strategic direction to strengthen dis growing movement an protect di health an well-being of all life for Earth. [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/roadmap The roadmap]
==Research paradigms and agenda==

Based on the definition of health—&quot;a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419175759/http://www.who.int/about/mission/en/ |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |title=Constitution of WHO: principles |access-date=2016-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;—plus the principles wey dey inside the preamble of the World Health Organization constitution, the ''Lancet'' Commission report explain say planetary health mean &quot;the achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through wise attention to the human systems—political, economic, and social—weh dey shape humanity future, plus the Earth's natural systems wey set the safe environmental limits inside which humanity fit survive and prosper.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The report also set the main principles wey dey guide the planetary health idea. One important principle be say human health depend on &quot;healthy natural systems plus proper care and management of those natural systems.&quot; Human activities like energy production and food production don cause major changes to the Earth's systems. Because of this, scientists now dey call this present period the Anthropocene.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;

The Planetary Health Education Framework, wey the Planetary Health Alliance develop for '''2021''', dey help guide the education of global citizens, health practitioners, and professionals wey get the knowledge and willingness to solve complex planetary health challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |date=2021 |editor-last=Faerron Guzman |editor-first=Carlos A. |editor2-last=Potter |editor2-first=Teddie |title=Planetary Health Education Framework |url=https://planetaryhealthalliance.org/resources/education-framework/ |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en-US |doi=10.5822/phef2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The framework also want inspire everybody around the world make dem create, restore, protect and conserve healthy ecosystems so human civilization go continue to flourish. According to the framework, '''five foundational domains''' form the core of Planetary Health knowledge, values and practice:

# Connection with nature.
# The Anthropocene and health.
# Equity and social justice.
# Movement building and systems change.
# Systems thinking and complexity.

One group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre propose the concept of nine planetary boundaries. These boundaries show the environmental limits inside which humanity fit continue develop and live well for many generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A safe operating space for humanity |journal=Nature |date=2009-09-04 |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/461472a |pmid=19779433 |pages=472–475 | last1 = Rockström | first1 = Johan|bibcode=2009Natur.461..472R |s2cid=205049746 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to one 2024 update, humanity don already cross six of the planetary boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, land-system change, freshwater use, and novel entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Science2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet |journal=Science |date=2015-02-13 |doi=10.1126/science.1259855 |pmid=25592418 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |article-number=1259855 | last1 = Steffen | first1 = W.|hdl=1885/13126 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh boundary, ocean acidification, too dey move close to its limit.

The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report conclude say urgent and transformational actions dey necessary to protect both present and future generations. One important area wey need immediate attention be the way human knowledge dey organized and governed. According to the report, the current system no fit properly address the threats wey dey face planetary health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt;

The report make several broad recommendations. One recommendation be to improve governance so social, economic and environmental policies fit work together better. The report also recommend the creation, sharing and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors further call for new ways of defining prosperity, making quality of life and better health for everybody the main priority while still respecting the integrity of natural systems.&lt;ref name=Lancet2015/&gt;
===International research agenda for planetary health===

For June 2023, di Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences present dia planetary health report,&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt; ''Planetary Health, An emerging field to be developed'', after dem spend two years consulting experts and different stakeholders. Di report identify plenty knowledge gaps for di planetary health field. After dem review existing research plus consult experts, dem produce one long list of more than 100 specific knowledge gaps.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW:[https://storage.knaw.nl/2023-05/Longlist-of-knowledge-gaps-in-Planetary-Health.pdf Longlist ofknowledge gaps in Planetary Health]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to di report, people still no fully understand how global environmental change dey affect human health. Plenty pathways still no clear, scientists never know well how effective mitigation and adaptation measures be, and e still dey difficult to know how governments and societies fit quickly change policy and human behaviour. Di Academy conclude say filling all these knowledge gaps go need strong international collaboration plus more investment into research funding. Dem also announce say dem go work together with international partners and umbrella academies like EASAC, FEAM and ALLEA to move dis research agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;KNAW (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health. An emerging field to be developed], p. 70 Amsterdam&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2025, di United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report ''GEO-7'' report say investing in planetary health fit bring trillions of dollars extra to global GDP, prevent millions of deaths, and reduce poverty plus hunger worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/49014 |title=Global Environment Outlook 7: A future we choose – Why investing in Earth now can lead to a trillion-dollar benefit for all |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-807-4246-6 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-09 |title=UN Report: Investing in planetary health would deliver higher GDP, fewer deaths, less poverty |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/un-report-investing-planetary-health-would-deliver-higher-gdp-fewer |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nutrition and healthy diets be very important part of planetary health. Food we dey chop, agriculture and technology all need to improve so dem fit support world population wey fit pass 9 billion people while reducing environmental harm through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. One major focus of planetary health research be to find sustainable nutrition solutions wey go benefit both human beings and di environment, plus produce scientific evidence and political support to make these solutions happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Demaio|first1=Alessandro R|last2=Rockström|first2=Johan|title=Human and planetary health: towards a common language|journal=The Lancet|volume=386|issue=10007|pages=e36–e37|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61044-3|pmid=26188745|year=2015|s2cid=40022076|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For January 2019, one international commission develop di planetary health diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2019-01-16|title=New plant-focused diet would 'transform' planet's future, say scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/16/new-plant-focused-diet-would-transform-planets-future-say-scientists|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Planetary health dey try find more solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across different sectors like economy, energy, agriculture, water and health.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2015&quot; /&gt; Biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and fuel consumption all be major problems wey dey threaten both human health and di environment, so dem be key areas of planetary health research. Some researchers believe say humanity's destruction of biodiversity plus invasion into wild ecosystems dey create better conditions for diseases like malaria&lt;ref&gt;Chaves, L.S.M., Fry, J., Malik, A. et al. Global consumption and international trade in deforestation-associated commodities could influence malaria risk. Nat Commun 11, 1258 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14954-1&lt;/ref&gt; and new diseases like COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Vidal|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/18/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe|title='Tip of the iceberg': is our destruction of nature responsible for Covid-19?|date=2020-03-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Jim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/15/sunday-review/the-ecology-of-disease.html|title=The Ecology of Disease|date=2012-07-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers too suggest say planetary health should include di effects of digital technology on human and environmental health. Dis one include di impact of generative AI on climate, biodiversity and pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lupton |first=Deborah |date=2025-09-03 |title=Towards a digital planetary health perspective: generative AI and the digital determinants of health |journal=Health Promotion International |language=en |volume=40 |issue=5 |article-number=daaf153 |doi=10.1093/heapro/daaf153 |issn=0957-4824 |pmc=12464675 |pmid=41001915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Planetary Health Alliance==

Di Planetary Health Alliance (PHA) na informal global network wey bring together more than 580 universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government institutions, and research institutes. Di alliance too get more than 24,000 people wey subscribe to dia newsletter.

Several PHA Regional Hubs dey operate as local communities wey bring PHA members together based on dia geographical locations. Dem dey work together to advance planetary health research, education, policy development, and public outreach wey fit dia local context.&lt;ref&gt;Planetary Health Alliance:[https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs Hubs Terms of Reference]. October 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

Di mission of di alliance be &quot;to promote, mobilize, and lead an inclusive, transdisciplinary field of Planetary Health and its diverse science, stories, solutions, and communities to achieve a comprehensive shift in how human beings interact with each other and Nature, in order to secure a livable future for humanity and the rest of life on Earth.&quot;

Since November 2023, di PHA Secretariat dey based for Johns Hopkins University alongside di [https://planetaryhealth.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins Institute for Planetary Health].

===Regional Hubs===

Eight Planetary Health Regional Hubs don already establish. Dem dey serve as local communities wey gather PHA members inside different geographical regions to work together on planetary health research, education, policy and outreach wey match local needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Planetary health |date=2024-11-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_health#cite_note-26 |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although more hubs still dey under development, di eight established Planetary Health Regional Hubs be:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHA Regional Hubs |url=https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/pha-regional-hubs |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Planetary Health Alliance |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Caribbean
* East Africa
* Europe
* Japan
* Latin America
* Oceania
* South &amp; Southeast Asia
* West Africa

For 2022, di first Planetary Health Europe Regional Hub meeting happen for Amsterdam, where 72 institutions participate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230526193826/https://eeac.eu/2022/09/27/planetary-health-european-hub-convening-amsterdam-26-27-september-2022/ The Planetary Health European Hub convening]. 26–27 September 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Di Planetary Health Alliance, European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils Network (EEAC Network), plus Natura Artis Magistra (ARTIS) organize di meeting together. Di PHA Europe Secretariat dey located for Netherlands and Maastricht University together with University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) jointly coordinate am.

===Next Generation Network===

Di Planetary Health Next Generation Network bring students and young leaders from around di world together. Dem all dey committed to advancing di growing field of Planetary Health through community activities, educational events and research projects.

Dis open-access network include Planetary Health Campus Ambassadors (PHCAs), leaders and members of Planetary Health student clubs, former and current Travel Scholars to Planetary Health Annual Meetings, plus any young person wey want join di Planetary Health community.

Di Planetary Health Alliance staff together with Impact Fellows dey support these activities by providing introductory resources, workshop materials, mentorship opportunities and platforms wey help members connect with each other.

===Campus Ambassador program===

Di Planetary Health Campus Ambassador Program officially recognize young leaders wey dey promote Planetary Health for universities and other academic institutions around di world.

During di program, ambassadors expand dia Planetary Health network and develop leadership plus organizational skills through support from dia cohort, staff members, fellows and alliance members.

Ambassadors dey encouraged to lead activities for dia campuses and beyond, educate dia communities, and help different academic disciplines and initiatives work together on issues related to human health and environmental change.

Dem also become part of di wider Next Generation Network, wey include people from different academic backgrounds, cultures, career stages and interests. Besides dat, dem get opportunities to take leadership roles in other Planetary Health initiatives like di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, Regional Hubs, Clinicians for Planetary Health and different education projects.

===Annual meeting===

Di Planetary Health Annual Meeting, wey di Planetary Health Alliance organize, be international conference series wey start for 2017. E serve as global platform for advancing di Planetary Health field.

Di first meeting happen for Harvard University. Since den, di meetings don grow into major international gatherings wey bring together scientists, policymakers, healthcare professionals, educators, students and community leaders from more than 130 countries.

Di meetings dey rotate among different countries around di world. Previous hosts include United States (Harvard University 2017 and 2022; Stanford University 2019), Scotland (University of Edinburgh 2018), Brazil (University of São Paulo 2021, virtual), and Malaysia (Sunway University 2024). Dis approach show di alliance's commitment to geographical and cultural diversity as dem tackle planetary health challenges. Another meeting dey planned for October 2025 for Netherlands (Erasmus University).

Every annual meeting dey focus on important Planetary Health topics like climate change, biodiversity loss, food systems transformation, health equity and education.

Each meeting don produce important outcomes wey shape di Planetary Health field—from establishing foundational frameworks during di early meetings to di São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health (2021) and di Kuala Lumpur Call to Action (2024), together with di launch of di Global Planetary Health Roadmap and Action Plan.

Through plenary sessions, research presentations, workshops and community engagement activities, these meetings don play major role in building capacity, strengthening collaboration and promoting practical solutions to planetary health challenges.
==Comparison with other fields==

Planetary health get close relationship with plenty other fields and ways of thinking, including public health, environmental health, ecohealth, One Health, conservation medicine and international health. E too dey draw inspiration from both traditional and modern Indigenous knowledge systems from different parts of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Although different people dey define global health in different ways,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Koplan|first1=Jeffrey P|last2=Bond|first2=T Christopher|last3=Merson|first3=Michael H|last4=Reddy|first4=K Srinath| last5=Rodriguez|first5=Mario Henry|last6=Sewankambo|first6=Nelson K|last7=Wasserheit|first7=Judith N|title=Towards a common definition of global health|journal=The Lancet| volume=373| issue=9679| pages=1993–1995| doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60332-9|pmid=19493564| year=2009|pmc=9905260 |bibcode=2009Lanc..373.1993K |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.7968|s2cid=6919716}}&lt;/ref&gt; people generally see am as the health of populations for the global level. E focus on health problems and risks wey dey cross national borders, and e improve on the older idea of international health by putting more attention on achieving health equity for everybody.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Theodore M. |last2=Cueto| first2=Marcos| last3=Fee|first3=Elizabeth|date=2006-01-01|title=The World Health Organization and the Transition From &quot;International&quot; to &quot;Global&quot; Public Health|journal=American Journal of Public Health| volume=96| issue=1| pages=62–72|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831|pmid=16322464 |issn=0090-0036|pmc=1470434}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some researchers believe say the idea of planetary health make the meaning of health too broad by trying to include almost everything under health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | doi=10.1111/1467-9566.13578 | title=Health beyond medicine. A planetary theory extension | date=2023 | last1=Roth | first1=Steffen | last2=Valentinov | first2=Vladislav | journal=Sociology of Health &amp; Illness | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=331–345 | pmid=36349423 | url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For one special issue of ''The Economist'' wey come out for 2014, Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief of ''The Lancet'', write say global health no dey enough again to solve many of the challenges wey societies dey face because the field still too narrow. According to am, &quot;Global health no fully consider the natural foundation wey human beings dey live on—the planet itself. E too no take into account the strength and weakness of human civilizations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 June 2014 |title=Planetary Health - Economist Intelligence Unit |url=https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903123031/https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150625163005/Planetary-Health-Special-Report_06.25.14.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |page=28 |access-date=2016-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2015, Judith Rodin, wey be president of the Rockefeller Foundation, declare planetary health as one new discipline under global health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rodin|first=Judith|title=Planetary Health: A New Discipline in Global Health|work=The Rockefeller Foundation |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/planetary-health-a-new-discipline-in-global-health/|access-date=2016-10-06 |date=2015-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2024, the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) introduce one set of learning objectives for planetary health. Dem explain say future global health professionals need knowledge of planetary health science, interventions and communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=CUGH |date=2024-09-05 |title=Planetary Health Learning Objectives (September 2024 Issue) |url=https://www.cugh.org/blog/planetary-health-learning-objectives-september-2024-issue/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Consortium of Universities for Global Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; CUGH also include planetary health for the updated edition of dia [https://www.cugh.org/online-tools/competencies-toolkit/ Global Health Competencies Toolkit].

For 2023, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics update the definition of environmental engineering by stating say environmental engineers use engineering disciplines to develop solutions to planetary health problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |last2=Oerther| first2=Sarah| last3=Peters|first3=Catherine A.| date=2024-01-18|title=Environmental Engineers Solve Problems of Planetary Health| journal=Environmental Engineering Science| volume=41| issue=1| pages=3–6|doi=10.1089/ees.2023.0301 |bibcode=2024EEngS..41....3O }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2026, Daniel Oerther propose say the engineering profession should change its paramountcy clause to: &quot;hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public and the planet,&quot; to recognize say all forms of life dey interconnected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Oerther|first1=Daniel B. |date=2026-01-01|title=Hold Paramount the Health, Safety, and Welfare of the Public and the Planet| journal=Journal of Environmental Engineering| volume=152| issue=2|article-number=01825002 |doi=10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==

* Planetary diet
* Planetary integrity
* Planetary management
* Gaia hypothesis

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/ Planetary Health Alliance]
* [https://www.planetaryhealth.eu/ Planetary Health Alliance - European Hub]
* [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/issue/current The Lancet Planetary Health]
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW) (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]

==Further reading==

* Whitmee, S., Haines, A, &amp; Beyrer, C, et al. 2015. ''Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health.'' 386:10007, p1973-2028. The Lancet Commissions. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1
* Myers, S. and Frumkin, H., 2020. ''Planetary health: protecting nature to protect ourselves.'' Island Press.
* Haines, A. and Frumkin, H., 2021. ''Planetary health: Safeguarding human health and the environment in the Anthropocene.'' Cambridge University Press.
* Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2023). [https://www.knaw.nl/en/publications/planetary-health-emerging-field-be-developed Planetary Health Advisory Report]
* Martens, P. (2023). [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/136713009/Inaugural%20Speech%20Pim%20Martens.pdf Planetary Health: The Recipe for a Sustainable Future]. Maastricht University.
* Coghlan et al.: [https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1186/s42522-021-00053-8 A bolder One Health: expanding the moral circle to optimize health for all] ''One Health Outlook'', 2021.
* Richard Horton [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32843-X/fulltext?elsca1=etoc Offline: Planetary health's next frontier—biodiversity] ''The Lancet'', Volume 390, No. 10108, p2132, 11 November 2017.

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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to direct impacts, climate change den extreme weather events dey cause changes insyd biomes. Certain diseases wey be carried den spread by living hosts such as mosquitoes den ticks (dem know as vectors) fi cam be more common insyd sam regions. Affected diseases dey include [[dengue fever]] den [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Contracting waterborne diseases such as diarrhoeal disease sanso go be more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to direct impacts, climate change den extreme weather events dey cause changes insyd biomes. Certain diseases wey be carried den spread by living hosts such as mosquitoes den ticks (dem know as vectors) fi cam be more common insyd sam regions. Affected diseases dey include [[dengue fever]] den [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Contracting waterborne diseases such as diarrhoeal disease sanso go be more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes insyd climate fi cause decreasing yields for some crops den regions, wey dey result in higher food prices, less available food, den [[Malnutrition|under nutrition]]. Climate change sanso fi reduce access to clean den safe water supply. Extreme weather den ein health impact sanso fi threaten de livelihoods den economic stability of people. Dese factors together fi lead to increasing poverty, human migration, violent conflict, den mental health issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to direct impacts, climate change den extreme weather events dey cause changes insyd biomes. Certain diseases wey be carried den spread by living hosts such as mosquitoes den ticks (dem know as vectors) fi cam be more common insyd sam regions. Affected diseases dey include [[dengue fever]] den [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Contracting waterborne diseases such as diarrhoeal disease sanso go be more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes insyd climate fi cause decreasing yields for some crops den regions, wey dey result in higher food prices, less available food, den [[Malnutrition|under nutrition]]. Climate change sanso fi reduce access to clean den safe water supply. Extreme weather den ein health impact sanso fi threaten de livelihoods den economic stability of people. Dese factors together fi lead to increasing poverty, human migration, violent conflict, den mental health issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Climate change dey affect human health at all ages, from infancy thru adolescence, adulthood den old age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Factors such as age, gender den socioeconomic status influence to wat extent dese effects cam be wide-spread risks to human health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Adger |first2=W Neil |last3=Agnolucci |first3=Paolo |last4=Blackstock |first4=Jason |last5=Byass |first5=Peter |last6=Cai |first6=Wenjia |last7=Chaytor |first7=Sarah |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Collins |first9=Mat |last10=Cooper |first10=Adam |last11=Cox |first11=Peter M. |display-authors=6 |date=2015 |title=Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1479102/ |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10006 |pages=1861–1914 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6 |pmid=26111439 |s2cid=205979317 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/17695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1867}} Sam groups be more vulnerable dan odas to de health effects of climate change. Dese include kiddies, de elderly, outdoor workers den disadvantaged people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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      <comment>DaSupremo moved page [[How Climate Change Dey Affect People's Health]] to [[Effects of climate change on human health]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title</comment>
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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to direct impacts, climate change den extreme weather events dey cause changes insyd biomes. Certain diseases wey be carried den spread by living hosts such as mosquitoes den ticks (dem know as vectors) fi cam be more common insyd sam regions. Affected diseases dey include [[dengue fever]] den [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Contracting waterborne diseases such as diarrhoeal disease sanso go be more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes insyd climate fi cause decreasing yields for some crops den regions, wey dey result in higher food prices, less available food, den [[Malnutrition|under nutrition]]. Climate change sanso fi reduce access to clean den safe water supply. Extreme weather den ein health impact sanso fi threaten de livelihoods den economic stability of people. Dese factors together fi lead to increasing poverty, human migration, violent conflict, den mental health issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Climate change dey affect human health at all ages, from infancy thru adolescence, adulthood den old age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Factors such as age, gender den socioeconomic status influence to wat extent dese effects cam be wide-spread risks to human health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Adger |first2=W Neil |last3=Agnolucci |first3=Paolo |last4=Blackstock |first4=Jason |last5=Byass |first5=Peter |last6=Cai |first6=Wenjia |last7=Chaytor |first7=Sarah |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Collins |first9=Mat |last10=Cooper |first10=Adam |last11=Cox |first11=Peter M. |display-authors=6 |date=2015 |title=Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1479102/ |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10006 |pages=1861–1914 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6 |pmid=26111439 |s2cid=205979317 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/17695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1867}} Sam groups be more vulnerable dan odas to de health effects of climate change. Dese include kiddies, de elderly, outdoor workers den disadvantaged people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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[[Climate change]] dey affect human health insyd chaw ways, wey dey include an increase insyd heat-related illnesses den deaths, worsened air quality, de spread of infectious diseases, den health risks associated plus extreme weather such as floods den storms. Rising global temperatures den changes insyd weather patterns dey increase de severity of heat waves den extreme weather events. Dese events in turn get direct den indirect impacts on human health. For example, wen people be exposed to higher temperatures for longer time periods dem fi experience heat illness den heat-related death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Romanello |first1=Marina |last2=McGushin |first2=Alice |last3=Di Napoli |first3=Claudia |last4=Drummond |first4=Paul |last5=Hughes |first5=Nick |last6=Jamart |first6=Louis |last7=Kennard |first7=Harry |last8=Lampard |first8=Pete |last9=Solano Rodriguez |first9=Baltazar |last10=Arnell |first10=Nigel |last11=Ayeb-Karlsson |first11=Sonja |last12=Belesova |first12=Kristine |last13=Cai |first13=Wenjia |last14=Campbell-Lendrum |first14=Diarmid |last15=Capstick |first15=Stuart |display-authors=6 |date=October 2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/102413/1/2021%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20revised%20_no%20refs%20ES_clean.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |s2cid=239046862 |hdl-access=free |last16=Chambers |first16=Jonathan |last17=Chu |first17=Lingzhi |last18=Ciampi |first18=Luisa |last19=Dalin |first19=Carole |last20=Dasandi |first20=Niheer |last21=Dasgupta |first21=Shouro |last22=Davies |first22=Michael |last23=Dominguez-Salas |first23=Paula |last24=Dubrow |first24=Robert |last25=Ebi |first25=Kristie L |last26=Eckelman |first26=Matthew |last27=Ekins |first27=Paul |last28=Escobar |first28=Luis E |last29=Georgeson |first29=Lucien |last30=Grace |first30=Delia |last31=Graham |first31=Hilary |last32=Gunther |first32=Samuel H |last33=Hartinger |first33=Stella |last34=He |first34=Kehan |last35=Heaviside |first35=Clare |last36=Hess |first36=Jeremy |last37=Hsu |first37=Shih-Che |last38=Jankin |first38=Slava |last39=Jimenez |first39=Marcia P |last40=Kelman |first40=Ilan |last41=Kiesewetter |first41=Gregor |last42=Kinney |first42=Patrick L |last43=Kjellstrom |first43=Tord |last44=Kniveton |first44=Dominic |last45=Lee |first45=Jason K W |last46=Lemke |first46=Bruno |last47=Liu |first47=Yang |last48=Liu |first48=Zhao |last49=Lott |first49=Melissa |last50=Lowe |first50=Rachel |last51=Martinez-Urtaza |first51=Jaime |last52=Maslin |first52=Mark |last53=McAllister |first53=Lucy |last54=McMichael |first54=Celia |last55=Mi |first55=Zhifu |last56=Milner |first56=James |last57=Minor |first57=Kelton |last58=Mohajeri |first58=Nahid |last59=Moradi-Lakeh |first59=Maziar |last60=Morrissey |first60=Karyn |last61=Munzert |first61=Simon |last62=Murray |first62=Kris A |last63=Neville |first63=Tara |last64=Nilsson |first64=Maria |last65=Obradovich |first65=Nick |last66=Sewe |first66=Maquins Odhiambo |last67=Oreszczyn |first67=Tadj |last68=Otto |first68=Matthias |last69=Owfi |first69=Fereidoon |last70=Pearman |first70=Olivia |last71=Pencheon |first71=David |last72=Rabbaniha |first72=Mahnaz |last73=Robinson |first73=Elizabeth |last74=Rocklöv |first74=Joacim |last75=Salas |first75=Renee N |last76=Semenza |first76=Jan C |last77=Sherman |first77=Jodi |last78=Shi |first78=Liuhua |last79=Springmann |first79=Marco |last80=Tabatabaei |first80=Meisam |last81=Taylor |first81=Jonathon |last82=Trinanes |first82=Joaquin |last83=Shumake-Guillemot |first83=Joy |last84=Vu |first84=Bryan |last85=Wagner |first85=Fabian |last86=Wilkinson |first86=Paul |last87=Winning |first87=Matthew |last88=Yglesias |first88=Marisol |last89=Zhang |first89=Shihui |last90=Gong |first90=Peng |last91=Montgomery |first91=Hugh |last92=Costello |first92=Anthony |last93=Hamilton |first93=Ian |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to direct impacts, climate change den extreme weather events dey cause changes insyd biomes. Certain diseases wey be carried den spread by living hosts such as mosquitoes den ticks (dem know as vectors) fi cam be more common insyd sam regions. Affected diseases dey include [[dengue fever]] den [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Contracting waterborne diseases such as diarrhoeal disease sanso go be more likely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levy32&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Karen |last2=Smith |first2=Shanon M. |last3=Carlton |first3=Elizabeth J. |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=272–282 |bibcode=2018CEHR....5..272L |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0199-7 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=6119235 |pmid=29721700}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Changes insyd climate fi cause decreasing yields for some crops den regions, wey dey result in higher food prices, less available food, den [[Malnutrition|under nutrition]]. Climate change sanso fi reduce access to clean den safe water supply. Extreme weather den ein health impact sanso fi threaten de livelihoods den economic stability of people. Dese factors together fi lead to increasing poverty, human migration, violent conflict, den mental health issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Amann |first2=Markus |last3=Arnell |first3=Nigel |last4=Ayeb-Karlsson |first4=Sonja |last5=Belesova |first5=Kristine |last6=Boykoff |first6=Maxwell |last7=Byass |first7=Peter |last8=Cai |first8=Wenjia |last9=Campbell-Lendrum |first9=Diarmid |last10=Capstick |first10=Stuart |last11=Chambers |first11=Jonathan |display-authors=6 |date=16 November 2019 |title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/88053/4/__smbhome.uscs.susx.ac.uk_tjk30_Documents_The%202019%20Report%20of%20the%20Lancet%20Countdown%20-%20revised.pdf |journal=The Lancet |volume=394 |issue=10211 |pages=1836–1878 |bibcode=2019Lanc..394.1836W |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6 |pmid=31733928 |pmc=7616843 |hdl=10044/1/75356 |s2cid=207976337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;

Climate change dey affect human health at all ages, from infancy thru adolescence, adulthood den old age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt; Factors such as age, gender den socioeconomic status influence to wat extent dese effects cam be wide-spread risks to human health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=Nick |last2=Adger |first2=W Neil |last3=Agnolucci |first3=Paolo |last4=Blackstock |first4=Jason |last5=Byass |first5=Peter |last6=Cai |first6=Wenjia |last7=Chaytor |first7=Sarah |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Collins |first9=Mat |last10=Cooper |first10=Adam |last11=Cox |first11=Peter M. |display-authors=6 |date=2015 |title=Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1479102/ |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=386 |issue=10006 |pages=1861–1914 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6 |pmid=26111439 |s2cid=205979317 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/17695}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1867}} Sam groups be more vulnerable dan odas to de health effects of climate change. Dese include kiddies, de elderly, outdoor workers den disadvantaged people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romanello2021&quot; /&gt;{{rp|15}}
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.lancetcountdown.org/ Public health and climate change (''Lancet'')]
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health Climate change and health (World Health Organization)]

[[Category:Effects of climate change]]
[[Category:Global health]]
[[Category:Climate change den society]]
[[Category:Health effects by subject]]
[[Category:Environment den health]]
[[Category:Health economics]]
[[Category:Health education]]</text>
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    <title>Decentralised clinical trial</title>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin</comment>
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'''Decentralised clinical trial''' (DCT) be one wey dem dey run clinical trial wey make participant no need go clinic anaa hospital every time. Instead, de trial fit happen for any place wey easy give de participant. Dem dey do dis one thru digital health technology, home nursing visits, wearable devices, blood sample collection for house, plus oda technology den operational innovations.

== Hybrid den full DCT approaches ==

For full decentralised clinical trial, participant no dey go any trial site physically at all. Instead, all communication plus de investigation team dey happen remotely.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2024 |title=CDER Conversation with Leonard Sacks |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/cder-conversations/evolving-role-decentralized-clinical-trials-and-digital-health-technologies |website=Food and Drug Administration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plenty clinical trials too dey use only some decentralised clinical trial (DCT) methods widout making de whole trial fully decentralised. Some of dese methods dey include:

* Digital ways to recruit participants (for example, social media anaa digital advertising)
* Prescreening den screening online
* Telehealth visits plus healthcare provider
* Electronic consent anaa sending informed consent form thru mail
* Sending de medicine under investigation thru post
* Helping patient administer de medicine wer e be necessary
* Monitoring whether participant dey follow de treatment well
* Home health nursing
* Electronic patient diaries to report events (Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePRO))
* Collecting samples for house
* Wearable technology anaa smart devices to collect vital signs den oda data

Hybrid DCT be any clinical trial wey combine one anaa more of dese decentralised methods together plus trial activities wey still dey happen for de trial site.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KORE &amp;#124; A Breakdown of Clinical Trials: Fully Decentralized or Hybrid |url=https://www.korewireless.com/blog/a-breakdown-of-clinical-trials-fully-decentralized-or-hybrid/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

[[Category:Medical research]]
[[Category:Clinical research]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]
[[Category:Telemedicine]]</text>
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    <title>Caloric restriction mimetic</title>
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'''Calorie restriction mimetics''' ('''CRM'''), dem sanso know as '''energy restriction mimetics''', be a hypothetical class of dietary supplements anaa drug candidates wey go, in principle, mimic de substantial anti-aging effects wey calorie restriction (CR) get on chaw laboratory animals den humans. CR be defined as a reduction insyd calorie intake of 20% (mild CR) to 50% (severe CR) widout incurring [[malnutrition]] anaa a reduction insyd essential nutrients.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015/&gt; An effective CRM go alter de key metabolic pathways dem involve insyd de effects of CR einself, wey dey lead to preserved youthful health den longer lifespan widout de need to reduce food intake. De term be coined by Lane, Ingram, Roth of de National Institute on Aging insyd a seminal 1998 paper insyd de ''Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine'', de forerunner of ''Rejuvenation Research''.&lt;ref name=Lane1998&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Lane MA |author2=Ingram DK |author3=Roth GS|title=2-Deoxy-D-glucose feeding in rats mimics physiologic effects of calorie restriction|journal=J Anti-Aging Med|date=Winter 1998|volume=1|issue=4|pages=327–37|doi=10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of genes den pathways be shown to be involved plus de actions of CR insyd model organisms den dese dey represent attractive targets for drug discovery den for developing CRM. However, no effective CRM be identified to date.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FNRR%2FS0954422415000062a.pdf&amp;code=be4c8fe053e9278f589a28152cc6112a | first1=Sibylle | last1=Nikolai | first2=Kathrin | last2=Pallauf | first3=Patricia | last3=Huebbe | last4=Rimbach | first4=Gerald | title=Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics | journal=Nutrition Research Reviews | date=22 September 2015 | volume= 28| issue=2| pages=100–120 | doi=10.1017/S0954422415000062 | pmid=26391585 | access-date=8 November 2015| doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=de Magalhaes | first1=JP | last2=Wuttke | first2=D | last3=Wood | first3=SH | last4=Plank | first4=M | last5=Vora | first5=C | title=Genome-environment interactions that modulate aging: powerful targets for drug discovery |journal=Pharmacol Rev |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |year=2012 |pmid=22090473 |doi=10.1124/pr.110.004499 |pmc=3250080}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ingram | first1=DK |  last2=Roth | first2=GS | title=Glycolytic inhibition as a strategy for developing calorie restriction mimetics|journal=Experimental Gerontology|date=Feb–Mar 2011|volume=46|issue=2–3|pages=148–54 | doi=10.1016/j.exger.2010.12.001 | pmid=21167272 | s2cid=5634847 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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'''Calorie restriction mimetics''' ('''CRM'''), dem sanso know as '''energy restriction mimetics''', be a hypothetical class of dietary supplements anaa drug candidates wey go, in principle, mimic de substantial anti-aging effects wey calorie restriction (CR) get on chaw laboratory animals den humans. CR be defined as a reduction insyd calorie intake of 20% (mild CR) to 50% (severe CR) widout incurring [[malnutrition]] anaa a reduction insyd essential nutrients.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015/&gt; An effective CRM go alter de key metabolic pathways dem involve insyd de effects of CR einself, wey dey lead to preserved youthful health den longer lifespan widout de need to reduce food intake. De term be coined by Lane, Ingram, Roth of de National Institute on Aging insyd a seminal 1998 paper insyd de ''Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine'', de forerunner of ''Rejuvenation Research''.&lt;ref name=Lane1998&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Lane MA |author2=Ingram DK |author3=Roth GS|title=2-Deoxy-D-glucose feeding in rats mimics physiologic effects of calorie restriction|journal=J Anti-Aging Med|date=Winter 1998|volume=1|issue=4|pages=327–37|doi=10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of genes den pathways be shown to be involved plus de actions of CR insyd model organisms den dese dey represent attractive targets for drug discovery den for developing CRM. However, no effective CRM be identified to date.&lt;ref name=Rimbach2015&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FNRR%2FS0954422415000062a.pdf&amp;code=be4c8fe053e9278f589a28152cc6112a | first1=Sibylle | last1=Nikolai | first2=Kathrin | last2=Pallauf | first3=Patricia | last3=Huebbe | last4=Rimbach | first4=Gerald | title=Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics | journal=Nutrition Research Reviews | date=22 September 2015 | volume= 28| issue=2| pages=100–120 | doi=10.1017/S0954422415000062 | pmid=26391585 | access-date=8 November 2015| doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=de Magalhaes | first1=JP | last2=Wuttke | first2=D | last3=Wood | first3=SH | last4=Plank | first4=M | last5=Vora | first5=C | title=Genome-environment interactions that modulate aging: powerful targets for drug discovery |journal=Pharmacol Rev |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |year=2012 |pmid=22090473 |doi=10.1124/pr.110.004499 |pmc=3250080}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ingram&amp;Roth2011&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ingram | first1=DK |  last2=Roth | first2=GS | title=Glycolytic inhibition as a strategy for developing calorie restriction mimetics|journal=Experimental Gerontology|date=Feb–Mar 2011|volume=46|issue=2–3|pages=148–54 | doi=10.1016/j.exger.2010.12.001 | pmid=21167272 | s2cid=5634847 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caloric Restriction Mimetic}}
[[Category:Biogerontology]]
&lt;references /&gt;
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116071059/http://www.cron-web.org/cr-mimetics.html A List of Potential CR Mimetics]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fecal microbiota transplant</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>107533</id>
      <parentid>107301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-21T17:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin</comment>
      <origin>107533</origin>
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'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), dem sanso know as a '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be de process of transferring fecal bacteria den oda microbes from a healthy individual into an unhealthy individual. FMT be an effective treatment for ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Visser CE, Kuijper EJ, Bartelsman JF, Tijssen JG, Speelman P, Dijkgraaf MG, Keller JJ |date=January 2013 |title=Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=368 |issue=5 |pages=407–415 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1205037 |pmid=23323867 |s2cid=25879411 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For recurrent CDI, FMT be more effective dan vancomycin alone, wey fi improve de outcome after de first index infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-21T17:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>107534</origin>
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'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), dem sanso know as a '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be de process of transferring fecal bacteria den oda microbes from a healthy individual into an unhealthy individual. FMT be an effective treatment for ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Visser CE, Kuijper EJ, Bartelsman JF, Tijssen JG, Speelman P, Dijkgraaf MG, Keller JJ |date=January 2013 |title=Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=368 |issue=5 |pages=407–415 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1205037 |pmid=23323867 |s2cid=25879411 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For recurrent CDI, FMT be more effective dan vancomycin alone, wey fi improve de outcome after de first index infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects dey include a risk of infections; therefore, donors for be screened for pathogens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms |date=March 12, 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174505/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus CDI dey cam be more common, FMT dey gain prominence. Some experts call for am make e cam be de first-line therapy for CDI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J |date=September 2011 |title=Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: &quot;first-line&quot; treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection? |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=655–657 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f |pmid=21716124 |s2cid=2508836 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; FMT be used experimentally to treat oda gastrointestinal diseases, wey dey include colitis, constipation, [[irritable bowel syndrome]], den neurological conditions, such as [[multiple sclerosis]] den [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts20112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Borody TJ, Khoruts A |date=December 2011 |title=Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications |journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=88–96 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244 |pmid=22183182 |s2cid=16747221}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | article-number = 337 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23852569 | pmc = 3742951 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], human feces be regulated as an experimental drug since 2013. Insyd de [[United Kingdom]], FMT regulation be under de remit of de Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HR | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 1920–1941 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30154172 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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      <id>107535</id>
      <parentid>107534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-21T17:42:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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'''Fecal microbiota transplant''' ('''FMT'''), dem sanso know as a '''stool transplant''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |vauthors=Rowan K |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |title='Poop Transplants' May Combat Bacterial Infections |date=October 20, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2012 |work=LiveScience |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192152/http://news.yahoo.com/poop-transplants-may-combat-bacterial-infections-130609662.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be de process of transferring fecal bacteria den oda microbes from a healthy individual into an unhealthy individual. FMT be an effective treatment for ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection (CDI).&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Visser CE, Kuijper EJ, Bartelsman JF, Tijssen JG, Speelman P, Dijkgraaf MG, Keller JJ |date=January 2013 |title=Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=368 |issue=5 |pages=407–415 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1205037 |pmid=23323867 |s2cid=25879411 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moayyedi P, Yuan Y, Baharith H, Ford AC | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for &lt;em&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/em&gt;-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 207 | issue = 4 | pages = 166–172 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28814204 | doi = 10.5694/mja17.00295 | s2cid = 24780848 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, Kelsen J, Høyer KL, Rågård N, Eriksen LL, Støy S, Rubak T, Damsgaard EM, Mikkelsen S, Erikstrup C, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | journal = The Lancet. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 1083–1091 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36152636 | doi = 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00276-X | s2cid = 252483680 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For recurrent CDI, FMT be more effective dan vancomycin alone, wey fi improve de outcome after de first index infection.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanNood20132&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Baunwall SM, Lee MM, Eriksen MK, Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, Dahlerup JF, Hvas CL | title = Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent ''Clostridioides difficile'' infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = eClinicalMedicine | volume = 29-30 | article-number = 100642 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33437951 | pmc = 7788438 | doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Side effects dey include a risk of infections; therefore, donors for be screened for pathogens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission |title=Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation: Safety Alert - Risk of Serious Adverse Events Likely Due to Transmission of Pathogenic Organisms |date=March 12, 2020 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |access-date=March 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021174505/https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/fecal-microbiota-transplantation-safety-alert-risk-serious-adverse-events-likely-due-transmission }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus CDI dey cam be more common, FMT dey gain prominence. Some experts call for am make e cam be de first-line therapy for CDI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandt2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Brandt LJ, Borody TJ, Campbell J |date=September 2011 |title=Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: &quot;first-line&quot; treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection? |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=655–657 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f |pmid=21716124 |s2cid=2508836 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; FMT be used experimentally to treat oda gastrointestinal diseases, wey dey include colitis, constipation, [[irritable bowel syndrome]], den neurological conditions, such as [[multiple sclerosis]] den [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BorodyKhoruts20112&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Borody TJ, Khoruts A |date=December 2011 |title=Fecal microbiota transplantation and emerging applications |journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=88–96 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2011.244 |pmid=22183182 |s2cid=16747221}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Borody TJ, Paramsothy S, Agrawal G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: indications, methods, evidence, and future directions | journal = Current Gastroenterology Reports | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | article-number = 337 | date = August 2013 | pmid = 23852569 | pmc = 3742951 | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0337-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], human feces be regulated as an experimental drug since 2013. Insyd de [[United Kingdom]], FMT regulation be under de remit of de Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HR | title = The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory ''Clostridium difficile'' infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines | journal = Gut | volume = 67 | issue = 11 | pages = 1920–1941 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30154172 | doi = 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818 | hdl-access = free | doi-access = free | hdl = 10044/1/61310 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q2121103|c=no|q=no|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=Microbiota}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bibbò S, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation: past, present and future perspectives | journal = Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 420–430 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 28927251 | doi = 10.23736/S1121-421X.17.02374-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = El-Salhy M, Patcharatrakul T, Gonlachanvit S | title = Fecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome: An intervention for the 21st century | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 27 | issue = 22 | pages = 2921–2943 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 34168399 | pmc = 8192290 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.2921 | doi-access = free }}

[[Category:Medical treatments]]
[[Category:Feces]]</text>
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    <title>Inflammaging</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-22T10:00:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin</comment>
      <origin>107544</origin>
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'''Inflammaging''' (dem sanso know as '''inflamm-aging''' anaa '''inflamm-ageing''') be a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation wey dey develop plus advanced age, insyd de absence of overt infection, wey fi contribute to clinical manifestations of oda age-related pathologies. Inflammaging be thought to be caused by a loss of control over systemic inflammation wey dey result in chronic overstimulation of de innate immune system. Inflammaging be a significant risk factor insyd mortality den morbidity insyd aged individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alberro|first1=Ainhoa|last2=Iribarren-Lopez|first2=Andrea|last3=Sáenz-Cuesta|first3=Matías|last4=Matheu|first4=Ander|last5=Vergara|first5=Itziar|last6=Otaegui|first6=David|date=23 February 2021|title=Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4358|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7 |pmid=33623057| pmc=7902838|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4358A|s2cid=232039252|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid =  34536213 |pmc=8449217 | doi = 10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 | volume=64 | title=Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging | year=2023 | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | pages=109–122 | last1 = Fulop | first1 = T | last2 = Larbi | first2 = A | last3 = Pawelec | first3 = G | last4 = Khalil | first4 = A | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AA | last6 = Hirokawa | first6 = K | last7 = Witkowski | first7 = JM | last8 = Franceschi | first8 = C |issue=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dugan | first1 = B. | last2 = Conway | first2 = J. | last3 = Duggal | first3 = N. A. | year = 2023 | title = Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing | url = | journal = Age and Ageing | volume =  52| issue = 2| article-number = afac328 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afac328 | pmid = 36735849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-22T10:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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'''Inflammaging''' (dem sanso know as '''inflamm-aging''' anaa '''inflamm-ageing''') be a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation wey dey develop plus advanced age, insyd de absence of overt infection, wey fi contribute to clinical manifestations of oda age-related pathologies. Inflammaging be thought to be caused by a loss of control over systemic inflammation wey dey result in chronic overstimulation of de innate immune system. Inflammaging be a significant risk factor insyd mortality den morbidity insyd aged individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alberro|first1=Ainhoa|last2=Iribarren-Lopez|first2=Andrea|last3=Sáenz-Cuesta|first3=Matías|last4=Matheu|first4=Ander|last5=Vergara|first5=Itziar|last6=Otaegui|first6=David|date=23 February 2021|title=Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4358|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7 |pmid=33623057| pmc=7902838|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4358A|s2cid=232039252|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid =  34536213 |pmc=8449217 | doi = 10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 | volume=64 | title=Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging | year=2023 | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | pages=109–122 | last1 = Fulop | first1 = T | last2 = Larbi | first2 = A | last3 = Pawelec | first3 = G | last4 = Khalil | first4 = A | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AA | last6 = Hirokawa | first6 = K | last7 = Witkowski | first7 = JM | last8 = Franceschi | first8 = C |issue=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dugan | first1 = B. | last2 = Conway | first2 = J. | last3 = Duggal | first3 = N. A. | year = 2023 | title = Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing | url = | journal = Age and Ageing | volume =  52| issue = 2| article-number = afac328 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afac328 | pmid = 36735849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflammation be essential to protect against viral den bacterial infection, as well as noxious stimuli. E be an integral part of de healing process, though prolonged inflammation fi be detrimental. De network dynamics of inflammation change plus age, den factors such as genes, lifestyle, den environment contribute to dese changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rea|first1=Irene Maeve|last2=Gibson|first2=David S.|last3=McGilligan|first3=Victoria|last4=McNerlan|first4=Susan E.|last5=Alexander|first5=H. Denis|last6=Ross|first6=Owen A.|date=9 April 2018|title=Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9|article-number=586|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5900450|pmid=29686666|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current research wey dey study inflammaging be focused on understanding de interaction of dynamic molecular pathways wey dey underly both aging den inflammation den how dem change plus chronological age.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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'''Inflammaging''' (dem sanso know as '''inflamm-aging''' anaa '''inflamm-ageing''') be a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation wey dey develop plus advanced age, insyd de absence of overt infection, wey fi contribute to clinical manifestations of oda age-related pathologies. Inflammaging be thought to be caused by a loss of control over systemic inflammation wey dey result in chronic overstimulation of de innate immune system. Inflammaging be a significant risk factor insyd mortality den morbidity insyd aged individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Alberro|first1=Ainhoa|last2=Iribarren-Lopez|first2=Andrea|last3=Sáenz-Cuesta|first3=Matías|last4=Matheu|first4=Ander|last5=Vergara|first5=Itziar|last6=Otaegui|first6=David|date=23 February 2021|title=Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4358|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7 |pmid=33623057| pmc=7902838|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.4358A|s2cid=232039252|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid =  34536213 |pmc=8449217 | doi = 10.1007/s12016-021-08899-6 | volume=64 | title=Immunology of Aging: the Birth of Inflammaging | year=2023 | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | pages=109–122 | last1 = Fulop | first1 = T | last2 = Larbi | first2 = A | last3 = Pawelec | first3 = G | last4 = Khalil | first4 = A | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AA | last6 = Hirokawa | first6 = K | last7 = Witkowski | first7 = JM | last8 = Franceschi | first8 = C |issue=2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dugan | first1 = B. | last2 = Conway | first2 = J. | last3 = Duggal | first3 = N. A. | year = 2023 | title = Inflammaging as a target for healthy ageing | url = | journal = Age and Ageing | volume =  52| issue = 2| article-number = afac328 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afac328 | pmid = 36735849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inflammation be essential to protect against viral den bacterial infection, as well as noxious stimuli. E be an integral part of de healing process, though prolonged inflammation fi be detrimental. De network dynamics of inflammation change plus age, den factors such as genes, lifestyle, den environment contribute to dese changes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rea|first1=Irene Maeve|last2=Gibson|first2=David S.|last3=McGilligan|first3=Victoria|last4=McNerlan|first4=Susan E.|last5=Alexander|first5=H. Denis|last6=Ross|first6=Owen A.|date=9 April 2018|title=Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9|article-number=586|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5900450|pmid=29686666|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current research wey dey study inflammaging be focused on understanding de interaction of dynamic molecular pathways wey dey underly both aging den inflammation den how dem change plus chronological age.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Ageing]]
[[Category:Biogerontology]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Old age]]</text>
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    <title>Dermatomyositis</title>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Current treatment of dermatomyositis dey rely on immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, den cyclosporine, plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dem widely use for refractory anaa severe disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dalakas |first1=Marinos C. |last2=Illa |first2=Isabel |last3=Dambrosia |first3=James M. |last4=Soueidan |first4=Shawke A. |last5=Stein |first5=Daniel P. |last6=Otero |first6=Carlos |last7=Dinsmore |first7=Steven T. |last8=McCrosky |first8=Susan |date=1993-12-30 |title=A Controlled Trial of High-Dose Intravenous Immune Globulin Infusions as Treatment for Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=329 |issue=27 |pages=1993–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |pmid=8247075 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Rohit |last2=Charles-Schoeman |first2=Christina |last3=Schessl |first3=Joachim |last4=Bata-Csörgő |first4=Zsuzsanna |last5=Dimachkie |first5=Mazen M. |last6=Griger |first6=Zoltan |last7=Moiseev |first7=Sergey |last8=Oddis |first8=Chester |last9=Schiopu |first9=Elena |last10=Vencovský |first10=Jiri |last11=Beckmann |first11=Irene |last12=Clodi |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Bugrova |first13=Olga |last14=Dankó |first14=Katalin |last15=Ernste |first15=Floranne |date=2022-10-06 |title=Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=387 |issue=14 |pages=1264–1278 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |pmid=36198179 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rituximab remain an important therapeutic option despite dem mixe clinical trial results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oddis |first1=Chester V. |last2=Reed |first2=Ann M. |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Rohit |last4=Rider |first4=Lisa G. |last5=Ascherman |first5=Dana P. |last6=Levesque |first6=Marc C. |last7=Barohn |first7=Richard J. |last8=Feldman |first8=Brian M. |last9=Harris-Love |first9=Michael O. |last10=Koontz |first10=Diane C. |last11=Fertig |first11=Noreen |last12=Kelley |first12=Stephanie S. |last13=Pryber |first13=Sherrie L. |last14=Miller |first14=Frederick W. |last15=Rockette |first15=Howard E. |date=February 2013 |title=Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo-phase trial |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=314–324 |doi=10.1002/art.37754 |pmid=23124935 |pmc=3558563 |issn=0004-3591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emerging targeted therapies, wey dey include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Julie J. |last2=Casciola-Rosen |first2=Livia |last3=Shin |first3=Joseph Yusup |last4=Albayda |first4=Jemima |last5=Tiniakou |first5=Eleni |last6=Leung |first6=Doris G |last7=Gutierrez-Alamillo |first7=Laura |last8=Perin |first8=Jamie |last9=Florea |first9=Liliana |last10=Antonescu |first10=Corina |last11=Leung |first11=Sherry G. |last12=Purwin |first12=Grazyna |last13=Koenig |first13=Andrew |last14=Christopher-Stine |first14=Lisa |date=May 2021 |title=Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis: An Open-Label Pilot Study of Ten Patients |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1002/art.41602 |pmid=33258553 |pmc=8084900 |issn=2326-5191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ladislau |first1=Leandro |last2=Suárez-Calvet |first2=Xavier |last3=Toquet |first3=Ségolène |last4=Landon-Cardinal |first4=Océane |last5=Amelin |first5=Damien |last6=Depp |first6=Marine |last7=Rodero |first7=Mathieu P |last8=Hathazi |first8=Denisa |last9=Duffy |first9=Darragh |last10=Bondet |first10=Vincent |last11=Preusse |first11=Corinna |last12=Bienvenu |first12=Boris |last13=Rozenberg |first13=Flore |last14=Roos |first14=Andreas |last15=Benjamim |first15=Claudia F |date=2018-06-01 |title=JAK inhibitor improves type I interferon induced damage: proof of concept in dermatomyositis |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/141/6/1609/4993951 |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1621 |doi=10.1093/brain/awy105 |pmid=29741608 |issn=0006-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hornung |first1=Thorsten |last2=Janzen |first2=Viktor |last3=Heidgen |first3=Franz-Josef |last4=Wolf |first4=Dominik |last5=Bieber |first5=Thomas |last6=Wenzel |first6=Joerg |date=2014-12-25 |title=Remission of Recalcitrant Dermatomyositis Treated with Ruxolitinib |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=26 |pages=2537–2538 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |pmid=25539124 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hanna |last2=Dill |first2=Samantha |last3=O'Brien |first3=Michelle |last4=Vian |first4=Laura |last5=Li |first5=Xiaobai |last6=Manukyan |first6=Manuk |last7=Jain |first7=Minal |last8=Adeojo |first8=Lilian W |last9=George |first9=Jomy |last10=Perez |first10=Maria |last11=Grom |first11=Alexei A |last12=Sutter |first12=Michelle |last13=Feldman |first13=Brian M |last14=Yao |first14=Lawrence |last15=Millwood |first15=Michelle |date=March 2021 |title=Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition with baricitinib in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218690 |pmid=32843325 |pmc=7904969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vleugels |first1=Ruth Ann |last2=Paik |first2=Julie J. |last3=Bauer Ventura |first3=Iazsmin |last4=Mangold |first4=Aaron R. |last5=Gandiga |first5=Prateek C. |last6=Haemel |first6=Anna |last7=Chinoy |first7=Hector |last8=Hussain |first8=Yessar M. |last9=Sivakumar |first9=Kumaraswamy |last10=Griger |first10=Zoltan |last11=Lee |first11=Eun Bong |last12=Bozan |first12=Francisca |last13=Hsu |first13=Chung-Yuan |last14=Femia |first14=Alisa |last15=Dimachkie |first15=Mazen M. |date=2026-05-14 |title=A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1883–1893 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |pmid=41910335 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den agents wey dey target de type I interferon pathway, such as dazukibart,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=David |last2=Mangold |first2=Aaron R |last3=Werth |first3=Victoria P |last4=Christopher-Stine |first4=Lisa |last5=Femia |first5=Alisa |last6=Chu |first6=Myron |last7=Musiek |first7=Amy C M |last8=Sluzevich |first8=Jason C |last9=Graham |first9=Lauren V |last10=Fernandez |first10=Anthony P |last11=Aggarwal |first11=Rohit |last12=Rieger |first12=Kerri |last13=Page |first13=Karen M |last14=Li |first14=Xingpeng |last15=Hyde |first15=Craig |date=January 2025 |title=Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFNβ specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624020713 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10473 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02071-3 |pmid=39798982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; get demonstrated promising efficacy. Novel approaches such as CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Taubmann |first2=Jule |last3=Bucci |first3=Laura |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Artur |last5=Bergmann |first5=Christina |last6=Völkl |first6=Simon |last7=Aigner |first7=Michael |last8=Rothe |first8=Tobias |last9=Minopoulou |first9=Ioanna |last10=Tur |first10=Carlo |last11=Knitza |first11=Johannes |last12=Kharboutli |first12=Soraya |last13=Kretschmann |first13=Sascha |last14=Vasova |first14=Ingrid |last15=Spoerl |first15=Silvia |date=2024-02-22 |title=CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease — A Case Series with Follow-up |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=390 |issue=8 |pages=687–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |pmid=38381673 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; plasma cell–directed therapies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Wirsching |first2=Andreas |last3=Hagen |first3=Melanie |last4=Völkl |first4=Simon |last5=Tur |first5=Carlo |last6=Raimondo |first6=Maria Gabriella |last7=Taubmann |first7=Jule |last8=Bucci |first8=Laura |last9=Zhang |first9=Liang |last10=Kretschmann |first10=Sascha |last11=Aigner |first11=Michael |last12=Eckstein |first12=Markus |last13=Spörl |first13=Silvia |last14=Kharboutli |first14=Soraya |last15=Böltz |first15=Sebastian |date=June 2025 |title=BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1793–1797 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 |pmid=40245922 |pmc=12176613 |issn=1078-8956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Melanie |last2=Bucci |first2=Laura |last3=Böltz |first3=Sebastian |last4=Nöthling |first4=Danae-Mona |last5=Rothe |first5=Tobias |last6=Anoshkin |first6=Kirill |last7=Raimondo |first7=Maria G. |last8=Tur |first8=Carlo |last9=Wirsching |first9=Andreas |last10=Wacker |first10=Jochen |last11=Düsing |first11=Christina |last12=Distler |first12=Jörg H.W. |last13=Kuwert |first13=Torsten |last14=Bozec |first14=Aline |last15=Ramming |first15=Andreas |date=2024-09-05 |title=BCMA-Targeted T-Cell–Engager Therapy for Autoimmune Disease |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=9 |pages=867–869 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |pmid=39231353 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors, such as efgartigimod, sanso dey show encouraging results,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chinoy |first1=H. |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=S. |last3=Neto |first3=A. |last4=Papadopoulou |first4=D. |last5=Van Baelen |first5=B. |last6=Duncombe |first6=P. |last7=De Ceuninck |first7=L. |last8=van der Woning |first8=B. |last9=Aggarwal |first9=R. |date=June 2025 |title=Op0002 Efficacy and Safety of Efgartigimod Ph20 Sc in Adult Participants with Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 2 Results from the Alkivia Study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003496725010581 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=84 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.025}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey offer de potential for sustained treatment-free disease control insyd de case of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Overall, plus timely diagnosis den appropriate treatment, de prognosis of DM generally be favorable.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Current treatment of dermatomyositis dey rely on immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, den cyclosporine, plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dem widely use for refractory anaa severe disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dalakas |first1=Marinos C. |last2=Illa |first2=Isabel |last3=Dambrosia |first3=James M. |last4=Soueidan |first4=Shawke A. |last5=Stein |first5=Daniel P. |last6=Otero |first6=Carlos |last7=Dinsmore |first7=Steven T. |last8=McCrosky |first8=Susan |date=1993-12-30 |title=A Controlled Trial of High-Dose Intravenous Immune Globulin Infusions as Treatment for Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=329 |issue=27 |pages=1993–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |pmid=8247075 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Rohit |last2=Charles-Schoeman |first2=Christina |last3=Schessl |first3=Joachim |last4=Bata-Csörgő |first4=Zsuzsanna |last5=Dimachkie |first5=Mazen M. |last6=Griger |first6=Zoltan |last7=Moiseev |first7=Sergey |last8=Oddis |first8=Chester |last9=Schiopu |first9=Elena |last10=Vencovský |first10=Jiri |last11=Beckmann |first11=Irene |last12=Clodi |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Bugrova |first13=Olga |last14=Dankó |first14=Katalin |last15=Ernste |first15=Floranne |date=2022-10-06 |title=Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=387 |issue=14 |pages=1264–1278 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |pmid=36198179 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rituximab remain an important therapeutic option despite dem mixe clinical trial results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oddis |first1=Chester V. |last2=Reed |first2=Ann M. |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Rohit |last4=Rider |first4=Lisa G. |last5=Ascherman |first5=Dana P. |last6=Levesque |first6=Marc C. |last7=Barohn |first7=Richard J. |last8=Feldman |first8=Brian M. |last9=Harris-Love |first9=Michael O. |last10=Koontz |first10=Diane C. |last11=Fertig |first11=Noreen |last12=Kelley |first12=Stephanie S. |last13=Pryber |first13=Sherrie L. |last14=Miller |first14=Frederick W. |last15=Rockette |first15=Howard E. |date=February 2013 |title=Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo-phase trial |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=314–324 |doi=10.1002/art.37754 |pmid=23124935 |pmc=3558563 |issn=0004-3591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emerging targeted therapies, wey dey include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Julie J. |last2=Casciola-Rosen |first2=Livia |last3=Shin |first3=Joseph Yusup |last4=Albayda |first4=Jemima |last5=Tiniakou |first5=Eleni |last6=Leung |first6=Doris G |last7=Gutierrez-Alamillo |first7=Laura |last8=Perin |first8=Jamie |last9=Florea |first9=Liliana |last10=Antonescu |first10=Corina |last11=Leung |first11=Sherry G. |last12=Purwin |first12=Grazyna |last13=Koenig |first13=Andrew |last14=Christopher-Stine |first14=Lisa |date=May 2021 |title=Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis: An Open-Label Pilot Study of Ten Patients |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1002/art.41602 |pmid=33258553 |pmc=8084900 |issn=2326-5191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ladislau |first1=Leandro |last2=Suárez-Calvet |first2=Xavier |last3=Toquet |first3=Ségolène |last4=Landon-Cardinal |first4=Océane |last5=Amelin |first5=Damien |last6=Depp |first6=Marine |last7=Rodero |first7=Mathieu P |last8=Hathazi |first8=Denisa |last9=Duffy |first9=Darragh |last10=Bondet |first10=Vincent |last11=Preusse |first11=Corinna |last12=Bienvenu |first12=Boris |last13=Rozenberg |first13=Flore |last14=Roos |first14=Andreas |last15=Benjamim |first15=Claudia F |date=2018-06-01 |title=JAK inhibitor improves type I interferon induced damage: proof of concept in dermatomyositis |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/141/6/1609/4993951 |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1621 |doi=10.1093/brain/awy105 |pmid=29741608 |issn=0006-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hornung |first1=Thorsten |last2=Janzen |first2=Viktor |last3=Heidgen |first3=Franz-Josef |last4=Wolf |first4=Dominik |last5=Bieber |first5=Thomas |last6=Wenzel |first6=Joerg |date=2014-12-25 |title=Remission of Recalcitrant Dermatomyositis Treated with Ruxolitinib |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=26 |pages=2537–2538 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |pmid=25539124 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hanna |last2=Dill |first2=Samantha |last3=O'Brien |first3=Michelle |last4=Vian |first4=Laura |last5=Li |first5=Xiaobai |last6=Manukyan |first6=Manuk |last7=Jain |first7=Minal |last8=Adeojo |first8=Lilian W |last9=George |first9=Jomy |last10=Perez |first10=Maria |last11=Grom |first11=Alexei A |last12=Sutter |first12=Michelle |last13=Feldman |first13=Brian M |last14=Yao |first14=Lawrence |last15=Millwood |first15=Michelle |date=March 2021 |title=Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition with baricitinib in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218690 |pmid=32843325 |pmc=7904969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vleugels |first1=Ruth Ann |last2=Paik |first2=Julie J. |last3=Bauer Ventura |first3=Iazsmin |last4=Mangold |first4=Aaron R. |last5=Gandiga |first5=Prateek C. |last6=Haemel |first6=Anna |last7=Chinoy |first7=Hector |last8=Hussain |first8=Yessar M. |last9=Sivakumar |first9=Kumaraswamy |last10=Griger |first10=Zoltan |last11=Lee |first11=Eun Bong |last12=Bozan |first12=Francisca |last13=Hsu |first13=Chung-Yuan |last14=Femia |first14=Alisa |last15=Dimachkie |first15=Mazen M. |date=2026-05-14 |title=A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1883–1893 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |pmid=41910335 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den agents wey dey target de type I interferon pathway, such as dazukibart,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=David |last2=Mangold |first2=Aaron R |last3=Werth |first3=Victoria P |last4=Christopher-Stine |first4=Lisa |last5=Femia |first5=Alisa |last6=Chu |first6=Myron |last7=Musiek |first7=Amy C M |last8=Sluzevich |first8=Jason C |last9=Graham |first9=Lauren V |last10=Fernandez |first10=Anthony P |last11=Aggarwal |first11=Rohit |last12=Rieger |first12=Kerri |last13=Page |first13=Karen M |last14=Li |first14=Xingpeng |last15=Hyde |first15=Craig |date=January 2025 |title=Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFNβ specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624020713 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10473 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02071-3 |pmid=39798982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; get demonstrated promising efficacy. Novel approaches such as CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Taubmann |first2=Jule |last3=Bucci |first3=Laura |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Artur |last5=Bergmann |first5=Christina |last6=Völkl |first6=Simon |last7=Aigner |first7=Michael |last8=Rothe |first8=Tobias |last9=Minopoulou |first9=Ioanna |last10=Tur |first10=Carlo |last11=Knitza |first11=Johannes |last12=Kharboutli |first12=Soraya |last13=Kretschmann |first13=Sascha |last14=Vasova |first14=Ingrid |last15=Spoerl |first15=Silvia |date=2024-02-22 |title=CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease — A Case Series with Follow-up |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=390 |issue=8 |pages=687–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |pmid=38381673 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; plasma cell–directed therapies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Wirsching |first2=Andreas |last3=Hagen |first3=Melanie |last4=Völkl |first4=Simon |last5=Tur |first5=Carlo |last6=Raimondo |first6=Maria Gabriella |last7=Taubmann |first7=Jule |last8=Bucci |first8=Laura |last9=Zhang |first9=Liang |last10=Kretschmann |first10=Sascha |last11=Aigner |first11=Michael |last12=Eckstein |first12=Markus |last13=Spörl |first13=Silvia |last14=Kharboutli |first14=Soraya |last15=Böltz |first15=Sebastian |date=June 2025 |title=BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1793–1797 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 |pmid=40245922 |pmc=12176613 |issn=1078-8956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Melanie |last2=Bucci |first2=Laura |last3=Böltz |first3=Sebastian |last4=Nöthling |first4=Danae-Mona |last5=Rothe |first5=Tobias |last6=Anoshkin |first6=Kirill |last7=Raimondo |first7=Maria G. |last8=Tur |first8=Carlo |last9=Wirsching |first9=Andreas |last10=Wacker |first10=Jochen |last11=Düsing |first11=Christina |last12=Distler |first12=Jörg H.W. |last13=Kuwert |first13=Torsten |last14=Bozec |first14=Aline |last15=Ramming |first15=Andreas |date=2024-09-05 |title=BCMA-Targeted T-Cell–Engager Therapy for Autoimmune Disease |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=9 |pages=867–869 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |pmid=39231353 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors, such as efgartigimod, sanso dey show encouraging results,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chinoy |first1=H. |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=S. |last3=Neto |first3=A. |last4=Papadopoulou |first4=D. |last5=Van Baelen |first5=B. |last6=Duncombe |first6=P. |last7=De Ceuninck |first7=L. |last8=van der Woning |first8=B. |last9=Aggarwal |first9=R. |date=June 2025 |title=Op0002 Efficacy and Safety of Efgartigimod Ph20 Sc in Adult Participants with Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 2 Results from the Alkivia Study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003496725010581 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=84 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.025}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey offer de potential for sustained treatment-free disease control insyd de case of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Overall, plus timely diagnosis den appropriate treatment, de prognosis of DM generally be favorable.

About one insyd 100,000 people receive a new diagnosis of dermatomyositis each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition usually dey occur insyd those insyd dema 40s den 50s plus women be affected more often dan men.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; People of any age, however, fi be affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Na de condition first be described insyd de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79313-7_2 |chapter=History of Dermatomyositis |title=Dermatomyositis |date=2009 |pages=5–8 |isbn=978-3-540-79312-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Current treatment of dermatomyositis dey rely on immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, den cyclosporine, plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dem widely use for refractory anaa severe disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dalakas |first1=Marinos C. |last2=Illa |first2=Isabel |last3=Dambrosia |first3=James M. |last4=Soueidan |first4=Shawke A. |last5=Stein |first5=Daniel P. |last6=Otero |first6=Carlos |last7=Dinsmore |first7=Steven T. |last8=McCrosky |first8=Susan |date=1993-12-30 |title=A Controlled Trial of High-Dose Intravenous Immune Globulin Infusions as Treatment for Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=329 |issue=27 |pages=1993–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |pmid=8247075 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Rohit |last2=Charles-Schoeman |first2=Christina |last3=Schessl |first3=Joachim |last4=Bata-Csörgő |first4=Zsuzsanna |last5=Dimachkie |first5=Mazen M. |last6=Griger |first6=Zoltan |last7=Moiseev |first7=Sergey |last8=Oddis |first8=Chester |last9=Schiopu |first9=Elena |last10=Vencovský |first10=Jiri |last11=Beckmann |first11=Irene |last12=Clodi |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Bugrova |first13=Olga |last14=Dankó |first14=Katalin |last15=Ernste |first15=Floranne |date=2022-10-06 |title=Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=387 |issue=14 |pages=1264–1278 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |pmid=36198179 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rituximab remain an important therapeutic option despite dem mixe clinical trial results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oddis |first1=Chester V. |last2=Reed |first2=Ann M. |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Rohit |last4=Rider |first4=Lisa G. |last5=Ascherman |first5=Dana P. |last6=Levesque |first6=Marc C. |last7=Barohn |first7=Richard J. |last8=Feldman |first8=Brian M. |last9=Harris-Love |first9=Michael O. |last10=Koontz |first10=Diane C. |last11=Fertig |first11=Noreen |last12=Kelley |first12=Stephanie S. |last13=Pryber |first13=Sherrie L. |last14=Miller |first14=Frederick W. |last15=Rockette |first15=Howard E. |date=February 2013 |title=Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo-phase trial |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=314–324 |doi=10.1002/art.37754 |pmid=23124935 |pmc=3558563 |issn=0004-3591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emerging targeted therapies, wey dey include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Julie J. |last2=Casciola-Rosen |first2=Livia |last3=Shin |first3=Joseph Yusup |last4=Albayda |first4=Jemima |last5=Tiniakou |first5=Eleni |last6=Leung |first6=Doris G |last7=Gutierrez-Alamillo |first7=Laura |last8=Perin |first8=Jamie |last9=Florea |first9=Liliana |last10=Antonescu |first10=Corina |last11=Leung |first11=Sherry G. |last12=Purwin |first12=Grazyna |last13=Koenig |first13=Andrew |last14=Christopher-Stine |first14=Lisa |date=May 2021 |title=Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis: An Open-Label Pilot Study of Ten Patients |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1002/art.41602 |pmid=33258553 |pmc=8084900 |issn=2326-5191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ladislau |first1=Leandro |last2=Suárez-Calvet |first2=Xavier |last3=Toquet |first3=Ségolène |last4=Landon-Cardinal |first4=Océane |last5=Amelin |first5=Damien |last6=Depp |first6=Marine |last7=Rodero |first7=Mathieu P |last8=Hathazi |first8=Denisa |last9=Duffy |first9=Darragh |last10=Bondet |first10=Vincent |last11=Preusse |first11=Corinna |last12=Bienvenu |first12=Boris |last13=Rozenberg |first13=Flore |last14=Roos |first14=Andreas |last15=Benjamim |first15=Claudia F |date=2018-06-01 |title=JAK inhibitor improves type I interferon induced damage: proof of concept in dermatomyositis |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/141/6/1609/4993951 |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1621 |doi=10.1093/brain/awy105 |pmid=29741608 |issn=0006-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hornung |first1=Thorsten |last2=Janzen |first2=Viktor |last3=Heidgen |first3=Franz-Josef |last4=Wolf |first4=Dominik |last5=Bieber |first5=Thomas |last6=Wenzel |first6=Joerg |date=2014-12-25 |title=Remission of Recalcitrant Dermatomyositis Treated with Ruxolitinib |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=26 |pages=2537–2538 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |pmid=25539124 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hanna |last2=Dill |first2=Samantha |last3=O'Brien |first3=Michelle |last4=Vian |first4=Laura |last5=Li |first5=Xiaobai |last6=Manukyan |first6=Manuk |last7=Jain |first7=Minal |last8=Adeojo |first8=Lilian W |last9=George |first9=Jomy |last10=Perez |first10=Maria |last11=Grom |first11=Alexei A |last12=Sutter |first12=Michelle |last13=Feldman |first13=Brian M |last14=Yao |first14=Lawrence |last15=Millwood |first15=Michelle |date=March 2021 |title=Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition with baricitinib in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218690 |pmid=32843325 |pmc=7904969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vleugels |first1=Ruth Ann |last2=Paik |first2=Julie J. |last3=Bauer Ventura |first3=Iazsmin |last4=Mangold |first4=Aaron R. |last5=Gandiga |first5=Prateek C. |last6=Haemel |first6=Anna |last7=Chinoy |first7=Hector |last8=Hussain |first8=Yessar M. |last9=Sivakumar |first9=Kumaraswamy |last10=Griger |first10=Zoltan |last11=Lee |first11=Eun Bong |last12=Bozan |first12=Francisca |last13=Hsu |first13=Chung-Yuan |last14=Femia |first14=Alisa |last15=Dimachkie |first15=Mazen M. |date=2026-05-14 |title=A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1883–1893 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |pmid=41910335 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den agents wey dey target de type I interferon pathway, such as dazukibart,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=David |last2=Mangold |first2=Aaron R |last3=Werth |first3=Victoria P |last4=Christopher-Stine |first4=Lisa |last5=Femia |first5=Alisa |last6=Chu |first6=Myron |last7=Musiek |first7=Amy C M |last8=Sluzevich |first8=Jason C |last9=Graham |first9=Lauren V |last10=Fernandez |first10=Anthony P |last11=Aggarwal |first11=Rohit |last12=Rieger |first12=Kerri |last13=Page |first13=Karen M |last14=Li |first14=Xingpeng |last15=Hyde |first15=Craig |date=January 2025 |title=Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFNβ specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624020713 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10473 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02071-3 |pmid=39798982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; get demonstrated promising efficacy. Novel approaches such as CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Taubmann |first2=Jule |last3=Bucci |first3=Laura |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Artur |last5=Bergmann |first5=Christina |last6=Völkl |first6=Simon |last7=Aigner |first7=Michael |last8=Rothe |first8=Tobias |last9=Minopoulou |first9=Ioanna |last10=Tur |first10=Carlo |last11=Knitza |first11=Johannes |last12=Kharboutli |first12=Soraya |last13=Kretschmann |first13=Sascha |last14=Vasova |first14=Ingrid |last15=Spoerl |first15=Silvia |date=2024-02-22 |title=CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease — A Case Series with Follow-up |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=390 |issue=8 |pages=687–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |pmid=38381673 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; plasma cell–directed therapies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Wirsching |first2=Andreas |last3=Hagen |first3=Melanie |last4=Völkl |first4=Simon |last5=Tur |first5=Carlo |last6=Raimondo |first6=Maria Gabriella |last7=Taubmann |first7=Jule |last8=Bucci |first8=Laura |last9=Zhang |first9=Liang |last10=Kretschmann |first10=Sascha |last11=Aigner |first11=Michael |last12=Eckstein |first12=Markus |last13=Spörl |first13=Silvia |last14=Kharboutli |first14=Soraya |last15=Böltz |first15=Sebastian |date=June 2025 |title=BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1793–1797 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 |pmid=40245922 |pmc=12176613 |issn=1078-8956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Melanie |last2=Bucci |first2=Laura |last3=Böltz |first3=Sebastian |last4=Nöthling |first4=Danae-Mona |last5=Rothe |first5=Tobias |last6=Anoshkin |first6=Kirill |last7=Raimondo |first7=Maria G. |last8=Tur |first8=Carlo |last9=Wirsching |first9=Andreas |last10=Wacker |first10=Jochen |last11=Düsing |first11=Christina |last12=Distler |first12=Jörg H.W. |last13=Kuwert |first13=Torsten |last14=Bozec |first14=Aline |last15=Ramming |first15=Andreas |date=2024-09-05 |title=BCMA-Targeted T-Cell–Engager Therapy for Autoimmune Disease |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=9 |pages=867–869 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |pmid=39231353 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors, such as efgartigimod, sanso dey show encouraging results,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chinoy |first1=H. |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=S. |last3=Neto |first3=A. |last4=Papadopoulou |first4=D. |last5=Van Baelen |first5=B. |last6=Duncombe |first6=P. |last7=De Ceuninck |first7=L. |last8=van der Woning |first8=B. |last9=Aggarwal |first9=R. |date=June 2025 |title=Op0002 Efficacy and Safety of Efgartigimod Ph20 Sc in Adult Participants with Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 2 Results from the Alkivia Study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003496725010581 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=84 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.025}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey offer de potential for sustained treatment-free disease control insyd de case of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Overall, plus timely diagnosis den appropriate treatment, de prognosis of DM generally be favorable.

About one insyd 100,000 people receive a new diagnosis of dermatomyositis each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition usually dey occur insyd those insyd dema 40s den 50s plus women be affected more often dan men.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; People of any age, however, fi be affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Na de condition first be described insyd de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79313-7_2 |chapter=History of Dermatomyositis |title=Dermatomyositis |date=2009 |pages=5–8 |isbn=978-3-540-79312-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signs den symptoms ==
De main symptoms dey include several kinds of skin rash along plus muscle weakness insyd both upper arms anaa thighs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Oda ===
Around 30% of people get swollen, painful joints, buh dis be generally mild.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Examples of dermatomyositis&quot;&gt;
File:Dermatomyositis2.jpg|Gottron's papules on finger joints
File: Dermatomyositis5.jpg|Gottron's papules on de elbows of a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis6.jpg|Gottron's papules
File: Dermatomyositis8.jpg|Gottron's bumps on a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis7.jpg|Gottron's papules insyd a severe case of juvenile dermatomyositis
File: Dermatomyositis9.jpg|Heliotrope plus swelling around de eyes
File: Dermatomyositis10.jpg|Heliotrope
File: Dermatomyositis14.jpg|Facial rash
File: Dermatomyositis16.jpg|Severe rash on de hands, wey dey extend up de forearm
File: Dermatomyositis15.jpg|Forearm rash
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;


== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Current treatment of dermatomyositis dey rely on immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, den cyclosporine, plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dem widely use for refractory anaa severe disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dalakas |first1=Marinos C. |last2=Illa |first2=Isabel |last3=Dambrosia |first3=James M. |last4=Soueidan |first4=Shawke A. |last5=Stein |first5=Daniel P. |last6=Otero |first6=Carlos |last7=Dinsmore |first7=Steven T. |last8=McCrosky |first8=Susan |date=1993-12-30 |title=A Controlled Trial of High-Dose Intravenous Immune Globulin Infusions as Treatment for Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=329 |issue=27 |pages=1993–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |pmid=8247075 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Rohit |last2=Charles-Schoeman |first2=Christina |last3=Schessl |first3=Joachim |last4=Bata-Csörgő |first4=Zsuzsanna |last5=Dimachkie |first5=Mazen M. |last6=Griger |first6=Zoltan |last7=Moiseev |first7=Sergey |last8=Oddis |first8=Chester |last9=Schiopu |first9=Elena |last10=Vencovský |first10=Jiri |last11=Beckmann |first11=Irene |last12=Clodi |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Bugrova |first13=Olga |last14=Dankó |first14=Katalin |last15=Ernste |first15=Floranne |date=2022-10-06 |title=Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=387 |issue=14 |pages=1264–1278 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |pmid=36198179 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rituximab remain an important therapeutic option despite dem mixe clinical trial results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oddis |first1=Chester V. |last2=Reed |first2=Ann M. |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Rohit |last4=Rider |first4=Lisa G. |last5=Ascherman |first5=Dana P. |last6=Levesque |first6=Marc C. |last7=Barohn |first7=Richard J. |last8=Feldman |first8=Brian M. |last9=Harris-Love |first9=Michael O. |last10=Koontz |first10=Diane C. |last11=Fertig |first11=Noreen |last12=Kelley |first12=Stephanie S. |last13=Pryber |first13=Sherrie L. |last14=Miller |first14=Frederick W. |last15=Rockette |first15=Howard E. |date=February 2013 |title=Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo-phase trial |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=314–324 |doi=10.1002/art.37754 |pmid=23124935 |pmc=3558563 |issn=0004-3591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emerging targeted therapies, wey dey include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Julie J. |last2=Casciola-Rosen |first2=Livia |last3=Shin |first3=Joseph Yusup |last4=Albayda |first4=Jemima |last5=Tiniakou |first5=Eleni |last6=Leung |first6=Doris G |last7=Gutierrez-Alamillo |first7=Laura |last8=Perin |first8=Jamie |last9=Florea |first9=Liliana |last10=Antonescu |first10=Corina |last11=Leung |first11=Sherry G. |last12=Purwin |first12=Grazyna |last13=Koenig |first13=Andrew |last14=Christopher-Stine |first14=Lisa |date=May 2021 |title=Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis: An Open-Label Pilot Study of Ten Patients |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1002/art.41602 |pmid=33258553 |pmc=8084900 |issn=2326-5191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ladislau |first1=Leandro |last2=Suárez-Calvet |first2=Xavier |last3=Toquet |first3=Ségolène |last4=Landon-Cardinal |first4=Océane |last5=Amelin |first5=Damien |last6=Depp |first6=Marine |last7=Rodero |first7=Mathieu P |last8=Hathazi |first8=Denisa |last9=Duffy |first9=Darragh |last10=Bondet |first10=Vincent |last11=Preusse |first11=Corinna |last12=Bienvenu |first12=Boris |last13=Rozenberg |first13=Flore |last14=Roos |first14=Andreas |last15=Benjamim |first15=Claudia F |date=2018-06-01 |title=JAK inhibitor improves type I interferon induced damage: proof of concept in dermatomyositis |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/141/6/1609/4993951 |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1621 |doi=10.1093/brain/awy105 |pmid=29741608 |issn=0006-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hornung |first1=Thorsten |last2=Janzen |first2=Viktor |last3=Heidgen |first3=Franz-Josef |last4=Wolf |first4=Dominik |last5=Bieber |first5=Thomas |last6=Wenzel |first6=Joerg |date=2014-12-25 |title=Remission of Recalcitrant Dermatomyositis Treated with Ruxolitinib |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=26 |pages=2537–2538 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |pmid=25539124 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hanna |last2=Dill |first2=Samantha |last3=O'Brien |first3=Michelle |last4=Vian |first4=Laura |last5=Li |first5=Xiaobai |last6=Manukyan |first6=Manuk |last7=Jain |first7=Minal |last8=Adeojo |first8=Lilian W |last9=George |first9=Jomy |last10=Perez |first10=Maria |last11=Grom |first11=Alexei A |last12=Sutter |first12=Michelle |last13=Feldman |first13=Brian M |last14=Yao |first14=Lawrence |last15=Millwood |first15=Michelle |date=March 2021 |title=Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition with baricitinib in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218690 |pmid=32843325 |pmc=7904969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vleugels |first1=Ruth Ann |last2=Paik |first2=Julie J. |last3=Bauer Ventura |first3=Iazsmin |last4=Mangold |first4=Aaron R. |last5=Gandiga |first5=Prateek C. |last6=Haemel |first6=Anna |last7=Chinoy |first7=Hector |last8=Hussain |first8=Yessar M. |last9=Sivakumar |first9=Kumaraswamy |last10=Griger |first10=Zoltan |last11=Lee |first11=Eun Bong |last12=Bozan |first12=Francisca |last13=Hsu |first13=Chung-Yuan |last14=Femia |first14=Alisa |last15=Dimachkie |first15=Mazen M. |date=2026-05-14 |title=A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1883–1893 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |pmid=41910335 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den agents wey dey target de type I interferon pathway, such as dazukibart,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=David |last2=Mangold |first2=Aaron R |last3=Werth |first3=Victoria P |last4=Christopher-Stine |first4=Lisa |last5=Femia |first5=Alisa |last6=Chu |first6=Myron |last7=Musiek |first7=Amy C M |last8=Sluzevich |first8=Jason C |last9=Graham |first9=Lauren V |last10=Fernandez |first10=Anthony P |last11=Aggarwal |first11=Rohit |last12=Rieger |first12=Kerri |last13=Page |first13=Karen M |last14=Li |first14=Xingpeng |last15=Hyde |first15=Craig |date=January 2025 |title=Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFNβ specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624020713 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10473 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02071-3 |pmid=39798982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; get demonstrated promising efficacy. Novel approaches such as CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Taubmann |first2=Jule |last3=Bucci |first3=Laura |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Artur |last5=Bergmann |first5=Christina |last6=Völkl |first6=Simon |last7=Aigner |first7=Michael |last8=Rothe |first8=Tobias |last9=Minopoulou |first9=Ioanna |last10=Tur |first10=Carlo |last11=Knitza |first11=Johannes |last12=Kharboutli |first12=Soraya |last13=Kretschmann |first13=Sascha |last14=Vasova |first14=Ingrid |last15=Spoerl |first15=Silvia |date=2024-02-22 |title=CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease — A Case Series with Follow-up |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=390 |issue=8 |pages=687–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |pmid=38381673 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; plasma cell–directed therapies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Wirsching |first2=Andreas |last3=Hagen |first3=Melanie |last4=Völkl |first4=Simon |last5=Tur |first5=Carlo |last6=Raimondo |first6=Maria Gabriella |last7=Taubmann |first7=Jule |last8=Bucci |first8=Laura |last9=Zhang |first9=Liang |last10=Kretschmann |first10=Sascha |last11=Aigner |first11=Michael |last12=Eckstein |first12=Markus |last13=Spörl |first13=Silvia |last14=Kharboutli |first14=Soraya |last15=Böltz |first15=Sebastian |date=June 2025 |title=BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1793–1797 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 |pmid=40245922 |pmc=12176613 |issn=1078-8956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Melanie |last2=Bucci |first2=Laura |last3=Böltz |first3=Sebastian |last4=Nöthling |first4=Danae-Mona |last5=Rothe |first5=Tobias |last6=Anoshkin |first6=Kirill |last7=Raimondo |first7=Maria G. |last8=Tur |first8=Carlo |last9=Wirsching |first9=Andreas |last10=Wacker |first10=Jochen |last11=Düsing |first11=Christina |last12=Distler |first12=Jörg H.W. |last13=Kuwert |first13=Torsten |last14=Bozec |first14=Aline |last15=Ramming |first15=Andreas |date=2024-09-05 |title=BCMA-Targeted T-Cell–Engager Therapy for Autoimmune Disease |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=9 |pages=867–869 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |pmid=39231353 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors, such as efgartigimod, sanso dey show encouraging results,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chinoy |first1=H. |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=S. |last3=Neto |first3=A. |last4=Papadopoulou |first4=D. |last5=Van Baelen |first5=B. |last6=Duncombe |first6=P. |last7=De Ceuninck |first7=L. |last8=van der Woning |first8=B. |last9=Aggarwal |first9=R. |date=June 2025 |title=Op0002 Efficacy and Safety of Efgartigimod Ph20 Sc in Adult Participants with Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 2 Results from the Alkivia Study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003496725010581 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=84 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.025}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey offer de potential for sustained treatment-free disease control insyd de case of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Overall, plus timely diagnosis den appropriate treatment, de prognosis of DM generally be favorable.

About one insyd 100,000 people receive a new diagnosis of dermatomyositis each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition usually dey occur insyd those insyd dema 40s den 50s plus women be affected more often dan men.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; People of any age, however, fi be affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Na de condition first be described insyd de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79313-7_2 |chapter=History of Dermatomyositis |title=Dermatomyositis |date=2009 |pages=5–8 |isbn=978-3-540-79312-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signs den symptoms ==
De main symptoms dey include several kinds of skin rash along plus muscle weakness insyd both upper arms anaa thighs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Oda ===
Around 30% of people get swollen, painful joints, buh dis be generally mild.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Examples of dermatomyositis&quot;&gt;
File:Dermatomyositis2.jpg|Gottron's papules on finger joints
File: Dermatomyositis5.jpg|Gottron's papules on de elbows of a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis6.jpg|Gottron's papules
File: Dermatomyositis8.jpg|Gottron's bumps on a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis7.jpg|Gottron's papules insyd a severe case of juvenile dermatomyositis
File: Dermatomyositis9.jpg|Heliotrope plus swelling around de eyes
File: Dermatomyositis10.jpg|Heliotrope
File: Dermatomyositis14.jpg|Facial rash
File: Dermatomyositis16.jpg|Severe rash on de hands, wey dey extend up de forearm
File: Dermatomyositis15.jpg|Forearm rash
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==People wey be affected plus dermatomyositis==
* Opera singer Maria Callas (1923–1977)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grreporter.info/en/maria_callas_did_not_kill_herself_grief_onassis_rare_disease_cost_her_career_and_life/3863|title=Greek Reporter: 'Maria Callas did not kill herself from grief for Onassis, a rare disease cost her career and life'|date=28 December 2010|publisher=GR Reporter|access-date=1 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104202125/http://www.grreporter.info/en/maria_callas_did_not_kill_herself_grief_onassis_rare_disease_cost_her_career_and_life/3863|archive-date=4 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Actor Laurence Olivier (1907–1989)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20120826,00.html|title=Laurence Olivier Dies: 'The Rest Is Silence'|date=24 July 1989|publisher=People Magazine|access-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310165616/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20120826,00.html|archive-date=10 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* American football running back Ricky Bell (1955–1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.profootballweekly.com/2010/01/08/forgotten-ricky-bell|title=Forgotten: Ricky Bell|date=8 January 2010|publisher=Pro Football Weekly|access-date=26 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111093212/http://www.profootballweekly.com/2010/01/08/forgotten-ricky-bell|archive-date=11 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rob Buckman (1948–2011) a doctor, comedian, den author, den de presido of de Humanist Association of Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/12/rob-buckman|title=Rob Buckman obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=12 October 2011|access-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001025516/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/12/rob-buckman|archive-date=1 October 2013| vauthors = Jones T }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samantha, Indian actress
* Suhani Bhatnagar (2005–2024), Indian actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/dangal-actor-suhani-bhatnagar-succumbs-to-dermatomyositis-know-about-this-rare-condition/articleshow/107790902.cms|title='Dangal' actor Suhani Bhatnagar succumbs to dermatomyositis: Know about this rare condition|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Rooney (1947–2006), American actor den son of Mickey Rooney.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/mickey-rooneys-son-timothy-dies-at-59|title=Mickey Rooney's Son Timothy Dies at 59|newspaper=Fox News|date=September 27, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Dermatomyositis''' ('''DM''') be a group of sytemic [[Autoimmune disease|autoimmune]] inflammatory diseases wey primarily dey affect de skin den skeletal muscles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Selva-O'Callaghan |first1=Albert |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Trallero-Araguás |first3=Ernesto |last4=Milisenda |first4=José César |last5=Grau-Junyent |first5=Josep Maria |last6=Mammen |first6=Andrew L. |date=September 2018 |title=Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=816–828 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30254-0 |issn=1474-4465 |pmc=11646336 |pmid=30129477}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allenbach |first1=Yves |last2=Benveniste |first2=Olivier |date=2026-05-14 |title=Inflammatory Myopathies |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1925–1938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2415426 |pmid=42127392 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein symptoms generally be a skin rash den worsening muscle weakness over time. Dese fi occur suddenly anaa develop over months. Oda symptoms fi include weight loss, fever, lung inflammation, anaa light sensitivity. Complications fi include calcium deposits insyd muscles anaa skin. Distinct myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA) define clinically den pathologically distinct DM subtypes, each associate plus characteristic disease manifestations, prognosis, den treatment response.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Casal-Dominguez |first1=Maria |last2=Pinal-Fernandez |first2=Iago |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Huang |first4=Wilson |last5=Selva-O'Callaghan |first5=Albert |last6=Albayda |first6=Jemima |last7=Casciola-Rosen |first7=Livia |last8=Paik |first8=Julie J. |last9=Tiniakou |first9=Eleni |last10=Mecoli |first10=Christopher A. |last11=Lloyd |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Danoff |first12=Sonye K. |last13=Christopher-Stine |first13=Lisa |last14=Mammen |first14=Andrew L. |date=March 2022 |title=Performance of the 2017 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Patients With Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=508–517 |doi=10.1002/art.41964 |issn=2326-5205 |pmc=8881307 |pmid=34480833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eighty percent of adults&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tansley SL, McHugh NJ, Wedderburn LR | title = Adult and juvenile dermatomyositis: are the distinct clinical features explained by our current understanding of serological subgroups and pathogenic mechanisms? | journal = Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 211 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23566358 | pmc = 3672700 | doi = 10.1186/ar4198 | quote = Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) can now be identified in 80% of adults. | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; den sixty percent of kiddies plus juvenile dermatomyositis get a MSA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou C, Chew C, Wilkinson MG, McCann L, Wedderburn LR | title = Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myositis: an update on pathophysiology and clinical care | journal = Nature Reviews. Rheumatology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 343–362 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37188756 | pmc = 10184643 | doi = 10.1038/s41584-023-00967-9 | quote = Approximately 60% of patients with JDM are positive for a myositis-specific antibody (MSA). }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dese autoantibodies, wey locally infiltrating plasma cells produce, fi enter various cell types den disrupt de function of dema target autoantigens, wey dey induce cellular damage den inflammation wey directly drive disease pathogenesis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Muñoz-Braceras |first2=Sandra |last3=Casal-Dominguez |first3=Maria |last4=Pak |first4=Katherine |last5=Torres-Ruiz |first5=Jiram |last6=Musai |first6=Jon |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Islam |first9=Shamima |last10=Gutierrez-Cruz |first10=Gustavo |last11=Cano |first11=Maria Dolores |last12=Matas-Garcia |first12=Ana |last13=Padrosa |first13=Joan |last14=Tobias-Baraja |first14=Ester |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=2024-10-21 |title=Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1549–1560 |doi=10.1136/ard-2024-225773 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11493519 |pmid=38902010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Milisenda |first2=Jose Cesar |last3=Pak |first3=Katherine |last4=Muñoz-Braceras |first4=Sandra |last5=Casal-Dominguez |first5=Maria |last6=Torres-Ruiz |first6=Jiram |last7=Dell'Orso |first7=Stefania |last8=Naz |first8=Faiza |last9=Gutierrez-Cruz |first9=Gustavo |last10=Duque-Jaimez |first10=Yaiza |last11=Matas-Garcia |first11=Ana |last12=Padrosa |first12=Joan |last13=Garcia-Garcia |first13=Francesc J. |last14=Guitart-Mampel |first14=Mariona |last15=Garrabou |first15=Gloria |date=August 2023 |title=Transcriptional derepression of CHD4/NuRD-regulated genes in the muscle of patients with dermatomyositis and anti-Mi2 autoantibodies |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1097 |doi=10.1136/ard-2023-223873 |issn=1468-2060 |pmc=11611052 |pmid=37130727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Giannini |first1=Margherita |last2=Quiring |first2=Giulia |last3=Oulad-Abdelghani |first3=Mustapha |last4=Lannes |first4=Béatrice |last5=Allenbach |first5=Yves |last6=Benveniste |first6=Olivier |last7=Boyer |first7=Olivier |last8=Pakleza |first8=Aleksandra Nadaj |last9=Geny |first9=Bernard |last10=Meyer |first10=Alain |date=October 2025 |title=In immune-mediated necrotising myopathy, anti-HMGCR antibodies inhibit HMGCR activity, leading to the sarcoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets and myofibres necrosis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1752–1755 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.04.027 |issn=1468-2060 |pmid=40410054}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dermatomyositis fi develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome dem associate plus several malignancies, insyd wich tumors harbor genetic alterations, wey dey include somatic mutations, insyd genes wey dey encode de specific autoantigens dem target by de patient ein corresponding autoantibodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Tudorancea AD, Ciurea PL, Vreju AF, Turcu-Stiolica A, Gofita CE, Criveanu C, Musetescu AE, Dinescu SC | title = A Study on Dermatomyositis and the Relation to Malignancy | journal = Current Health Sciences Journal | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–382 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 35003769 | pmc = 8679146 | doi = 10.12865/CHSJ.47.03.07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pinal-Fernandez |first1=Iago |last2=Ferrer-Fabregas |first2=Berta |last3=Trallero-Araguas |first3=Ernesto |last4=Balada |first4=Eva |last5=Martínez |first5=Maria Angeles |last6=Milisenda |first6=Jose César |last7=Aparicio-Español |first7=Gloria |last8=Labrador-Horrillo |first8=Moises |last9=Garcia-Patos |first9=Vicente |last10=Grau-Junyent |first10=Josep M. |last11=Selva-O'Callaghan |first11=Albert |date=2018-02-01 |title=Tumour TIF1 mutations and loss of heterozygosity related to cancer-associated myositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=388–396 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kex413 |issn=1462-0332 |pmc=5850766 |pmid=29149307}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cordel |first1=Nadège |last2=Derambure |first2=Céline |last3=Coutant |first3=Sophie |last4=Mariette |first4=Xavier |last5=Jullien |first5=Denis |last6=Debarbieux |first6=Sébastien |last7=Chosidow |first7=Olivier |last8=Meyer |first8=Alain |last9=Bessis |first9=Didier |last10=Joly |first10=Pascal |last11=Mathian |first11=Alexis |last12=Levesque |first12=Hervé |last13=Sabourin |first13=Jean-Christophe |last14=Tournier |first14=Isabelle |last15=Boyer |first15=Olivier |date=2021-12-01 |title=TRIM33 gene somatic mutations identified by next generation sequencing in neoplasms of patients with anti-TIF1γ positive cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Rheumatology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=5863–5867 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keab260 |issn=1462-0332 |pmid=33764396}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno-Cárdenas |first1=Ana Belén |last2=Ros |first2=Javier |last3=Gil-Vila |first3=Albert |last4=Datta |first4=Debayan |last5=Fasani |first5=Roberta |last6=Serna |first6=Garazi |last7=Jimenez |first7=Jose |last8=Trallero-Araguás |first8=Ernesto |last9=Viaplana |first9=Cristina |last10=Lostes |first10=Julia |last11=Milisenda |first11=José César |last12=Grau-Junyent |first12=Josep Maria |last13=Lopez-Perez |first13=Raquel |last14=Pinal-Fernández |first14=Iago |last15=Nuciforo |first15=Paolo |date=March 2026 |title=Frequent genetic alterations in myositis autoantigen genes in cancer-associated dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=519–533 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.018 |pmc=13137219 |pmid=41290487}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be known to be associated plus several viruses, especially coxsackievirus, buh no definitive causal link be found.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Didona D, Solimani F, Caposiena Caro RD, Sequeira Santos AM, Hinterseher J, Kussini J, Cunha T, Hertl M, Didona B | title = Dermatomyositis: a comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, serological features, and therapeutic approaches | journal = Italian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology | volume = 158 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–98 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 37153943 | doi = 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07458-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagnosis be typically based on sam combination of symptoms, blood tests, electromyography, den muscle biopsies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Current treatment of dermatomyositis dey rely on immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, den cyclosporine, plus intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) dem widely use for refractory anaa severe disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dalakas |first1=Marinos C. |last2=Illa |first2=Isabel |last3=Dambrosia |first3=James M. |last4=Soueidan |first4=Shawke A. |last5=Stein |first5=Daniel P. |last6=Otero |first6=Carlos |last7=Dinsmore |first7=Steven T. |last8=McCrosky |first8=Susan |date=1993-12-30 |title=A Controlled Trial of High-Dose Intravenous Immune Globulin Infusions as Treatment for Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=329 |issue=27 |pages=1993–2000 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199312303292704 |pmid=8247075 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Rohit |last2=Charles-Schoeman |first2=Christina |last3=Schessl |first3=Joachim |last4=Bata-Csörgő |first4=Zsuzsanna |last5=Dimachkie |first5=Mazen M. |last6=Griger |first6=Zoltan |last7=Moiseev |first7=Sergey |last8=Oddis |first8=Chester |last9=Schiopu |first9=Elena |last10=Vencovský |first10=Jiri |last11=Beckmann |first11=Irene |last12=Clodi |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Bugrova |first13=Olga |last14=Dankó |first14=Katalin |last15=Ernste |first15=Floranne |date=2022-10-06 |title=Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=387 |issue=14 |pages=1264–1278 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2117912 |pmid=36198179 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rituximab remain an important therapeutic option despite dem mixe clinical trial results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oddis |first1=Chester V. |last2=Reed |first2=Ann M. |last3=Aggarwal |first3=Rohit |last4=Rider |first4=Lisa G. |last5=Ascherman |first5=Dana P. |last6=Levesque |first6=Marc C. |last7=Barohn |first7=Richard J. |last8=Feldman |first8=Brian M. |last9=Harris-Love |first9=Michael O. |last10=Koontz |first10=Diane C. |last11=Fertig |first11=Noreen |last12=Kelley |first12=Stephanie S. |last13=Pryber |first13=Sherrie L. |last14=Miller |first14=Frederick W. |last15=Rockette |first15=Howard E. |date=February 2013 |title=Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: A randomized, placebo-phase trial |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=314–324 |doi=10.1002/art.37754 |pmid=23124935 |pmc=3558563 |issn=0004-3591}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emerging targeted therapies, wey dey include Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Paik |first1=Julie J. |last2=Casciola-Rosen |first2=Livia |last3=Shin |first3=Joseph Yusup |last4=Albayda |first4=Jemima |last5=Tiniakou |first5=Eleni |last6=Leung |first6=Doris G |last7=Gutierrez-Alamillo |first7=Laura |last8=Perin |first8=Jamie |last9=Florea |first9=Liliana |last10=Antonescu |first10=Corina |last11=Leung |first11=Sherry G. |last12=Purwin |first12=Grazyna |last13=Koenig |first13=Andrew |last14=Christopher-Stine |first14=Lisa |date=May 2021 |title=Study of Tofacitinib in Refractory Dermatomyositis: An Open-Label Pilot Study of Ten Patients |journal=Arthritis &amp; Rheumatology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=858–865 |doi=10.1002/art.41602 |pmid=33258553 |pmc=8084900 |issn=2326-5191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ladislau |first1=Leandro |last2=Suárez-Calvet |first2=Xavier |last3=Toquet |first3=Ségolène |last4=Landon-Cardinal |first4=Océane |last5=Amelin |first5=Damien |last6=Depp |first6=Marine |last7=Rodero |first7=Mathieu P |last8=Hathazi |first8=Denisa |last9=Duffy |first9=Darragh |last10=Bondet |first10=Vincent |last11=Preusse |first11=Corinna |last12=Bienvenu |first12=Boris |last13=Rozenberg |first13=Flore |last14=Roos |first14=Andreas |last15=Benjamim |first15=Claudia F |date=2018-06-01 |title=JAK inhibitor improves type I interferon induced damage: proof of concept in dermatomyositis |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/141/6/1609/4993951 |journal=Brain |language=en |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1621 |doi=10.1093/brain/awy105 |pmid=29741608 |issn=0006-8950}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hornung |first1=Thorsten |last2=Janzen |first2=Viktor |last3=Heidgen |first3=Franz-Josef |last4=Wolf |first4=Dominik |last5=Bieber |first5=Thomas |last6=Wenzel |first6=Joerg |date=2014-12-25 |title=Remission of Recalcitrant Dermatomyositis Treated with Ruxolitinib |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=371 |issue=26 |pages=2537–2538 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc1412997 |pmid=25539124 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Hanna |last2=Dill |first2=Samantha |last3=O'Brien |first3=Michelle |last4=Vian |first4=Laura |last5=Li |first5=Xiaobai |last6=Manukyan |first6=Manuk |last7=Jain |first7=Minal |last8=Adeojo |first8=Lilian W |last9=George |first9=Jomy |last10=Perez |first10=Maria |last11=Grom |first11=Alexei A |last12=Sutter |first12=Michelle |last13=Feldman |first13=Brian M |last14=Yao |first14=Lawrence |last15=Millwood |first15=Michelle |date=March 2021 |title=Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition with baricitinib in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218690 |pmid=32843325 |pmc=7904969 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vleugels |first1=Ruth Ann |last2=Paik |first2=Julie J. |last3=Bauer Ventura |first3=Iazsmin |last4=Mangold |first4=Aaron R. |last5=Gandiga |first5=Prateek C. |last6=Haemel |first6=Anna |last7=Chinoy |first7=Hector |last8=Hussain |first8=Yessar M. |last9=Sivakumar |first9=Kumaraswamy |last10=Griger |first10=Zoltan |last11=Lee |first11=Eun Bong |last12=Bozan |first12=Francisca |last13=Hsu |first13=Chung-Yuan |last14=Femia |first14=Alisa |last15=Dimachkie |first15=Mazen M. |date=2026-05-14 |title=A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=394 |issue=19 |pages=1883–1893 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2503531 |pmid=41910335 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den agents wey dey target de type I interferon pathway, such as dazukibart,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=David |last2=Mangold |first2=Aaron R |last3=Werth |first3=Victoria P |last4=Christopher-Stine |first4=Lisa |last5=Femia |first5=Alisa |last6=Chu |first6=Myron |last7=Musiek |first7=Amy C M |last8=Sluzevich |first8=Jason C |last9=Graham |first9=Lauren V |last10=Fernandez |first10=Anthony P |last11=Aggarwal |first11=Rohit |last12=Rieger |first12=Kerri |last13=Page |first13=Karen M |last14=Li |first14=Xingpeng |last15=Hyde |first15=Craig |date=January 2025 |title=Efficacy, safety, and target engagement of dazukibart, an IFNβ specific monoclonal antibody, in adults with dermatomyositis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673624020713 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=405 |issue=10473 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02071-3 |pmid=39798982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; get demonstrated promising efficacy. Novel approaches such as CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Taubmann |first2=Jule |last3=Bucci |first3=Laura |last4=Wilhelm |first4=Artur |last5=Bergmann |first5=Christina |last6=Völkl |first6=Simon |last7=Aigner |first7=Michael |last8=Rothe |first8=Tobias |last9=Minopoulou |first9=Ioanna |last10=Tur |first10=Carlo |last11=Knitza |first11=Johannes |last12=Kharboutli |first12=Soraya |last13=Kretschmann |first13=Sascha |last14=Vasova |first14=Ingrid |last15=Spoerl |first15=Silvia |date=2024-02-22 |title=CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease — A Case Series with Follow-up |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=390 |issue=8 |pages=687–700 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2308917 |pmid=38381673 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; plasma cell–directed therapies,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Fabian |last2=Wirsching |first2=Andreas |last3=Hagen |first3=Melanie |last4=Völkl |first4=Simon |last5=Tur |first5=Carlo |last6=Raimondo |first6=Maria Gabriella |last7=Taubmann |first7=Jule |last8=Bucci |first8=Laura |last9=Zhang |first9=Liang |last10=Kretschmann |first10=Sascha |last11=Aigner |first11=Michael |last12=Eckstein |first12=Markus |last13=Spörl |first13=Silvia |last14=Kharboutli |first14=Soraya |last15=Böltz |first15=Sebastian |date=June 2025 |title=BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1793–1797 |doi=10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 |pmid=40245922 |pmc=12176613 |issn=1078-8956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=Melanie |last2=Bucci |first2=Laura |last3=Böltz |first3=Sebastian |last4=Nöthling |first4=Danae-Mona |last5=Rothe |first5=Tobias |last6=Anoshkin |first6=Kirill |last7=Raimondo |first7=Maria G. |last8=Tur |first8=Carlo |last9=Wirsching |first9=Andreas |last10=Wacker |first10=Jochen |last11=Düsing |first11=Christina |last12=Distler |first12=Jörg H.W. |last13=Kuwert |first13=Torsten |last14=Bozec |first14=Aline |last15=Ramming |first15=Andreas |date=2024-09-05 |title=BCMA-Targeted T-Cell–Engager Therapy for Autoimmune Disease |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=9 |pages=867–869 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2408786 |pmid=39231353 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt; den neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors, such as efgartigimod, sanso dey show encouraging results,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chinoy |first1=H. |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=S. |last3=Neto |first3=A. |last4=Papadopoulou |first4=D. |last5=Van Baelen |first5=B. |last6=Duncombe |first6=P. |last7=De Ceuninck |first7=L. |last8=van der Woning |first8=B. |last9=Aggarwal |first9=R. |date=June 2025 |title=Op0002 Efficacy and Safety of Efgartigimod Ph20 Sc in Adult Participants with Active Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy: Phase 2 Results from the Alkivia Study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003496725010581 |journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases |language=en |volume=84 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1016/j.ard.2025.05.025}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey offer de potential for sustained treatment-free disease control insyd de case of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Overall, plus timely diagnosis den appropriate treatment, de prognosis of DM generally be favorable.

About one insyd 100,000 people receive a new diagnosis of dermatomyositis each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dermatomyositis|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=13 July 2017|date=2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219083233/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dermatomyositis/|archive-date=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De condition usually dey occur insyd those insyd dema 40s den 50s plus women be affected more often dan men.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; People of any age, however, fi be affected.&lt;ref name=&quot;NORD2015&quot; /&gt; Na de condition first be described insyd de 1800s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79313-7_2 |chapter=History of Dermatomyositis |title=Dermatomyositis |date=2009 |pages=5–8 |isbn=978-3-540-79312-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signs den symptoms ==
De main symptoms dey include several kinds of skin rash along plus muscle weakness insyd both upper arms anaa thighs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Oda ===
Around 30% of people get swollen, painful joints, buh dis be generally mild.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Examples of dermatomyositis&quot;&gt;
File:Dermatomyositis2.jpg|Gottron's papules on finger joints
File: Dermatomyositis5.jpg|Gottron's papules on de elbows of a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis6.jpg|Gottron's papules
File: Dermatomyositis8.jpg|Gottron's bumps on a person plus juvenile DM
File: Dermatomyositis7.jpg|Gottron's papules insyd a severe case of juvenile dermatomyositis
File: Dermatomyositis9.jpg|Heliotrope plus swelling around de eyes
File: Dermatomyositis10.jpg|Heliotrope
File: Dermatomyositis14.jpg|Facial rash
File: Dermatomyositis16.jpg|Severe rash on de hands, wey dey extend up de forearm
File: Dermatomyositis15.jpg|Forearm rash
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==People wey be affected plus dermatomyositis==
* Opera singer Maria Callas (1923–1977)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.grreporter.info/en/maria_callas_did_not_kill_herself_grief_onassis_rare_disease_cost_her_career_and_life/3863|title=Greek Reporter: 'Maria Callas did not kill herself from grief for Onassis, a rare disease cost her career and life'|date=28 December 2010|publisher=GR Reporter|access-date=1 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104202125/http://www.grreporter.info/en/maria_callas_did_not_kill_herself_grief_onassis_rare_disease_cost_her_career_and_life/3863|archive-date=4 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Actor Laurence Olivier (1907–1989)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20120826,00.html|title=Laurence Olivier Dies: 'The Rest Is Silence'|date=24 July 1989|publisher=People Magazine|access-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310165616/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20120826,00.html|archive-date=10 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* American football running back Ricky Bell (1955–1984)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.profootballweekly.com/2010/01/08/forgotten-ricky-bell|title=Forgotten: Ricky Bell|date=8 January 2010|publisher=Pro Football Weekly|access-date=26 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111093212/http://www.profootballweekly.com/2010/01/08/forgotten-ricky-bell|archive-date=11 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rob Buckman (1948–2011) a doctor, comedian, den author, den de presido of de Humanist Association of Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/12/rob-buckman|title=Rob Buckman obituary|journal=The Guardian|date=12 October 2011|access-date=16 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001025516/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/12/rob-buckman|archive-date=1 October 2013| vauthors = Jones T }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samantha, Indian actress
* Suhani Bhatnagar (2005–2024), Indian actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/dangal-actor-suhani-bhatnagar-succumbs-to-dermatomyositis-know-about-this-rare-condition/articleshow/107790902.cms|title='Dangal' actor Suhani Bhatnagar succumbs to dermatomyositis: Know about this rare condition|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tim Rooney (1947–2006), American actor den son of Mickey Rooney.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/mickey-rooneys-son-timothy-dies-at-59|title=Mickey Rooney's Son Timothy Dies at 59|newspaper=Fox News|date=September 27, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Connective tissue diseases]]
[[Category:Disorders of fascia]]
[[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]]
[[Category:Systemic connective tissue disorders]]
[[Category:Idiopathic diseases]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Asthma exacerbation</title>
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An '''asthma exacerbation''' be a sudden worsening of [[asthma]] symptoms.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Dis fi include worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, fast breathing, anaa low oxygen.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Severe symptoms fi include confusion anaa no sounds of breathing.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

Generally exacerbations dey occur insyd people plus known asthma; though, fi occasionally occur as a first presentation.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Common triggers dey include viral respiratory infections, exposure to allergens, anaa insufficient use of inhaled steroids.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by forced expiratory volume (FEV1).&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; A chest X-ray no be typically needed.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

Initial treatment generally be plus oxygen den a short acting beta agonist (salbutamol).&lt;ref name=GINA2023&gt;{{cite book |title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention |date=2023 |isbn=979-8853517370 |pages=140- |url=https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23_07_06-WMS.pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324111452/https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23_07_06-WMS.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For mild to moderate exacerbations wey dey give dese by metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhalers, den nebulizer be equivalent.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Inhaled ipratropium den steroids by mouth often sanso be used.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; An inhaled steroids for at least 2 to 4 weeks sanso be recommended.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; 

If de above no be effective magnesium sulfate, [[epinephrine]] dem inject into a muscle, anaa non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) fi be used.&lt;ref name=RC2018&gt;{{cite book |last1=Borshoff |first1=David |title=The Resuscitation Crisis Manual |date=2018 |publisher=Leeuwin Press |isbn=9780648270201}}&lt;/ref&gt; If all else fail intubation fi be carried out.&lt;ref name=RC2018/&gt; An asthma action plan dey support imitation of treatment by de person demaselves.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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An '''asthma exacerbation''' be a sudden worsening of [[asthma]] symptoms.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Dis fi include worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, fast breathing, anaa low oxygen.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Severe symptoms fi include confusion anaa no sounds of breathing.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

Generally exacerbations dey occur insyd people plus known asthma; though, fi occasionally occur as a first presentation.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Common triggers dey include viral respiratory infections, exposure to allergens, anaa insufficient use of inhaled steroids.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Diagnosis be based on symptoms den fi be supported by forced expiratory volume (FEV1).&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; A chest X-ray no be typically needed.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

Initial treatment generally be plus oxygen den a short acting beta agonist (salbutamol).&lt;ref name=GINA2023&gt;{{cite book |title=Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention |date=2023 |isbn=979-8853517370 |pages=140- |url=https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23_07_06-WMS.pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324111452/https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GINA-2023-Full-report-23_07_06-WMS.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For mild to moderate exacerbations wey dey give dese by metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhalers, den nebulizer be equivalent.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; Inhaled ipratropium den steroids by mouth often sanso be used.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; An inhaled steroids for at least 2 to 4 weeks sanso be recommended.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt; 

If de above no be effective magnesium sulfate, [[epinephrine]] dem inject into a muscle, anaa non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) fi be used.&lt;ref name=RC2018&gt;{{cite book |last1=Borshoff |first1=David |title=The Resuscitation Crisis Manual |date=2018 |publisher=Leeuwin Press |isbn=9780648270201}}&lt;/ref&gt; If all else fail intubation fi be carried out.&lt;ref name=RC2018/&gt; An asthma action plan dey support imitation of treatment by de person demaselves.&lt;ref name=GINA2023/&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q132037445|c=Category:Asthma|b=asthma|v=no|voy=no|m=no|n=no|mw=no|q=no|species=no|wikt=asthma|s=no}}&lt;!--Although b: has no book on asthma, it is covered in several chapters--&gt;
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma WHO fact sheet on asthma]

[[Category:Asthma| ]]
[[Category:Respiratory diseases]]
[[Category:Chronic lower respiratory diseases]]
[[Category:Respiratory therapy]]
[[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]]</text>
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'''Heat stroke''' anaa '''heatstroke''', dem sanso know as '''sun-stroke''', be a severe heat illness wey result in a body temperature greater dan {{convert|40.0|C|F}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaudio FG, Grissom CK |date=April 2016 |title=Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014 |pmid=26525947}}&lt;/ref&gt; along plus red skin, headache, dizziness, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064607/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweating generally be present insyd exertional heatstroke, buh no be insyd classic heatstroke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein Y, Yanovich R |date=June 2019 |title=Heatstroke |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=25 |pages=2449–2459 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810762 |pmid=31216400}}&lt;/ref&gt; De start of heat stroke fi be sudden anaa gradual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon LR, Bouchama A |date=April 2015 |title=Heat stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=611–647 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c140017 |isbn=978-0-470-65071-4 |pmid=25880507}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatstroke be a life-threatening condition secof de potential for multi-organ dysfunction,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouchama A, Knochel JP | title = Heat stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 346 | issue = 25 | pages = 1978–1988 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12075060 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra011089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus typical complications wey dey include seizures, [[rhabdomyolysis]], anaa kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Heat stroke''' anaa '''heatstroke''', dem sanso know as '''sun-stroke''', be a severe heat illness wey result in a body temperature greater dan {{convert|40.0|C|F}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaudio FG, Grissom CK |date=April 2016 |title=Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014 |pmid=26525947}}&lt;/ref&gt; along plus red skin, headache, dizziness, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064607/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweating generally be present insyd exertional heatstroke, buh no be insyd classic heatstroke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein Y, Yanovich R |date=June 2019 |title=Heatstroke |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=25 |pages=2449–2459 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810762 |pmid=31216400}}&lt;/ref&gt; De start of heat stroke fi be sudden anaa gradual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon LR, Bouchama A |date=April 2015 |title=Heat stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=611–647 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c140017 |isbn=978-0-470-65071-4 |pmid=25880507}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatstroke be a life-threatening condition secof de potential for multi-organ dysfunction,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouchama A, Knochel JP | title = Heat stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 346 | issue = 25 | pages = 1978–1988 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12075060 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra011089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus typical complications wey dey include seizures, [[rhabdomyolysis]], anaa kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt;

Heat stroke dey occur secof high external temperatures den/anaa physical exertion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt; E usually dey occur under preventable prolonged exposure to extreme environmental anaa exertional heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, certain health conditions fi increase de risk of heat stroke, den patients, especially kiddies, plus certain genetic predispositions be vulnerable to heatstroke under relatively mild conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RS, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, Georgiou DK, Hong J, Hanna AD, Recio J, Choi JM, Chang T, Agha NH, Romero J, Sarkar P, Voermans N, Gaber MW, Jung SY, Baker ML, Pautler RG, Dirksen RT, Riazi S, Hamilton SL | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 5099 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33037202 | pmc = 7547078 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.5099W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Heat stroke''' anaa '''heatstroke''', dem sanso know as '''sun-stroke''', be a severe heat illness wey result in a body temperature greater dan {{convert|40.0|C|F}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaudio FG, Grissom CK |date=April 2016 |title=Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014 |pmid=26525947}}&lt;/ref&gt; along plus red skin, headache, dizziness, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064607/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweating generally be present insyd exertional heatstroke, buh no be insyd classic heatstroke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein Y, Yanovich R |date=June 2019 |title=Heatstroke |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=25 |pages=2449–2459 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810762 |pmid=31216400}}&lt;/ref&gt; De start of heat stroke fi be sudden anaa gradual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon LR, Bouchama A |date=April 2015 |title=Heat stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=611–647 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c140017 |isbn=978-0-470-65071-4 |pmid=25880507}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatstroke be a life-threatening condition secof de potential for multi-organ dysfunction,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouchama A, Knochel JP | title = Heat stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 346 | issue = 25 | pages = 1978–1988 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12075060 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra011089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus typical complications wey dey include seizures, [[rhabdomyolysis]], anaa kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt;

Heat stroke dey occur secof high external temperatures den/anaa physical exertion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt; E usually dey occur under preventable prolonged exposure to extreme environmental anaa exertional heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, certain health conditions fi increase de risk of heat stroke, den patients, especially kiddies, plus certain genetic predispositions be vulnerable to heatstroke under relatively mild conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RS, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, Georgiou DK, Hong J, Hanna AD, Recio J, Choi JM, Chang T, Agha NH, Romero J, Sarkar P, Voermans N, Gaber MW, Jung SY, Baker ML, Pautler RG, Dirksen RT, Riazi S, Hamilton SL | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 5099 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33037202 | pmc = 7547078 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.5099W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Preventive measures dey include drinking sufficient fluids den avoiding excessive heat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tips for Preventing Heat-Related Illness{{!}}Extreme Heat|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=17 July 2017|language=en-us|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729080712/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|archive-date=July 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment be by rapid physical cooling of de body den supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Recommended methods dey include spraying de person plus water den using a fan, putting de person insyd ice water, anaa giving cold intravenous fluids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Adding ice packs around a person be beneficial buh no dey by einself achieve de fastest possible cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Heat stroke''' anaa '''heatstroke''', dem sanso know as '''sun-stroke''', be a severe heat illness wey result in a body temperature greater dan {{convert|40.0|C|F}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaudio FG, Grissom CK |date=April 2016 |title=Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014 |pmid=26525947}}&lt;/ref&gt; along plus red skin, headache, dizziness, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064607/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweating generally be present insyd exertional heatstroke, buh no be insyd classic heatstroke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein Y, Yanovich R |date=June 2019 |title=Heatstroke |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=25 |pages=2449–2459 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810762 |pmid=31216400}}&lt;/ref&gt; De start of heat stroke fi be sudden anaa gradual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon LR, Bouchama A |date=April 2015 |title=Heat stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=611–647 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c140017 |isbn=978-0-470-65071-4 |pmid=25880507}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatstroke be a life-threatening condition secof de potential for multi-organ dysfunction,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouchama A, Knochel JP | title = Heat stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 346 | issue = 25 | pages = 1978–1988 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12075060 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra011089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus typical complications wey dey include seizures, [[rhabdomyolysis]], anaa kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt;

Heat stroke dey occur secof high external temperatures den/anaa physical exertion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt; E usually dey occur under preventable prolonged exposure to extreme environmental anaa exertional heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, certain health conditions fi increase de risk of heat stroke, den patients, especially kiddies, plus certain genetic predispositions be vulnerable to heatstroke under relatively mild conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RS, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, Georgiou DK, Hong J, Hanna AD, Recio J, Choi JM, Chang T, Agha NH, Romero J, Sarkar P, Voermans N, Gaber MW, Jung SY, Baker ML, Pautler RG, Dirksen RT, Riazi S, Hamilton SL | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 5099 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33037202 | pmc = 7547078 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.5099W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Preventive measures dey include drinking sufficient fluids den avoiding excessive heat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tips for Preventing Heat-Related Illness{{!}}Extreme Heat|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=17 July 2017|language=en-us|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729080712/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|archive-date=July 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment be by rapid physical cooling of de body den supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Recommended methods dey include spraying de person plus water den using a fan, putting de person insyd ice water, anaa giving cold intravenous fluids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Adding ice packs around a person be beneficial buh no dey by einself achieve de fastest possible cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Rates increase between 1995 den 2015.&lt;ref name=Le2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Leon LR, Bouchama A | title = Heat stroke | journal = Comprehensive Physiology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 611–647 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25880507 | doi = 10.1002/cphy.c140017 | isbn = 978-0-470-65071-4 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, dey tend to be self-limiting (de patient stop dey exercise from cramp anaa exhaustion) den fewer dan 5% of cases be fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke be a much greater danger: sometimes even a healthy person, if dem lef insyd a heatstroke-inducing environment widout medical attention, fi continue to deteriorate to de point of death. Somewhere between 21-65% of those dem hospitalize plus heat stroke die insyd de hospital.&lt;ref name=Le2015/&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Heat stroke''' anaa '''heatstroke''', dem sanso know as '''sun-stroke''', be a severe heat illness wey result in a body temperature greater dan {{convert|40.0|C|F}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaudio FG, Grissom CK |date=April 2016 |title=Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke |journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=607–616 |doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014 |pmid=26525947}}&lt;/ref&gt; along plus red skin, headache, dizziness, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Sym&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness |url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515064607/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=17 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sweating generally be present insyd exertional heatstroke, buh no be insyd classic heatstroke.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM20192&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein Y, Yanovich R |date=June 2019 |title=Heatstroke |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=380 |issue=25 |pages=2449–2459 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1810762 |pmid=31216400}}&lt;/ref&gt; De start of heat stroke fi be sudden anaa gradual.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Leon LR, Bouchama A |date=April 2015 |title=Heat stroke |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=611–647 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c140017 |isbn=978-0-470-65071-4 |pmid=25880507}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heatstroke be a life-threatening condition secof de potential for multi-organ dysfunction,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouchama A, Knochel JP | title = Heat stroke | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 346 | issue = 25 | pages = 1978–1988 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12075060 | doi = 10.1056/nejmra011089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; plus typical complications wey dey include seizures, [[rhabdomyolysis]], anaa kidney failure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt;

Heat stroke dey occur secof high external temperatures den/anaa physical exertion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le20152&quot; /&gt; E usually dey occur under preventable prolonged exposure to extreme environmental anaa exertional heat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, certain health conditions fi increase de risk of heat stroke, den patients, especially kiddies, plus certain genetic predispositions be vulnerable to heatstroke under relatively mild conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RS, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, Georgiou DK, Hong J, Hanna AD, Recio J, Choi JM, Chang T, Agha NH, Romero J, Sarkar P, Voermans N, Gaber MW, Jung SY, Baker ML, Pautler RG, Dirksen RT, Riazi S, Hamilton SL | display-authors = 6 | title = Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 5099 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33037202 | pmc = 7547078 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.5099W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Preventive measures dey include drinking sufficient fluids den avoiding excessive heat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tips for Preventing Heat-Related Illness{{!}}Extreme Heat|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=17 July 2017|language=en-us|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729080712/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heattips.html|archive-date=July 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment be by rapid physical cooling of de body den supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Recommended methods dey include spraying de person plus water den using a fan, putting de person insyd ice water, anaa giving cold intravenous fluids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Adding ice packs around a person be beneficial buh no dey by einself achieve de fastest possible cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; 

Heat stroke dey result in more dan 600 deaths a year insyd de United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ga20162&quot; /&gt; Rates increase between 1995 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Leon LR, Bouchama A | title = Heat stroke | journal = Comprehensive Physiology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 611–647 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25880507 | doi = 10.1002/cphy.c140017 | isbn = 978-0-470-65071-4 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229151 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, dey tend to be self-limiting (de patient stop dey exercise from cramp anaa exhaustion) den fewer dan 5% of cases be fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke be a much greater danger: sometimes even a healthy person, if dem lef insyd a heatstroke-inducing environment widout medical attention, fi continue to deteriorate to de point of death. Somewhere between 21-65% of those dem hospitalize plus heat stroke die insyd de hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;Le2015&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.medicinenet.com/heat_stroke/article.htm Heat stroke] on MedicineNet.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heat stroke}}
[[Category:Thermal medicine]]
[[Category:Deaths from hyperthermia]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Effects of external causes]]
[[Category:Heat waves]]
[[Category:Weather den health]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Thermoregulation]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Wilderness medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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    <title>Category:Effects of climate change</title>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501099|Cerebral aneurysm]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
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An '''intracranial aneurysm''', dem sanso know as a '''cerebral aneurysm''', be a cerebrovascular disorder wey be characterized by a localized dilation anaa ballooning of a blood vessel insyd de brain secof a weakness insyd de vessel wall. Dese aneurysms fi occur insyd any part of de brain buh be most commonly found insyd de arteries of de cerebral arterial circle, dem sanso know as de Circle of Willis. De risk of rupture dey vary plus de size den location of de aneurysm, plus those insyd de posterior circulation be more prone to rupture.

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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An '''intracranial aneurysm''', dem sanso know as a '''cerebral aneurysm''', be a cerebrovascular disorder wey be characterized by a localized dilation anaa ballooning of a blood vessel insyd de brain secof a weakness insyd de vessel wall. Dese aneurysms fi occur insyd any part of de brain buh be most commonly found insyd de arteries of de cerebral arterial circle, dem sanso know as de Circle of Willis. De risk of rupture dey vary plus de size den location of de aneurysm, plus those insyd de posterior circulation be more prone to rupture.

Cerebral aneurysms be classified by size into small, large, giant, den super-giant, den by shape into saccular (berry), fusiform, den microaneurysms. Saccular aneurysms be de most common type den fi result from various risk factors, wey dey include genetic conditions, [[hypertension]], smoking, den [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]].

Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm often be minimal, buh a ruptured aneurysm fi cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage wich fi present plus severe headaches, nausea, vision impairment, den loss of consciousness. Treatment options dey include surgical clipping den endovascular coiling, dem both aim at preventing further bleeding.

== References ==
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An '''intracranial aneurysm''', dem sanso know as a '''cerebral aneurysm''', be a cerebrovascular disorder wey be characterized by a localized dilation anaa ballooning of a blood vessel insyd de brain secof a weakness insyd de vessel wall. Dese aneurysms fi occur insyd any part of de brain buh be most commonly found insyd de arteries of de cerebral arterial circle, dem sanso know as de Circle of Willis. De risk of rupture dey vary plus de size den location of de aneurysm, plus those insyd de posterior circulation be more prone to rupture.

Cerebral aneurysms be classified by size into small, large, giant, den super-giant, den by shape into saccular (berry), fusiform, den microaneurysms. Saccular aneurysms be de most common type den fi result from various risk factors, wey dey include genetic conditions, [[hypertension]], smoking, den [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]].

Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm often be minimal, buh a ruptured aneurysm fi cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage wich fi present plus severe headaches, nausea, vision impairment, den loss of consciousness. Treatment options dey include surgical clipping den endovascular coiling, dem both aim at preventing further bleeding.

Diagnosis typically dey involve imaging techniques such as CT anaa MR angiography den lumbar puncture to detect subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognosis dey depend on factors like de size den location of de aneurysm den de patient ein age den health, wey larger aneurysms get a higher risk of rupture den poorer outcomes. 

Advances insyd medical imaging lead to increased detection of unruptured aneurysms, wey dey prompt ongoing research into dema management den de development of predictive tools for rupture risk.

== References ==
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An '''intracranial aneurysm''', dem sanso know as a '''cerebral aneurysm''', be a cerebrovascular disorder wey be characterized by a localized dilation anaa ballooning of a blood vessel insyd de brain secof a weakness insyd de vessel wall. Dese aneurysms fi occur insyd any part of de brain buh be most commonly found insyd de arteries of de cerebral arterial circle, dem sanso know as de Circle of Willis. De risk of rupture dey vary plus de size den location of de aneurysm, plus those insyd de posterior circulation be more prone to rupture.

Cerebral aneurysms be classified by size into small, large, giant, den super-giant, den by shape into saccular (berry), fusiform, den microaneurysms. Saccular aneurysms be de most common type den fi result from various risk factors, wey dey include genetic conditions, [[hypertension]], smoking, den [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]].

Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm often be minimal, buh a ruptured aneurysm fi cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage wich fi present plus severe headaches, nausea, vision impairment, den loss of consciousness. Treatment options dey include surgical clipping den endovascular coiling, dem both aim at preventing further bleeding.

Diagnosis typically dey involve imaging techniques such as CT anaa MR angiography den lumbar puncture to detect subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognosis dey depend on factors like de size den location of de aneurysm den de patient ein age den health, wey larger aneurysms get a higher risk of rupture den poorer outcomes. 

Advances insyd medical imaging lead to increased detection of unruptured aneurysms, wey dey prompt ongoing research into dema management den de development of predictive tools for rupture risk.

==Classification==
[[Image:Cerebral aneurysm NIH.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of cerebral aneurysm.]]

Cerebral aneurysms be classified both by size den shape:

* Small aneurysms get a diameter of less dan 15&amp;nbsp;mm. 
* Larger aneurysms include those dem classify as large (15 to 25&amp;nbsp;mm), giant (25 to 50&amp;nbsp;mm) (0.98 inches to 1.97 inches), den super-giant (over 50&amp;nbsp;mm).&lt;ref name=&quot;HOPKINS8772&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/cerebral_aneurysm_85,P08772/|title=What You Should Know About Cerebral Aneurysms|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|date=8 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Berry (saccular) aneurysms===
===Fusiform aneurysms===
===Microaneurysms===
== References ==
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An '''intracranial aneurysm''', dem sanso know as a '''cerebral aneurysm''', be a cerebrovascular disorder wey be characterized by a localized dilation anaa ballooning of a blood vessel insyd de brain secof a weakness insyd de vessel wall. Dese aneurysms fi occur insyd any part of de brain buh be most commonly found insyd de arteries of de cerebral arterial circle, dem sanso know as de Circle of Willis. De risk of rupture dey vary plus de size den location of de aneurysm, plus those insyd de posterior circulation be more prone to rupture.

Cerebral aneurysms be classified by size into small, large, giant, den super-giant, den by shape into saccular (berry), fusiform, den microaneurysms. Saccular aneurysms be de most common type den fi result from various risk factors, wey dey include genetic conditions, [[hypertension]], smoking, den [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]].

Symptoms of an unruptured aneurysm often be minimal, buh a ruptured aneurysm fi cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage wich fi present plus severe headaches, nausea, vision impairment, den loss of consciousness. Treatment options dey include surgical clipping den endovascular coiling, dem both aim at preventing further bleeding.

Diagnosis typically dey involve imaging techniques such as CT anaa MR angiography den lumbar puncture to detect subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognosis dey depend on factors like de size den location of de aneurysm den de patient ein age den health, wey larger aneurysms get a higher risk of rupture den poorer outcomes. 

Advances insyd medical imaging lead to increased detection of unruptured aneurysms, wey dey prompt ongoing research into dema management den de development of predictive tools for rupture risk.

==Classification==
[[Image:Cerebral aneurysm NIH.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of cerebral aneurysm.]]

Cerebral aneurysms be classified both by size den shape:

* Small aneurysms get a diameter of less dan 15&amp;nbsp;mm. 
* Larger aneurysms include those dem classify as large (15 to 25&amp;nbsp;mm), giant (25 to 50&amp;nbsp;mm) (0.98 inches to 1.97 inches), den super-giant (over 50&amp;nbsp;mm).&lt;ref name=&quot;HOPKINS8772&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/nervous_system_disorders/cerebral_aneurysm_85,P08772/|title=What You Should Know About Cerebral Aneurysms|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|date=8 August 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Berry (saccular) aneurysms===
===Fusiform aneurysms===
===Microaneurysms===
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.ninds.nih.gov National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cerebral Aneurysm}}
[[Category:Cerebrovascular diseases]]
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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

== References ==
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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

Macular degeneration typically dey occur insyd older people, wey be caused by damage to de macula of de retina. Genetic factors den smoking fi play a role. De condition be diagnosed thru a complete eye exam. Severity be divided into early, intermediate, den late types.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=National Eye Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De late type be additionally divided into &quot;dry&quot; den &quot;wet&quot; forms, plus de dry form dey make up 90% of cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta S |date=September 2015 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |journal=Primary Care |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=377–91 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 |pmid=26319344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

Macular degeneration typically dey occur insyd older people, wey be caused by damage to de macula of de retina. Genetic factors den smoking fi play a role. De condition be diagnosed thru a complete eye exam. Severity be divided into early, intermediate, den late types.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=National Eye Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De late type be additionally divided into &quot;dry&quot; den &quot;wet&quot; forms, plus de dry form dey make up 90% of cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta S |date=September 2015 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |journal=Primary Care |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=377–91 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 |pmid=26319344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De difference between de two forms be categorized by de change insyd de macula. Those plus dry-form AMD get drusen, cellular debris insyd dema macula wey gradually dey damage light-sensitive cells den dey lead to vision loss. Insyd wet-form AMD, blood vessels grow under de macula, wey dey cause blood den fluid to leak into de retina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

Macular degeneration typically dey occur insyd older people, wey be caused by damage to de macula of de retina. Genetic factors den smoking fi play a role. De condition be diagnosed thru a complete eye exam. Severity be divided into early, intermediate, den late types.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=National Eye Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De late type be additionally divided into &quot;dry&quot; den &quot;wet&quot; forms, plus de dry form dey make up 90% of cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta S |date=September 2015 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |journal=Primary Care |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=377–91 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 |pmid=26319344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De difference between de two forms be categorized by de change insyd de macula. Those plus dry-form AMD get drusen, cellular debris insyd dema macula wey gradually dey damage light-sensitive cells den dey lead to vision loss. Insyd wet-form AMD, blood vessels grow under de macula, wey dey cause blood den fluid to leak into de retina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Exercising, dey chop well, den no dey smoke fi reduce de risk of macular degeneration.&lt;ref name=NEI2015&gt;{{cite web |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |website=National Eye Institute |access-date=21 December 2015 |date=June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; No cure anaa treatment dey restore de vision already lost.&lt;ref name=NEI2015/&gt; Insyd de wet form, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor dem inject into de eye anaa, less commonly, laser coagulation anaa photodynamic therapy fi slow worsening.&lt;ref name=NEI2015/&gt; Dietary antioxidant vitamins, minerals, den carotenoids no dey appear to affect de onset;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Jennifer R |last2=Lawrenson |first2=John G |date=13 September 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group |title=Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=9 |article-number=CD000254 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5 |pmc=10498493 |pmid=37702300}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, dietary supplements fi slow de progression insyd those wey already get de disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

Macular degeneration typically dey occur insyd older people, wey be caused by damage to de macula of de retina. Genetic factors den smoking fi play a role. De condition be diagnosed thru a complete eye exam. Severity be divided into early, intermediate, den late types.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=National Eye Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De late type be additionally divided into &quot;dry&quot; den &quot;wet&quot; forms, plus de dry form dey make up 90% of cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta S |date=September 2015 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |journal=Primary Care |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=377–91 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 |pmid=26319344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De difference between de two forms be categorized by de change insyd de macula. Those plus dry-form AMD get drusen, cellular debris insyd dema macula wey gradually dey damage light-sensitive cells den dey lead to vision loss. Insyd wet-form AMD, blood vessels grow under de macula, wey dey cause blood den fluid to leak into de retina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Exercising, dey chop well, den no dey smoke fi reduce de risk of macular degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; No cure anaa treatment dey restore de vision already lost.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; Insyd de wet form, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor dem inject into de eye anaa, less commonly, laser coagulation anaa photodynamic therapy fi slow worsening.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; Dietary antioxidant vitamins, minerals, den carotenoids no dey appear to affect de onset;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Jennifer R |last2=Lawrenson |first2=John G |date=13 September 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group |title=Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=9 |article-number=CD000254 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5 |pmc=10498493 |pmid=37702300}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, dietary supplements fi slow de progression insyd those wey already get de disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

As of 2022, e dey affect more dan 200 million people globally plus de prevalence dem expect to increase to 300 million people by 2040 as de proportion of elderly persons insyd de population increases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apte |first=RS |date=5 August 2021 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/af7e0093bba270d40649337c905c9c2fa7e19d55 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.semanticscholar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vyawahare |first1=Hrishikesh |last2=Shinde |first2=Pranaykumar |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment |journal=Cureus |date=2022 |volume=14 |issue=9 |article-number=e29583 |doi=10.7759/cureus.29583 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9595233 |pmid=36312607}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be more common insyd those of European anaa North American ancestry, wey e be about equally common insyd males den females.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AMDF |date=2016-05-18 |title=Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration - AMDF |url=https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/what-is-macular-degeneration/risk-factors |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2013, na e be de fourth most common cause of blindness, after cataracts, preterm birth, den [[glaucoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 386 | issue = 9995 | pages = 743–800 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26063472 | pmc = 4561509 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Barber | first2 = Ryan M. | last3 = Bell | first3 = Brad | last4 = Bertozzi-Villa | first4 = Amelia | last5 = Biryukov | first5 = Stan | last6 = Bolliger | first6 = Ian | last7 = Charlson | first7 = Fiona | last8 = Davis | first8 = Adrian | last9 = Degenhardt | first9 = Louisa | last10 = Dicker | first10 = Daniel | last11 = Duan | first11 = Leilei | last12 = Erskine | first12 = Holly | last13 = Feigin | first13 = Valery L. | last14 = Ferrari | first14 = Alize J. | last15 = Fitzmaurice | first15 = Christina | last16 = Fleming | first16 = Thomas | last17 = Graetz | first17 = Nicholas | last18 = Guinovart | first18 = Caterina | last19 = Haagsma | first19 = Juanita | last20 = Hansen | first20 = Gillian M. | last21 = Hanson | first21 = Sarah Wulf | last22 = Heuton | first22 = Kyle R. | last23 = Higashi | first23 = Hideki | last24 = Kassebaum | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Kyu | first25 = Hmwe | last26 = Laurie | first26 = Evan | last27 = Liang | first27 = Xiofeng | last28 = Lofgren | first28 = Katherine | last29 = Lozano | first29 = Rafael | last30 = MacIntyre | first30 = Michael F. }}&lt;/ref&gt; E most commonly dey occur insyd people over de age of fifty den insyd de [[United States]] be de most common cause of vision loss insyd dis age group.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |website=National Eye Institute |access-date=21 December 2015 |date=June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehta S | title = Age-Related Macular Degeneration | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–91 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26319344 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 0.4% of people between 50 den 60 get de disease, while e dey occur insyd 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, den nearly 12% of people over 80 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2015&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Macular degeneration''', dem sanso know as '''age-related macular degeneration''' ('''AMD''' anaa '''ARMD'''), be an eye disease wey gradually dey damage de macula, de small central part of de retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision. E mainly dey affect older adults wey fi make tasks like reading, driving, recognizing faces, anaa seeing fine details difficult. Wet ARMD be wen abnormal blood vessels grow under de macula den leak fluid anaa blood, damaging de retina wey dey cause rapid loss of central vision. Dry AMRD be wen de macula gradually thins den small deposits dem call drusen build up, wey dey lead to a slow loss of central vision.

Macular degeneration typically dey occur insyd older people, wey be caused by damage to de macula of de retina. Genetic factors den smoking fi play a role. De condition be diagnosed thru a complete eye exam. Severity be divided into early, intermediate, den late types.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=National Eye Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; De late type be additionally divided into &quot;dry&quot; den &quot;wet&quot; forms, plus de dry form dey make up 90% of cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh20152&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehta S |date=September 2015 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |journal=Primary Care |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=377–91 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 |pmid=26319344}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De difference between de two forms be categorized by de change insyd de macula. Those plus dry-form AMD get drusen, cellular debris insyd dema macula wey gradually dey damage light-sensitive cells den dey lead to vision loss. Insyd wet-form AMD, blood vessels grow under de macula, wey dey cause blood den fluid to leak into de retina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=WebMD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Exercising, dey chop well, den no dey smoke fi reduce de risk of macular degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; No cure anaa treatment dey restore de vision already lost.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; Insyd de wet form, anti–vascular endothelial growth factor dem inject into de eye anaa, less commonly, laser coagulation anaa photodynamic therapy fi slow worsening.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI20152&quot; /&gt; Dietary antioxidant vitamins, minerals, den carotenoids no dey appear to affect de onset;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Jennifer R |last2=Lawrenson |first2=John G |date=13 September 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group |title=Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=9 |article-number=CD000254 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5 |pmc=10498493 |pmid=37702300}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, dietary supplements fi slow de progression insyd those wey already get de disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

As of 2022, e dey affect more dan 200 million people globally plus de prevalence dem expect to increase to 300 million people by 2040 as de proportion of elderly persons insyd de population increases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apte |first=RS |date=5 August 2021 |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/af7e0093bba270d40649337c905c9c2fa7e19d55 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.semanticscholar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Vyawahare |first1=Hrishikesh |last2=Shinde |first2=Pranaykumar |title=Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment |journal=Cureus |date=2022 |volume=14 |issue=9 |article-number=e29583 |doi=10.7759/cureus.29583 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9595233 |pmid=36312607}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be more common insyd those of European anaa North American ancestry, wey e be about equally common insyd males den females.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AMDF |date=2016-05-18 |title=Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration - AMDF |url=https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/what-is-macular-degeneration/risk-factors |access-date=2024-05-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2013, na e be de fourth most common cause of blindness, after cataracts, preterm birth, den [[glaucoma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 386 | issue = 9995 | pages = 743–800 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26063472 | pmc = 4561509 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 | last1 = Vos | first1 = Theo | last2 = Barber | first2 = Ryan M. | last3 = Bell | first3 = Brad | last4 = Bertozzi-Villa | first4 = Amelia | last5 = Biryukov | first5 = Stan | last6 = Bolliger | first6 = Ian | last7 = Charlson | first7 = Fiona | last8 = Davis | first8 = Adrian | last9 = Degenhardt | first9 = Louisa | last10 = Dicker | first10 = Daniel | last11 = Duan | first11 = Leilei | last12 = Erskine | first12 = Holly | last13 = Feigin | first13 = Valery L. | last14 = Ferrari | first14 = Alize J. | last15 = Fitzmaurice | first15 = Christina | last16 = Fleming | first16 = Thomas | last17 = Graetz | first17 = Nicholas | last18 = Guinovart | first18 = Caterina | last19 = Haagsma | first19 = Juanita | last20 = Hansen | first20 = Gillian M. | last21 = Hanson | first21 = Sarah Wulf | last22 = Heuton | first22 = Kyle R. | last23 = Higashi | first23 = Hideki | last24 = Kassebaum | first24 = Nicholas | last25 = Kyu | first25 = Hmwe | last26 = Laurie | first26 = Evan | last27 = Liang | first27 = Xiofeng | last28 = Lofgren | first28 = Katherine | last29 = Lozano | first29 = Rafael | last30 = MacIntyre | first30 = Michael F. }}&lt;/ref&gt; E most commonly dey occur insyd people over de age of fifty den insyd de [[United States]] be de most common cause of vision loss insyd dis age group.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEI2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration |url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |website=National Eye Institute |access-date=21 December 2015 |date=June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151236/https://nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehta S | title = Age-Related Macular Degeneration | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–91 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26319344 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; About 0.4% of people between 50 den 60 get de disease, while e dey occur insyd 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, den nearly 12% of people over 80 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meh2015&quot; /&gt;

==Society den culture==
Among notable cases be:
* Judi Dench&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/23/judi-dench-failing-eyesight Judi Dench 'can't read any more due to failing eyesight] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019155627/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/23/judi-dench-failing-eyesight |date=2016-10-19 }}&quot;, The Guardian, 23 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
* Joan Plowright&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/10825654/Joan-Plowright-bows-out-to-a-standing-ovation.html Joan bows out to a standing ovation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420064158/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/10825654/Joan-Plowright-bows-out-to-a-standing-ovation.html |date=2016-04-20 }}&quot;, The Guardian, 13 May 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
* Peter Sallis&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.macularsociety.org/How-we-help/About-us/Who-we-are/Patrons Patrons of the Macular Society] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208035759/http://www.macularsociety.org/how-we-help/About-us/Who-we-are/Patrons |date=2013-02-08 }}&quot;, Macular Society. (notable for doing the voice of Wallace from ''[[Wallace and Gromit]]'' until 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macular Degeneration}}
[[Category:Disorders of choroid den retina]]
[[Category:Senescence]]
[[Category:Visual disturbances den blindness]]
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    <title>Waardenburg syndrome</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456670|Waardenburg syndrome]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
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'''Waardenburg syndrome''' be a group of rare genetic conditions wey be characterised by at least sam degree of congenital hearing loss den pigmentation deficiencies, wich fi include bright blue eyes (anaa one blue eye den one brown eye), a white forelock anaa patches of light skin. Dese basic features constitute type 2 of de condition; insyd type 1, der sanso be a wider gap between de inner corners of de eyes dem call telecanthus, anaa dystopia canthorum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1322&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry - # 193500 - WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 1; WS1 |url=https://omim.org/entry/193500 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=omim.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd type 3, wich be rare, de arms den hands sanso be malformed, plus permanent finger contractures anaa fused fingers, while insyd type 4, de person sanso get Hirschsprung's disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry - # 148820 - WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 3; WS3 |url=https://omim.org/entry/148820 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=omim.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry - # 277580 - WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 4A; WS4A |url=https://omim.org/entry/277580 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=omim.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der sanso exist at least two types (2E den PCWH) wey fi result in central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as developmental delay den muscle tone abnormalities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:522&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry - # 611584 - WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 2E; WS2E |url=https://omim.org/entry/611584 |access-date=2019-12-07 |website=omim.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

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