Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1569 115146 98689 2026-10-24T02:18:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1007}} '''Guinea-Bissau''' (/ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ ^ⓘ ''GHIN-ee bi-SOW''; Portuguese: ''Guiné-Bissau''; Fula: 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, <small>romanized:</small> ''Gine-Bisaawo''; Mandinka: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ ''Gine-Bisawo''), for paper top be de '''Republic of Guinea-Bissau''' (Portuguese: ''República da Guiné-Bissau'' [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw]), be country for [[West Africa]] wey dey cover 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), wey e get population dem estimate of 2,026,778. E dey border be [[Senegal]] to de north den [[Guinea]] to de southeast.<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau/overview "Overview"]. ''World Bank''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> Na Guinea-Bissau once be part of de kingdom of Kaabu,<ref name=":0" /> den de Mali Empire.<ref name=":0" /> Parts of dis kingdom persist til de 18th century, while na few odas dey under de Portuguese Empire dema rule since de 16th century. For de 19th century insyd, na Portuguese Guinea colonise am.<ref name=":0">[https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea_bissau.htm "Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile – Nations Online Project"]. ''www.nationsonline.org''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> Na Portuguese control be restricted den weak til de early 20th century plus de pacification campaigns, dis campaigns solidify Portuguese sovereignty for de area insyd. De final Portuguese victory ova de bastion of mainland resistance wey remain, de Papel rule Kingdom of Bissau for 1915 insyd by de Portuguese military officer Teixeira Pinto, wey he recruit Wolof mercenary Abdul Injai na be de event make dem solidify mainland control.<ref>Bowman, Joye L. (22 January 2009). "Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919". ''The Journal of African History''. '''27''' (3): 463–479. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0021853700023276|10.1017/S0021853700023276]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162344466 162344466].</ref> Na dem conquer de Bissagos, islands off de coast of Guinea-Bissau, for 1936 insyd, wey ensure Portuguese control of both de mainland den islands for de region.<ref>Corbin, Amy; Tindall, Ashley. [https://sacredland.org/bijagos-archipelago-guinea-bissau/ "Bijagós Archipelago"]. ''Sacred Land Film Project''. Retrieved 2 November 2022.</ref> Upon independence, dem declare for 1973 insyd wey dem recognise for 1974 insyd, dem add Bissau, to de country ein name so say e go prevent confusion plus Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau get history of political instability since independence, den one presido per dem elect (José Mário Vaz) successfully serve full five-year term.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau "Guinea-Bissau | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</ref> De current presido be Umaro Sissoco Embaló, wey dem elect for 29 December 2019.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220103024950/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/02/1057441 "Guinea-Bissau: Swearing-in of new President unlikely to bring stability, says UN representative"]. ''UN News''. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</ref> About 2% per of de population dey speak Portuguese, de official language, as first language, den 33% speak am as second language. Howeva, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Portuguese-based creole, be de national language wey dem san so consider am de language of unity. According to 2012 study, 54% of de population dey speak Creole as first language wey about 40% dey speak am as second language.<ref>Handem, Myrna (2015). ''Portuguese, Creole, or Both: The Problematic of Language Choice in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The Social, Political and Economic Implications of Language Choice'' (Ph. D. thesis). Howard University.</ref> De remainder dey speak variety of native African languages. De nation be home give chaw followers of [[Islam]], Christianity den traditional faiths, though no single religious group dey represent majority of de population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html "Africa: Guinea-Bissau"]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html Archived] from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2010/04/15/religious-affiliation-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"]. Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa (Report). Pew Research Center. 15 April 2010.</ref> De country ein per-capita gross domestic product be one of de lowest for de world insyd. Guinea-Bissau be member of de United Nations, [[African Union]], [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]], Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, den de South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, wey na e be member of de now-defunct Latin Union. ==History== === Pre-European contact === ==== Kingdom of Bissau ==== ==== Biafada kingdoms ==== ==== De Bijagos ==== ==== Kaabu ==== [[File:African slave trade.png|thumbnail|300px|States insyd medieval Africa]] === European contact === [[File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Guinea.svg|thumb|Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese Guinea-Bissau]] ==== 15th–16th centuries ==== ==== 17th–18th centuries ==== [[File:Flag of the Casa da Guiné.svg|thumb|left|Flag of de Portuguese Company of Guinea]] ==== Slave trade ==== ===Colonialism=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|300px|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]] ===Struggle for independence=== [[File:LG&CD - Guine Barro Jagudis 11.jpg|thumb|Portuguese Colonial War insyd Portuguese Guinea, 1968]] [[File:Portugal Colonial War 1970.jpg|thumb|Portuguese-held (green), disputed (yellow) den rebel-held areas (red) insyd Portuguese-Guinea den oda colonies 1970]] === Independence (1973–2000) === [[File:Hastear da bandeira da Guiné Bissau após o arrear da de Portugal.jpg|thumb|PAIGC forces raise de flag of Guinea-Bissau insyd 1974.]] ===21st century=== [[File:Putin-Embalo meeting (2022-10-25) 02.jpg|thumb|Guinea-Bissau Presido Umaro Sissoco Embaló plus Russian Presido Vladimir Putin insyd Moscow, Russia, 25 October 2022]] ==Politics== [[File:Palácio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_(2).jpg|thumb|De Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Fernanda_Nossa,_Guinea-Bissau,_photo_3.jpg|thumb|right|Public Order Police officer during a parade insyd Guinea-Bissau]] ===Foreign relations=== Guinea-Bissau be founding member state of de Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), dem sanso know am as de Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation den political association of Lusophone nations wer Portuguese be official language.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx "CPLP – Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – Histórico – Como surgiu?"]. ''www.cplp.org''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> ===Military=== A 2019 estimate put de size of de Guinea-Bissau Armed Forces at around 4,400 personnel den military spending be less dan 2% of GDP.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society "Guinea Bissau"]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</ref> Insyd 2018, Guinea-Bissau sign de UN treaty for de Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons top.<ref>[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"]. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.</ref> Guinea-Bissau be de 85th most peaceful country insyd de world, according to de 2024 Global Peace Index.<ref>[https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf "2024 Global Peace Index"] (PDF).</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== Dem divide Guinea-Bissau into eight regions (''regiões'') den one autonomous sector (''sector autónomo'').<ref>[https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/guinea-bissau-administrative-map.htm "Administrative Map of Guinea-Bissau 1200 pixel – Nations Online Project"]. ''www.nationsonline.org''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> Dese, in turn, be subdivided into 37 Sectors.<ref name="WorldAtlas">[https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/guinea-bissau "Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts"]. ''WorldAtlas''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> De regions be:<ref name="WorldAtlas"/> * Bafatá * Biombo * Bissau * Bolama * Cacheu * Gabu * Oio * Quinara * Tombali ==Geography== [[File:Lagoa_com_hipopótamos_01.jpg|thumb|230px|Rare salt water hippopotamuses for Orango Island]] [[File:CaravelaIvybeach1p.jpg|thumb|230px|Caravela, Bissagos Islands]] [[File:20130611-DSC 9018 (9290631541) (2).jpg|thumb|230px|Typical scenery insyd Guinea-Bissau]] ===Climate=== Guinea-Bissau be warm all year round plus mild temperature fluctuations; e dey average 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). De average rainfall for Bissau be 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in), although dis be almost entirely dem account for during de rainy season wich dey fall between June den September/October. From December thru April, de country dey experience drought.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b Guinea-Bissau Climate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509093130/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b#b Archived] 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> [[File:Climate diagram of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.svg|centre|600px]] ===Environmental problems=== Severe environmental problems dey include deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, den overfishing.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html "Guinea-Bissau"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101228200903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html# Archived] 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, ''CIA the World Factbook'', Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</ref> Guinea-Bissau get 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.7/10, wey dey rank am 97th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 5978. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G 2020NatCo..11.5978G]. doi:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723 2041-1723]. PMC [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 7723057]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507 33293507].</ref> ===Wildlife=== ==Economy== [[File:Guinea-Bissau Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|left|Proportional representation of Guinea-Bissau exports, 2019]] [[File:Banco Centra Da Guine Bissau.JPG|thumb|left|Seat of de Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Posto_Galp_em_S%C3%A3o_Domingos,_Guin%C3%A9_(1).jpg|thumb|left|Petrol station insyd São Domingos]] ==Society== ===Demographics=== According to de 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, na Guinea-Bissau ein population be 2,060,721 insyd 2021, compare to 518,000 insyd 1950. Na de proportion of de population below de age of 15 insyd 2010 be 41.3%, na 55.4% be aged between 15 den 65 years of age, while na 3.3% be aged 65 years anaa older.<ref name="WPP 2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision"]. Esa.un.org. Archived from [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm the original] on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Geographic location of Guinea-Bissau and present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups.jpg|thumb|330px|Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of de ethnic groups]] De population of Guinea-Bissau be ethnically diverse wey e get distinct languages, customs, den social structures.<ref name=":1">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/guineabissau/31802.htm "Guinea-Bissau (09/03)"]. ''U.S. Department of State''. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref> Dem fi divide Bissau-Guineans into de ethnic groups wey dey follow:<ref name=":1" /> *[[Fula people|Fula]] den de Mandinka-speaking people, wey dey constitute de largest portion of de population wey dem be concentrated insyd de north den northeast;<ref name=":1" /> *Balanta den Papel people, wey dey live insyd de southern coastal regions;<ref name=":1" /> den *Manjaco den Mancanha, wey dey occupy de central den northern coastal areas.<ref name=":1" /> Chaw of de remainder be ''mestiços'' of mixed Portuguese den African descent.<ref name="cciei.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073951/http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ "History & Geography – GUINEA BISSAU REPUBLIC"]. Archived from [http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ the original] on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</ref><ref>Berlin, Ira (1 April 1996). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947401 "From Creole to African"]. ''William and Mary Quarterly''. '''53''' (2): 266. doi:[[doi:10.2307/2947401|10.2307/2947401]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947401 2947401]. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</ref> Portuguese natives be very small percentage of Bissau-Guineans.<ref name="cciei.org"/> After Guinea-Bissau gain independence, chaw of de Portuguese nationals lef de country. De country get tiny [[overseas Chinese|Chinese]] population.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183519.htm China-Guinea-Bissau] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011061702/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183519.htm# Archived] 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. China.org.cn. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Dese dey include traders den merchants of mixed Portuguese den Cantonese ancestry from de former Asian Portuguese colony of Macau.<ref name="cciei.org"/> ===Major cities=== Main cities in Guinea-Bissau dey include:<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html "Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"]. ''citypopulation.de''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053028/http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html Archived] from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2" | Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population |- !2015 estimate !! Region |- |align=right | 1 || Bissau || align="right" | 492,004 || Bissau |- |align=right | 2 || Gabú || align="right" | 48,670 || Gabú |- |align=right | 3 || Bafatá || align="right" | 37,985 || Bafatá |- |align=right | 4 || Bissorã || align="right" | 29,468 || Oio |- |align=right | 5 || Bolama || align="right" | 16,216 || Bolama |- |align=right | 6 || Cacheu || align="right" | 14,320 || Cacheu |- |align=right | 7 || Bubaque || align="right" | 12,922 || Bolama |- |align=right | 8 || Catió|| align="right" | 11,498 || Tombali |- |align=right | 9 || Mansôa || align="right" | 9,198 || Oio |- |align=right | 10 || Buba || align="right" | 8,993 || Quinara |} ===Languages=== ===Religion=== [[File:Bafata1.jpg|thumb|Men insyd Islamic garb, Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau]] ===Health=== ===Education=== ===Conflicts=== Usually, de chaw different ethnic groups insyd Guinea-Bissau coexist peacefully, buh wen conflicts do erupt, dem dey tend to revolve around access to land.<ref>Armando Mussa Sani; Jasmina Barckhausen (23 June 2017). [https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts "Theatre sheds light on conflicts"]. D+C, development and cooperation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183225/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts Archived] from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</ref> ==Culture== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Gabumainstreet.jpg|Gabú be Guinea-Bissau ein second largest city File:Porto_de_Bissau_02,_container_ship_Windhoek.jpg|Port of Bissau File:Guinea-bissau 20130609-DSC 8955-2.jpg|Bridge insyd São Vicente, Cacheu File:Hotel_Ecolodge_Ponta_Anchaca_02.jpg|Hotels at Bissagos Islands File:Guinea-bissau-bissau-1.jpg|Carnival insyd Bissau File:Manecas Costa3.jpg|National singer Manecas Costa </gallery> ===Media=== ===Music=== ===Cuisine=== Common dishes dey include soups den stews. Common ingredients dey include yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato, den plantain. Spices, peppers, den chilis be used insyd cooking, wey dey include ''Aframomum melegueta'' seeds (Guinea pepper).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222154/https://www.slowfood.com/eat-locally-in-guinea-bissau/ "Eat locally in Guinea Bissau"]. ''Slow Food International''. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</ref> ===Film=== Flora Gomes be internationally renowned film director; ein most famous film be ''Nha Fala'' (English: My Voice).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110801/http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm "Nha Fala/My Voice"]. ''spot.pcc.edu''. 2002. Archived from [http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm the original] on 8 February 2013.</ref> Na Gomes ein ''Mortu Nega'' (''Death Denied'') (1988)<ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061 ''Mortu Nega''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218194148/http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061# Archived] 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> be de first fiction film den de second feature film dem ever make insyd Guinea-Bissau. (Na de first feature film be ''N’tturudu'', by director Umban u’Kest insyd 1987.) For FESPACO 1989, ''Mortu Nega'' win de prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Insyd 1992, Gomes direct ''Udju Azul di Yonta'',<ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099 ''Udju Azul di Yonta''] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090705080524/http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099# Archived] 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> wich na dem screen insyd de Un Certain Regard section at de 1992 Cannes Film Festival.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080938/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html "Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta"]. ''Festival de Cannes''. Archived from [http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html the original] on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</ref> Na Gomes sanso serve for de boards of chaw Africa-centric film festivals top.<ref>[http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018 Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112451/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018# Archived] 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Na dem born de actress Babetida Sadjo insyd Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau.<ref>de Lamalle, Patrick (19 October 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210309001139/https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 "Babetida Sadjo, est-ce que vous l'avez vu ?"]. ''RTBF'' (insyd French). Archived from [https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 the original] on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</ref> ===Sports=== Football be de most popular sport insyd Guinea-Bissau. De Guinea-Bissau national football team dey under de authority of de Federação de Futebol da Guiné-Bissau. Dem be member of de Confederation of African Football (CAF) den FIFA.<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/en/articles/caf-qualifying-draw-made-for-world-cup-26 "CAF qualifying draw made for FIFA World Cup 26™"]. ''FIFA''. 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1974]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:1974 establishments insyd Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] === Sources === * Barry, Boubacar (1998). ''Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. * Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1975). ''The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975''. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. * Hair, P.E.H. (22 January 2009). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179482.pdf "Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast"] (PDF). ''The Journal of African History''. '''8''' (2): 247–268. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0021853700007040|10.1017/S0021853700007040]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/179482 179482]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161528479 161528479] – via JSTOR. * Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pHCgAnkySJwC&q=Kikikor Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou]''. Paris, France: Karthala. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9782865372362|9782865372362]]</bdi>. Retrieved 2 August 2023. * Ogilby, John (1670). ''[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A70735.0001.001/1:8?rgn=div1;view=toc Africa: being an accurate description of the regions of Aegypt, Barbary, Lybia, and Billedulgerid, the land of Negroes, Guinee, Aethiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantick, Southern, or Oriental Sea, belonging thereunto: with the several denominations of their coasts, harbors, creeks, rivers, lakes, cities, towns, castles, and villages: their customs, modes, and manners, languages, religions, and inexhaustible treasure: with their governments and policy, variety of trade and barter, and also of their wonderful plants, beasts, birds, and serpents]''. London: Printed by Tho. Johnson for the author. Retrieved 25 November 2022 – via Early English Books. ; Attribution Dis article dey incorporate public domain material from ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210104183935/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ The World Factbook]''. CIA == Read further == * Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", ''Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales'', No. 1, April 1998. pp.&nbsp;53–60 * Forrest, Joshua B., ''Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau'' (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003) * Galli, Rosemary E, ''Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society'', Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987 * Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr., and Mendy, Peter Karibe, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997) * Vigh, Henrik, ''Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau'', Berghahn Books, 2006 == External links == '''Guinea-Bissau''' at Wikipedia ein sister projects * [[wiktionary:Special:Search/Guinea-Bissau|Definitions]] from Wiktionary * [[commons:Guiné-Bissau|Media]] from Commons * [[wikinews:Category:Guinea-Bissau|News]] from Wikinews * [[wikiquote:Special:Search/Guinea-Bissau|Quotations]] from Wikiquote * [[wikisource:Special:Search/Guinea-Bissau|Texts]] from Wikisource * [[wikibooks:Special:Search/Guinea-Bissau|Textbooks]] from Wikibooks * [[wikiversity:Special:Search/Guinea-Bissau|Resources]] from Wikiversity * [[wikivoyage:Guinea-Bissau|Travel information]] from Wikivoyage * [https://gb1.cc/ Exploring the Challenges and Richness of Guinea-Bissau: A Small West African Nation] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090025/https://gb1.cc/ Archived] 25 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine from ''GB1'' * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043287.stm Country Profile] from BBC News * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ Guinea-Bissau]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guineabissau.htm Guinea-Bissau] from UCB Libraries GovPubs * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau/ Guinea-Bissau] at de ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [[commons:Atlas_of_Guinea-Bissau|Wikimedia Atlas of Guinea-Bissau]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GW Key Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau] from International Futures '''Government''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241005101432/https://www.gov.gw/ Official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192938/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Guinea-Bissau%20Constitution.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau] * [http://portuguese-american-journal.com/guinea-bissau-prime-ministers-fate-unknow-after-apparent-military-coup-west-africa/ Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister's fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa] – Portuguese American Journal * [http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/12/guinea-bissau-holds-first-post-coup-election/ Guinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup Election] '''Trade''' * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GNB/Year/2005/Summary Guinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade Statistics] '''News media''' * [http://allafrica.com/guineabissau/ news headline links] from AllAfrica.com '''Tourism''' * Guinea-Bissau Turismo – [http://www.gbissau.org/wp2013/en/ambients/rios-and-lagoons/ RIOS AND LAGOONS] '''Health''' * The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_GuineaBissau_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Guinea-Bissau Country Profile] '''GIS information''' * [http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/master-thesis/ Master Thesis] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150804204354/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/master-thesis/ Archived] 4 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine about the developing [http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/management-and-integration-of-gi/ Geographical Information for Guinea-Bissau] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150802002536/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/management-and-integration-of-gi/ Archived] 2 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine) tm0dndd538d7hak5w1u9t6k1z2d6o5l 0 1710 115151 113079 2026-10-24T04:38:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology''' ('''KNUST'''), commonly dem know am as '''UST''', '''Tech''' anaa '''Kwame Tech''', be public university wey dey locate insyd [[Kumasi]], Ashanti Region, Ghana. De university dey focus for science den technology top.<ref>[https://www.knust.edu.gh/about/knust/campus "The Campus | Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology"]. ''knust Ghana''. Retrieved 23 January 2022.</ref> Ebe de second public university dem establish insyd de country, as well as de largest university insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of Ghana.<ref>Agyekum, Kofi; Simons, Barbara; Botchway, Seth Yeboah (30 November 2018). [[doi:10.18820/24150487/as25i2.2|"Factors influencing the performance of safety programmes in the Ghanaian construction industry"]]. ''Acta Structilia''. '''25''' (2): 39–68. doi:[[doi:10.18820/24150487/as25i2.2|10.18820/24150487/as25i2.2]]. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1023-0564 1023-0564].</ref> KNUST get ein roots for Agyeman Prempeh I, Asantehene, ein plans insyd so say dem go establish a university for Kumasi insyd as part of ein drive towards modernization of ein Ashanti Kingdom.<ref name=":0">"Prempeh, II, Otumfuo Sir Osei Agyeman, (1892-1970), nephew to late Nana Agyeman Prempeh I; Kumasihene and direct descendant of late King Osei Tutu, the Founder of Ashanti Empire; Hon. Zone Organiser (With rank of Hon. Lt-Col) in Home Guard, 1942". ''Who was Who''. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u54595|10.1093/ww/9780199540884.13.u54595.]]</ref> Dis plan neva come to pass sake of de clash between de British empire dema expansion den King Prempeh I ein desire to preserve ein Ashanti kingdom dema independence.<ref name=":0" /> However, ein kiddie bro den successor, King Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh II, as he tap de Golden Stool top for 1935 insyd, wey he continue plus de vision.<ref name=":0" /> Events wey happen for de 1940s for Gold Coast insyd play for ein hands insyd. First na dem establish de University College of the Gold Coast.<ref>[https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/11/august-11-1948-the-university-college-of-the-gold-coast-is-established-by-ordinance "August 11, 1948: The University College of the Gold Coast is established by Ordinance"]. ''Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation''. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</ref> Secondly, na de 1948 Accra riots den de other Watson Commission report wey dem recommend dat make dem establish university of sciences for Kumasi insyd.<ref>"Report on the Riots of 1948", ''The Ghana Reader''. Duke University Press. 2016. pp. 259-264. doi:[[doi:10.1215/9780822374961-052|10.1215/9780822374961-052]]. ISBN 978-0-8223-7496-1.</ref> Thus for 1949 insyd, Prempeh ein dream nu come turn reality wey dem start dey build what na dem dey bell Kumasi College of Technology.<ref>[https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2018/1/23/january-22-1952-kumasi-college-of-technology-is-established "January 22, 1952: Kumasi College of Technology is established"]. ''Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation''. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</ref> De Kumasi College of Technology offer admission to ein first students to de engineering faculty for 1951 insyd (dem enter for 1952 insyd), den de Act of Parliament give de university ein legal basis as de Kumasi College of Technology for 1952 insyd.<ref>''Kumasitech : the journal of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology''. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10102282 10102282].</ref> Dem form de college ein nucleus from 200 teacher training students wey dem transfer from Achimota College for [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra region]] insyd. Dem affiliate de college to de University of London. For 1961 insyd, dem grant de college full university status.<ref>G. F. Daniel (17 April 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702233108/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~univghana/ghanahed.htm "THE UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA"]. ''Development of University Education in Ghana''. University of Ghana. Retrieved 10 March 2007.</ref> De university dey cover total land area of 2,512.96 acres (1,016.96 ha).<ref>Dzisi, Emmanuel (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201201150738/http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/10171/1/DZISI%20EMMANUEL%20JR%20Thesis%20%285%29NEW%20NEW.pdf "Assessment of bicycle transportation on the KNUST Campus"] (PDF). ''MSc. Thesis'', KNUST Dspace. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</ref> De main campus wey be about seven square miles for de area insyd, e be about eight miles (13 km) to de east of Kumasi, Ashanti Regional ein capital.<ref>"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, KUMASI". ''Universities''. Universities of Ghana Overseas Office. Retrieved 11 March 2007.</ref> == Campuses == === Kumasi Campus === De Kumasi campus be de main campus of de university. Ebe about seven square miles insyd area den about eight miles (13 km) to de east of Kumasi. E dey house de Central Administration den oda important facilities.<ref>[https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/knust-fresh-students-enjoy-stress-free-moments-on-arrival/2024/ "KNUST: Fresh students enjoy stress-free moments on arrival"]. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> === Obuasi Campus === Na dem officially commission de Obuasi campus for 4 November 2020 despite ein inception insyd de year 2019. E dey run 15 undergraduate programmes, wich dey include seven Engineering programmes, four Business Administration programmes, three Allied Health Sciences programmes den one Science programme.<ref>[https://www.aga-reports.com/19/sr/stories/obuasi-knust "KNUST Obuasi campus | Sustainable Development Report 2019 | AngloGold Ashanti"]. ''www.aga-reports.com''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://obuasicampus.knust.edu.gh/about-us/about-obuasi-campus "About Obuasi Campus | Obuasi Campus, KNUST"]. ''obuasicampus.knust.edu.gh''. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</ref> == Housing den accommodation == Der be numerous KNUST hostels dem approve, mostly insyd close proximity to de main campus. Der be six halls of residence at de Kumasi campus, each administered by a hall council wey dey consist of senior den junior members. Der be few hostels on campus like de GUSSS hostels, Brunei, den Tek credit hostel. De executive head be de hall master, wey be assisted by a senior tutor. Dere be hall bursar den oda supporting staff.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130618221801/http://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/halls "Halls of Residence"]. ''Official Website''. Kwame Nkrumah University of Scienhostel tice and Technology. Archived from [https://www.knust.edu.gh/students/housing/halls the original] on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2009.</ref> === Halls of residence === * University Hall (Katanga) * Unity Hall (Conti) * Independence Hall * Queens Hall * Republic Hall * Africa Hall == Academics == [[File:Peace Pole, Kumasi, Ghana.jpg|thumb|Na dem erect de Peace Pole for de university campus for 21 September 2006, International Day of Peace. De pole be made of a 105-year-old sapele tree wey dem use to stand insyd de university ein botanical garden. De pole be 16.7 metres (55 feet) tall. Dem carve Indigenous symbols insyd bas-relief for top insyd five languages (Twi— local language insyd Ghana, Hindi, Chinese, Swahili, den Arabic). De peace prayer for de pole dey say: "May peace be upon Earth".]] Since de 2010/11 academic year, sam of de colleges dey operate two-tier system, while odas dey maintain dema three-tier system. === College of Agriculture and Natural Resources CANR === * Faculty of Agriculture ** Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension ** Department of Animal Sciences ** Department of Crop and Soil Sciences ** Department of Horticulture * Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources ** Department of Agroforestry ** Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management ** Department of Silviculture and Forest Management ** Department of Wildlife and Range Management ** Department of Wood Science and Technology * Faculty of Forest Resources Technology ** Department of Ecotourism and Forest Recreation ** Department of Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation ** Department of Social Forestry ** Department of Wood Processing and Marketing === College of Health Sciences === * Faculty of Allied Health Sciences ** Department of Medical Diagnostics ** Department of Medical Imaging ** Department of Physiotherapy and Sports Science * Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences **Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry **Department of Pharmacology **Department of Pharmacognosy **Department of Pharmacy Practice **Department of Pharmaceutics **Department of Herbal Medicine *School of Dentistry *School of Medical Sciences *School of Veterinary Medicine *School of Nursing and Midwifery === College of Humanities and Social Sciences === * Faculty of Law * Faculty of Social Sciences ** Department of Economics ** Department of English ** Department of Geography and Rural Development ** Department of History and Political Studies ** Department of Modern Languages currently dem dey bell am de department of Language and Communication Sciences. ** Department of Religious Studies ** Department of Sociology and Social Work * School of Business Colleges under de two-tier system (Provost/Head of Department): === College of Art and Built Environment === :De College of Art and Built Environment formerly dem know am as College of Architecture and Planning cam into existence insyd January 2005 as part of de restructuring of de University into a Collegiate System. Insyd de restructuring, na dem emerge de Faculty of Environmental and Development studies (FEDS) den de Institute of Land Management and Development (ILMAD) make dem form de College. FEDS comprise three teaching departments: Department of Architecture, Department of Building Technology den Department of Housing and Planning Research. ILMAD comprise two departments, Department of Land Economy den de Land Resources Centre. De college currently dey comprise two faculties, ten teaching departments den one research institute: :* Department of Communication Design :* Department of General Art Studies :* Department of Painting and Sculpture :* Department of Integrated Rural Art/Industry :* Department of Industrial Art :*Department of Educational Innovations in Science and Technology :* Department of Publishing Studies :* Department of Architecture :* Department of Building Technology :* Department of Land Economy :*Department of Planning :* Centre for Settlements Studies :* Centre for Land Studies === College of Engineering === :* Department of Agricultural Engineering :* Department of Aerospace Engineering :* Department of Chemical Engineering :* Department of Civil Engineering :* Department of Computer Engineering :* Department of Electrical Engineering/Electronic Engineering & Telecommunication Engineering :* Department of Geological Engineering :* Department of Geodetic Engineering :* Department of Geomatic Engineering :* Department of Materials Engineering :* Department of Mechanical Engineering :* Department of Petroleum Engineering === College of Science === :* Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology :* Department of Chemistry :* Department of Computer Science :* Department of Environmental Science :* Department of Food Science and Technology :* Department of Mathematics :* Department of Optometry and Visual Science :* Department of Physics :* Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology :* Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences :* Department of Meteorology and Climate Science === Institute of Distance Learning === Insyd de year 2005, KNUST adopt Distance Learning as a viable complement to de conventional face-to-face system of education. Na dem make dis decision make e offer opportunity for people make dem pursue academic programmes plus de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, while still on full-time employment.<ref name=":1">''The Vice-Chancellor's Report'', Kumasi: University Press - KNUST, June 2009.</ref><ref>Erastus Asare Donkor (24 November 2005). [http://www.modernghana.com/news/90811/1/knust-inaugurates-faculty-of-distance-learning.html "KNUST Inaugurates Faculty of Distance Learning"]. Modern Ghana, Regional News. Retrieved 30 October 2009.</ref> Insyd October 2007, de Academic Board change de status of de Faculty of Distance Learning to de Institute of Distance Learning.<ref name=":1" /> === Library den digital resources === ''Main article:'' [[KNUST Library]] === Affiliated institutions === * [[Accra Institute of Technology]] * Akim State University College<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240707233942/https://asuc.edu.gh/ "Akim State University College | Asuc | Ghana"]. ''asuc''.</ref> * All Nations University College * Central University College * [[KAAF University College|Kaaf University College]] * DataLink University College(DLUC) * [[Garden City University College]] * [[Ghana Communication Technology University|Ghana Telecom University College]] * [[Ho Technical University|Ho Polytechnic]] * Osei Tutu II Institute for Advanced ICT Studies * [[Regent University College of Science and Technology|Regent University College]] * Spiritan Institute / Spiritan University College<ref>[http://www.spiritanuc.edu.gh/ Spiritan University College] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422134413/http://www.spiritanuc.edu.gh/ Archived] 22 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091012121619/http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=123 "Affiliated Institutions"]. ''KNUST''. 12 October 2009. Archived from [http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=knust&mid=15&sid=123 the original] on 12 October 2009.</ref> Insyd December 2019, na dem sign agreement between de Gambian government den Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology make dem set up Science, Technology and Engineering University insyd [[The Gambia]]. Insyd de accord, de administrative den teaching faculties go be set up, coached by den affiliated to KNUST.<ref>[https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/knust-to-establish-science-technology-university-in-the-gambia.html "KNUST to establish Science, Technology University in The Gambia"]. ''Graphic Online''. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</ref> === Research centres === * Bureau of Integrated Research and Development * Centre for Biodiversity Utilisation and Development (CBUD) * Centre for Cultural and African Studies * Centre for Human Studies * Dairy/Beef Research Station * The Brew-Hammond Energy Centre, College Of Engineering<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091013054038/http://energycenter.knust.edu.gh/pages/index.php "The Energy Center"]. Archived from [http://energycenter.knust.edu.gh/pages/index.php the original] on 13 October 2009.</ref> * Kumasi Center For Collaborative Research(KCCR) in collaboration plus de German Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090918064601/http://kccr-ghana.org/kccr/ "KCCR 20th Anniversary Durbar – KCCR"]. ''Kccr Ghana''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918064601/http://kccr-ghana.org/kccr/ the original] on 18 September 2009.</ref> * National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (NIMS) * Technology Consultancy Centre (TCC) * Laboratory For Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis (LISA) == Media == === Radio === Focus FM (94.3 FM) be de university ein official radio station. Among ein notable programmes be ''Morning Show'', ''Drive Time'', ''Teknokrat'' den ''Community Watch''.<ref>Thompson, Kaja (29 September 2005). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=fhheheC8n4MC&redir_esc=y "Don't Leave Out Focus FM"]. ''Graphic Showbiz'' (394). Sat Prachar Press: 2. Retrieved 4 July 2020 – via Google Books.</ref> ==== Ghanaian Journalists Wey Train for Focus FM ==== * Nana Kwadwo Jantuah * Edward Oppong Marfo * Kwame Adinkra * Kojo Akoto Boateng * Louis Kwame Sakyiamah (Lexis Bill) * Anita Kuma * Kojo Akoto Boateng === Television === TEK TV be de official television station for de university.<ref>Gbagbo, Julitta (15 June 2016). [https://kuulpeeps.com/2016/06/15/knust-to-launch-tv-station-called-tek-tv/campus/knust "KNUST To Launch TV Station Called TEK TV - Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students"]. ''Kuulpeeps''. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</ref> == Notable people == === Notable alumni === * UN Secretary-General den Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Kofi Annan get part of ein education for KNUST * Kwaku Aning, diplomat * Hackman Owusu-Agyeman, diplomat * Aliu Mahama Vice-president of Ghana from 2001 cam 2008, study for KNUST * Edward Kwame Wiredu, former Chief Justice of Ghana, na he be student for KNUST * Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings, former first lady of Ghana be alumna * Samira Bawumia, current second lady of Ghana, sanso be alumna * Thomas Mensah, former CEO of GNPC den chemical engineer graduate from KNUST College of Engineering * Alex Mould, CEO of Ghana Gas * Benjamin Asante * Charles Darku, former CEO of Tullow Ghana Limited * Amma Darko, de novelist attend KNUST * Chris Attoh, actor attend KNUST * Nana Otuo Siriboe, de Juabenhene wey sanso be Chairman of Council of State * Ernest Aryeetey, economist den former Vice Chancellor of de University of Ghana graduate from de institution * Yaw Osafo-Maafo, Senior Minister graduate from de institution * Pamela Mbabazi , Chairperson of de Uganda Planning Authority sanso be student for KNUST. === Notable academics === * Francis Allotey, mathematician * Aba Andam, physicist * Ablade Glover, artist * Marr Grounds, American / Australian artist den lecturer for architecture insyd for 1966–7 * Thomas Mensah, chemical engineer * Letitia Obeng, research scientist == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]'''''. * [http://www.knust.edu.gh/ Official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061023150614/http://www.ghanauniversities.com/university_detail.php?id=5 Universities of Ghana Overseas Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827124806/http://src.knust.edu.gh/ Students Representative Council] [[Category:Universities insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Ashanti Empire]] [[Category:Education insyd Kumasi]] [[Category:Forestry education]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1952]] [[Category:1952 establishments insyd Gold Coast (British colony)]] [[Category:National universities]] [[Category:Ghana]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1952]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] i0uklckh0orud6pnnqdomrs4zp5m5t7 0 1825 115155 48147 2026-10-24T06:54:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1979764}} De '''New Partnership for Africa's Development''' ('''NEPAD''') be economic development program give de [[African Union]] (AU). AU adopt NEPAD for de 37th session of de Assembly of Heads of State den Government for July 2001 for Lusaka wey dey [[Zambia]] insyd. NEPAD ein aim be say ego provide sam overarching vision den policy framework for accelerating economic co-operation den integration among African countries. ==Structure== ==== Chief Executive Officers ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''No.''' !Image !Name !Country !Take office !Lef office |- |1 |[[File:Wiseman Nkuhlu (cropped).jpg|70px]] |Wiseman Nkuhlu |[[South Africa]] |2000 |2005<ref name="initiators">{{cite web |title=NEPAD Initiators speak at 10th Anniversary Colloquium. {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://nepad.org/news/nepad-initiators-speak-10th-anniversary-colloquium |website=nepad.org |access-date=19 December 2024 |date=2015-12-28}}</ref> |- |2 |[[File:Firmino Mucavele-1.jpg|70px]] |Firmino Mucavele |[[Mozambique]] |2005 |2008<ref>{{cite web |title=Communiqué - Prof. Firmino G. MUCAVELE {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://nepad.org/news/communique-prof-firmino-g-mucavele |website=nepad.org |access-date=19 December 2024 |date=20 May 2016}}</ref> |- |3 |[[File:Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki 2012-01-24.jpg|70px]] |Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki |[[Niger]] |2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2009/09090809351001.htm |title=E Ebrahim receives credentials from Nepad Secretariat CEO |publisher=Info.gov.za |access-date=2011-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604050048/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2009/09090809351001.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |2022<ref>{{cite news |title=New CEO of African Union Development Agency-NEPAD assumes office on 1 May |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-2022/new-ceo-african-union-development-agency-nepad-assumes-office |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Africa Renewal |publisher=United Nations |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |4 |[[File:Nardos Bekele-Thomas (cropped).jpg|70px]] |Nardos Bekele-Thomas |[[Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wakhisi|first1=Sylvia|title=High flyer: Meet UNDP Resident Representative Nardos Bekele-Thomas|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/trendsetters/article/2000168814/high-flyer-meet-undp-resident-representative-nardos-bekele-thomas|access-date=19 December 2024|work=Eve|publisher=The Standard (Kenya)|date=2015-07-11|language=en}}</ref> |2022<ref>{{cite web |title=H.E. Madam Nardos Bekele-Thomas {{!}} Global Africa Business Initiative |url=https://gabi.unglobalcompact.org/person/he-madam-nardos-bekele-thomas |website=gabi.unglobalcompact.org |access-date=19 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |Incumbent |} ===Partners=== * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (UNECA) * African Development Bank * Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) * Investment Climate Facility (ICF) * African Capacity Building Foundation * Office of the UN Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa * IDC (The Industrial Development Corporation) - Sponsor of NEPAD ==Bibliography== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180508104933/http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/POVNEPAD.pdf The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): An Initial Commentary] by Ravi Kanbur, Cornell University * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190516122648/http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000954/P1073-Kajee-2004_NEPADs_APRM.pdf Nepad’s APRM: A Progress Report, Practical Limitations and Challenges], by Ayesha Kajee * "Fanon's Warning: A Civil Society Reader on the New Partnership for Africa's Development", edited by Patrick Bond, Africa World Press, 2002 * "The New Partnership for Africa's Development: Challenges and Developments", Centre for Democracy and Development (Nigeria), 2003 * "NEPAD: A New Path?" edited by Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, Aseghedech Ghirmazion and Davinder Lamba, Heinrich Boell Foundation, 2002 * "The African Union, NEPAD, and Human Rights: The Missing Agenda" by Bronwen Manby, Human Rights Quarterly - Volume 26, Number 4, November 2004, pp.&nbsp;983–1027 * "Economic Policy and Conflict in Africa" in Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol.2, No.1, 2004; pp.&nbsp;6–20 * "Pan-Africa: The NEPAD formula" by Sarah Coleman, World Press Review July 2002 v49 i7 p29(1) * "Bring Africa out of the margins", The Christian Science Monitor July 5, 2002 p10 == References == [[Category:New Partnership for Africa's Development]] [[Category:African Union]] [[Category:International development for Africa insyd]] [[Category:2001 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Intelligent Community Forum]] <references /> == External links == * [http://www.nepad.org NEPAD official website] {{Authority control}} ihronocfy04j2iw0eepnx0x0e6xjcg3 0 1879 115159 113390 2026-10-24T07:49:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1408792}} De '''Pipeline Mosque''' be de main mosque for Serekunda, wey dey [[The Gambia|Gambia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pipeline Mosque, Serekunda, Gambia|url=https://www.tripalong.co/at-949058-pipeline_mosque_serekunda|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.tripalong.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pipeline Mosque {{!}} Mosque {{!}} Place Of Worship - PlaceGrab.com|url=https://www.placegrab.com/gambia/article-pipeline-mosque-3500/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.placegrab.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171422/https://www.placegrab.com/gambia/article-pipeline-mosque-3500/|archive-date=2022-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Beautiful Mosques Pictures|url=https://www.beautifulmosque.com/Pipeline-Mosque-in-Serrekunda-Gambia|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.beautifulmosque.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617210000/https://www.beautifulmosque.com/Pipeline-Mosque-in-Serrekunda-Gambia|archive-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> == History == Dem build de mosque for 28th February 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pipeline Mosque marks its SilverI Jubilee - The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/pipeline-mosque-marks-its-silveri-jubilee|access-date=2022-10-30|website=thepoint.gm|language=en-US}}</ref> == Location den architecture == De mosque dey locate for de western side for Kairaba Avenue (ein former name be: Pipeline Road) for Serekunda insyd. De mosque ein external dimensions dey around 30 × 65 meters. De mosque get de features of Islamic architecture like minaret den facade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Pipeline Mosque on your trip to Serekunda or Gambia • Inspirock|url=https://www.inspirock.com/gambia/serekunda/pipeline-mosque-a6309534663|access-date=2021-06-09|website=www.inspirock.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030172126/https://www.inspirock.com/gambia/serekunda/pipeline-mosque-a6309534663|archive-date=2022-10-30}}</ref> De mosque dey de Embassy of [[United States|USA]] dema body for Banjul insyd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gambia: Protest planned outside of US Embassy in Banjul on June 27|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/354281/gambia-protest-planned-outside-of-us-embassy-in-banjul-on-june-27|access-date=2021-06-09|website=GardaWorld|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Demonstration Alert: Demonstration June 27, 2020|url=http://gm.usembassy.gov/demonstration-alert-demonstration-june-27-2020/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=U.S. Embassy in The Gambia|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Mosques]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:The Gambia]] lu264zi7o5bkl14go26yzxycma3qh4z 0 1944 115173 115004 2026-10-24T09:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirley Frimpong-Manso''' (born 16 March 1977) be a [[Ghana]]ian film director, writer, den producer. She be de founder den CEO of Sparrow Productions, a film, television den advertising production company.<ref name=":0">Amankwa, Obour (May 16, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211108171458/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/05/16/biography-of-shirley-frimpong-manso-a-director-with-outstanding-skills/ "Biography of Shirley Frimpong-Manso: A Director with Outstanding Skills"]. GhanaCelebrities.com. Retrieved February 26, 2011.</ref> She win Best Director for de 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards.<ref name=":1">Amankwa, Obour (April 20, 2010). [https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/20054/african-movie-academy-awards-2010shirley-frimpong-manso-win.html "African Movie Academy Awards 2010: Shirley Frimpong Manso Wins Director of The Year"]. ''The Nigerian Voice''. Retrieved May 15, 2022.</ref> Frimpong-Manso sansobe a principal of Sparrow Station, a video streaming service for African entertainment from Sparrow den oda African film producers.<ref>Abotsi, Maureen (December 13, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716141515/http://www.ghananation.com/news/29625-shirley-frimpong-manso-s-sparrow-station-goes-live.html "Shirley Frimpong-Manso's Sparrow Station Goes Live!"]. Ghana Nation. Retrieved July 15, 2014.</ref> Insyd 2013, na dem rank am de 48th most influential person insyd [[Ghana]] according to E.tv Ghana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162720/http://www.etvghana.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3634:etv-ghana-holds-maiden-edition-of-ghanas-most-influential-awards&catid=96:etvgh-blog-news&Itemid=484 "Etv Ghana holds maiden edition of Ghana Most Influential People"]. etvghana.com. April 23, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2014.</ref> ==Biography== Frimpong-Manso komot Kwahu Pepease insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> She graduate insyd 2000 from de [[University of Media, Arts and Communication- Institute of Film and Television|National Film and Television Institute]] dem popularly know as NAFTI insyd Ghana wey she work as a presenter for Radio Gold, a private station insyd [[Accra]], wey she go start Sparrow Productions insyd 2003.<ref name=":0" /> Ein husby den business partner be Ken Attoh, wey dem get one kiddie.<ref name="ghanacelebs201210022">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/10/02/photo-of-the-day-shirley-frimpong-manso-her-man-ken-attoh/|title=Shirley Frimpong Manso & Her Man-Ken Attoh...|date=2 October 2012|work=Ghanacelebrities.com|access-date=19 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Works== Plus producer den actress [[Juliet Asante]], Frimpong-Manso help produce de TV show ''Heart to Heart'' for two years shortly after school. She sanso produce:<ref name=":0" /> * ''Different Shades of Blue''<ref name="NigerianVoiceBlue2">{{Cite web|date=2007-09-20|author=Adwoa Serwaa Bonsu|title=In Different Shades Of Blue • Drama Is Only A Heart Beat Away|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/8276/in-different-shades-of-blue-drama-is-only-a-heart-beat-awa.html|access-date=2022-05-27|website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> * ''Personalities Kitchen''<ref name=":0" /> * ''The Miss Ghana Pageant''<ref name=":0" /> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" !Film !Production<br>Year !Distribution<br>Companies !Production<br>Type !Ref. |- |''Life and Living it'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="modernghanalli2">{{cite web|title=Life and Living It|url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/4615/3/life-and-living-it.html|date=22 April 2009|publisher=ModernGhana.com|work=Nollywood News|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="afdlli2">{{cite web|url=http://africa-archive.com/gh/life-and-living-it-2009|title=Life and Living It (2009)|work=African Film Database|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021031437/http://africa-archive.com/gh/life-and-living-it-2009|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> |- |''Scorned'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film | |- |''The Perfect Picture'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="afdapp2">{{cite web|url=http://africa-archive.com/gh/the-perfect-picture-2009|title=The Perfect Picture (2009)|work=African Film Database|accessdate=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021031446/http://africa-archive.com/gh/the-perfect-picture-2009|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc24dec102">{{cite web|last=Agyapong Febiri|first=Chris-Vincent|title=BBC's Interview With Shirley Frimpong Manso|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/25/bbc’s-interview-with-shirley-frimpong-manso-was-aired-yesterday-did-you-miss-it-listen-to-it-here-now/|publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com|accessdate=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007192144/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/12/25/bbc%E2%80%99s-interview-with-shirley-frimpong-manso-was-aired-yesterday-did-you-miss-it-listen-to-it-here-now/|archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> |- |''A Sting in a Tale'' |2009 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="africareportsting2">{{cite web|title=Film reviews: Desert Flower & A Sting in a Tale|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/archives2/society-a-culture/3295797-film-reviews-desert-flower-a-a-sting-in-a-tale.html|publisher=The Africa Report|accessdate=30 December 2010|date=14 September 2010}}</ref> |- |''[[Checkmate (2010 film)|Checkmate]]'' |2010 |Sparrow Station |Film | |- |''6 Hours to Christmas'' |2010 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="modernghanasixdays2">{{cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/1663/16/0396-hours-to-christmas039.html|title=6 Hours to Christmas|last=Smith|first=Hilda Lan|date=15 October 2010|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=6 September 2011}}</ref> |- |''Peep'' |2011 |Sparrow Station TV3 |TV series | |- |''Contract'' |2012 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="NYDJLive2014Awards2">{{Cite web|first=Ebenezer|last=Donkoh|date=2014-03-09|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso wins Best Director at 2014 AfricaMagic Viewers' Choice Awards #AMCVA2014|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/shirley-frimpong-manso-wins-best-director-at-2014-africamagic-viewers-choice-awards-amcva2014/|access-date=2022-05-27|website=NY DJ Live|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="BellaNaija2014Awards2">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-09|title=And the 2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards WINNERS Are…|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/03/and-the-2014-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-winners-are/|access-date=2022-05-27|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Adams Apples]]'' |2011–2013 |Sparrow Station |TV series |<ref name="adamsappleswebsite2">{{cite web|url=http://www.adamsapplesmovie.com/about.php|title=About Adams Apples|publisher=Movie web site|accessdate=6 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127222057/http://www.adamsapplesmovie.com/about.php|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="adamsapplesfacebook2">{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/adamsapplesmovie|title=Adams Apples Movie|publisher=Facebook page}}</ref> |- |''Potomanto'' |2013 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film |<ref name="PotomantoNollywoodreinvented2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/01/potomanto.html|title=Potomanto: NR Review|publisher=NollywoodREinvented|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> |- |''Big for Nothing'' |2013 |Sparrow Station |Short film | |- |''Stranger in my Bed'' |2013 |Sparrow Station |Short film | |- |''Tenant'' |2013 |Africa Magic |TV series | |- |''Devil in the Detail'' |2014 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film |<ref name="TalkMoviesDevil2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkafricanmovies.com/devil-in-the-detail/|title=Devil in the Detail|date=28 September 2014|website=Talk African Movies|language=en-US|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Love or Something Like That]]'' |2014 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film | |- |''V-Republic'' |2014 |Sparrow Station |TV series | |- |''Grey Dawn'' |2015 |Sparrow Station Africa Magic |Film | |- |''Shampaign<ref name="SparrowShampaign2">{{cite web|title=Shampaign|url=http://sparrowproductions.net/shampaign/|publisher=Sparrow Station|accessdate=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012005225/http://sparrowproductions.net/shampaign/|archive-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>'' |2016 |Sparrow Station |TV series |<ref name="NollywoodShampaign2">{{Cite web|url=https://nollywoodobserver.blog/2017/03/13/series-review-shampaign/|title=Series Review: Shampaign|date=13 March 2017|website=Nollywood Observer|language=en|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723155502/https://nollywoodobserver.blog/2017/03/13/series-review-shampaign/|archive-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> |- |''Rebecca'' |2016 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="todaypost201601292">{{cite news|publisher="The Today Post"|url=http://gh.thetodaypost.com/rebecca-shirley-frimpong-mansos-movie-set-for-premiere-in-the-uk-video-11008|title='Rebecca': Shirley Frimpong Manso's movie set for premiere in the UK|date=29 January 2016|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Potato Potahto]]'' |2017 | |Film |<ref name="pulseng201707112">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/shirley-frimpong-manso-put-a-spin-on-divorce-in-potato-pothato-id7568118.html|title="Potato Potahto" - How Shirley Frimpong-Manso put a hilarious spin on divorce|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070115/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/shirley-frimpong-manso-put-a-spin-on-divorce-in-potato-pothato-id7568118.html|archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="enewsgh201807062">{{Cite web|url=https://enewsgh.com/2018/07/2018-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-shirley-frimpong-mansos-potato-potahto-keeps-ghana-afloat/|title=2018 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards: Shirley Frimpong-Manso's POTATO POTAHTO Keeps Ghana Afloat|date=6 July 2018|first=Gabriel Myers|last=Hansen|website=Proudly Ghanaian! {{!}} EnewsGH|language=en-US|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402044901/https://enewsgh.com/2018/07/2018-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-shirley-frimpong-mansos-potato-potahto-keeps-ghana-afloat/|archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[The Perfect Picture: Ten Years Later]]'' |2019 | |Film |<ref name="BellaNaija201912032">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-03|title=Ghanaian Movie "The Perfect Picture – Ten Years Later" premiered with the Leading Ladies in Attendance|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/ghanaian-movie-the-perfect-picture-ten-years-later-premiered-with-the-leading-ladies-in-attendance/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="EAAWinners20212">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-27|title=Winners of Entertainment Achievement Awards 2021 [Full list]|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/winners-of-entertainment-achievement-awards-2021-full-list/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Citi FM (Ghana)|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Us In Between |2020 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref name="CitiUsInBetween20202">{{Cite news|first=Kwame|last=Dadzie|date=2020-11-30|title=Shirley Frimpong-Manso premieres 'Us in Between', a movie on COVID-19|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/11/shirley-frimpong-manso-premieres-us-in-between-a-movie-on-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Citi FM (Ghana)|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Two of a Kind |2024 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/shirley-frimpong-mansos-two-of-a-kind-premieres-in-uk/</ref> |- |For Love and Country |2025 |Sparrow Station |Film |<ref>https://www.myjoyonline.com/melvin-dains-dual-character-portrayal-shines-in-for-love-and-country/</ref> |} == Awards == * 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards - Best Director of de Year<ref name=":1" /> * 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards - ''A Sting in a Tale'' win de ''Best Soundtrack'' award<ref name=":1" /> * 18th Annual Pan African Film & Arts Festival - ''A Sting In A Tale'' take home de award for ''Audience Favorite-Narrative Feature<ref name="GhanaCelebPAFAF20102">{{Cite web|date=2010-02-26|title=Shirley Frimpong Manso's 'A Sting in a Tale' wins award|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/11441/shirley-frimpong-mansos-a-sting-in-a-tale-wins-award.html|access-date=2022-05-27|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref>'' * 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards - Best Movie Director, Best Video Editor, den (jointly plus Hertey Owusu) Best Writer (Drama), Contract win Best Movie.<ref name="NYDJLive2014Awards2" /><ref name="BellaNaija2014Awards2" /> * Insyd March 2021, na dem award am de Film Director of de Year insyd de Citi TV Entertainment Achievement Awards.<ref name="EAAWinners20212" /><ref name="CitiUsInBetween20202" /> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [[imdbname:4444248|Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] at IMDb {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frimpong-Manso, Shirley}} [[Category:Ghana celeb]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Ghanaian film directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian women film directors]] [[Category:Ghanaian film producers]] [[Category:Ghanaian writers]] [[Category:Ghanaian women writers]] [[Category:Best Director Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] duulqu9fivbtnhxqa2v1esmcw7j2n9h 0 1947 115174 113528 2026-10-24T09:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simon Osei-Mensah''' (born 27 May 1961) be a [[Ghanaian]] politician, a member of de 6th Parliament den 4th Republic of Ghana, den a member of de [[New Patriotic Party]] insyd [[Ghana]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| last = Adogla-Bessa| first = Delali| title = List of Nana Addo's 10 Regional Minister-nominees| work = Ghana News| access-date = 25 January 2017| date = 24 January 2017| url = http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/24/list-of-nana-addos-10-regional-minister-nominees/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170126070903/http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/24/list-of-nana-addos-10-regional-minister-nominees/| archive-date = 26 January 2017}}<br>- {{Cite web|title=Go to court if you're unhappy with dismissal - Minister to Opare-Addo|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/go-to-court-if-you-re-unhappy-with-dismissal-minister-to-opare-addo.html?template=graphictv&is_preview=on|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Graphic Online}}</ref> Na [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Presido Nana Addo Danquah Akuffo-Addo]] insyd January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Adogla-Bessa| first = Delali| title = Parliament approves Nana Addo's regional minister nominees| work = Ghana News| access-date = 23 February 2017| date = 18 February 2017| url = http://citifmonline.com/2017/02/18/parliament-approves-nana-addos-regional-minister-nominees/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161805/http://citifmonline.com/2017/02/18/parliament-approves-nana-addos-regional-minister-nominees/| archive-date = 30 June 2018}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na dem born Osei-Mensah for 27 May 1961.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Welcome|url=http://ghanamps.com/home/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Ghana Members of Parliament}}</ref> He be from de town of Jachie insyd de [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti region]]. He obtain a Master of Science degree insyd economics from de University of National and World Economy insyd Sofia, Bulgaria, insyd 1991. He sanso get a Certificate insyd Banking from de Institute of Business insyd Odense, Denmark, he acquire insyd 1998.<ref name="GA1">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-25|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Osei-Mensah, Simon|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=203|access-date=2020-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425011335/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=203|archive-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> == Career == Osei-Mensah be an economist den banker.<ref name=":02" /> He work as an operations manager for Kuapa Kokoo Credit Union before he aspire to political office.<ref name="GA1" /> == Political career == Osei-Mensah be a member of de New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":34">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Adansi Asokwa Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/236/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104113444/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/236/index.php|archive-date=2023-01-04}} - {{Cite book|title=Elections 2004; Ghana's Parliamentary and Presidential Elections|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2005|location=Accra|pages=122}}</ref><ref name=":56">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results - Adansi Asokwa Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/236/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104113447/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/236/index.php|archive-date=2023-01-04}}- {{Cite book|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=61}}</ref> He cam turn a member of parliament from January 2005 after he emerge winner insyd de General Election insyd December 2004.<ref name=":34" /> He run for a second den third term wey he win. Na he be de MP for Bosomtwe constituency.<ref name="GA1" /><ref name=":34" /><ref name=":56" /><ref name=":78">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2012 Results - Bosomtwe Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/ashanti/18/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023021009/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/ashanti/18/index.php|archive-date=2019-10-23}}- {{Cite book|title=Election 2012|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2012|location=Ghana|pages=130}}</ref> Na dem elect am as de member of parliament for dis constituency insyd de fourth, fifth den sixth parliaments of de fourth Republic of Ghana.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":56" /><ref name=":78" /> Insyd February 2020, after ein party cam back into office, na dem appoint am by [[President of Ghana|President]] Nana Akuffo-Addo as de Ashanti regional minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-18|title=Parliament approves Nana Addo's regional minister nominees|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/02/parliament-approves-nana-addos-regional-minister-nominees/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181947/https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/parliament-approves-nana-addos-regional-minister-nominees/|archive-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Osei-Mensah be a Catholic Christian. He marry plus five kiddies.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Osei-Mensah, Simon}} [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2005–2009]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2009–2013]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 2013–2017]] [[Category:New Patriotic Party politicians]] [[Category:University of National and World Economy alumni]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Ashanti Region]] [[Category:Ghanaian Roman Catholics]] <references /> [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian politicians]] [[Category:Ghanaian politicians]] 01mi2h5x98h9e7qyfn2safhb5osnrk2 0 2054 115187 113693 2026-10-24T11:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa''' '''I''' (dem born am 17 [[October]] 1840 – she die 17 [[October]] 1921). Na she be Queen Mother for Ejisu wey dey de Ashanti Empire – dat be part of de [[Ghana]] wey dey today. Ebe ein bro Nana Akwasi Afrane Opese (na he be de king of Edwesu), wey appoint am. Ebe ein wey she lead de Ashanti war wey dem dey call am War of de Golden Stool, alias '''Yaa Asantewaa''' War of Independence against de British Empire, for 1900 insyd.<ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (eds), ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', 1999, p. 276.</ref> == Ein life matter == Dem born Yaa Asantewaa for 1840 insyd for Besease, na she be de daughter of Kwaku Ampoma den Ata Po. Ein bro, wey dem dey bell am Afrane Panin, cam turn chief for Edweso, sam community wey dey around. After ein kiddie tym wey na issue no dey, na she dey farm for sam land wey dey around Boankra. She marry sam man wey dey cam from Kumasi, wey he get chaw wives wey ein den am get kiddie(daughter).<ref name="dq">{{cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|title=Yaa Asantewaa|author=Korsah, Chantal|publisher=Dangerous Women|date=22 July 2016|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010958/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Na she dey exile wey she die for [[Seychelles]] insyd 1921. Na de farming job dey go on for am waa, wey she sanso be gud mother. Na she get head, she be politician, she dey fight give people dema rights, she be queen den leader for war. Na people know Yaa Asantewaa secof na she dey command de Ashanti kings wey dey fight against de British people wey wan colonize dem for de Golden Stool war insyd, so say, dem go fyt and protect de Golden Stool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/|title=Nana Yaa Asantewaa|website=nanayaaasantewaa.de|access-date=2020-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411021631/http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/|archive-date=2022-04-11}}</ref> == Tym before rebellion happen == During ein bro ein reign, Yaa Asantewaa see say de Ashanti Confederacy go thru series of events wey threaten ein future, wey dey include civil war from 1883 cam 1888.<ref>[https://www.thecable.ng/igboho-and-allegory-of-asantehene-golden-stool "Igboho and allegory of Asantehene golden stool"]. ''TheCable''. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref> Insyd 1894 wen ein bro die, Yaa Asantewaa use ein right as Queen Mother take nominate ein grandson<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|title=Yaa Asantewaa|date=2016-07-22|website=Dangerous Women Project|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111002736/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|archive-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> as Ejisuhene. De tym wey de British people sack am(ein grandson) from ein own country as punishment, plus de King of Asante Prempeh I den oda members wey dey de Asante government insyd, Yaa Asantewaa cam be de person wey take up authority for de [[Ejisu]]-Juaben area. After dem sack Prempeh I go Seychelles, de British general, Frederick Hodgson, wey be governor for de Gold Coast, say dem for bring de Golden Stool, wey be de symbol of de Asante people.<ref name="dq" /> De tin wey he biz, make de members of de Asante government wey lef, start dey talk about how dem go get demma King back. De rest of de members wey remain, no dey gree on de way, dem go try get dema King back; Yaa Asantewaa, wey dey de meeting insyd, tinop den talk to de members of de council say: <blockquote>How cam people wey be proud den get heart lyk de Asante, go tap den watch as de whitemen take demma kings den chiefs, sanso disgrace dem, dey demand for demma Golden Stool. De Golden Stool only be money give de whitemen; de whitemen search den dig everywer for am. Me ano go bia one ''predwan'' give de governor. If ebi you menners, de chiefs wey dey Asante, wey go behave like cowards, wey you no go fyt, you menners for give me your loincloths, wey ago exchange am, give you my underwear(''Montu mo danta mma me na monnye me tam'').<ref name=":1">Aidoo, Agnes Akosua (1977). "Asante Queen Mothers in Government and Politics in the Nineteenth Century". ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''9''' (1): 12. [[:en:JSTOR|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857049 41857049].</ref> </blockquote>To show say she mean de war, she take gun, shoot for de men demma front.<ref name=":1" /> De Asante kings select Yaa Asantewaa say, she be de war-leader for de Asante fighting force. Dis be de first den only example wey dem give woman dat role for de Asante people demma history insyd.<ref>Brempong, Arhin (2000). [http://people.ucalgary.ca/~taarn/LeGriot/article4.pdf "The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance"] PDF. ''Le Griot''. '''VIII''' – via ucalgary.ca.</ref> De war wey dem dey bell am, The Ashanti-British War of the Golden Stool - wey dem sanso dey bell am, de “Yaa Asantewaa War”<ref>[[:en:Herb_Boyd|Boyd, Herb]] (5 April 2018). [https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/04/05/queen-mother-yaa-asantewaa-led-fight-against-briti/ "Queen-mother Yaa Asantewaa led the fight against British colonialism"] [[:en:New_York_Amsterdam_News|''New York Amsterdam News'']]</ref> - na ebi Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa wey dey front plus army of 5000.<ref>[http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/05/queen-mother-nana-yaa-asantewaa.html "Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa of West Africa's Ashanti Empire"]. ''blackhistoryheroes.com''. Retrieved 24 May 2018. </ref> == De tins wey happen afta de rebellion == Insyd March 1900, de rebellion make de British people surround de fort wey dey Kumasi. De fort still dey wey dem dey bell am de [[Kumasi]] Fort den Military Museum. As de months dey go, de governor for de Gold Coast send force of 1,400 people, say make dem go quench de rebellion. As de fyt dey go on, dem catch Queen Yaa Asantewaa den fifteen of ein close advisers, wey dem ban dem go Seychelles.<ref>Berry, L. V., ''Ghana: a Country Study''.</ref> De rebellion be de final war wey happen for de Anglo-Asante series of wars wey happen for de 19th century insyd. For 1 January 1902, de British take de Asante Empire demma territory, wey dem dey control for almost a century, take add demma own, wey de Asante come change to state wey be controlled den protected by de British crown.<ref>Boahen, A. Adu (2003). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=S4ALSvMlbzUC&redir_esc=y ''Queen Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1''] James Currey Publishers. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-443-2|978-0-85255-443-2]] </ref> Insyd 17 [[October]] 1921, Nana Yaa Asantewaa die, de tym she dey exile for Seychelles. Three years after she die, for 17 [[December]] 1924 insyd, dem allow make King Prempeh I, den oda Asante members wey dey exile, return to Asante. Na King Prempeh I make sure say, de remains of Nana Asantewaa den de other Asante people wey dem sack den ban, go be returned, so say dem go do proper burial wey dem dey do give royals, give dem.<ref>Boahen, A. Adu (2003). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=NA5a78btyKMC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself and Other Writings''] . British Academy. pp. 25–. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726261-0|978-0-19-726261-0]]</ref> Queen Asantewaa’s ein dream be say, de Asante go be independent from de British demma colonial rule, cam to pass on 6 March 1957, dat be de tym wen de Asante territory wey de British people capture cam gain independence, cam join Ghana. Na Ghana be de first African nation for West Africa wey achieve dis.<ref>Bourret, F. M. (1960). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=EjisAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&redir_esc=y ''Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919-1957''] Stanford University Press. pp. 2–. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0400-7|978-0-8047-0400-7]] .</ref> == Roles wey Asante women dey play for society insyd == Na Nana Yaa Asantewaa dey bab de results of de British Colonial rule waa. Now nu, Ghana people dey see am as queen mother wey she use ein political den social fame help fyt give ein people. De role wey she play, take influence de Ashanti men, so say dem go battle de British check lyk, dat dat be ein function for de Ashanti people demma system, wey women dey hold roles.<ref>Karen, McGee (2015). [https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=listening_to_the_voices "The Impact of Matriarchal Traditions on the Advancement of Ashanti Women in Ghana"]</ref> Na Nana Yaa Asantewaa ein call to women wey dey insyd de Asante Empire be based on de political tins wey dem for do den demma roles for legislative den judicial processes. Na de women be companion for de men wey inherit de stool for de Akan people. Insyd de village, na dem dey select old people wey be leaders for demma mother side as ''ôdekuro.'' Na dem dey bell de women mpanyinfo, dem sanso dey bell dem aberewa or ''ôbaa panyin'', wey ebi dem wey dey handle women demma matter. Na every ''ôdekuro'' get ''ôbaa panyin'' wey dey handle de women matter for de village wey e sanso be member of de village council.<ref>Arhin, Kwame (2001). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=vV1yAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana: 1951-1996''] . Sedco. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources?isbn=978-9964-72-173-2 978-9964-72-173-2]</ref> Na de leader of a division, de ''ôhene'' den de leaders of de independent political community, de ''Amanhene'' , get demma women wey dem dey bell dem ''ôhemaa'': woman wey she dey rule den sit for demma council. De ''ôhemaa'' den ''ôhene'' dey share de same blood for demma mummie ein side. Na de person wey dey sit for de female stool top for Kumasi, den de ''Asantehemaa'',, den united Asante, be member of de Kôtôkô Council, de Executive Committee or Cabinet of de Asanteman ''Nhyiamu'' , General Assembly of Asante rulers secof na ein husby be former official give de Asantehene. Na women wey tap for de stool top be part of court processes, den making de unmaking of war, den de distribution of land.<ref>Arhin, Kwame, "The Political and Military Roles of Akan Women", in [[:en:Christine_Oppong|Christine Oppong]] (ed.), ''Female and Male in West Africa'', London: Allen and Unwin, 1983.</ref> == Place for history insyd den ein cultural legacy == Rydee, Yaa Asantewaa still be person wey menners dey love for de Asante demma history den de history for [[Ghana]] secof de role wey she play wen de British dey colonize [[Ghana]]. Dem make am immortal for dis song insyd:<blockquote> ''Koo koo hin koo'' ''Yaa Asantewaa ee!'' ''Obaa basia'' ''Ogyina apremo ano ee!'' ''Waye be egyae'' ''Na Wabo mmode'' ''("Yaa Asantewaa'' ''The woman who fights before cannons'' ''You have accomplished great things'' ''You have done well")''<ref>"[https://www.answers.com/redirectSearch?query=yaa-asantewaa&filter=all Yaa Asantewaa]", in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History'', 2008, quoting Arhin, p. 97.</ref></blockquote>So sey dem go highlight de importance for more leaders wey be women for de Ghanaian society insyd, de Ghana Education Trust send funds wey dem establish [[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa_Girls'_Senior_High_School|Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Secondary School]] for Kumasi in 1960 insyd.<ref>[[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa#cite_note-18|"Yaa Asantewaa Senior High School"]]. Eveyo. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</ref> For de year 2000 insyd, dem celebrate Yaa Asantewaa ein accomplishments for one week after 100 years since de tym she die. Dem dedicate museum give am for Kwaso wey dey de Ejisu-Juaben District on 3 August 2000. Unfortunately, for 23 July 2004 insyd; fire catch some of ein tins, plus ein sandals den dress wey she take go battle (dem dey call am batakarikese) wey be displayed for de picture wey dey de top der.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=62490 "Fire guts Yaa Asantewaa Museum"], GhanaWeb, 25 July 2004.</ref> Now nu, de Queen-mother wey dey Ejisu be Yaa Asantewaa de second. Dem sanso organize de second Yaa Asantewaa festival in 1-5 August 2006 for Ejisu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160821/http://www.ghanaweb.com/public_agenda/article.php?ID=4731 Public Agenda] (16 January 2006).</ref> De Yaa Asantewaa center wey dey Maida Vale, west London, be African-Caribbean arts den community center.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230228124435/https://carnivalvillage.org.uk/ Carnival Village website.]</ref> E get ein name for 1986 insyd.<ref>Dixon, Carol, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140108205128/http://www.casbah.ac.uk/newsreport6.stm Spotlight: April - May 2002 Yaa Asantewaa Arts and Community Centre]" Archived 8 January 2014 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Casbah Project.</ref> Ivor Agyeman-Duah do television documentary, wey dem bell am Yaa Asantewaa — ''The Exile of King Prempeh and the Heroism of An African Queen'', wey premier for Ghana insyd 2001.<ref>Dadson, Pajohn, "[https://allafrica.com/stories/200105180156.html Ghana: Yaa Asantewaa Has Landed]", AllAfrica, 18 May 2001.</ref> Margaret Busby wrep de stage show, wey dem dey call am, ''Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen'', Geraldine Connor direct am, wey Margaret  feature master drummer Kofi Ghanaba<ref>[[:en:Val_Wilmer|Wilmer, Val]], [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/07/obituary-kofi-ghanaba "Kofi Ghanaba obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 7 February 2009.</ref><ref>Boateng, Osei, [https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yaa+Asantewaa+on+stage%3A+The+Exploits+of+Yaa+Asantewaa,+the+Warrior...-a082064421 "Yaa Asantewaa on stage: The Exploits of Yaa Asantewaa, the Warrior Queen of the Asantes in Ghana..."], ''New African'', 1 April 2001. The Free Library.</ref> den cast wey be pan-African, wey dem tour UK den Ghana for 2001-2002 insyd.<ref>[[:en:Margaret_Busby|Busby, Margaret]], [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/31/geraldine-connor "Obituary of Geraldine Connor"], ''The Guardian'', 31 October 2011.</ref><ref>[[:en:Cameron_Duodu|Duodu, Cameron]], [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=82064481 "Yaa Asantewaa—Warrior Queen"], ''New African'', 1 June 2001. The Free Library.</ref> De same author do radio drama wey dem do am into 5 episodes(13-17 October 2003), wey dem play am for BBC Radio Four's Woman's Hour, de cast plus Glenna Forster-Jones and Jack Klaff, wey Pam Fraser Solomon direct am, wey Nana Tsiboe, Kofi-Adu, Jojo Yates, Asebre Quaye and Atongo Zimba do de music.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230404003014/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/service_bbc_radio_fourfm/2003-10-13 "Black History Month: Yaa Asantewaa | BBC Radio 4".] ''Radio Times | Programme Index''. 11 October 2003.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230404003152/https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=caribbean-studies;555375a3.03 BBC Radio 4 Promotion Note], Title: YAA ASANTEWAA by Margaret Busby.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23551464.html "Briefing: Yaa Asantewaa"], ''The Herald'', 13 October 2003.</ref> De album wey British jazz troupe Sons of Kemet do, wey dem call am Your Queen is a Reptile, name de songs after black women wey be influential for history insyd. Dem use Asantewaa ein name for de seventh track, wey dem call am, “My Queen is Yaa Asantewaa”. == Festival == If you dey want more details, chek ''[[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa_Festival|Yaa Asantewaa Festival]]'' ==Bibliography== * Jefferson, A. W. (2016). Gold Coast Colony. In Facts on File (Ed.), World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set. Facts On File. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Coast Colony |url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805. |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> * Boahen, A. A., & Boahen, A. (2004). Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance, 1875–1901. In K. Shillington (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance |url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> * Harvey, Broxton, "Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2020. {{doi|10.57709/18560950}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Broxton |title=Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914 |url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/127 |journal=Georgia State University | date=2020 |doi=10.57709/18560950 }}</ref> * Ewusi, P. (2018, October 21). ''The Golden Stool (17th c.–)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewusi |first=Philip |date=2018-10-21 |title=The Golden Stool (17th c.–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> * West, R. (2019, February 8). ''Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/]<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Racquel |date=2019-02-08 |title=Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Asante". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 September 2023, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asante {{!}} History, Culture & Language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> * Day, Lynda R. "What’s Tourism Got to Do with It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman." ''Africa Today'', vol. 51, no. 1, 2004, pp.&nbsp;99–113. ''JSTOR'', [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4187631]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Lynda Rose |date=2004 |title=What's Tourism Got to Do With It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_africa-today_fall-2004_51_1/page/n104 |journal=Africa Today |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=99–113 |doi=10.1353/at.2004.0060 |issn=1527-1978}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Dead people]] [[Category:1840s births]] [[Category:1921 deaths]] [[Category:African women insyd war]] [[Category:Women rulers insyd Africa]] [[Category:Ghanaian royalty]] [[Category:African queen mothers]] [[Category:Women insyd war 1900–1945]] [[Category:Ashanti independence activists]] [[Category:20th-century women rulers]] [[Category:Deaths insyd Seychelles]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Ivor Agyeman-Duah, ''Yaa Asantewaa: The Heroism of an African Queen'', Accra, Ghana: Centre for Intellectual Renewal, 1999. * Nana Arhin Brempong ([[:en:Kwame_Arhin|Kwame Arhin]]), "The Role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance", ''Ghana Studies'' 3, 2000, pp. 97–110. {{Authority control}} [[Category:People wey komot Ashanti Region]] [[Category:20th-century women monarchs]] b6rq5zglespc6ij2jtrbtqlcib2torz 0 3336 115136 26157 2026-10-23T23:41:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q11665038}} De '''Daimokutate''' (題目立) be recitation show wey dem dey perform for Yahashira Shrine insyd Kami-fukawa village, near de city of Nara.<ref name=":0">高橋・鹿谷1991年 pp.110-112</ref> De Shinto Temple insyd Kamifukawa get tradition make dem accept 17-year-old boy as member of religious organization wey dey carry out religious ceremonies for de temple. De acceptance of boy go de organization for de temple be acknowledgment say de kiddie cam turn adult. == De performance == Young men, aged 17 (If enough boys aged 17 years no dey, boys wey no yet catch 17 years old anaa dem sanso dey include ova 17 years old de performance insyd) stand for semi-circle insyd wey dem dress for samurai clothes insyd wey dem dey carry bows. One by one, old man dey bell dem go de centre wey he dey read de name of character for de tales insyd of de feud between de Minamoto den Taira clans. No musical accompaniments dey. Wen all twenty-six characters speak, de youths rhythmically go dey stamp dema feet den sing offstage.<ref>Terence Lancashire, ''An Introduction to Japanese Folk Performing Arts'' (2011), p. 87 et 196.</ref> Originally rite of passage for de age of seventeen make dem mark de formal acceptance of de eldest son into de community of de twenty-two families of Kami-fukawa, young men of various ages now dey perform de Daimokutate annually insyd mid-October wey dem komot from chaw different families. Unique for Japan insyd as dramatic performance widout acting anaa music, de Daimokutate be important marker of identity wey edey play indispensable role make e maintain solidarity for dis mountainous town insyd.<ref name=":1">E. Oyler, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231231020423/https://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/21i/oyler/ Daimokutate: Ritual Placatory Performance of the Genpei War], ''Oral Tradition'' 21 (2006), p. 90-118.</ref> == History == Na dem dey perform Daimokutate around de end of de Muromachi period. Daimokutate be dey last living example of tradition make dem dey recite for sanctuary insyd wey ordinary people dey perform, dem attest for de first tym for document of 1534 insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Documents de folklore specialist Hosen Jungo collect between 1953 den 1955, dem preserve am, buh ebe likely say na de repertoire be much larger.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Na dem inscribe Daimokutate for 2009 insyd for de UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists top.<ref>Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 4.COM 13.48</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Nara Prefecture]] [[Category:Festivals insyd Japan]] [[Category:Theatre insyd Japan]] [[Category:October observances]] [[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] k94a5d5thk8uqa7tc09jq1fpa1asy5x 0 4629 115137 106324 2026-10-24T00:21:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" |Education in Ghana | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff" |Ministry of Education (Ghana) <br /><br /> Ministry of Higher Education |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff" |National education budget (2018) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Budget | class="infobox-data" |18% of government expenditure<ref name="World Bank">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241130163409/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GB.ZS?locations=GH=GHdisplay=graph "Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)"]. ''worldbank.org''. World Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</ref> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff" |General details |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Primary languages | class="infobox-data" |English |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |System type | class="infobox-data" |National |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff" |Literacy (2018) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Total | class="infobox-data" |79.04% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Male | class="infobox-data" |78.3% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Female | class="infobox-data" |65.3% |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff" |Enrollment (2012/2013<ref name="FOOTNOTEMinistry of Education2013pages 9–12; table 46 (p. 78)">[[Education in Ghana#CITEREFMinistry of Education2013|Ministry of Education 2013]], pages 9–12; table 46 (p. 78).</ref>) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Total | class="infobox-data" |8,329,177 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Primary | class="infobox-data" |Pre-primary: 1,604,505, Primary: 4,105,913, Junior High School (JHS): 1,452,585 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Secondary | class="infobox-data" |Senior High School (SHS) den Technical den Vocational Institute (TVI): 904,212 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Post secondary | class="infobox-data" |261,962 (wey dey include universities: 109,278)^‡ |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left;background:#e6e6ff;" |‡: statistics for 2011/2012 |} Na Education for Ghana dey use dualistic approach wey na edey encompass both formal plus informal learning systems. Dem introduce de current formal educational system for de European colonisation tym. However, na learning systems dey exist prior to that. De University of Moliyili be one of de earliest learning centers for Ghana insyd wey na dem establish am for de 1700s.<ref name=":0">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323228777_Science_and_Technology_in_18th_Century_Moliyili_Dagomba_and_the_Timbuktiu_Intellectual_Tradition "Science and Technology in 18th Century Moliyili ) Dagomba) and the Timbuktiu Intellectual Tradition"].</ref><ref name=":3">[https://dagbonkingdom.com/moliyili-golden-age-of-dagbon-kingdom/ "Exploring the Golden Era Of Dagbon Kingdom: The Impact of Moliyili Scholars and Its Fall"].</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406716 "CAUSE AND EFFECT BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS: ANALYZING STATEMENTS THAT ADDRESS THE REGRESSION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN GHANA"].</ref> During colonisation, na European settlers initially introduce formal education system wey dem address to de elites,<ref>[https://www.graphic.com.gh/daily-graphic-editorials/schools-under-trees-deserve-national-priority.html "Schools under trees deserve national priority"]. ''Graphic Online''. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</ref><ref>Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250812183527/https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20Ghana/history-education-ghana "History of Education in Ghana | K12 Academics"]. ''www.k12academics.com''. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</ref> while na de average citizen ein education be mainly informal, plus na e base on apprenticeship. Na de Pre-colonial Ghana ein economic activities dey mainly based on farm produce wey dem share within households plus na members wey dey each household come dey specialize for providing necessities such as cooking utilities, shelter, clothing, plus furniture so sey dem go trade am with other households give very small scale.<ref name=":1">Hymer, Stephen (Spring 2018). "Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana". ''Economic History Association''. '''30''' (1): 33–50. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0022050700078578|10.1017/S0022050700078578]]. hdl:[[hdl:10419/160011|10419/160011]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2116722 2116722]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154689928 154689928].</ref> Secof dat na need no dey sey one for go outside ein household dey search employment. Na dis practice dey call for discipline,value plus skills through formal education system.<ref name=":03">Akurang, Kwabena-Parry (2002). ""The Loads Are Heavier than Usual": Forced Labor by Women and Children in the central province, Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana), CA. 1900–1940". ''African Economic History''. '''30''' (30): 31–35. doi:[[doi:10.2307/3601601|10.2307/3601601]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601601 3601601].</ref> After colonization, Ghana ein economy come turn hybrid of subsistence plus formal economy.<ref name=":03" /> Education indicators<ref>[https://uis.unesco.org/country/GH "Ghana"]. ''uis.unesco.org''. 27 November 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</ref> for Ghana dey reflect disparities for gender, rural plus urban areas, plus Southern den Northern parts of de country ein middle. Dese disparities dey drive public action against illiteracy plus inequities give access to education. Eliminating illiteracy come turn key objective give Ghanaian education policy pass 40 years now, wey de difficulty wey go ensure equitable access give education likewise acknowledged by authorities.<ref>Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241009012044/https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/education-ghana "Education in Ghana | K12 Academics"]. ''www.k12academics.com''. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> Public action give both domains come yield results wey judge significant but eno dey sufficient give de national experts plus de international organizations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200114055559/http://www.aaeafrica.org/home/forum/ "Forum"]. ''Association of African Entrepreneurs''. 17 August 2019. Archived from [https://www.aaeafrica.org/home/forum/ the original] on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> Increasing vocational education plus training for ICT for de education system insyd asan dey emphasize for Ghanaian education policy insyd. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)<ref>[https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"]. ''humanrightsmeasurement.org''. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</ref> see sey if dem dey take into consideration Ghana ein income level, de nation dey achieve 76.2% give wat for be possible based on ein resources (income) give primary education but only 65.1% give secondary education.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/ "Ghana - HRMI Rights Tracker"]. ''rightstracker.org''. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</ref> == History == [[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-46-19.jpg|thumb|January 1957: students plus senior tutor outside Legon Hall, one of de Halls of Residence for de University College of de Gold Coast (now de [[University of Ghana]]) near Accra]] Ghana get ein independence for 1957 insyd. Nkrumah ein government describe education as de key give de future wey dem announce high-level university wey dey provide <nowiki>''</nowiki>African point of view<nowiki>''</nowiki> , wey dem back am up by free universal basic education.<ref name="kwame">Kwame Akyeampong. [http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/50%20Years%20of%20Educational_Progress_%20in_Ghana.pdf "Educational Expansion and Access in Ghana: A Review of 50 Years of Challenge and Progress"] (PDF). Centre for International Education, University of Sussex. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> for 1961 insyd, na de Education Act introduce de principle give free plus compulsory primary education, plus na dem establish de [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]].<ref name="IBE2">Ghana Education Service (GES) (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230731203731/https://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2004/ghana.pdf "The development of Education, National report of Ghana"] (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. p. 2. Archived from [http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2004/ghana.pdf the original] (PDF) on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref><ref>Daniel, G. F. (1997–1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702233108/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~univghana/ghanahed.htm "The universities in Ghana"]. The Commonwealth Universities Year Book. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> As a result, na de enrollment  almost double dema next year.<ref name="CEPA">Abena D. Oduro (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033605/http://cepa.org.gh/researchpapers/BASIC%20EDUCATION%20IN%20GHANA%20IN%20THE%20POST1.pdf "Basic Education in Ghana in the post-reform period"] (PDF). Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA).</ref> Na e make hard sey dem go handle the expansion. Ghana come short trained teachers<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001329/132959eo.pdf "International Year Book of Education"] (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. 1969. p. 79. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref> plus na dem mention de quality wey dey de curriculum insyd (specifically for English den Mathematics insyd).<ref name="CEPA" /> Na Stronger criticisms come towards de expansion give education at de cost give ein quality as na Nkrumah fall for 1966 insyd.<ref name="kwame" /> Despite de rapid increase of school infrastructure, na enrollment slowly come decline til 1973 insyd.<ref name="CEPA" /> Na de year 1974 see attempt for reforms. Following de Dozbo committee dema report, dem follow two goals: reducing de length give pre-tertiary education (wey lead to de creation of primary/junior/senior school system)<ref name="cambridge">Nii Moi Thompson; Leslie Casely-Hayford. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140728160520/http://ceid.educ.cam.ac.uk/publications/WP16.pdf "The financing and outcomes of Education in Ghana"] (PDF). University of Cambridge. pp. 9–14. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref> plus na dem modify programmes wey dem go use promote more practical lessons for school.<ref name="CEPA" /><ref name="qualityed">Abena D. Oduro (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151355/http://ojms.cloudapp.net/index.php/ijird/article/view/35804/28986 "Basic Education in Ghana in the post-reform period"] (PDF). Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA).</ref> Dem implement dis reforms partially secof de financial limitations plus political instability.<ref name="CEPA" /><ref name="cambridge" /><ref name="qualityed" /> For de beginning of 1980s, na de country ein economic situation worsen.<ref name="kwame" /><ref name="cambridge" /> As na de country dey suffer economic downturn,na de country dey fail at solving de deficit give teachers, maintaining school infrastructure, plus how na dem go convince parents make dem send dema kiddis go school rather than de workforce.<ref name="CEPA" /> De Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) come drop sharper in response, falling below 70% for 1985 insyd.<ref name="CEPA" /> 1987 be de beginning give new series of reforms: de military coup of [[Jerry Rawlings]] for 1981 insyd come follow period of relative political stability wey come open de way make dem broaden international support. Rawlings ein government come gather enough fund comot chaw countries plus international organizational organizations(Wey dey include de world bank) so sey dem go change de education system. Na de 1987 education act aim make e turn de 1974 Dozbo committe's ein ,measures to reality.<ref name="cambridge" /> Dem launch a national literacy campaign Dem able reduce pre-tertiary education komot 12 go 12 years plus na dem include vocational education for junior high school dema curriculum.<ref name="cambridge" /> dem make education compulsory give kiddies wey 6 go 14 years.De reform come succeed as de impose de new education structure wey dem sana increase enrollment plus de school ein numbers. Na dem no fulfil de universal access give basic education yet.<ref>Joshua J.K. Baku, ERNWACA (2003). [https://resources.norrag.org/resource/view/40/162 "Critical Perspectives on Education and skills in eastern Africa on basic and post-basic Levels"]. NORRAG. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref> Dem sana consider vocational education a failure.<ref>Nii Moi Thompson; Leslie Casely-Hayford. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140728160520/http://ceid.educ.cam.ac.uk/publications/WP16.pdf "The financing and outcomes of Education in Ghana"] (PDF). University of Cambridge. p. 26. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref> As dem return to de contitution rule for 1992 insyd for Rawling ein government under. De local government Act of 1993 come transfer power go district assemblies as dem initiate de decentralization for education administration insyd. Na de free compulsory plus universal basic education provide action plan give de period 1996-2005 wey dey focus for de bridging of gender gap for primary schools,so sey ego improve teaching materials den sanso improve teachers dema living condition.<ref name="cambridge" /> Dem later complete am through acts like de creation of de council give technical plus vocational education den training for 2006(so sey dem go promote vocational education),plus na dem sana found de national accreditation board for 2007 insyd wey dem introduce national accreditation give all tertiary level institutions.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314095728/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Ghana.pdf "World Data on Education"] (PDF). UNESCO-IBE. September 2010. p. 3. Archived from [http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Ghana.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</ref> For 2007–08 insyd, dem add de two years wey dey kindergarten to de FCUBE (wey now be ages of 4 to 14).<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+Evolution of enrollment den infrastructures for compulsory education insyd since 1968 ! !1968 (public sector per)<ref name="CEPA" /><ref name=":5">D. K. Mereku (2000). [http://wikieducator.org/images/4/4f/DEMAND_SUPPLY_present.pdf "Demand and supply of basic school teachers in Ghana"] (PDF). University College of Education of Winneba. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> !1988<ref name=":5" /> !2001<ref>"National Profile – 2001 / 2002 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> !2007<ref>"National Profile – 2007 / 2008 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> !2012<ref>"National Profile – 2012 / 2013 School Year Data" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Ghana. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> |- !Pupils |1,397,026 |x |4,154,374 |5,024,944 |7,465,208 |- !Teachers |47,880 |97,920 |155,879 |229,144 |268,619 |- !Schools |x |x |32,501 |46,610 |56,919 |} == Statistics == {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+Enrollment and GER in pre-tertiary(2012/2013)[62] ! !KG !Prim !JHS !SHS !TVET |- !Enrollment |1,604,505 |4,105,913 |1,452,585 |842,587 |61,496 |- |GER in % |113.8 |105.0 |82.2 |36.8 |2.7 |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+Number of structures in pre-tertiary education (2012/2013)[63] ! !KG !Prim !JHS !SHS !TVET |- !Public |13,305 |14,112 |8,818 |535 |107 |- !Private |5,972 |5,742 |3,618 |293 |74 |- !Total |19,277 |19,854 |12,436 |828 |181 |} == Structure of formal education == === Overview === [[File:Ghana_Education_Structure.gif|right|thumb|550x550px]] === ICT in education === [[File:Wikimedia_Outreach_in_Ghana_6.jpeg|thumb|[[University of Ghana]] students engaged in a Wikipedia outreach]] For de past decade insyd, government ein attention shift go de use of computer technology for teaching and learning.De ICT (Information communication technology) standard for de education policy for Ghana dey require de use of ICT for teaching and learning give all levels for de education system. De Ministry of Education attempt make dem support institutions for de teaching of ICT literacy. Most secondary plus some primary schools get computer laboratories. Despite de federal interest give ICT, computer access dey very limited plus staff wey dey carry electronic devices around to ensure sey no body steal am.<ref name="Ghana's School Systems: Around the World L">Marshall, Lillie (24 February 2010). [http://www.aroundtheworldl.com/2010/02/23/fun-facts-about-ghanas-school-system/ "Fun Facts about Ghana's School Systems"]. ''Around the World L''. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</ref> Recent study for de pedagogical integration of ICTs for de year 2009 go 2011 for 10 Ghanaian schools dey indicate sey gap dey between policy directives plus actual practices for schools insyd. de emphasis wey dey de official curricula dey on de development of students’ skills for operating ICT equipment, but not necessarily sey dem using technology aas means make dem learn subjects other than sey dem dey use de devices. de study sanso see sey de Ministry of Education currently dey attempt deploy sufficient ICT resources to develop de needed ICT literacy wey dem require for computer skills make dem integrate am teaching/learning. == References == <references /> == External links == * Ministry of Education (July 2013). "Education Sector Performance Report" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Republic of Ghana. Retrieved 27 May 2014. * Atuahene, Ansah (23 July 2013). [http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/3/3/2158244013497725 "A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana"]. SageOpen. Retrieved 23 May 2014. * NUFFIC (January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232310/http://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/country-module-ghana.pdf "Country Module: Ghana"] (PDF). Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education. Archived from [http://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/country-module-ghana.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014. * Nyarko, J. & Serwornoo (19 May 2022). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09732586221096346 "COVID-19 and Mass Media Education: An Evaluation of the Transition from Brick-and-Mortar Learning to Virtual Space"]. ''Journal of Creative Communications''. '''17''' (3). SageOpen: 251–269. doi:[[doi:10.1177/09732586221096346|10.1177/09732586221096346]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248953692 248953692]. Retrieved 7 September 2022. '''State-Institutions''' * [http://www.moe.gov.gh/ Ministry of Education]- Responsible for initiating, formulating, coordinating and reviewing all education policies in Ghana * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140730053526/http://www.moe.gov.gh/site/agencies/ List of the "Agencies" attached to the Ministry of Education] – includes the Ghana Education Service (GES), the National Accreditation Board (NAB), the National Council for Tertiary Education(NCTE)... '''Data den reports from external institutions''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232310/http://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/country-module-ghana.pdf "Country Module: Ghana", NUFFIC(2013)] – Overview of the Educational system by the Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education. * [http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=GHA "Vocational Education" in Ghana, UNESCO-UNEVOC (2012)] – Overview of the vocational Education system * [http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/EDUCATION_IN_GHANA_A_FACT_SHEET.pdf "Education in Ghana: A fact sheet", UNICEF(2012)] – A 2-page analysis backed by numerous data. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212803/http://www.adeanet.org/adeaPortal/publications/wgesa/en/doc/ghana/contents.htm Review of Education Sector Analysis in Ghana 1987–1998, WGESA] [[Category:Education for Ghana insyd]] jh44ge0wd64obb5yzzqkild1fzz2sod 0 4988 115128 78950 2026-10-23T19:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abia State University Uturu (ABSU)''' be Nigerian public university. E be one of de state-owned universities for Nigeria. These state academic institutions dem create to expand admissions plus bring professional skills, expertise, and modern research facilities close to de city den rural dwellers, and dem help talented students obtain higher education.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ez58Dwpa8JcC&dq=Abia+State+University+History&pg=PA688 Nigerian History, Politics and Affairs: Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo]''. Africa World Press: 2005. 2005. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781592213245|9781592213245]]</bdi>. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref><ref>[http://abiastateuniversity.edu.ng/ "Home - Abia State University Uturu"]. ''abiastateuniversity.edu.ng''. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</ref> De inception of de university be for 1981 insyd former Imo State under de name of Imo State University, Etiti.<ref>[https://www.africanplanningschools.org.za/member-schools/abia-state-university "Institutional Biography: Abia State University"]. AAPS: Association of African Planning Schools: African Centre for Cities: University of Cape Town: South Africa. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref><ref>[https://nginstitutes.com/abia-state-university-absu-admission "ABSU: Abia State University: Admission, Scholarships, Tuition, Ranking and Cost of Living"]. Nigeria Institutes. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref> De university na Sam Mbakwe establish am when e be governor of old Imo State. De main campus be for Etiti, Imo State, while de Law Department be for separate Campus for Aba. Between 1984 and 1985, under de military governorship of General Ike Nwachukwu, de university move go de permanent site for Uturu Okigwe.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd1EAQAAIAAJ&q=Okigwe+Uturu+Abia+State+University "African Journal of Library: Archives and Information Science: Abia State University, Uturu, Okigwe"]. Archlib and Information Service: 2008. 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref> After dem create Abia State for 1991, de Uturu campus of de university dem cede am to Abia State, and now dem dey call am Abia State University Uturu, Isuikwuato Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=U6slAQAAIAAJ&q=Uturu+Abia+State+University Management of University Education in Nigeria - Page 10: S. J. A. Mgbekem]''. University of Calabar Press: 2004. 2004. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789780071295|9789780071295]]</bdi>. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref> De university dey organized in colleges and schools, based on de same collegiate system wey University of Nebraska dey operate.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240507130811/https://nigerianscholars.com/school-news/list-of-courses-offered-at-abia-state-university-uturu-absu "List of Courses Offered at Abia State University"]. Nigerian Scholars. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref> Studies for Abia State University include: undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate degrees. E get two campuses - de main campus for Uturu; and de College of Law, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine dey for de campus for Umuahia, capital of Abia State, Nigeria.<ref>[http://www.studyhealthscience.com/ud/Abia-State-University/65/show.html "Study Health Science: Abia State University"]. Study Health Science. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref><ref>Osondu, C. K.; Emerole, C. O.; Ezeh, C. I.; Ogbonna, S. I. (9 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240507130815/https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/1681 "Informal Micro Financing and implications on Status of Poverty of Women Farmers in Abia State: Nigeria"]. ''Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research''. International Knowledge Press: 23–32. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</ref> == Academics == Abia State University offer more than 90 undergraduate den graduate programs across ten colleges.<ref>[https://projectng.com/read/17rr/abia-state-university-programs-across "Abia State University Programs Across Ten Colleges | Projectng"]. ''projectng.com''. Retrieved 2022-07-21.</ref> * College of Humanities den Social Sciences * College of Agriculture den Veterinary Medicine * College of Biological den Physical Sciences * College of Business Administration<ref>[https://abiastateuniversity.edu.ng/deptList "Abia State University"]. ''abiastateuniversity.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2023-06-04.</ref> * College of Education * College of Engineering den Environmental Studies * College of Law * College of Medicine den Health Sciences * College of Optometry * College of Postgraduate Studies == Centres, directorates den institutes == De following be centres, directorates, den institutes within Abia State University:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220703140422/https://www.edukamer.info/universities/abia-state-university-absu-nigeria/ "Abia State University (ABSU), Nigeria — Edukamer"]. ''www.edukamer.info''. 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2022-07-21.</ref> * Centre For Entrepreneurial Education * Student Affairs Department * Counseling Centre * Centre for Primary and Non-Formal Education * General Studies * Centre for Igbo Studies * Academic Planning * SIWES * Sandwich Programme * Centre for Remedial Studies * University Examination Centre * Business Resource Centre * Institute for Distance Education (IDEA) * Institute for Computer Studies * Consultancies, Linkages & Revenue Mobilization * Institute of Arts & Sciences * Centre for Quality Assurance == Library == Abia State University Library establish on 8th February 1981, but start operation and services on 1st October 1981.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240525053707/https://aulnu.org.ng/membership/profile-of-nigerian-university-libraries/ "Profile of Nigerian University Libraries – Association of University Librarians of Nigerian Universities (AULNU)"]. Retrieved 2024-05-27.</ref> De E-library dem launch am by de National Universities Commission (NUC) on 3rd July 2007 to enhance teaching and research programmes for de students, lecturers, and primarily serve de university community.<ref>Ibeme, Samuel. "UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS' UTILIZATION OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION RESOURCES AT THE ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC LIBRARY, UTURU". ''Library and Information Science Digest''. '''7'''.</ref> '''Branch Libraries''' * Uturu Main Campus Library * E-Library, Uturu Law Library * Umuahia Campus Agricultural Library * Umuahia Campus E-Library * Umuahia Campus Medical Library * Aba Campus ==Ranking== On 29th February 2024, Abia State University rank 37th among state public universities for Nigeria.<ref>[https://edurank.org/uni/abia-state-university/rankings/ "Abia State University &#x5B;2024 Rankings by topic&#x5D;"]. ''EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location''. 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2024-04-09.</ref> == Notable alumni == *Ezinne Akudo, beauty queen den former miss Nigeria *Funnybros, Nigerian comedian *Allison Madueke, former military governor den former chief of de Nigerian Naval staff *Kelechi Onuzuruike, Nigerian politician *Kenneth Ozoemena, Nigerian physical chemist *Sam Ifeanyi Hart, Nigerian lawyer == Past Vice Chancellors == * Professor Eleazar Uche Ikonne<ref>Ibe, Sam Obinna (2022-04-14). [https://blueprint.ng/2023-ex-vice-chancellor-joins-abia-guber-race/ "2023: Ex-vice chancellor joins Abia guber race"]. ''Blueprint Newspapers Limited''. Retrieved 2024-01-17.</ref> * O.M Ogbulu * Ogwo E. Ogwo == References == <references /> == Notes == * Emmanuel, Korieocha. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191340/http://www.acceleratorng.com/politics.php?n=837 ''Imo State: A pictogram of Leadership Mongolism'' 2009] * The Association of Commonwealth Universities. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101201083518/http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=620 Abia State University Uturu, Nigeria]'' == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240603100143/https://abiastateuniversity.edu.ng/ ABSU website] * [https://whed.net/detail_institution.php?JTo2MF0sQzRgCmAK WHED: World Higher Education Database: Collaboration with UNESCO and IAU: International Association of Universities: Abia State University] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622070235/http://www.acu.ac.uk/institutions/view?id=620%2F Abia State University: Association of Commonwealth Universities Listing] * [http://www.nuc.edu.ng/ National Universities Commission] [[Category:Abia State University]] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Education insyd Abia State]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1981]] [[Category:1981 establishments insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Public universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:State universities insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1981]] 61twba9zj1l5nab4ynakaci0398u927 0 5156 115179 80319 2026-10-24T09:28:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stellenbosch University (SU)''' (Afrikaans: ''Universiteit Stellenbosch'', Xhosa: ''iYunivesithi yaseStellenbosch'') be public research university wey dey situate insyd Stellenbosch, town insyd de Western Cape province of [[South Africa]]. Stellenbosch be de oldest university insyd South Africa den de oldest extant university insyd Sub-Saharan Africa, wey dem receive full university status insyd 1918.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220908202006/http://www.spacelab.uct.ac.za/space-south-africa-0 "Space in South Africa | Space Lab"]. ''www.spacelab.uct.ac.za''. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</ref> Stellenbosch University design den manufacture Africa ein first microsatellite, SUNSAT, dem launch am for 1999 insyd.<ref>[https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/sunsat "SUNSAT - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions"]. ''directory.eoportal.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170510051222/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/sunsat Archived] from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</ref> Dem organise Stellenbosch insyd 139 departments across 10 faculties wey dey offer bachelor's (NQF 7) to doctoral degrees (NQF 10) insyd de English den Afrikaans language.<ref>[https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreite "CHE | Council on Higher Education | Regulatory body for Higher Education in South Africa | Education | Innovation | University | South Africa"]. ''che.ac.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524181407/https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreite Archived] from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240418212317/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/about-us/multilingualism#:~:text=SU%20remains%20committed%20to%20using,backdrop%20of%20inclusivity%20and%20multilingualism. "Language at Stellenbosch University"]. ''www.sun.ac.za''. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> Across five campuses insyd de Western Cape, de university be home to 32,000 students. Dem nickname de students of Stellenbosch University "Maties". De term probably dey arise from de Afrikaans word "tamatie" (wey dey mean tomato, wey dey refer to de maroon sports uniforms den blazer colour). Alternative theory be say de term dey komot from de Afrikaans colloquialism ''maat'' (wey dey mean "buddy" anaa "mate"), University of Cape Town ein precursor originally use diminutively ("maatjie"), de South African College.<ref>[https://seccert.org/portfolio-item/quisque-lobortis/ "Stellenbosch University – SEC CERT"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201023061928/https://seccert.org/portfolio-item/quisque-lobortis/ Archived] from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> == History == [[File:Stellenbosch_Ou_Hoofgebou.jpg|left|thumb|De ''Ou Hoofgebou'' (Former Main Administration building, now de Law Faculty) for Stellenbosch University campus top]] [[File:Bloemhof_1.JPG|thumb|Stellenbosch University Museum]] [[File:Stellenbosch_University_Crest.png|right|thumb|217x217px|Old logo dem use til 2021, wey dey incorporate de coat of arms dem grant for 1918 insyd.]] Dem fi trace back de origin of de varsity go de '''Stellenbosch Gymnasium''', wey na dem found for 1864 insyd wey dem open am for 1 March 1866. De first five students matriculate for 1870 insyd, buh capacity initially no dey exist for any tertiary education. Howeva, insyd de 1870s, de Cape Colony ein first locally government dem elect take office wey dem prioritise education. Insyd 1873, four of de five 1870 matriculates cam turn de institution ein first graduates wey dem attain de "Second Class Certificate" thru distance learning, den de gymnasium ein student numbers rise go ova hundred. == Facilities == === Location === Stellenbosch dey locate about 50 kilometres from Cape Town wey edey situate for de banks of the ''Eersterivier'' ("First River") for de famous wine-growing region insyd wey ebe encircle by picturesque mountains. Dem divide teaching for Stellenbosch University across 5 campuses. * Main Campus insyd Stellenbosch * Bellville Park Campus (Business School) * Saldanha Campus (Military Science) * Tygerberg Campus (Medicine den Health Sciences) * Ukwanda Rural Clinical (Medicine den Health Sciences) === Faculties === Stellenbosch University dey consist of 139 departments across 10 faculties.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240418213722/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty "Faculties"]. ''www.sun.ac.za''. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> * AgriSciences * Arts den Social Sciences * Economic den Management Sciences * Education * Engineering * Law * Medicine den Health Sciences (Tygerberg) * Military Science (Saldanha Bay) * Science * Theology === Sports Facilities === Stellenbosch University get de facilities for de more dan 30 competitive den recreational sports wey dem de varsity dey support dey include Danie Craven Stadium, Indoor den Outdoor Swimming Pools, de Coetzenburg Centre, multi-purpose center give ceremonies den indoor sports, playing fields, wey dey include two artificial hockey fields, gymnasium, den fresh football complex. === Sporting Codes === De varsity dey offer several sports to ein students. Sam of dem be athletics, bouldering, badminton, basketball, canoeing, cricket, cross country running, cycling, fencing, golf, gymnastics, field hockey, judo, kendo, netball, rowing, rugby union, soccer, squash, surfing, swimming, taekwondo, tennis, underwater hockey, volleyball, water polo, den yachting. === Facilities & Services === ==== Libraries ==== De Stellenbosch University Library get collections dem scatter around de campus outside of de main facility, wey all of wich dem catalogue for computerized database, wey dey use de varsity ein original mainframe, UNIVAC. der be several oda satellite libraries wey dey service de different faculties, wey dey include de Theology Library, Law Library den Tygerberg Medical Library. ==== University Facilities ==== Stellenbosch University sanso get Conservatory, plus two concert halls. De Conservatory be de home of de internationally acclaimed<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130212021130/http://www.interkultur.com/leftnavi/world-rankings/ "World Rankings - INTERKULTUR"]. interkultur.com. Archived from [http://www.interkultur.com/leftnavi/world-rankings/ the original] on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.</ref> Stellenbosch University Choir, wey, along plus bein de oldest South African choir receive numerous awards overseas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240601195910/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/entities/choir "Home"]. ''www.sun.ac.za''. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</ref> De varsity sanso get 430-seat theatre, dem know as de HB Thom Theatre den open-air amphitheatre. Edey ccompany dese facilities be de varsity ein own Drama Department, under de guidance of de Faculty of Arts den Social Sciences. De department regularly dey put for plays, dramas, productions, cabarets den musicals top. ==== Botanical Garden ==== De Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden be de oldest university botanical garden insyd South Africa. == Student Profile == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Student Enrollment by Race !Year !White (Number) !White (%) !Black African (Number) !Black African (%) !Coloured (Number) !Coloured (%) !Indian (Number) !Indian (%) !Withheld (Number) !Withheld (%) !Total |- |2015 |18,764 |62.2% |5,355 |17.8% |5,238 |17.4% |793 |2.63% | - | - |30,150 |- |2016 |18,907 |61.3% |5,629 |18.2% |5,443 |17.6% |875 |2.84% | - | - |30,854 |- |2017 |18,937 |59.9% |6,018 |19% |5,718 |18.1% |952 |3.01% | - | - |31,625 |- |2018 |18,447 |58.1% |6,375 |20.1% |5,757 |18.1% |996 |3.14% |136 |0.43% |31,711 |- |2019 |17,935 |56.6% |6,665 |21% |5,747 |18.1% |1,005 |3.2% |244 |0.77% |31,596 |- |2020 |17,607 |55.5% |6,873 |21.8% |5,679 |18% |1,004 |3.2% |370 |1.17% |31,533 |- |2021 |17,541 |54.4% |7,270 |22.5% |5,794 |18% |1,087 |3.4% |443 |1.37% |32,135 |- |2022 |16,788 |51.6% |7,590 |23.3% |5,766 |17.7% |1,106 |3.4% |1,163 |3.6% |32,413 |- |2023 |16,770 |49.8% |8,270 |24.6% |5,735 |17% |1,186 |3.52% |1,541 |4.6% |33,502 |} == Rankings == De varsity be one of three public varsities insyd de Western Cape den one of about 20 varsities insyd de country. For de latest edition of de Times Higher Education World University Rankings, na dem rank Stellenbosch University insyd de 251-275 category for de world den third insyd Africa. Anoda reputable ranking system, QS World University Rankings recently rank de varsity for 390 insyd de world den third insyd [[Africa]].<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016 "QS World University Rankings"]. topuniversities.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171116004633/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016 Archived] from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</ref> De Leiden University rank Stellenbosch 395th out of de top 500 varsities worldwide for ein CWTS Leiden Ranking list of 2013 top.<ref>[http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking "CWTS Leiding Ranking 2013"]. Leiden University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704040921/http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking Archived] from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> Dis list sanso rank de varsity second for both South Africa den Africa unsyd, behind de [[University of Cape Town]] per. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |University rankings |- ! colspan="2" |Global – Overall |- !''ARWU'' World |401–500 (2023) |- !''CWUR'' World |450 |- !''CWTS'' World |461 |- !''QS'' World |283 (2024) |- !''THE'' World |301–350 (2024) |- !''USNWR'' Global |304 |- !''URAP'' World |362 |- ! colspan="2" |Regional – Overall |- !''QS'' BRICS |51 |- !''THE'' Africa |2 |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Stellenbosch University Times Higher Education Ranking 2012 to 2024''' |- !Year !World Rank |- |2024 |301–350 |- |2023 |251–300 |- |2022 |251–300 |- |2021 |251–300 |- |2020 |251–300 |- |2019 |251–300 |- |2018 |351–400 |- |2017 |401-500 |- |2016 |301-350 |- |2015 |276-300 |- |2014 |301-350 |- |2013 |301-350 |- |2012 |251-275 |- | colspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2024 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2023 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2022 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2021 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2020 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2019 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2018 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2017 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2016 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2015/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2015 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2014/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2014 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2013/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2013 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2012 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2011/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2011 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref> |} == Leaders == === Current leaders === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="2" |General Management<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240418215735/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/management "General Management"]. ''www.sun.ac.za''. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> |- |Prof Wim de Villiers |Rector and Vice-Chancellor |- |Edwin Cameron |Chancellor |- |Prof Stan du Plessis |Chief Operating Officer |- |Prof Hester Klopper |Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Strategy, Global and Corporate Affairs |- |Prof Nico Koopman |Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Social Impact, Transformation & Personnel |- |Prof Sibusiso Moyo |Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Postgraduate Studies |- |Prof Deresh Ramjugernath |Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Learning and Teaching |- |Dr Ronel Retief |Registrar |- |Mr Mohamed Shaikh |Executive Manager: Rectorate |} === Historical === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="8" |Rector<ref>[http://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/timeline/1960/ "Stellenbosch University 100 years"]. Stellenbosch University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180910165009/http://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/timeline/1960/ Archived] from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.</ref> |- ! !Period !Surname !Name(s) !Date of Birth !Date of Death |- |1 |1919-1925 |Cillié |Gabriël Gideon |10 September 1870 |1 April 1958 |- |2 |1925-1934 |Wilson |Douglas George |25 April 1856 | |- |3 |1934-1955 |Wilcocks |Raymond William |23 January 1892 |16 March 1967 |- |4 |1955-1970 |Thom |Hendrik Bernardus |31 December 1905 |4 November 1983 |- |5 |1970-1979 |de Villiers |Jan Naude |17 August 1923 | |- |6 |1979-1993 |de Vries |Michiel Josias |5 May 1933 |5 July 2002 |- |7 |1993-2002 |van Wyk |Andreas Hercules |17 September 1941 | |- |8 |2002-2007 |Brink |Chris |31 January 1951 | |- |9 |2007-2014 |Botman |Hayman Russel |18 October 1953 |28 June 2014 |- |10 |2014- |de Villiers |Willem Johan Simon |26 September 1959 |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="6" |Chancellor |- ! !Period !Surname !Name(s) !Date of Birth !Date of Death |- |1 |1918-1919 |Marais |Johannes Izak |23 August 1848 |27 August 1919 |- |2 |1919-1931 |Vos |Pieter Jacobus Gerhard |29 October 1842 |31 October 1931 |- |3 |1931-1932 |de Villiers |Jacob Abraham Jeremias |14 December 1868 |16 September 1937 |- |4 |1932-1939 |Moorrees |Adriaan |18 August 1855 |17 November 1938 |- |5 |1939-1941 |Kestell [af] |John Daniel |15 December 1854 |9 February 1941 |- |6 |1941-1959 |Malan |Daniel Francois |22 May 1874 |7 February 1959 |- |7 |1959-1968 |Dönges |Theophilus Ebenhaezer |8 March 1898 |10 January 1968 |- |8 |1968-1983 |Vorster |Balthazar Johannes |13 December 1915 |10 September 1983 |- |9 |1983-1983 |Thom |Hendrik Bernardus |31 December 1905 |4 November 1983 |- |10 |1984-1988 |Botha |Pieter Willem |12 January 1916 |31 October 2006 |- |11 |1988-1998 |van der Horst |Johannes Gerhardus |19 September 1919 |23 April 2003 |- |12 |1998-2008 |Botha |Elizabeth |19 November 1930 |16 November 2007 |- |13 |2008-2009 |Slabbert |Frederik Van Zyl |2 March 1940 |14 May 2010 |- |14 |2009-2019 |Rupert |Johann Peter |1 June 1950 | |- |15 |2019- |Cameron |Edwin |15 February 1953 |} == Notable alumni == === Science === * James L Barnard, civil engineer den pioneer of biological nutrient removal for wastewater treatment insyd * Johannes Christiaan de Wet, legal scholar, professor, dem recognize am as South Africa ein most influential jurist. * Friedel Sellschop, physicist den pioneer insyd de field of Nuclear physics. * James Leonard Brierley Smith, ichthyologist, organic chemist den university professor. First make he identify taxidermied fish as coelacanth, for de time dem think dem long extinct. * Leopoldt van Huyssteen, soil scientist. * Lulu Latsky, first woman make she earn PhD for Stellenbosch (1930); zoologist den writer. * Novel Njweipi Chegou, molecular biologist den winner of de Royal Society Africa Prize insyd 2022. * Henda Swart, mathematician<ref>[https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=72354 Stellenbosch University] at the Mathematics Genealogy Project</ref> * Taryn Young, physician den epidemiologist. === Law === * Fritz Brand, judge of de Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa. * Baron Steyn, British Law Lord, Lord of Appeal insyd Ordinary. * John Dugard, professor of international law for Leiden University former member of de International Law Commission ad hoc judge of de International Court of Justice. * Lourens Ackermann, former justice of de Constitutional Court of South Africa. * Edwin Cameron, Rhodes scholar den justice of de Constitutional Court of South Africa. * Johan Froneman, lawyer den justice of de Constitutional Court of South Africa. * Jacob de Villiers, judge, Chief Justice of South Africa from 1929 to 1932. * Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, politician, lawyer, den judge. Chief Justice of South Africa den acting Governor-General from 1943 to 1945. * Henry Allan Fagan, judge, Chief Justice of South Africa from 1957 to 1959. * Monique Nsanzabaganwa, economist, politician den Deputy Governor of de National Bank of Rwanda. * Lucas Cornelius Steyn, judge, Chief Justice of South Africa from 1959 to 1971. * Pieter Jacobus Rabie, judge, Chief Justice of South Africa from 1982 to 1989. * Barend van Niekerk, lawyer den academic. * Pierre de Vos, constitutional law scholar. * Brian Currin, human rights lawyer. * Billy Downer, public prosecutor. === Politics === * Naledi Pandor, South African Minister of International Relations den Cooperation (South Africa). * Sandra Botha, former Leader of de Opposition in de National Assembly for de Democratic Alliance (South Africa). * James Barry Munnik Hertzog, former Prime Minister of de Union of South Africa. * Magnus André De Merindol Malan, last Minister of defence during de Apartheid era. * Gerhard Tötemeyer, former Namibian Deputy Minister of Local den Regional Government den Housing. * Johannes Frederik Janse Van Rensburg, former leader of de Ossewabrandwag. * Eben Dönges, South African politician wey na dem elect am State Presido of South Africa, but he die before he fi take office. * Andries Treurnicht, politician, Minister of Education during de Soweto Riots, found den lead de Conservative Party of South Africa. * Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, former apartheid-era Prime Minister of South Africa. * Balthazar Johannes Vorster, former apartheid-era Prime Minister of South Africa. * Daniel François Malan, former apartheid-era Prime Minister of South Africa. * Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom, former apartheid-era Prime Minister of South Africa. * Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, former opposition politician wey cam turn chancellor of Stellenbosch University. * Jan Smuts, former South African Prime Minister. === Business === * Koos Bekker, businessman, billionaire chairmo of Naspers. * Sir David de Villiers Graaff, 3rd Baronet businessman. * Markus Jooste, businessman den de former CEO of Steinhoff International. * Christo Wiese, businessman, former billionaire, chairmo of Shoprite (South Africa). * Jan Steyn, judge den development leader. * Beyers Naudé, theologian den anti-apartheid activist. * Jannie Mouton, businessman, founder den chairmo of PSG Group. * Mark Patterson, private equity investor den founder of MatlinPatterson Global Advisors * Johann Rupert, businessman den founding trustee of de Nelson Mandela Children's Fund. * Japie van Zyl, deputy director of de Jet Propulsion Laboratory. * Ntsiki Biyela, winemaker den businesswoman. === Sport === * Stuart Abbott, rugby player. * Mari Rabie, Rhodes scholar, triathlete. * Danie Craven, prominent Rugby player den sport administrator. * Ashley Burdett, Zimbabwean cricketer * Craig Tiley, CEO of Tennis Australia den Director of de Australian Open. * Attie van Heerden, Olympian, rugby union, den rugby league footballer. * Jonathan Trott, England Cricketer. * Max Howell, Australian educator den rugby union player === Arts den music === * Etienne Leroux, writer den member of de South African Sestigers literary movement. * Paul Cilliers, philosopher den complexity theorist. * Casper de Vries, actor den comedian. * Abraham H. de Vries, writer. * Liza Grobler, artist. * Elsa Joubert, novelist. * Uys Krige, playwright, poet den translator. * Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, poet wey he compose words of Afrikaner anthem ''Die Stem''. * Willim Welsyn, singer, songwriter, guitarist den podcaster. * Rona Rupert, musician den author of 33 Afrikaans books. * Johannes du Plessis Scholtz, philologist, art historian den art collector. * Peet Pienaar, performance artist. * Cromwell Everson, composer of de first Afrikaans opera. * Zanne Stapelberg, opera singer. * Tom Dreyer, novelist den poet wey dey wrep for both English den Afrikaans insyd. * Deon van der Walt, opera singer. * Ernst van Heerden, Afrikaans poet. * Claudette Schreuders, sculptor den painter * Karlien de Villiers, artist === Academia === * Mark Nigrini, academic, accounting professor. * Estian Calitz, economics professor. * André du Pisani, political scientist den professor at University of Namibia. * Sampie Terreblanche, former professor of economics for Stellenbosch den founder member of de Democratic Party. * Hendrik W. (H.W.) van der Merwe founder of de Centre for Intergroup Studies, University of Cape Town. * Marina Joubert, senior science communication researcher for Stellenbosch University * Lydia Baumbach, classical scholar * Gisela Sole, professor of physiotherapy for University of Otago insyd New Zealand === Oda === * Mike Horn, adventurer. * Alfredo Tjiurimo Hengari, political scientist. * John Laredo, anti-apartheid campaigner. * Riaan Cruywagen, newsreader den voice artist. * Johan Degenaar, philosopher. * Siegfried Ngubane, Anglican bishop. * D. C. S. Oosthuizen, (Daantjie Oosthuizen), philosopher, Christian, critic of Apartheid. * Vern Poythress, Calvinist philosopher den New Testament scholar. * Martin Welz, investigative journalist den editor of South African investigative magazine Noseweek. * Stefanus Gie, diplomat. * Vuyokazi Mahlati, social entrepreneur, gender activist den global director of de International Women's Forum * Max du Preez, author, columnist den de founding editor of Vrye Weekblad == Gallery == <gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Alumni of Stellenbosch University"> File:Gifty_Oware-Aboagye_NSS.jpg|Gifty Oware-Aboagye‎ File:Glenn_Robin_Ware_Babb_-_Glenn's_Pics_161.jpg|Glenn Babb File:Simoné-Nortmann-Fiestas.jpg|Simoné Nortmann File:Dan-Stein-20130904.jpg|Dan J. Stein File:Theuns_Jordaan.jpg|Theuns Jordaan File:Andries_Treurnicht.jpg|Andries Treurnicht File:Mnr_Mandela,_Mev_Betsie_Verwoerd_en_Prof_Carel_Boshoff_afgeneem_tydens_Mandela_se_besoek_aan_Orania.jpg|Betsie Verwoerd </gallery> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden"> File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_garden.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_Bonsai.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_succulent_greenhouse.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_lily_pools.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_Nelumbo.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botanical_Garden_-_Vanda_teres.jpg File:SU_Botanical_Garden_waterlily_dams.jpg File:Stellenbosch_University_Botnaical_Garden_-_Welwitschia.jpg File:Protea_cynaroides_MS_9113.jpg </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="University of Stellenbosch Business School"> File:University_of_Stellenbosch_Business_School_2.jpg File:USB_1.jpg File:Usb_IMG_7028.jpg File:USBlogo_long.jpg </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="CL Marais Library"> File:CL_Marais_BIB.jpg File:CL_Marais_Library_(entrance).JPG File:CL_Marais_Library_(front).JPG File:CL_Marais_Library_(side_detail).JPG </gallery> |- |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Coetzenburg Stadium entrance"> File:Coetzenburg_Stadium_entrance.jpg </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Coetzenburg"> File:Coetzenburg_2.JPG File:Coetzenburg_1.JPG File:Underwater_hockey_at_Coertzenburg_-_panoramio.jpg </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="18–26 Crozier Street, Stellenbosch"> File:26_Crozier_Street.JPG File:18_Crozier_Street.JPG File:18_and_20_Crozier_Street.JPG File:20_Crozier_Street.JPG File:24_Crozier_Street.JPG File:22_and_24_Crozier_Street.JPG </gallery> |- |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Stellenbosch University Library"> File:Stellenbosch_University_Library_Entrance.jpg File:Stellenbosch_university_library_and_rooiplein_1.jpg File:Stellenbosch15.JPG File:Stellenbosch14.JPG File:Stellenbosch13.JPG </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Old Bloemhof Girls' Primary School, Stellenbosch"> File:Bloemhof_3.JPG File:Bloemhof_1.JPG File:Bloemhof_5.JPG </gallery> |<gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Old Conservatory, Stellenbosch"> File:Old_Conservatory_3.JPG File:Old_Conservatory_1.JPG File:Old_Conservatory_2.JPG File:Old_Conservatory_4.JPG </gallery> |} == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Stellenbosch_University|Stellenbosch University]]'''''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240601130636/https://www0.sun.ac.za/ Official website] [[Category:Stellenbosch University]] [[Category:Universities insyd de Western Cape]] [[Category:Universities den colleges established insyd 1866]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Stellenbosch]] [[Category:Forestry education]] [[Category:1866 establishments insyd de Cape Colony]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1866]] ht2antd6ljmdn1pikh63rm32sqwpkzz 0 6706 115171 35260 2026-10-24T09:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sheila Holzworth''' (August 28, 1961<ref>Anderson, Shawn (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=x3x9MyIkJ-0C&q=sheila+holzworth+%221961%22&pg=PA110 Extra Mile America: Stories of Inspiration, Possibility and Purpose]''. p. 110. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780982097427|9780982097427]]</bdi>. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/desmoinesregister/obituary.aspx?n=sheila-holzworth&pid=163916390&fhid=13075 "Sheila Holzworth (1961 - 2013) - Obituary"]. ''www.legacy.com''. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</ref> – March 29, 2013)<ref>Quinn, Rachel Vogel (February 23, 2013). [https://civitas.central.edu/2013/02/climb-to-the-clouds/ "Climb to the Clouds"]. Civitas: A Journal of the Central College Community. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref> na she be American para-alpine skier. After she go blind for age ten, she go on go win two gold medals den silver medal for de 1984 Winter Paralympics as part of de United States delegation, among oda achievements. == Biography == Insyd 1981, de International Year of Disabled Persons, na Holzworth be de first blind woman make she climb Mount Rainier.<ref name=":0">Glover, Penny (February 4, 1992). [https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/woman-doesn-t-let-blindness-blocker-her/article_2fddd904-0821-5712-b5a8-0c99c7921c30.html "Woman doesn't let blindness blocker her"]. NWI.com. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref> She plete de climb as part of team of people plus disabilities.<ref>Pieper, Mary (November 20, 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250223100009/https://globegazette.com/news/local/making-things-happen/article_bad60c4b-fccd-5cd8-b78f-b7e9349a26c8.html "Making things happen"]. Globe Gazette. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref> Insyd 1982, she win gold medal insyd de giant slalom den silver insyd de slalom for de national ski competition dem host by de United States Association of Blind Athletes.<ref name=":0" /> Holzworth win gold medals insyd two alpine skiing events, Women's Giant Slalom B1 den Women's Alpine Combination B1, for de 1984 Winter Paralympics. For addition, she win silver medal insyd Women's Downhill B1. She sanso compete for de 1988 Winter Paralympics.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/sheila-holzworth "Sheila Holzworth"]. ''International Paralympic Committee''. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref> She compete den win medals insyd several oda competitions, wey dey include de World Cup Championships of Winter Sports for de Disabled insyd Switzerland den de National Snow Ski Competition den American Blind Water Ski Championships insyd 1983, den de International Blind Water Ski Competition insyd Norway for 1984 insyd. She sanso set oda records, wey dey include world record insyd trick water skiing give de blind den disabled insyd 1989, wey she be de first sightless person make she jump for water skis insyd de United States.<ref name=":0" /> She win de Ten Outstanding Young Americans award insyd 1989. Na dem invite am to White House receptions for different times by Presidos Ronald Reagan den George H. W. Bush.<ref>[https://news.central.edu/2017/11/former-sightless-athlete-holzworth-recognized-for-forever-dutch-gift/ "Featured: Former sightless athlete Holzworth recognized for Forever Dutch gift"]. Central College News. November 7, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.paralympic.org/sheila-holzworth Sheila Holzworth] at Paralympic.org [[Category:American female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 1984 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for de United States]] [[Category:Paralympic alpine skiers for de United States]] [[Category:Medalists at de 1984 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd alpine skiing]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:2013 deaths]] pbk0z2p5wik1rw5kx93wep4tcod1huy 0 7022 115149 35818 2026-10-24T03:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Judy Ann Nagel''' (born August 27, 1951) be former World Cup alpine ski racer wey komot de United States.<ref>Kombol, Bill (2023-02-14). [https://voiceofthevalley.com/2023/02/13/when-coal-was-king-judy-nagel-1968/ "WHEN COAL WAS KING: Judy Nagel, 1968"]. ''VOICE of the Valley''. Retrieved 2024-07-29.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240729215144/https://www.essentiallysports.com/us-sports-news-alpine-skiing-news-olympics-news-despite-becoming-namesake-of-an-award-mikaela-shiffrins-legacy-takes-almost-a-decade-to-be-honoured/ "Despite Becoming Namesake of an Award, Mikaela Shiffrin's Legacy Takes Almost a Decade to Be Honored"]. ''EssentiallySports''. 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2024-07-29.</ref><ref>[https://ski-db.com/db/profiles/judy_nagel_usa_wnglju.php "Judy Nagel SkiDB Profile. U.S.A. Alpine Ski Team"]. ''ski-db.com''. Retrieved 2024-07-29.</ref> == Early years == Dem born am insyd Seattle, Washington, na Nagel be de younger of two daughters of Olympic ski racer. She learn dey ski den race for Stevens Pass wen de family live insyd Skykomish. Wen Crystal Mountain begin operations insyd 1962, ein poppie head de fresh ski school den race program, den de family relocate to Enumclaw.<ref name=":0">Holt, Gordy (March 23, 2004). [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Jack-Nagel-1926-2004-Ski-pioneer-bubbled-with-1140311.php "Jack Nagel, 1926-2004: Ski pioneer 'bubbled' with energy"]. ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer''.</ref> Ein poppie, Jack Nagel (1926–2004),<ref name=":0" /> na he be member of de U.S. alpine team at de 1952 Winter Olympics; he fall insyd de first run of de slalom den finis 29th insyd de giant slalom. Dem born am insyd Port Townsend wey dem raise am insyd Skykomish, na Jack be third-generation logger wen na skiing dey gain popularity insyd de 1940s.<ref name=":0" /> He later run de gas station per insyd Skykomish wey na he be ski instructor at Stevens Pass til 1962,<ref>[http://www.spacracing.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=56 "History"]. Stevens Pass Alpine Club. Retrieved December 28, 2012.</ref> wen dem gbele de fresh Crystal Mountain near Mount Rainier. Na dem feature ein racing school insyd ''Sports Illustrated'' for 1963 insyd, plus older daughter Cathy, 14, for de cover.<ref>[https://www.si.com/vault/1963/02/11/605130/a-maestro-tunes-his-teen-ski-stars "A maestro tunes his teen ski stars"]. ''Sports Illustrated'': 24. February 11, 1963.</ref> == Racing career == Nagel compete insyd de 1968 Winter Olympics at age 16. No be originally for de World Cup anaa Olympic teams top, na dem bring Nagel den 18-year-old Kiki Cutter of Oregon over to Europe few weeks ahead of de Olympics make dem compete give berths for de U.S. Olympic team, wich dem both make. Nagel place eighth den sixth insyd de two World Cup slaloms immediately dey precede de Olympics, wey she lead de Olympic slalom for Chamrousse by eight-hundredths of second after de first run. U.S. racers seemingly she hold four of de first six spots after de first run, buh na dem subsequently disqualify de oda three Americans for missed gates.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kDtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e-kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7233%2C4043813 "Can luck get any worse? It just did for Americans"]. ''Spokesman-Review''. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. February 14, 1968. p. 12.</ref> Plus de fastest run dat qualified, na Nagel be last out of de gate insyd de second run wey she miss early gate.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pWVYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6755%2C2831044 "Marielle 1st in slalom"]. ''Spokane Daily Chronicle''. (Washington). UPI. February 13, 1968. p. 15.</ref> She climb back up de hill make she make de gate, then she straddle anoda wey she get anoda spill make she cross de finish line well back wey na dem disqualify am.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Td1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l0sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7053,1990226 "State girl falls short"]. ''Ellensburg Daily Record''. (Washington). Associated Press. February 13, 1968. p. 5.</ref> Two days later, na Nagel be de top U.S. finisher insyd de giant slalom for 12th place.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p2VYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zfcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5864%2C3528674 "Nancy wins gold"]. ''Spokane Daily Chronicle''. (Washington). Associated Press. February 15, 1968. p. 28.</ref> Back for ein home mountain for de U.S. Alpine Championships, she win de slalom den combined for Crystal Mountain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19680311&id=qjtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5073,3962383 "Judy Nagel wins U.S. slalom title"]. ''Spokesman-Review''. (Spokane, Washington). March 11, 1968. p. 12.</ref> Few weeks later Nagel gain ein first World Cup podium for Heavenly Valley. She fini ein first World Cup season eleventh overall, tenth insyd slalom, den ninth insyd giant slalom. Insyd de 1969 season, Nagel gain ein first World Cup victory for age 17 (& 5½ months), wey she remain de youngest-ever American make she win alpine World Cup race. Insyd dat first win for Italy insyd, na ein older sisto Cathy be de runner-up. Na ein oda wins be sweep of de technical events insyd Lienz, Austria.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ZFfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7TAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4871%2C4176192 "Miss Nagel sweeps World Cup races"]. ''Lewiston Morning Tribune''. (Idaho). Associated Press. December 21, 1969. p. 18.</ref> Na Nagel ein final World Cup race be insyd March 1970 for age 18; she retire from de circuit later dat year make she coach den pursue oda interests.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J-dVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IeEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4435,2967338 "Judy Nagel retiring"]. ''Eugene Register-Guard''. (Oregon). November 12, 1970. p. 3-C.</ref> During ein brief World Cup career, she win three races, she attain twelve podiums, wey she get 29 top ten finishes. == World Cup results == === Season standings === {| class="wikitable" !Season !Age !Overall !Slalom !Giant slalom !Downhill |- |1968 |''16'' |11 |10 |9 |— |- |1969 |''17'' |10 |4 |13 |19 |- |1970 |''18'' |6 |7 |4 |11 |} === Race podiums === * 3 wins - (2 slalom, 1 giant slalom) * 12 podiums - (8 slalom, 4 giant slalom) {| class="wikitable" !Season !Date !Location !Discipline !Place |- |'''1968''' |6 Apr 1968 |Heavenly Valley, USA |Slalom |3rd |- | rowspan="5" |'''1969''' |4 Jan 1969 |Oberstaufen, West Germany |Slalom |2nd |- |23 Jan 1969 |St. Gervais, France |Slalom |3rd |- |8 Feb 1969 |Sterzing, Italy |Slalom |'''1st''' |- |28 Feb 1969 |Squaw Valley, USA |Slalom |3rd |- |22 Mar 1969 |Waterville Valley, USA |Slalom |3rd |- | rowspan="6" |'''1970''' |19 Dec 1969 | rowspan="2" |Lienz, Austria |Giant slalom |'''1st''' |- |20 Dec 1969 |Slalom |'''1st''' |- |24 Jan 1970 |St. Gervais, France |Giant slalom |3rd |- |1 Feb 1970 | rowspan="2" |Abetone, Italy |Giant slalom |3rd |- |2 Feb 1970 |Slalom |2nd |- |27 Feb 1970 |Vancouver, Canada |Giant slalom |3rd |} == Olympic results == {| class="wikitable" !  Year   !Age !Slalom !Giant slalom !Super-G !Downhill !Combined |- |1968 |''16'' | DQ2 ^ |12 | rowspan="1" |<small>''not run''</small> |— | rowspan="1" |<small>''not run''</small> |} : ^ <small>Leader after first run of slalom</small> * <small>From 1948 thru 1980, na de Winter Olympics sanso be de World Championships for alpine skiing.</small> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=42571 Judy Nagel] at de International Ski and Snowboard Federation * [https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=42571&type=cups Judy Nagel] World Cup standings at de International Ski Federation * [https://www.ski-db.com/db/profiles/judy_nagel_usa_wnglju.php Judy Nagel] at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/judy-nagel-1.html Judy Nagel] at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:American female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Olympic alpine skiers for de United States]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 1968 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Skiers wey komot Seattle]] [[Category:People wey komot Enumclaw, Washington]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot King County, Washington]] [[Category:21st-century American women]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] gtgrlvdl6su47vrr9cmgckrrjupvva1 0 7758 115131 37398 2026-10-23T21:00:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ambra Sabatini''' (born 19 January 2002) be Italian Paralympic athlete.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/young-star-ambra-sabatini-ready-first-home-gp "Young star Ambra Sabatini ready for first home GP"]. paralympic.org. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</ref> She compete for de Dubai 2021 Paralympic World Cup, wey she set world record.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/young-star-ambra-sabatini-ready-first-home-gp "Young star Ambra Sabatini ready for first home GP"]. ''International Paralympic Committee''. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210828192121/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/paralympics/news/italys-ambra-sabatini-shatters-world-record-on-debut-at-dubai-2021-grand-prix "Italy's Ambra Sabatini shatters world record on debut at Dubai 2021 Grand Prix"]. ''Tokyo 2020''. Archived from [https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/paralympics/news/italys-ambra-sabatini-shatters-world-record-on-debut-at-dubai-2021-grand-prix the original] on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1104227/sabatini-sets-100m-para-world-record "Sabatini marks debut with 100m world record at World Para Athletics Grand Prix"]. ''www.insidethegames.biz''. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</ref> [[File:Ambra_Sabatini_2021.JPG|thumb|260x260px|Sergio Mattarella award Sabatini for Quirinale insyd 2021.]] == De accident == For 5 June 2019, while for ein way to athletics training, Ambra get road crash as passenger for de scooter wey ein poppie dey drive. Na truck hit dema vehicle wey as result of de injuries she sustain, Ambra suffer de amputation of ein left leg above de knee.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203346/https://www.art4sport.org/portfolio-item/ambra-sabatini/ "Ambra Sabatini"] (insyd Italian). art4sport.org. Archived from [https://www.art4sport.org/portfolio-item/ambra-sabatini/ the original] on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</ref> == World records == * 100 m T63: '''14.11''' ( Tokyo, 4 September 2021) - current holder<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210904162655/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/ATH/PG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHW100M----63020-----FNL-000100--.pdf "T63 final results"] (PDF). Archived from [https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/ATH/PG2020-_ATH_C73A_ATHW100M----63020-----FNL-000100--.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Ambra_Sabatini|Ambra Sabatini]]'''''. * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14859084 Ambra Sabatini] at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240817141017/https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/14859084 Ambra Sabatini] at European Athletics * [http://www.fidal.it/atleta_one.php?t=fauRkpOfamQ Ambra Sabatini] at de Italian Athletics Federation (insyd Italian) * [https://www.paralympic.org/ambra-sabatini Ambra Sabatini] at Paralympic.org * [https://www.comitatoparalimpico.it/organizzazione/sport/atleti-paralimpici/item/sabatini-ambra.html Ambra Sabatini] at de Italian Paralympic Committee (insyd Italian) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Paralympic athletes for Italy]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:World record holders insyd para-athletics]] [[Category:Paralympic athletes of Fiamme Gialle]] [[Category:Italian amputees]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Livorno]] [[Category:Italian female sprinters]] [[Category:21st-century Italian sportswomen]] cd9gqygf8ytzghqvb0fq4pk0d5wsd97 0 7999 115134 108265 2026-10-23T23:15:36Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Straatgezicht_met_filmposter_Tunis_TMnr_20013070.jpg|right|thumb|Cinematic street poster insyd Tunis, [[Tunisia]] for de Egyptian film ''Saladin the Victorious'' (1963, Arabic: الناصر صلاح الدين, Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din) wey Youssef Chahine direct wey dey star Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin, Salah Zulfikar, Nadia Lutfi den odas.]] '''Cinema of Africa''' dey cover both history plus present of how dem dey make anaa show films for Africa continent insyd, wey esanso dey refer to de people wey dey involve for dis kind of audiovisual culture. E start from early 20th century, wen dem dey use film reels as de main cinematic technology. As dem get more dan 50 countries wey get audiovisual traditions, no be one single 'African cinema' dey. Both historically den culturally, dem get major regional differences between North Africa den sub-Saharan cinemas, den between cinemas of different countries.<ref name=":3">Hayward, Susan. "Third World Cinemas: African Continent" in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 426-442</ref> [[Egypt]] den [[Tunisia]] get sam of de oldest cinema for de world. Egypt own be de biggest wey dey flourish well well for Africa.<ref>Houissa, Ali. [https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt "LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film"]. ''guides.library.cornell.edu''. Retrieved 2023-12-18.</ref><ref>Gaffney, Jane (1987). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857918 "The Egyptian Cinema: Industry and Art in a Changing Society"]. ''Arab Studies Quarterly''. '''9''' (1): 53–75. ISSN [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519 0271-3519]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857918 41857918].</ref> Pioneers Auguste plus Louis Lumière screen dema films for Alexandria, Cairo, Tunis, Susa, Libya den Hammam-Lif, [[Tunisia]] for 1896 insyd.<ref>Leaman, Oliver (2003-12-16). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LmSFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film]''. Routledge. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781134662524|9781134662524]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/historical/beginnings.html "Alexandria, Why? (The Beginnings of the Cinema Industry in Alexandria)"]. Bibliotheca Alexandrina's AlexCinema.</ref> Albert Samama Chikly dey say be de first person wey produce African cinema wey komot Africa, show ein own short documentaries for casino of Tunis as far back as December 1905.<ref name="Ritrovato">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201019090540/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/en/proiezione/albert-samama-chikly-tre-programmi/ "Three Programmes"]. Cinema Ritrovato. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</ref> Chikly den ein daughter Haydée Tamzali go on produce important early films like 1924 ein ''The Girl from Carthage''. For 1927, Egypt produce Laila, de first big film wey Aziza Amir make. For 1935, Studio Misr for Cairo start produce mostly comedies den musicals wey no be too original, buh e sanso films like Kamal Selim ein ''The Will'' (1939). Egyptian cinema cam turn strong for 1940s, 1950s, den 1960s, dem consider am as Golden Age.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171125070157/http://eng.babelmed.net/dossier/120-egypt/6913-the-golden-age-of-egyptian-cinema-the-1940s-to-1960s.html "The Golden Age of Egyptian Cinema – the 1940s to 1960s"]. Archived from [http://eng.babelmed.net/dossier/120-egypt/6913-the-golden-age-of-egyptian-cinema-the-1940s-to-1960s.html the original] on 2017-11-25. Retrieved 2017-10-06.</ref> Youssef Chahine ein big film ''Cairo Station'' (1958) lay de foundation for Arab film, make am start dey grow.<ref>[http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49355 "African Cinema: Invisible Classics"]. British Film Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120803090558/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49355 Archived] from the original on 2012-08-03.</ref> Nigeria film industry be de biggest for Africa, look sharp-sharp, dem dey produce plenty films every year, dem get plenty money, and plenty people dey watch dem.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241004140217/https://www.afriff.com/post/top-10-film-industries-in-africa#:~:text=Topping%20the%20list%20is%20Nigeria,second%20only%20to%20India's%20Bollywood "Top 10 film industries in Africa"]. ''afriff.com''. AFRIFF African International Film Festival. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-25.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130309160415/https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer – UN"]. ''un.org''. United Nations. 2009-05-05. Archived from [https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 the original] on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2023-10-25.</ref><ref name="Independent 2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100518123107/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/nigerias-nollywood-eclipsing-hollywood-in-africa-1974087.html "Nigeria's Nollywood eclipsing Hollywood in Africa"]. ''The Independent''. May 15, 2010. Archived from [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/nigerias-nollywood-eclipsing-hollywood-in-africa-1974087.html the original] on May 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-24.</ref> E sanso be de second biggest for de world, dem dey make plenty films.<ref name=":2">[https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/spolight-the-nigerian-film-industry.pdf "Spotlight: The Nigerian Film Industry"] (PDF). July 2017.</ref> For 2016, dem contribute 2.3% to Naija GDP, wey show say dem dey important for de country economy.<ref name=":2" /> == History == === Colonial era === During colonial time, Western people dey control de story wey dem tell about Africa thru films. Dem make films wey show black people as if dem no be human, anaa dem be slaves, anaa dem be wild animals wey dey eat human being. See films like ''Kings of de Cannibal Islands'' insyd 1909, ''Voodoo Vengeance'' (1913) den ''Congorilla'' (1932) wey dem use take portray Africa people bad.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Barsoum_Looking_for_a_Job_(1923_film)_10.jpg|alt=Barsoum Looking for a Job (1923 film) 10|thumb|Bishara Wakim insyd ''Barsoum Looking for a Job'' (1923)]] Films wey colonial masters make about Africa show say Africa be strange place wey no get past or culture. Dem get plenty films like Tarzan wey dem take from Edgar Rice Burrou story, plus de film ''The African Queen'' (1951), den different films wey dem make from H. Rider Haggard ein book ''King Solomon's Mines'' (1885). All dis films dey show Africa as bush mannas.<ref name="authentic">Murphskirty, David (2000). [https://dokumen.pub/african-cinema-manifesto-and-practice-for-cultural-decolonization-volume-1-colonial-antecedents-constituents-theory-and-articulations-0253066204-9780253066206.html "Africans Filming Africa: Questioning Theories of an Authentic African Cinema"]. ''Journal of African Cultural Studies''. '''13''' (2): 239–249. doi:[[doi:10.1080/713674315|10.1080/713674315]]. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771833 1771833]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55143264 55143264].</ref> De first film wey dem make complete for Africa be de South African film ''The Great Kimberley Diamond Robbery'' (1911). Dem make am for [[South Africa]], wey na de first time dem dey make film like dat for Africa.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211115151107/http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2010/february-2010/640-almost-100-years-old-and-still-rolling-the-history-of-sa-cinema-part-29 "Almost 100 years old and still rolling! The history of SA cinema Part 2"]. February 2010. Archived from [http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2010/february-2010/640-almost-100-years-old-and-still-rolling-the-history-of-sa-cinema-part-29 the original] on 17 October 2020.</ref> De Voortrekkers (1916) follow am, wey be South Africa ein (den maybe Africa ein) first big film and oldest film wey still dey exist, about de Great Trek wey dem make am give Afrikaner people to watch.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230612145106/https://www.africa-in-motion.org.uk/resources/africas-lost-classics/films/event/315/ "Voortrekkers (1916)"]. ''Africa in Motion''. Retrieved 2023-06-12.</ref> Early South African cinema get one topic wey dem dey focus on, plus dat be de quarrel between Afrikaner people (especially Boer) den British people wey dey live for South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Plenty early films wey dem make to show de life of indigenous people, dey focus for de things top wey make dem different from white people wey dem consider as civilized, den dis one dey help spread colonial lies.<ref>[https://www.cinefiliaritrovata.it/the-anti-colonial-gaze-in-ethnographic-cinema-voyage-au-congo-e-marquis-de-wavrin/ "The anti-colonial gaze in ethnographic cinema: "Voyage au Congo" e "Marquis de Wavrin""]. Cinefilia ritrovata. July 1, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.</ref> Marc Allégret ein first film, ''Voyage au Congo'' (1927), show Masa people for good way insyd, especially one small boy wey dey entertain ein kiddie bro plus baby crocodile wey dem tie plus string. Buh dem no show Africans as equals, dem show dem as human being buh no be as people wey get sense. For example, dem write something for de film say de way dem dey dance traditional dance be like kiddie play. Ein lover, writer André Gide, follow am go Congo wey he wrep book wey dem call ''Voyage au Congo'' too. Allégret later make film Zouzou, wey star Josephine Baker, wey be de first big film wey star black woman. Josephine Baker cause trouble for Paris arts people secof she dance for Revue Nègre plus banana string per for ein body [[File:Bahiga_Hafez.jpg|alt=Bahiga Hafez|thumb|Egyptian filmmaker den actress Bahiga Hafez, (1908-1983) insyd 1930s.]] For French colonies, dem no allow Africans make dem own film by de 1934 Laval Decree.<ref>Barlet, Olivier (2012). "The Ambivalence of French Funding". ''Black Camera''. '''3''' (2): 205–16. doi:[[doi:10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205|10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205]]. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205 10.2979/blackcamera.3.2.205]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143881053 143881053].</ref><ref>Diawara, Manthia (1992). ''African Cinema: Politics and Culture''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 22–23.</ref> De ban stunt de growth for film as means of African expression, political, cultural, den artistic.<ref>Halhoul, Khalid (2012). "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions." ''Utne Reader'' (June/July 2012 edition). Mixed Media Section, pp. 78–79.</ref> Congolese man, Albert Mongita, manage make film wey dem call ''The Cinema Lesson'' for 1951, den for 1953, Mamadou Touré make film wey dem call ''Mouramani'', wey come from folk story about one man den ein dog.<ref>Wes Felton (December 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201006005633/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2010/feature-articles/caught-in-the-undertow-african-francophone-cinema-in-the-french-new-wave/ "Caught in the Undertow: African Francophone Cinema in the French New Wave"]. Senses of Self.</ref> For 1955, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra - wey komot [[Benin]], buh go school for [[Senegal]] - den ein paddies from Le Group Africain du Cinema, make short film for Paris, wey dem call ''Afrique-sur-Seine'' (1955). Vieyra learn filmmaking for Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) for Paris, wey even though dem no allow people make film for Africa, dem give am permission make he film for France.<ref>Diawara (1992), ''African Cinema'', p. 23.</ref> Dem consider am de first film wey black African direct, ''Afrique Sur Seine'' dey explore de difficulties of being an African for 1950s for France.<ref>Gugler, Josef (2003). ''African Film: Re-Imagining a Continent''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, p. 3.</ref> As Portuguese colonies get independence but na dem no get place wey dem dey make film, because de colonial government no allow dem make film except dem be colonialist propaganda, wey dey show say indigenous people no reach. So, dem no dey think am till dem get independence to find way wey dem go make African voices wey be real.<ref>Abiola Irele; Biodun Jeyifo (2010). Abiola Irele; Biodun Jeyifo (eds.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hF_xjFL6_NEC&pg=PA233 ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought'']. Vol.&nbsp;1. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;234. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0195334739|978-0195334739]]</bdi> &#x2013; via Google Books.</ref> For 1930s, dem do one experiment wey dem call Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment for eastern and south-eastern African countries. Dem do dis ting to "teach Bantu people, mostly about how to keep body clean". Buh three films per from dis project still dey exist; dem keep dem for British Film Institute.<ref>Notcutt, L. A., and G. C. Latham, ''The African and the Cinema: An Account of the Work of the Bantu Educational Cinema Experiment during the Period March 1935 to May 1937'', London: Edinburgh House Press, 1937.</ref> Before de colonies get freedom, small films wey talk against colonialism dey come out. Example be Statues Also Die (''Les statues meurent aussi'') wey Chris Marker plus Alain Resnais make, wey talk about how European people steal African art. De second part of dis film, Afrique 50 by René Vautier, show how people dey protest against colonialism for [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] den Upper Volta (now [[Burkina Faso]]), buh dem ban am.<ref>Melissa Thackway (2003). ''Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34349-9|978-0-253-34349-9]], pp. 7 and 32.</ref> [[File:Lobna_Abdel_Aziz_(Bride_of_the_Nile)_2.jpg|thumb|Lobna Abdel Aziz in ''Bride of the Nile'' (1963)]] Dat time, one French man, Jean Rouch, wey dey make film about Africa culture, dey work for Africa too. Ein films, like ''Jaguar'' (1955), ''Les maitres fous'' (1955), ''Moi, un noir'' (1958) den ''La pyramide humaine'' (1961), cause trouble for both French den African people. Buh Rouch no openly talk against colonialism, ein films just change how people see Africa plus esana give African people dema new voice.<ref>For more on Rouch's work, see Steven Feld (ed.), ''Cine-Ethnography'' (1994), and Paul Henley, ''The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema'' (2010).</ref> Although na Ousmane Sembene plus odas<ref>See, for example, Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike, ''Black African Cinema'' (1994), pp. 48–58.</ref> accuse Rouch of he dey see Africans "say dem be insects,"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240721132202/http://www.maitres-fous.net/Sembene.html "You look at us like insects"]. ''maitres-fous.net''. Retrieved 2021-10-12.</ref> Jean Rouch be important person for Africa film ein growth insyd, plus he san be de first person wey work plus African people, many of dem cam turn important for Africa cinema insyd (like Oumarou Ganda, Safi Faye, Moustapha Alassane, den odas).<ref>Diawara (1992). ''African Cinema'', pp. 23–24. See also Henley, Paul (2010), ''The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the Craft of Ethnographic Cinema'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 310–337.</ref> Secof most films wey dem make before Africa countries get independence dey show racism, African filmmakers wey come after independence, like Ousmane Sembene den Oumarou Ganda, den odas, see filmmaking as way to correct de bad image wey Western filmmakers show about Africans, wey dem wan take back de image of Africa give Africans.<ref>Thackway (2003). ''Africa Shoots Back'', pp. 1–6.</ref> === Post-independence den 1970s === [[File:Beattie_and_GBC_puppets_'68_(3).jpg|right|thumb|''The Ghana Broadcasting Puppet Show'' developed by Beattie Casely-Hayford (1968)]] [[File:Salah_Zulfikar&Soad_Hosny.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|220x220px|Salah Zulfikar den Soad Hosny insyd de Egyptian film ''Those People of the Nile'' (Egyptian Arabic: الناس والنيل, Al Nass Wal Nil) Youssef Chahine direct am (1972)]] De first Africa film wey win recognition outsyd Africa be Sembène Ousmane ein ''La Noire de''... anaa ''Black Girl''. De film show how one African woman dey suffer secof she dey work as housegirl for France. De film win Prix Jean Vigo award for 1966.<ref>Bilge Ebiri (November 5, 2015). [http://www.vulture.com/2015/02/how-ousmane-sembene-invented-african-cinema.html "The Story of Sembene!: How Ousmane Sembene Invented African Cinema"]. ''Vulture''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> Sembène start as writer, wey he turn to film-making to reach more people. Dem still dey bell am "de papa of Africa cinema".<ref>McLellan, Dennis (2007-06-14). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-14-me-sembene14-story.html "Ousmane Sembene, 84; Sengalese hailed as 'the father of African film'"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 2024-09-24.</ref> Sembène ein own country, Senegal, continue to be de place wey Africa film production dey happen most for over ten years. When dem create Africa film festival FESPACO for Burkina Faso (wey be Upper Volta before) for 1969, Africa film get ein own place wey dem dey showcase am. Now, FESPACO dey happen every two years, wey dem dey alternate am plus Carthago film festival for Tunisia. De Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes, anaa FEPACI)<ref>[http://www.fepaci.org/congress1 FEPACI]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140226111448/http://www.fepaci.org/congress1/ Archived] 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine</ref> FEPACI start for 1969 to help Africa film industries grow in terms of how dem make film, share film, den show film. From de beginning, people see FEPACI as important partner to Organisation of African Unity (OAU), wey be [[African Union]] now. FEPACI dey look at how film fit into politics, economy, den culture development for Africa countries den de whole continent Med Hondo ein film, ''Soleil O'', wey dem make for 1969, become popular quick quick. Hondo care about politics just like Sembène, buh he use different way of filming to show how hard be for stranger for France if you get de "wrong" skin colour. === 1980s den 1990s === [[File:Souleymane_Cissé.jpg|left|thumb|Malian film director Souleymane Cissé at de third International Festival "Cines del Sur" insyd Granada, 2009.]] Souleymane Cissé ein film, ''Yeelen'' (from Mali, 1987), be de first film wey Black African make wey go compete for Cannes.<ref>Nadia Neophytou (May 19, 2018). [https://qz.com/africa/1282690/african-filmmakers-in-cannes-2018-want-to-take-back-control-from-european-producers/ "In Cannes, African filmmakers are plotting to take back control from European producers"]. ''QuartzAfrica''.</ref> Cheick Oumar Sissoko ein film, ''Guimba'' (from Mali, 1995), also get good talk for West. Many films for 1990s, wey dey include ''Quartier Mozart'' by Jean-Pierre Bekolo (from [[Cameroon]], 1992), dey show life for big city Africa wey dey connect plus de whole world. Nigeria film industry blow up for 1990s secof how easy dem get video camera for Nigeria, wey soon Nollywood cam turn de center of West Africa English-language films. Nollywood drop 1844 movies for 2013 alone.<ref>Jake Bright (June 24, 2015). [http://fortune.com/2015/06/24/nollywood-movie-industry/ "Meet 'Nollywood': The second largest movie industry in the world"]. Fortune. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> De last cinema for Kinshasa, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], close down for 2004. Many of de old cinema places dem convert to churches.<ref>Colm McAuliffe (November 6, 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/06/congo-cinema-religion-la-belle-at-the-movies "The death of cinema in Congo: how churches killed off cowboy films: As the country is left without a single film theatre, a new documentary explores the end of a once thriving movie culture"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> Buh for 2009, UN refugee agency show film dem bell ''Breaking the Silence'' for South Kivu den Katanga Province. De film talk about how dem dey rape women during Congolese civil war.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo-unhcr-uses-cinema-spread-awareness-sexual-violence "DR Congo: UNHCR uses cinema to spread awareness of sexual violence"]. July 30, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> Buh for neighboring Brazzaville, [[Republic of the Congo]], dem open new 200-seat cinema, MTS Movies House, for 2016,<ref>Jean-Sebastien Josset (August 25, 2016). [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/351255/culture/congo-ouverture-dun-cinema-a-pointe-de-technologie/ "Congo : ouverture d'une salle de cinéma à la pointe de la technologie: La République du Congo s'offre un cinéma de haut standing de 200 places à Brazzaville"] &#x5B;Congo:Opening of a cutting-edge cinema hall: The Republic of the Congo getting a luxury cinema with 200 seats in Brazzaville&#x5D; (insyd French). JeuneAfrique. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> den for April 2018, dem start build anoda new cinema.<ref>[http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/cinema-bientot-une-salle-de-projection-brazzaville-82177 "Cinéma : bientôt une salle de projection à Brazzaville"] &#x5B;Cinema: Soon a screen in Brazzaville&#x5D; (insyd French). 19 April 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> De first Africa Film Summit happen for South Africa for 2006. After dat, FEPACI 9th Congress follow. [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] start for 2004, show say local film industries like Nigeria own dey grow, wey film industry culture dey spread for sub-Saharan Africa. === 2000s den 2010s === [[File:Abderrahmane_Sissako_César_2016.jpg|left|thumb|Abderrahmane Sissako at the ceremony of the César Awards, Paris in 2016]] [[File:منة_شلبي.jpg|thumb|Menna Shalabi, Egyptian film star]] Nowadays Africa cinema dey talk about many things wey dey happen now den problems wey everybro dey face. How people dey move from Africa go Europe plus how Africa den Europe countries dey relate to each oda dey inside many Africa films. Abderrahmane Sissako ein film, ''Waiting for Happiness'', show how one [[Mauritania]] city dey try fight against things wey komot outsyd dey change dem, thru de story of one man wey come back from Europe.<ref>Gonzalez, Ed (October 4, 2002). [https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/waiting-for-happiness "Waiting for Happiness"]. ''Slant Magazine''. Retrieved December 4, 2018.</ref> Migration na important thing for Mahamat Saleh Haroun ein film, ''Une Saison en France'' too, wey show how one family from Central Africa Republic dey try go stay for France.<ref>[https://en.unifrance.org/movie/42910/a-season-in-france "A Season in France (2017)"]. ''en.unifrance.org''. Retrieved 2018-12-04.</ref> Haroun be part of Chadian people wey dey live for France, wey he dey use de film talk about some things wey concern dis people wey dey live outsyd dem own country.<ref>[https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mahamat-saleh-haroun "Mahamat-Saleh HAROUN - Festival de Cannes 2018"]. ''Festival de Cannes 2018''. Retrieved 2018-12-04.</ref> Africanfuturism den Afrofuturism be new style wey dey grow, wey dey encompass Africans both for de continent den insyd de diaspora wey tell science anaa speculative fiction stories wey dey involve Africa den African people. Neill Blomkamp ein film, ''District 9'', be well-known example, wey show how aliens invade South Africa.<ref>Cousins, Mark (September 3, 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/sep/03/10-best-african-films "African Cinema: ten of the best"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved December 4, 2018.</ref> Wanuri Kahiu ein short film, ''Pumzi'', show fictional Maitu community for Africa 35 years after World War III, wey be futuristic. Some directors like Haroun den Kahiu dey worry say no be enough cinema house wey people no dey appreciate cinema for some Africa countries.<ref>Kermeliotis, Teo (30 March 2010). [http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/26/wanuri.kahiu.pumzi/index.html "Wanuri Kahiu "In Kenya, I'm a hustler""]. ''CNN''. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</ref> But some organizations like Changamoto arts fund dey help give more resources den chances to African filmmakers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201006005714/https://www.contemporaryand.com/institue/changamoto-arts-fund/ "Changamoto Arts Fund"]. ''Contemporary And''. 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</ref> === 2020s === Some Africa countries no get freedom to talk, wey dey affect film industry bad bad. Dis one dey worse for [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref>[https://cpj.org/reports/2019/09/10-most-censored-eritrea-north-korea-turkmenistan-journalist/ "10 Most Censored Countries"]. ''Committee to Protect Journalists''. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</ref> De feature film, ''The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores,''<ref>[http://www.elescritordeunpais.com/en "The Writer from a Country Without Bookstores"].</ref> be de first film wey dem shoot for dat country, wey e dey criticize Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo ein rule, wey be one of de longest rule for de whole world. === Themes === Africa cinema, like cinema for oda places, dey cover chaw topics. For Algiers insyd 1975, Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) take Charte du cinéaste africain (Charter of de African filmmaker), wey know say postcolonial den neocolonial tings important for Africa cinema. De filmmakers begin by talk about how Africa societies dey suffer under neocolonialism. "De way Africa societies dey live now be say dem no get freedom for many tings: politics, economy, culture." Africa filmmakers show dem support for filmmakers wey dey fight for good tings for other places. Africa cinema dey count as part of Third Cinema [[File:Ousmane_Sembène_(1987)_by_Guenter_Prust.jpg|thumb|Senegalese film director, producer den writer Ousmane Sembène (1923-2007).]] Some Africa filmmakers, like Ousmane Sembène, dey try to give Africa history back to Africa people by remembering how dem resist European den Islamic people wey come rule dem. Africa filmmaker dey resemble de traditional griot. Like griot, dem task be to express den show tings wey happen for de community. De way Africa people dey tell stories orally san dey appear for Africa films. Africa film sanso take influence from oda continents, like Italian neorealism, Brazilian Cinema Novo den de Bertolt Brecht ein theatre == Women wey be directors == <gallery class="center"> File:Kemi_Adetiba.png|Kemi Adetiba (born 1980), Nigerian film maker, 2014. File:Safi_Faye.jpg|Safi Faye (1943-2023), Senegalese film director, anthropologist, ethnologist den feminist, 2004. File:Wanuri_Kahiu.png|Wanuri Kahiu (born 1980), Kenyan film director, producer, den author, 2018. File:هالة_خليل_3.jpg|Hala Khalil (born 1967), Egyptian film director, producer, den screenwriter, 2018. </gallery>Safi Faye, wey be ethnologist den filmmaker, dem know am as one of de pioneers of Senegalese cinema den cinema for Africa continent as a whole. She be de first Africa woman wey direct film wey she get recognition from outsyd.<ref>Beti Ellerson, "African through a Woman's Eyes: Safi Faye's Cinema" in ''Focus on African Cinema''(ed) Francoise Pfaff, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 2004), 185</ref> Faye ein first film, ''La Passante'' (De Passerby), come out for 1972, den after dat, she release ein first big film, Kaddu Beykat (Letter from My Village), for 1975. Faye continue to work hard wey she release many tings for de late 1970s till her last work, de 1996 drama film Mossane. Sarah Maldoror, French filmmaker den de daughter give people wey komot Guadeloupe, dey known as one of de pioneers of Africa cinema for outsyd Africa. She start Les Griots (The Troubadours), de first drama group for France wey focus for actors from Africa den Afro-Caribbean.<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190508145024/https://www.documentamadrid.com/en/news/pioneer-african-cinema-sarah-maldoror-special-guest-documentamadrid-and-reina-sofia-museum "The pioneer in African cinema Sarah Maldoror, special guest to DocumentaMadrid and the Reina Sofía Museum &#x7C; DocumentaMadrid"]. Archived from [https://www.documentamadrid.com/en/news/pioneer-african-cinema-sarah-maldoror-special-guest-documentamadrid-and-reina-sofia-museum the original] on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-05-08.</ref> She start from theatre wey she go study filmmaking for State Institute of Cinematography of de Russian Federation (VGIK) for Moscow.<ref name=":4" /> For 1972, Maldoror shoot her film ''Sambizanga'' about de war wey happen for [[Angola]] from 1961-74. De women wey survive dat war be de subject of de documentary ''Les Oubliées'' (De Forgotten Women), wey Anne-Laure Folly make 20 years later. Maldoror sanso work as assistant director on ''The Battle of Algiers'' (1966) plus filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo. For 1995 insyd, Wanjiru Kinyanjui make de feature film ''The Battle of the Sacred Tree'' for [[Kenya]].<ref>G. Cahill. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181028112258/https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/1996/the-battle-of-the-sacred-tree "THE BATTLE OF THE SACRED TREE"]. Cleaveland International Film Festival. Archived from [https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/1996/the-battle-of-the-sacred-tree the original] on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-28.</ref> For 2008, Manouchka Kelly Labouba cam turn de first woman for [[Gabon]] cinema history wey direct film wey no be real. Ein short film ''Le Divorce'' talk about how modern tings den traditional tings dey affect de divorce of one young Gabon couple. Kemi Adetiba, wey be music video director before, make ein first film as director for 2016 plus ''The Wedding Party''. De film, wey talk about tings wey happen for de celebration of one big wedding for aristocratic people, go become de most successful Nollywood film for de history of her country, [[Nigeria]]. Wanuri Kahiu be Kenyan film director, wey people know well for ein film ''From a Whisper'', wey win Best Director, Best Screenplay, den Best Picture for Africa Movie Academy Awards for 2009. Almost 10 years after dem release ''From a Whisper'', Kahiu ein film Rafiki, wey be story about two teenage girls wey dey grow up for present-day Kenya, come out. De film make news, partly secof dem select am for Cannes Film Festival buh sanso secof dem talk about sexuality wey no dey okay for Kenyan government.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/apr/12/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-rafiki-lesbianism-african-art "Meet the director of the Kenyan lesbian romance who sued the government who banned it"]. ''The Guardian''. 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</ref> Rungano Nyoni, wey people know well for de film ''I am Not a Witch'' wey get praise from around de world, be Zambian-Welsh director den screenwriter. Dem born am insyd [[Zambia]] buh sanso grow up for Wales, Nyoni go graduate from University of Arts for London plus Master's degree insyd acting for 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240225044524/https://iffr.com/en/persons/rungano-nyoni "Rungano Nyoni &#x7C; IFFR"].</ref> Ein work as filmmaker (whether as director anaa screenwriter) sanso dey include de short films: ''The List'' (2009, short), ''Mwansa The Great'' (2011, short), ''Listen'' (2014, short), wey she sanso be one of de directors of de international film project ''Nordic Factory'' (2014).<ref>[http://rungano.com/about-1 "films"]. ''rungano nyoni''. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210925001858/http://pebble.dk/portfolio_page/nordic-factory-2014/ "Producer and script consulting Valeria Richter"]. ''Pebble.dk''. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</ref> She win many awards, weydey include BAFTA for best new British filmmaker for ''I am Not a Witch''.<ref>Donnelly, Matt (2018-11-27). [https://variety.com/2018/film/news/caa-rungano-nyoni-1203037801/ "CAA Signs 'I Am Not a Witch' Director Rungano Nyoni"]. ''Variety''. Retrieved 2021-06-01.</ref> == UNESCO dema report for African film industry == For October 2021, UNESCO release report give film den audiovisual industry give 54 countries for Africa insyd, wey include numbers den facts, den also analysis of de good den bad tings for de industry at Africa level den regional level. De report give advice on how to make film den audiovisual sectors better for Africa wey e invite government people, professional groups, companies, filmmakers, den artists to work together to make am happen.<ref>Lora-Mungai, Marie; Pimenta, Pedro (2021). [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379165/PDF/379165eng.pdf.multi ''The African film industry. Trends, challenges and opportunities for growth''.] UNESCO. p.&nbsp;3. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100470-4|978-92-3-100470-4]]</bdi>. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1346154769 1346154769]. Retrieved 2024-03-21.</ref> Part one of de report be titled Pan-African Trends Wey Dey Shape de Future of Africa's Film and Audiovisual Sector, Part two be Strategic Development and Growth Models, Part three show detailed information about each country, den de annex list important dates for African cinema from 1896 to 2021. Apart from how audiovisual productions start den grow, de report sanso talk about big filmmakers den dema good work, recent tings like online streaming, wey e sanso be de problems wey de industry dey face like lack of training, money, den appreciation.<ref>Lora-Mungai & Pimenta 2021, pp. 7–9.</ref> == List of cinema by region == === North Africa === * Cinema of Algeria * Cinema of Egypt * Cinema of Libya * Cinema of Morocco * Cinema of Tunisia === West Africa === * Cinema of Benin * Cinema of Burkina Faso * Cinema of Cape Verde * Cinema of the Gambia * [[Cinema of Ghana]] * Cinema of Guinea * Cinema of Guinea-Bissau * Cinema of Ivory Coast * Cinema of Liberia * Cinema of Mali * Cinema of Mauritania * Cinema of Niger * Cinema of Nigeria * [[Cinema of Senegal]] * Cinema of Sierra Leone * Cinema of Togo === Central Africa === * Cinema of Angola * Cinema of Burundi * Cinema of Cameroon * Cinema of the Central African Republic * Cinema of Chad * Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cinema of Equatorial Guinea * Cinema of Gabon * Cinema of the Republic of the Congo * Cinema of Rwanda * Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe  === East Africa === * Cinema of the Comoros * Cinema of Djibouti * Cinema of Eritrea * Cinema of Ethiopia * Cinema of Kenya * Cinema of Mauritius * Cinema of Seychelles * Cinema of Somalia * Cinema of South Sudan * Cinema of Sudan * Cinema of Tanzania * Cinema of Uganda === Southern Africa === * Cinema of Botswana * Cinema of Eswatini * Cinema of Lesotho * Cinema of Madagascar * Cinema of Malawi * Cinema of Mozambique * Cinema of Namibia * Cinema of South Africa * Cinema of Zambia * Cinema of Zimbabwe == Directors by country == * '''Algeria''': Merzak Allouache, Malek Bensmaïl, Nina Khada, Karim Moussaoui * '''Angola''': Zézé Gamboa,<ref>[http://www.africanfilmny.org/2013/zeze-gamboa/ Biography], African Film Festival, New York.</ref> Miguel Hurst * '''Benin''': Idrissou Mora Kpaï, Jean Odoutan * '''Botswana''': Thabiso Maretlwaneng, Thato Rantao Mwosa * '''Burkina Faso''': Gaston Kaboré, Valérie Kaboré, Dani Kouyaté, Fanta Régina Nacro, Sanou Kollo, Idrissa Ouedraogo, Pierre Rouamba, Drissa Touré, Apolline Traoré, Saint Pierre Yaméogo * '''Burundi''': Justine Bitagoye, Eddy Munyaneza, Léonce Ngabo * '''Cameroon''': Jean-Pierre Bekolo, Bassek Ba Kobhio, Urbain Dia Moukouri, Bernard Auguste Kouemo Yanghu, Joséphine Ndagnou, Jean-Paul Ngassa, Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Thérèse Sita-Bella, Francis Taptue, Jean-Marie Teno, Francois L. Woukoache * '''Cape Verde''': Lolo Arziki, Leão Lopes, Júlio Silvão Tavares * '''Chad''': Issa Serge Coelo, Mahamat Saleh Haroun * '''Comoros''': Hachimiya Ahamada * '''Côte d'Ivoire''': Marie-Louise Asseu, Sidiki Bakaba, Akissi Delta, Henri Duparc, Desiré Ecaré, Fadika Kramo Lanciné, Roger Gnoan M'Bala, Jacques Trabi * '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''': Machérie Ekwa Bahango, Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda, Baloji, Mars Kadiombo Yamba Bilonda, Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Claude Haffner, Dieudo Hamadi, Mamadi Indoka, Kiripi Katembo, Joseph Kumbela, Laura Kutika, Zeka Laplaine,<ref>Thackway (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iA--kyw_FhsC Africa Shoots Back]''. Indiana University Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780852555774|9780852555774]]</bdi>. Retrieved 13 October 2010.</ref> Albert Mongita, Djo Tunda Wa Munga, Guy Kabeya Muya, Mwezé Ngangura, Ne Kunda Nlaba, Monique Mbeka Phoba, Roger Kwami Zinga * '''Egypt''': Salah Abu Seif, Adel Adeeb, Youssef Chahine, Yousry Nasrallah, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, Sherif Arafa, Khaled Youssef, Marwan Hamed, Mohamed Khan, Shady Abdel Salam, Khairy Beshara, Samir Seif, Nader Galal, Ali Abdel-Khalek, Ashraf Fahmy, Radwan El-Kashef, Hady El Bagoury, Ali Ragab, Hala Khaleel, Ehab Lamey, Tarek Al Eryan, Atef El-Tayeb, Daoud Abdel Sayed, Ehab Mamdouh, Sandra Nashaat * '''Ethiopia''': Yemane Demissie, Haile Gerima, Hermon Hailay, Salem Mekuria<ref>[http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm248.shtml "Salem Mekuria"], Women Make movies.</ref> * '''Gabon''': Henri Joseph Koumba Bibidi, Pierre-Marie Dong, Imunga Ivanga, Manouchka Kelly Labouba, Charles Mensah * '''Ghana''': Egbert Adjesu, John Akomfrah, [[King Ampaw]], [[Kwaw Ansah]], Jim Awindor, [[Yaba Badoe]], [[Akosua Busia]], [[Leila Djansi]], [[Kuukua Eshun]], [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]], [[Chris Tsui Hesse|Chris Hesse]], Nii Kwate Owoo, Kwesi Owusu, Tom Ribeiro, Halaru B. Wandagou * '''Guinea''': David Achkar, Cheick Fantamady Camara, Mohamed Camara, Cheik Doukouré, Gahité Fofana, Mama Keïta * '''Guinea-Bissau''': Flora Gomes, Sana Na N'Hada * '''Kenya''': Robby Bresson,Jim Chuchu, Wanuri Kahiu, Wanjiru Kinyanjui, Judy Kibinge, Gilbert Lukalia, Jane Munene, Anne Mungai * '''Lesotho''': Lemohang Jeremiah Mosese * '''Madagascar''': Alexander Abela, Marie-Clémence Andriamonta-Paes, Lova Nantenaina, Philippe Raberojo, Raymond Rajaonarivelo, Benoît Ramampy, Solo Randrasana, Luck Razanajaona, Laza Razanajatovo * '''Mali''': Abdoulaye Ascofare, Souleymane Cissé, Cheick Oumar Sissoko, Manthia Diawara, Adama Drabo * '''Mauritania''': Med Hondo, Abderrahmane Sissako, Sidney Sokhona * '''Mozambique''': Fátima Albuquerque, Licínio Azevedo, Karen Boswall, Sol de Carvalho, Camilo de Sousa, Mickey Fonseca, Rogério Manjate, Isabel Noronha, Lara Sousa * '''Namibia''': Joel Haikali, Tim Huebschle, Richard Pakleppa * '''Niger''': Moustapha Alassane,<ref>Lynsey Chutel (March 30, 2018). [https://qz.com/africa/1239066/watch-one-of-africas-first-animated-films-created-by-nigers-moustapha-alassane/ "One of Africa's oldest animated films has a timeless message about African life"]. Quartz Africa.</ref> Oumarou Ganda * '''Nigeria''': Femi Adebayo, Kemi Adetiba, Kunle Afolayan, Dele Ajakaiye, Andy Amenechi, Bayo Awala, Ola Balogun, Biyi Bandele, Jide Bello, Chico Ejiro, Zeb Ejiro, Obi Emelonye, Lola Fani-Kayode, Greg Fiberesima, Amaka Igwe, Tunde Kelani, Billy Kings, Chris Obi Rapu, Tade Ogidan, Iyabo Ojo, Izu Ojukwu, Zina Saro-Wiwa, Yemi Shodimu, Eddie Ugboma * '''Rwanda''': Eric Kabera, Kivu Ruhorahoza * '''São Tomé and Príncipe''': Januário Afonso, Katya Aragão, Ângelo Torres * '''Senegal''': Tidiane Aw, Moussa Bathily, Ben Diogaye Bèye, Ahmadou Diallo, Clarence Thomas Delgado, Djibril Diop Mambéty, Thierno Faty Sow, Safi Faye, Joseph Gaï Ramaka, Dyana Gaye, Alain Gomis, Ousmane William Mbaye, Bouna Medoune Seye, Samba Félix Ndiaye, Moustapha Ndoye, Ababacar Samb Makharam, Ibrahima Sarr, Ousmane Sembène, Moussa Sène Absa, Blaise Senghor, Mansour Sora Wade, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra, As Thiam, Momar Thiam, Moussa Touré, Mahama Johnson Traoré * '''Somalia''': Abdisalam Aato, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said, Idil Ibrahim * '''Sudan''': Amjad Abu Alala, Suhaib Gasmelbari, Gadalla Gubara, Hajooj Kuka, Hussein Shariffe, Marwa Zein * '''South Africa''': Neill Blomkamp, Seipati Bulani-Hopa, Mickey Dube, Nosipho Dumisa, Oliver Hermanus, Katinka Heyns, Gavin Hood, William Kentridge, Jonathan Liebesman, Nana Mahomo,<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nelson-nana-mahomo "Nelson "Nana" Mahomo"]. South African History Online.</ref> Zola Maseko, Teddy Matthera, Morabane Modise, Sechaba Morejele, Lionel Ngakane * '''Togo''': Anne Laure Folly * '''Tunisia''': Raja Amari, Mehdi Ben Attia, Mohamed Ben Attia, Kaouther Ben Hania, Férid Boughedir, Leyla Bouzid, Nouri Bouzid, Khaled Ghorbal, Nacer Khémir, Anis Lassoued, Moufida Tlatli * '''Uganda''': Matt Bish, Caroline Kamya, Hassan Kamoga,<ref>Yael Even Or (August 14, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413044032/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/bjjzka/the-man-running-a-queer-film-festival-in-a-nation-where-homosexuality-is-illegal "The Man Running a Queer Film Festival in a Nation Where Homosexuality Is Illegal"]. ''Broadly''.</ref> Usama Mukwaya, Mariam Ndagire, George Stanley Nsamba, Joseph Kenneth Ssebaggala, * '''Zambia''': Rungano Nyoni * '''Zimbabwe''': M. K. Asante, Jr., Tsitsi Dangarembga, Roger Hawkins, Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu, Jordan Riber == Films wey dey about African cinema == [[File:AIRSCREEN_Africa.jpg|right|thumb|Open-Air-Cinema insyd Johannesburg plus inflatable movie screen (2010)]] * ''Caméra d'Afrique'', Director: Férid Boughedir, Tunisia/France, 1983 * ''La Belle at the Movies'', Director: Cecilia Zoppelletto, Kinshasa, 2016 * ''Le Congo, quel cinéma!'', Director: Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2005 * ''Les Fespakistes'', Directors: François Kotlarski, Eric Münch, Burkina Faso/France, 2001 * ''Sembene!'', Director: Samba Gadjigo and Jason Silverman, 2015<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191226130023/https://events.stanford.edu/events/661/66183/ "Film Screening: SEMBENE! The Inspiring Story of the Father of African Cinema with Director Samba Gadjigo"]. February 7, 2017. Archived from [https://events.stanford.edu/events/661/66183/ the original] on December 26, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> * ''Spell Reel'', Director: Filipa César, [[Guinea-Bissau]], 2017, documentary on the digitization of revolutionary films from Guinea-Bissau.<ref>Ela Bittencourt (June 27, 2017). [https://hyperallergic.com/387611/reactivating-the-lost-revolutionary-films-of-guinea-bissau/ "Reactivating the Lost Revolutionary Films of Guinea-Bissau: In her debut feature, artist Filipa César documents the digitization of films made in the African country around the time of its independence"]. HyperAllergic.</ref><ref>Ben Kenigsberg (June 27, 2017). "Review: 'Spell Reel' Shows a Revolution Filmed, on the Leader's Orders". ''New York Times''.</ref> * ''This Is Nollywood'', Director: Franco Sacchi, 2007 == Film festivals == === Africa === * Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF), Lagos, Nigeria * [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] (AMAA, AMA Awards), Yenagoa, Nigeria * Alexandria International Film Festival, Alexandria, [[Egypt]] * Amakula International Film Festival, Kampala, Uganda * Ananse Cinema International Film Festival (ANCIFF), Kasoa, Ghana * Aswan International Women's Film Festival, Aswan, Egypt * Bushman Film Festival, held in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200218192510/https://bushmanfilmfestival.net/ "Bushmanfilmfestival – Smartphone Film festival in Côte d'Ivoire"]. Archived from [https://bushmanfilmfestival.net/ the original] on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-02-18.</ref> * Cabo Verde International Film Festival * Cairo International Film Festival (CIFF), Cairo, Egypt * Carthage Film Festival * El Gouna Film Festival (GFF), El Gouna, Egypt * Festival International du Film Amateur de Kélibia (FIFAK), Kélibia, Tunisia * Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO), Burkina Faso * Festival of African Cinema (Tarifa-Tangier African Film Festival), Morocco/Spain * Luanda International Pan African Film Festival (Luanda PAFF) * Luxor African Film Festival, Luxor, Egypt * Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) is the largest and most prestigious film festival in Africa * Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar (Madagascourt Film Festival) * Rwanda Film Festival (Hillywood), held in Rwanda * Sahara International Film Festival (FiSahara), held in Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria * Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF) === Asia === * Atesib Film Festival, Israel === Europe === * Africa in Motion, held in Edinburgh, Scotland insyd late October * Festival cinémas d’Afrique Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland insyd August * Festival des Cinémas d'Afrique du pays d'Apt, in Apt, Vaucluse, France insyd November === USA === * The African Film Festival (TAFF) dem hold insyd Dallas insyd late June<ref>[http://www.theafricanfilmfestival.org/#TAFF "TAFF WORKSHOPS AND EVENTS CALENDAR"].</ref> * African Film Festival, dem hold insyd New York * Africa World Documentary Film Festival, dem hold insyd St Louis * Pan African Film Festival, dem hold insyd Los Angeles * Silicon Valley African Film Festival, dem hold insyd San Jose, California * African literature * [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]], Nigeria * Atlas Corporation Studios, Morocco * List of African films * Négritude * Negrophilia * Nu Metro Cinemas, South Africa * Political cinema * Somaliwood, Somali film industry, Ohio, USA * Ster-Kinekor, South Africa * Third Cinema, dey include filmmakers from Africa * Women in African cinema * World cinema == References == <references /> == Bibliography == <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width " style="column-width: 30em"> * <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">[https://www.africultures.com "Africultures, les mondes en relation"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">''africultures.com'' (in French, English, and Portuguese). Africultures. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> * <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240524020303/https://afrimages.net/ "Afrimages, Cinémas d'Afrique: analyses critiques"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">''afrimages.net'' (in French, English, and Portuguese). Afrimages, Olivier Barlet. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite> * <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">[https://www.africine.org "Africine.org, Le leader mondial (cinémas africains & diaspora)"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">''africine.org'' (in French, English, and Portuguese). Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC), African Federation of Film Critics. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Actuellement recensés 21 791 films, 2 562 textes</q></cite> * Armes, Roy: ''Dictionary of African Filmmakers'', Indiana University Press, 2008, ISBN&nbsp;0-253-35116-2 * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet2000">Barlet, Olivier (2000). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet2000">''African Cinemas: Decolonizing the Gaze''. London; New York: Zed Books. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-1856497428</bdi></nowiki>.</cite> * <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet,_Olivier2008">Barlet, Olivier (15 July 2008). </cite><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet,_Olivier2008">[http://africultures.com/the-five-decades-of-african-cinemas-7954/ "The Five Decades of African Cinemas"]. Africultures.</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet2016">Barlet, Olivier (2016). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBarlet2016">''Contemporary African Cinema''. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-1611862119</bdi></nowiki>.</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFde_MedeirosApa2021">de Medeiros, Paulo; Apa, Livia, eds. </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFde_MedeirosApa2021">(2021). ''Contemporary Lusophone African film : transnational communities and alternative modernities''. Remapping world cinema. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367134976|<bdi>9780367134976</bdi>]].</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDovey,_Lindiwe2009">Dovey, Lindiwe (2009). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDovey,_Lindiwe2009">''African Film and Literature: Adapting Violence to the Screen''. Columbia University Press. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-0231147545</bdi></nowiki>.</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFriendéthié2009">Friendéthié, Martial K. (2009). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFriendéthié2009">''Francophone African cinema : history, culture, politics and theory''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780786439621|<bdi>9780786439621</bdi>]]. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/277136408 277136408].</cite> * <cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.africine.org/revues/ecrans-dafrique/59 "Ecrans d'Afrique, Revue internationale de cinéma, télévision et vidéo"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1">''africine.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Créée en 1992. </q></cite><cite class="citation web cs1"><q>Elle n'est plus éditée depuis 1998.</q></cite>. See also Ecrans d'Afrique. * <cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHalhoul2012">Halhoul, Khalid (2012-07-03). </cite><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHalhoul2012">[http://www.utne.com/arts/african-cinema-shift-cultural-perceptions.aspx "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions"]. ''Utne Reader''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-12</span></span>.</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHarrowGarritano2019">Harrow, Kenneth W.; Garritano, Carmela, eds. </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHarrowGarritano2019">(2019). ''A companion to African cinema''. Wiley-Blackwell companions to national cinemas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.&nbsp;498. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781119100317|<bdi>9781119100317</bdi>]].</cite> * Lelievre, Samuel (ed.), "Cinémas africains, une oasis dans le désert?", ''CinémAction'', no. 106, Paris, Télérama/Corlet, 1st trimester 2003 * <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFOkome,_Onookome">Okome, Onookome. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFOkome,_Onookome">[http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/glendora%20review/vol1no2/graa001002017.pdf "Film Policy and the development of the African Cinema"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> &#x2013; via Michigan State University.</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFOuzgane2011">Ouzgane, Lahoucine (2011). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFOuzgane2011">''Men in African film & fiction''. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: James Currey imprint of Boydell & Brewer. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781846159329|<bdi>9781846159329</bdi>]]. OCLC&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/792684913 792684913].</cite> * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPfaff2004">Pfaff, Françoise (2004). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPfaff2004">''Focus on African Films''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780253216687|<bdi>9780253216687</bdi>]].</cite> * Solanas, Fernando E., Getino, Octavio, "Towards a Third Cinema" in: Bill Nichols (ed.), ''Movies and Methods.'' ''An Anthology'', University of California Press, 1976, pp.&nbsp;44–64 * Şaul, Mahir and Ralph Austen, Ralph A. (eds), ''Viewing African Cinema in the Twenty-First Century: Art Films and the Nollywood Video Revolution'', Ohio University Press, 2010, ISBN&nbsp;978-0-8214-1931-1 * Tomaselli, Keyan G., & Mhando, Martin (eds), ''Journal of African Cinemas'', Bristol : Intellect, 2009 -, ISSN&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1754-9221 1754-9221] * <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFUkadike1994">Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank (1994). </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFUkadike1994">''Black African cinema''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-0520077478</bdi></nowiki>.</cite>*<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFUkadike1994">Ukadike, Nwachukwu Frank (1994). ''Black African cinema''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN&nbsp;<nowiki><bdi>978-0520077478</bdi></nowiki>.</cite> </div> == External links == * [http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20180525-afrique-grands-groupes-francais-assaut-salles-cinema-culture Movie theatres re-opening in Africa] (in French, extensive business discussion) * [http://congoinharlem.org/ Congo in Harlem] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150809220422/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/panafricancinema.htm The Heavy Flag of Pan-African Cinema] Archived 2015-08-09 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613073319/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v2/v2i1a4.htm African Cinema in the 1990s] * [http://africanmedia.msu.edu/ African Media Program] – comprehensive database of African media * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100328183419/http://newsreel.org/ Library of African Cinema in California] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218212003/http://www.fcat.es/wiki/ Wiki of the African Film Festival of Tarifa] * Khalid Halhoul, [http://www.utne.com/african-cinema-shift-cultural-perceptions.aspx "Using African Cinema to Shift Cultural Perceptions"], ''UTNE'', July 3, 2012. Archived 2013-07-03 at the Wayback Machine * [http://cannes-or-bust.com/cannes-events/pan-african-film-festival/ Pan-African Film Festival, Cannes] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150713163252/http://www.africapedia.com/TOP-AFRICAN-FILM-DIRECTORS-IN-ALPHABETICAL-ORDER "Top African Film Directors in Alphabetical order"], Africapedia [[Category:Cinema by continent]] [[Category:Cinema of Africa]] 2uef7x5lva4p1bgkyzq0h5svsmniggv 0 9416 115145 112963 2026-10-24T02:13:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Graves' disease''', dem sanso know am as '''toxic diffuse goiter''' anaa '''Basedow’s disease''', be autoimmune disease wey dey affect de thyroid.<ref name="NIH2012" /> E frequently dey result insyd wey ebe de most common cause of hyperthyroidism.<ref name="Hen2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Burch HB, Cooper DS|title=Management of Graves Disease: A Review|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-15_314_23/page/2544|journal=JAMA|volume=314|issue=23|pages=2544–54|date=December 2015|pmid=26670972|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.16535}}</ref> E sanso often dey result insyd enlarged thyroid.<ref name="NIH2012" /> Signs den symptoms of hyperthyroidism fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, diarrhea den unintentional weight loss.<ref name="NIH2012" /> Oda symptoms fi include thickening of de skin for de shins, dem know as pretibial myxedema, den eye bulging, a condition cause by Graves' ophthalmopathy.<ref name="NIH2012" /> About 25 to 30% of people plus de condition develop eye problems.<ref name="NIH2012">{{cite web|title = Graves Disease|url = http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|website = www.niddk.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-04-02|date = August 10, 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223830/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/graves-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NEJM2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brent GA|title=Clinical practice. Grave disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2008-06-12_358_24/page/2594|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=24|pages=2594–605|date=June 2008|pmid=18550875|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0801880}}</ref> [[Image:HyperaldosteronismSymptoms.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.3|Graves disease symptoms]] ==Diagnosis== Graves disease fi present clinically plus one anaa more of dese characteristic signs: * Rapid heartbeat (80%) * Diffuse palpable goiter plus audible bruit (70%) * Tremor (40%) * Exophthalmos (protuberance of one anaa both eyes), periorbital edema (25%) * Fatigue (70%), weight loss (60%) plus increased appetite insyd young people den poor appetite insyd de elderly, den oda symptoms of hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis * Heat intolerance (55%) * Tremulousness (55%) * Palpitations (50%) ===Eye disease=== Severity of eye disease fi be classified by de mnemonic: "NO SPECS":<ref name="pmid15310608">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cawood T, Moriarty P, O'Shea D | title = Recent developments in thyroid eye disease | journal = BMJ | volume = 329 | issue = 7462 | pages = 385–90 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15310608 | pmc = 509348 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.329.7462.385 }}</ref> * Class 0: No signs anaa symptoms * Class 1: Only signs (limited to upper lid retraction den stare, plus anaa widout lid lag) * Class 2: Soft tissue involvement (oedema of conjunctivae den lids, conjunctival injection, etc.) * Class 3: Proptosis * Class 4: Extraocular muscle involvement (usually plus diplopia) * Class 5: Corneal involvement (primarily due to lagophthalmos) * Class 6: Sight loss (due to optic nerve involvement) ===Antithyroid drugs=== ===Radioiodine=== [[Image:Basedow-vor-nach-RIT.jpg|thumb|Scan of affected thyroid before (''top'') den after (''bottom'') radioiodine therapy]] ===Surgery=== ===Eyes=== ==Prognosis== ==Epidemiology== [[File:Causes of hyperthyroidism.png|thumb|Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carlé|first1=Allan|last2=Pedersen|first2=Inge Bülow|last3=Knudsen|first3=Nils|last4=Perrild|first4=Hans|last5=Ovesen|first5=Lars|last6=Rasmussen|first6=Lone Banke|last7=Laurberg|first7=Peter|title=Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study|journal=European Journal of Endocrinology|volume=164|issue=5|year=2011|pages=801–809|issn=0804-4643|doi=10.1530/EJE-10-1155|pmid=21357288|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] ==History== ==Society den culture== === Notable cases === [[File:Marty Feldman.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Marty Feldman use ein bulging eyes, cause by Graves' disease, for comedic effect.]] * Ayaka, Japanese singer, na dem diagnose plus Graves disease insyd 2007. After she go public plus ein diagnosis insyd 2009, she take two-year hiatus from music make she focus for treatment top.<ref>{{cite web|title=水嶋ヒロ・絢香、2ショット会見で結婚報告 絢香はバセドウ病を告白、年内で休業へ|url=http://beauty.oricon.co.jp/trend-culture/trend/news/64835/full/|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|date=April 3, 2009|access-date=November 19, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132540/http://beauty.oricon.co.jp/trend-culture/trend/news/64835/full/|archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=絢香、初のセルフ・プロデュース・アルバムが発売決定！ |url=http://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/ayaka/41818 |publisher=CDJournal |language=ja |date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=November 19, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015101029/http://www.cdjournal.com/main/news/ayaka/41818 |archive-date=October 15, 2015 }}</ref> * Susan Elizabeth Blow, American educator den founder of de first publicly funded kindergarten insyd de [[United States]], na dem force am make she retire den seek treatment for Graves disease insyd 1884. * George H. W. Bush, former U.S. presido, he develop fresh atrial fibrillation wey na dem diagnose insyd 1991 plus hyperthyroidism secof de disease wey dem treat am plus radioactive iodine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Okie|first1=Susan|date=May 10, 1991|title=Bush's Thyroid Condition Diagnosed As Graves' Disease|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/05/10/bushs-thyroid-condition-diagnosed-as-graves-disease/d3c91174-dec2-4f01-a191-ba3e81e48e69/|url-status=live|url-access=|access-date=June 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107181333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/05/10/bushs-thyroid-condition-diagnosed-as-graves-disease/d3c91174-dec2-4f01-a191-ba3e81e48e69/|archive-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref> De presido ein wifey, Barbara Bush, sanso develope de disease around de same time, wich, insyd ein case, produce severe infiltrative exophthalmos.<ref>{{cite news|first=Lawrence K.|last=Altman|name-list-style=vanc|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/science/the-doctor-s-world-a-white-house-puzzle-immunity-ailments.html|title=The Doctor's World — A White House Puzzle: Immunity Ailments-Science Section|work=The New York Times|date=1991-05-28|access-date=2013-02-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508015248/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/science/the-doctor-s-world-a-white-house-puzzle-immunity-ailments.html|archive-date=2013-05-08}}</ref> * Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian den actor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/thyroidgraves.html |title=Thyroid gland – Hyperplasia / goiter – Graves disease | first = Shahidul | last = Islam | name-list-style = vanc |website=Pathologyoutlines.com |date=2017-01-23 |access-date=2017-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214044717/http://pathologyoutlines.com/topic/thyroidgraves.html |archive-date=2016-12-14 }}</ref> * Gail Devers, American sprinter: A doctor dem consider make dem amputate ein feet after she develop blistering den swelling wey dey follow radiation treatment for Graves' disease, buh she go on make she recover den win Olympic medals. * Missy Elliott, American hip-hop artist<ref>{{cite web|last=Oldenburg |first=Ann | name-list-style = vanc |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2011/06/missy-elliott-reveals-graves-disease-battle/1 |title=Update: Missy Elliott 'completely managing' Graves' disease |date=2011-06-24 |work=USA Today |publisher=Gannett}}</ref> * Marty Feldman, British comedy writer, comedian den actor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://healthresearchfunding.org/famous-people-graves-disease/|title=Famous People with Graves' Disease|date=December 15, 2013|work=HRFnd|access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jewishcurrents.org/marty-feldman-versus-the-suits/|title=Marty Feldman versus the Suits|last=Kuhlenbeck|first=Mike| name-list-style = vanc |date=June 29, 2016|work=Jewish Currents|access-date=2018-02-22|language=en-US|quote=Viewers also could not help being amazed by his bulging eyes, which had resulted from a botched operation for Graves’ disease.}}</ref> * Sia, Australian singer den songwriter<ref>{{cite web |last=Rota | name-list-style = vanc |first=Genevieve |url=http://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/Facts-About-Sia-Songs-Sia-Furler-Has-Written-Chandelier-Clip-34816834 |title=Facts About Sia Furler &#124; Popsugar Celebrity Australia |website=Popsugar.com.au |access-date=2016-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209012255/http://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/Facts-About-Sia-Songs-Sia-Furler-Has-Written-Chandelier-Clip-34816834 |archive-date=2015-02-09 }}</ref> * Sammy Gravano, Italian-American former underboss of de Gambino crime family<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/112826137.html?dids=112826137:112826137&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+31%2C+2002&author=Al+Guart&pub=New+York+Post&desc=RARE+DISEASE+COULD+WHACK+SAMMY+BULL%27&pqatl=google|title=Rare Disease Could Whack Sammy Bull|last=Guart|first=Al|date=March 31, 2002|work=New York Post|access-date=January 28, 2020|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111205022/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/112826137.html?dids=112826137:112826137&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+31%2C+2002&author=Al+Guart&pub=New+York+Post&desc=RARE+DISEASE+COULD+WHACK+SAMMY+BULL%27&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Jim Hamilton, Scottish rugby player, na he discover he get Graves' disease shortly after she retire from de sport insyd 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTj3JQEla-A|title=Hamilton talks about his disease on his podcast|website=YouTube|date=8 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171950/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTj3JQEla-A|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> * Heino, German folk singer, wey ein dark sunglasses (he wear make he hide ein symptoms) cam turn part of ein trademark look<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/german-crooner-heino-makes-comeback-with-hard-rock-album-a-881889.html |title=Crossover Crooner: The Strange Comeback of Germany's Wannabe Johnny Cash |publisher=Spiegel.de |date=2013-02-07 |access-date=2014-07-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119060602/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/german-crooner-heino-makes-comeback-with-hard-rock-album-a-881889.html |archive-date=2014-11-19 }}</ref> * Herbert Howells, British composer; de first person make dem treat plus radium injections * Vybz Kartel, Jamaican dancehall musician; he contract de disease while dem incarcerate am<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capitalfm.africa/all-you-need-to-know-about-vybz-kartels-health-battle-with-graves-disease/ |title= All You Need To Know About Vybz Kartel’s Health Battle With Graves Disease by Murugi Gichovi |date=August 8, 2024|website=Capital FM |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> * Yayoi Kusama, Japanese artist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/yayoi-kusama|title=Yayoi Kusama by Grady T. Turner|date=January 1, 1999|website=Bomb Magazine|access-date=May 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621053358/https://bombmagazine.org/articles/yayoi-kusama/|archive-date=June 21, 2020}}</ref> * Nadezhda Krupskaya, Russian Communist den wifey of Vladimir Lenin<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/05/18/revolutionary-first-lady-the-life-and-struggles-of-lenins-wife_765659 |title=Revolutionary First Lady: the life and struggles of Lenin's wife |newspaper=Russia Beyond |access-date=2018-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230109/https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/05/18/revolutionary-first-lady-the-life-and-struggles-of-lenins-wife_765659 |archive-date=2018-04-18 }}</ref> * Umm Kulthum wey na she be Egyptian singer, songwriter, den film actress active from de 1920s to de 1970s. * Barbara Leigh, American former actress den fashion model, now spokeswoman for de National Graves' Disease Foundation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.rmci.net/deecee/barbara_leigh.htm |title=Barbara Leigh |publisher=Home.rmci.net |access-date=2013-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710201715/http://home.rmci.net/deecee/barbara_leigh.htm |archive-date=2012-07-10 }}</ref> * Keiko Masuda, Japanese singer den one-half of de duo Pink Lady.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20110804-OYTEW53427/|title=［歌手 増田恵子さん］バセドー病（１）マイク持つ手が震える|publisher=Yomiuri Shimbun|date=2011-08-04|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20110811-OYTEW53431/|title=［歌手 増田恵子さん］バセドー病（２）同じ病 姉の存在が支えに|publisher=Yomiuri Shimbun|date=2011-08-11|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20110818-OYTEW53435/|title=［歌手 増田恵子さん］バセドー病（３）ツアー中、甲状腺腫れ上がる|publisher=Yomiuri Shimbun|date=2011-08-18|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20110825-OYTEW53440/|title=［歌手 増田恵子さん］バセドー病（４）病気公表 無理せず我慢せず|publisher=Yomiuri Shimbun|date=2011-08-25|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref> * Yūko Miyamura, Japanese voice actress<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515220804/http://www3.bigcosmic.com/board/s/board.cgi?id=TSokcs&mode=cal&y=2007&m=5&d=12|archive-date=May 15, 2007|url=http://www3.bigcosmic.com/board/s/board.cgi?id=TSokcs&mode=cal&y=2007&m=5&d=12|title=親子知新|publisher=www3.bigcosmic.com|access-date=December 18, 2017}}</ref> * Lord Monckton, former UKIP den Conservative politician; notorious promoter of climate change denial<ref>Rupert Murray [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00y5j3v "Meet the Climate Sceptics"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022043959/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00y5j3v Archived] 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, ''Storyville'', 3 February 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Abraham|first1=John|title=The chief troupier: the follies of Mr Monckton|url=https://theconversation.com/the-chief-troupier-the-follies-of-mr-monckton-1555|website=The Conversation|publisher=The Conversation Media Group Ltd|access-date=14 August 2024|date=22 June 2011|quote=...in Mr. Monckton’s speeches, he cites study after study which give the impression that either climate change is not happening, or if it is, we don’t need to worry about it.}}</ref> * Sophia Parnok, Russian poet<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.makingqueerhistory.com/articles/2017/4/3/sophia-parnok-russias-sappho | title=Sophia Parnok, Russia's Sappho| date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/sophia-parnok-and-the-writing-of-a-lesbian-poets-life/6BB1085AA4A69E221210F210F1CF7727 |doi = 10.2307/2499528|jstor = 2499528|title = Sophia Parnok and the Writing of a Lesbian Poet's Life|year = 1992|last1 = Burgin|first1 = Diana Lewis|journal = Slavic Review|volume = 51|issue = 2|pages = 214–231| s2cid=163967264 }}</ref> * Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British ambassador to de United States during World War I, he die suddenly of de disease insyd 1918.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10088951/This-memorial-is-poetic-justice-for-Sir-Cecil-Spring-Rice.html |title=This memorial is poetic justice for Sir Cecil Spring Rice |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=telegraph.co.uk |access-date=2014-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312080447/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10088951/This-memorial-is-poetic-justice-for-Sir-Cecil-Spring-Rice.html |archive-date=2014-03-12 |last1=Simon |first1=Bernard }}</ref> * Daisy Ridley, British actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/daisy-ridley-graves-disease-1235966996/|title=Daisy Ridley Reveals Graves' Disease Diagnosis|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=6 August 2024}}</ref> * Christina Rossetti, English Victorian-era poet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/christina-rossetti |title=Christina Rossetti |publisher=Poetry Foundation |access-date=2016-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417025258/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/christina-rossetti |archive-date=2016-04-17 }}</ref> * Dame Maggie Smith, British actress<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/18/magazine/there-is-nothing-like-this-dame.html|title=There is Nothing Like This Dame|last=Wolf|first=Matt | name-list-style = vanc |newspaper=New York Times|date=March 18, 1990|access-date=2015-10-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810160402/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/18/magazine/there-is-nothing-like-this-dame.html|archive-date=August 10, 2016}}</ref> * Mary Webb, British novelist den poet<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marywebbsociety.co.uk/biography/ |title=Biography |access-date=2015-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716204649/http://www.marywebbsociety.co.uk/biography/ |archive-date=2015-07-16 }}</ref> * Wendy Williams, American TV show host<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.cnn.com/2018/02/21/entertainment/wendy-williams-graves-disease/index.html|title=Wendy Williams announces show hiatus due to Graves' disease|last=Melas|first=Chloe | name-list-style = vanc |date=February 21, 2018|website=CNN|access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> * Act Yasukawa, Japanese professional wrestler<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theovertimer.com/2020/11/act-yasukawa-returns-to-ring-after-five-years-away//|title=Act Yasukawa Returns To Ring After Five Years Away|date=15 November 2020|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205085308/https://theovertimer.com/2020/11/act-yasukawa-returns-to-ring-after-five-years-away//|archive-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> === Literature === * Insyd Italo Svevo ein novel ''Zeno's Conscience'', character Ada dey develop de disease.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scarponi |first1=Mattia |title=Il morbo di Basedow: lo sfinimento tra Zeno e la realtà |url=https://www.thewisemagazine.it/2017/08/19/morbo-di-basedow-sfinimento-zeno-realta/ |website=theWise Magazine |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=it-IT |date=19 August 2017}}</ref> * Ern Malley wey na he be acclaimed Australian poet wey dem no publish til after ein death from Graves' disease insyd 1943. However, Malley ein existence den entire biography wey na dem actually later reveal am say e be literary hoax. ==Research== Agents wey dey act as antagonists at thyroid wey dey stimulate hormone receptors dey under investigation as possible treatment for Graves' disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thyroid|url=http://www.mayo.edu/research/departments-divisions/department-internal-medicine/division-endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism-nutrition/thyroid|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=1 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001231/http://www.mayo.edu/research/departments-divisions/department-internal-medicine/division-endocrinology-diabetes-metabolism-nutrition/thyroid|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Graves disease}} [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Thyroid disease]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | url = https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/graves-disease | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = Genetics Home Reference | title = Graves' disease }} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=graves Graves disease] on ncbi [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] 8lstl7vw4zdnksggng5bkl5cex3s1bs 0 10515 115152 113097 2026-10-24T04:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laylah Ali '''(born 1968)<ref name=":02">Baker, Alex (2007) ''Laylah Ali: Typology''. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. p. 47. {{ISBN|9780943836300}}</ref> be an American contemporary visual artist. She be known for paintings insyd wich ambiguous race relations dey depict plus a graphic clarity den cartoon strip format.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite news|last1=Cotter|first1=Holland|title=ART IN REVIEW; Laylah Ali|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/30/arts/art-in-review-laylah-ali.html|access-date=17 March 2015|issue=June 30|work=The New York Times|date=2000}}</ref> She dey live insyd Williamstown, Massachusetts,<ref name=":02" /> wey she be a professor at Williams College.<ref name="cornell2">{{cite web|title=Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series|url=http://museum.cornell.edu/exhibitions/laylah-ali-the-greenheads-series.html|access-date=17 March 2015|website=museum.cornell.edu|publisher=Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613164404/http://www.museum.cornell.edu/exhibitions/laylah-ali-the-greenheads-series.html|archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> ==Early life den education== Insyd ein youth, Ali originally dey intend make she be a lawyer anaa a doctor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/laylah-ali-on-greenheads-violence-in-art-and-more/|title=Laylah Ali on Greenheads, Violence in Art, and More |website=BU Today|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> Ali receive ein B.A. degree (English den studio art) from Williams College, Williamstown, MA insyd 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|title=Paul Kasmin Gallery - Laylah Ali|website=paulkasmingallery.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-date=2018-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055011/http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|url-status=dead}}</ref> She dey participate insyd de Whitney Independent Study Program at de Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City insyd 1992, wey she plete a residency at de Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Skowhegan, ME insyd 1993. Ali receive ein M.F.A. degree insyd 1994 from de Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis. ==Work== Insyd Ali ein earlier work, she go draw anaa paint samthing violent. She focus more for de action dan de violence einself. Insyd ein current work, der be no a lot of focus for de act top; she be more attentive to wat dey happen before den after.<ref>Sollins, Susan (2005). ''[[iarchive:art21artintwenty0000soll/page/28|Art 21: art in the 21st century 3]]''. Purchase College. pp.&nbsp;28. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/081095916X|081095916X]]</bdi>.</ref> Laylah ein work get a unique feature of wey dey include a level of emotion. She dey use bright colors den cartoons make she portray current events den socio-political ideas. She dey use dis unique approach of make she no dey use a specific event, so de audience fi think thru de art den get dema own perception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laylah Ali |url=https://art21.org/artist/laylah-ali/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Art21 |language=en}}</ref> De works be small scale gouache paintings den drawings for paper top. She be known she dey prepare for chaw months, dey plan out every detail so der be no room for mistakes. Ali ein work dey base for life experiences top. Although one no fi be able make e tell, she dey talk say all of ein work dey hold meaning wey dat be wat dey insyd ein mind dey transcend from ein hands for paper top.<ref name="ART21">{{cite web |title=Laylah Ali |url=https://art21.org/artist/laylah-ali/ |website=Art21.org |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806191608/https://art21.org/artist/laylah-ali/ |archive-date=6 August 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> About de performative nature of ein work, Ali say, "The paintings can be like crude stages or sets, the figures like characters in a play. I think of them equally as characters and figures."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.juxtapoz.com/news/magazine/laylah-ali-bodies-in-notion/|title=Juxtapoz Magazine - Laylah Ali: Bodies in Notion|website=www.juxtapoz.com|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref> Ali ein work include an artistic lens of caricature. According to Charlotte Seaman, "Ali ein work be not ground insyd de academic tradition, however, e be inform by de rich history of caricature, especially as humorous anaa mocking social commentary". Ali use a unique idea of caricature, Seaman dey state "Ali uses de visual language of cartoons, comics, den to some extent caricatures. Notably, though, ein work be oppose to racial caricature insyd dat e no dey exaggerate features of an individual – rather de opposite: e dey turn individuals into signs anaa ciphers of generalized (though still dey racialize) human experience"<ref>{{Cite web |last=cseaman |title=Laylah Ali: Drawing Power, Play, and Violence {{!}} Drawing Connections |url=https://blogs.umass.edu/arthist391a-kurczynski-2/2018/05/08/laylah-ali-drawing-power-play-and-violence-2/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> ===De Greenheads Series=== De subject of Ali ein most well-known gouache paintings be ''Greenheads–'' characters dem design make she minimize, eliminate den interrogate categorical differences of gender, height, age, den insyd sam ways race.<ref>Ali, Laylah. "Interview." ''Laylah Ali. ''By Rebecca Walker. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, 2001.</ref><ref>Art21 (2009-09-18). ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfK3OJ9PBUc Laylah Ali: Meaning | Art21 "Extended Play"]''. Retrieved 2024-06-09 &#x2013; via YouTube.</ref> Ali create more dan 80 of dese paintings between 1996 den 2005. Ali draw for imagery den topics top from newspapers, such as images of protest signs anaa world leaders wey dey hug, buh dem tweak de stories in order make dem create sam thing distant den new. Ali design de characters den images to be specific den yet vague. Dem get meaning from Ali einself buh de viewer dey bring dema own references make e interpret de image as well. Ali design de characters make e look human-like buh no be quite human so dat dem go be removed from wona world den social context. Dem get a socio-political wey dey mean yet dem exist outsyd of wona world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Laylah Ali, the Greenheads series: [accompanies the exhibition "Laylah Ali: the Greenheads series" presented at Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, Massachusetts, August 18 - November 25, 2012; Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, March 2 - June 30, 2013; Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, September 7 - December 22, 2013|last1=Ali|first1=Laylah|last2=Rothschild|first2=Deborah|last3=Museum of Art.|date=2012|publisher=s.n.|isbn=9780913697306|location=S.l.|oclc = 843494121|language=en}}</ref> ===De Acephalous Series=== Since 2015, na Ali dey work for paintings she dey bell ''The Acephalous Series'', wey dey feature figures dem describe as gender conscious, potentially sexual anaa sexualized, sam of wich get racial characteristics den sam of wich no get heads. ''"They are on an endless, determined trek, a multi-part journey,"'' she dey talk say, "It has elements of a forced migration."<ref name=":1"/> ===Collaborations=== Insyd 2002, de Museum of Modern Art, New York, commission Ali make she create a wordless graphic novelette.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-12-01 |title=The Believer - Interview with Laylah Ali |url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200512/?read=interview_ali |access-date=2017-03-11 |work=The Believer |language=en}}</ref> De artist collaborate plus dancer den choreographer Dean Moss at The Kitchen insyd 2005 den at MASS MoCA insyd 2006 plus ''figures on a field.''<ref name="BU">{{cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/laylah-ali-on-greenheads-violence-in-art-and-more/|title=Laylah Ali on Greenheads, Violence in Art, and More|date=4 November 2010|publisher=Boston University|author=Cornuelle, Kimberly|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Dem later premier a performance at ''Some sweet day'' at MoMA, New York insyd 2012. Na ''John Brown Song!'' be an online project dem launch by de Dia Art Foundation insyd 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-13 |title=What Could the Internet Be? Dia’s Online Projects |url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2013/aug/13/what-could-internet-be-dias-online-projects/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Rhizome |language=en}}</ref> Ali ein outdoor billboard project for ''Walker without Walls'' at de Walker Art Center wey na dem document for season 3 top of de PBS series Art21: Art in the Twenty-First Century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laylah Ali in |url=https://art21.org/watch/art-in-the-twenty-first-century/s3/laylah-ali-in-power-segment/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Art21 |language=en}}</ref> ==Collections== Ali ein works dey include insyd de permanent collection of chaw public institutions, wey dey include de Buffalo AKG Art Museum, Buffalo, NY; de Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago; RISD Museum, Providence, RI; de Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN; den de Whitney Museum insyd New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|title=Paul Kasmin Gallery - Laylah Ali|website=paulkasmingallery.com|access-date=2016-03-05|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135817/http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Exhibitions== === Solo den group exhibitions dem select === Laylah Ali exhibit insyd both de Venice Biennale (2003) den de Whitney Biennial (2004).<ref name=ART21/> Oda exhibitions be as follows: * 2024: ''Is anything the matter? Drawings by Laylah Ali,'' Marion Art Gallery, State University of New York at Fredonia, NY. January 23—April 14, 2024—traveling to University Museum of Contemporary Art, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA. February 13—May 9, 2025; Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, ME. October 21—April 19, 2026 (solo & catalog) * 2021: ''Sweaty Concepts'', Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA * 2020: ''Never Done: 100 Years Of Women In Politics And Beyond'', Tang Teaching Museum, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY * 2019: ''Laylah Ali: The Acephalous Series,'' Silber Gallery, Goucher College, Baltimore, MD. January 29—March 16, 2019 (solo & catalog) * 2018: ''Through-Line: Drawing and Weaving by 19 Artists'', Steve Turner Gallery, Los Angeles, CA; ''Body / Parts'', Mattatuck Museum, Waterbury, CT * 2017: ''Laylah Ali: Paintings and Drawings'', Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Buffalo, NY. November 10—December 22, 2017 (solo & catalog) * 2017: ''Laylah Ali: Not Self Portraits'', curate by Lisa Jarrett den Harrell Fletcher, KSMoCA, Portland, OR. May—November, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laylah Ali: Not Self Portraits |url=https://www.ksmoca.com/laylah-ali |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=KSMoCA — King School Museum of Contemporary Art |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2016: ''Black Pulp!'' curate by Mark Thomas Gibson den William Villalongo, Edgewood Gallery, Yale School of Art, New Haven, CT. January 19—March 11, 2016—traveled to Print Center New York, NY. October 12—December 19, 2016; University of South Florida Contemporary Art Museum, Tampa, FL. June 2—July 20, 2017; Ezra and Cecile Zilkha Gallery, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT. September 19—December 10, 2017; De African American Museum insyd Philadelphia, PA. February 2—April 29, 2018;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-19 |title=Black Pulp! |url=https://www.printcenternewyork.org/past-exhibitions/2018/4/27/black-pulp-p5kxj |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Print Center New York |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609175606/https://www.printcenternewyork.org/past-exhibitions/2018/4/27/black-pulp-p5kxj |archive-date=2024-06-09}}</ref> ''Overgrowth'', deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA; ''Radio Imagination: Artists in the Archive of Octavia E. Butler'', Armory Center for the Arts, Pasadena, CA * 2015: ''The Acephalous Series,'' Paul Kasmin Gallery, New York, NY (solo) * 2015: ''ASSISTED'', curated by Jessica Stockholder, Kavi Gupta Gallery, Chicago, IL; ''Come as You Are: Art of the 1990s,'' Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, NJ—traveled to Telfair Museums, Savannah, GA. June 12—September 20, 2015; University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, MI. October 17, 2015—January 31, 2016; Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas at Austin, TX. February 17—May 15, 2016 * 2014: ''Personal Histories'', Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA; ''Up Every Evening'', Season Gallery, Seattle, WA * 2013: ''The Shadows Took Shape'', The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY (catalog); ''Ambiguous Histories: Selected Art from the Exit Art Portfolios'', Art, Design, and Architecture Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA; ''Laylah Ali & Gerald Cyrus'', Pennsylvania College of Art and Design Gallery, Lancaster, PA; ''Direct Democracy'', Monash University Museum of Art, Melbourne, Australia (catalog); ''Painting Between the Lines'', Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA (catalog); ''Revelations: Examining Democracy'', Broad Art Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI * 2012: ''Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series'', Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA—traveled to Weisman Art Museum at de University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. March 2—June 30, 2013; Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. September 7—December 22, 2013 (solo & catalog) * 2012: ''Thenceforward, and Forever Free'', Haggerty Museum of Art, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI; ''Under the Influence: The Comics'', Lehman College Art Gallery, Bronx, NY; ''The Female Gaze: Women Artists Making Their World'', Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA (catalog); ''Voluntaries,'' MoMA, New York, NY, part of the “Some sweet day” series (collaborative performance with Dean Moss) * 2011: ''The Air We Breathe'', San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (catalog); ''Painting Between the Lines'', CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, San Francisco, CA (catalog); ''Relatos extraordinarios: Laylah Ali and Abigail Lazkoz'', Sala Parpalló, Valencia, Spain (catalog); ''Vivid: Female Currents in Painting'', Schroeder Romero & Shredder, New York, NY * 2010: ''Works on Paper from the MCA Collection, ''Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, IL; ''Collected: Reflections on the Permanent Collection'', The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY * 2009: ''Off the Beaten Path: Violence, Women and Art.'' Art Works for Change, Stenersen Museum, Oslo, Norway—traveled to University Art Gallery, University of California, San Diego, CA (2009–2010); Centro Cultural Tijuana and Museo Universitario del Chopo, Mexico City, Mexico (2010); Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL (2011); Global Health Odyssey Museum, Atlanta, GA (2011); Prospect.2 New Orleans den Newcomb Art Museum, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (2011); The Art Gallery of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (2013); Fundación Canal, Madrid, Spain (2013); Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg, [[South Africa]] (2013); Winnipeg Art Gallery, Manitoba, [[Canada]] (2014); ''Paper Trail: A Decade of Acquisitions from the Walker Art Center'', Figge Art Museum, Davenport, IA; ''Massachusetts Review: Celebrating Fifty Years of Covers'', University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA; ''If I Didn't Care: Generational Artists Discuss Cultural Histories'', The Park School, Baltimore, MD * 2008: ''Laylah Ali: Notes/Drawings/Untitled Afflictions'', deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA (solo & catalog)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Laylah |title=Laylah Ali: note drawings |last2=DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Decordova Museum and Sculpture Park |isbn=9780945506591 |location=[Lincoln, MA?] |language=en |oclc=286493089}}</ref> * 2008: ''Beyond Drawing: Constructed Realities'', Ohio University Art Gallery, Athens, OH; ''Fantastical Imaginings'', The Delaware Contemporary, Wilmington, DE—traveled to Julio Fine Arts Gallery, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD (2009); ''Political Circus'', Ritter Art Gallery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL; ''On the Margins'', Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (catalog); ''Disguised'', Rotwand Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland; ''Out of Shape'', Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY (catalog); ''Taking Possession'', University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR; ''Perverted by Theater'', Apexart, New York, NY; ''Pandora's Box'', Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (catalog); ''Quadrennial 2008'', U-Turn Quadrennial for Contemporary Art, Copenhagen, Denmark (catalog); ''Text/Messages: Books by Artists'', Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN * 2007: ''the kiss and other warriors, ''Institute of International Visual Arts, London, England (solo & catalog) * 2007: ''Drawings from the Typology Series'', Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA—traveled to University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City, IA; University of Arizona Museum of Art, Tucson, AZ (solo & catalog) * 2006: ''Alien Nation'', Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, England—traveled to Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester, England; Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, England (catalog); ''Cult Fiction'', Hayward Gallery, London, England (catalog); ''Counterparts: Contemporary Painters and Their Influences'', Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art, Virginia Beach, VA (catalog); ''Running Around the Pool'', Florida State University Museum of Fine Arts, Tallahassee, FL (catalog); ''XXS'', Sommer Contemporary Art Gallery, Tel Aviv, Israel; ''American Matrix'', Harn Museum of Art, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; ''Black Alphabet'', Zacheta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, Poland (catalog); ''Having New Eyes'', Aspen Art Museum, Aspen, CO * 2005: ''The Body. The Ruin'', Ian Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (catalog); ''Cut'', Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects, Los Angeles, CA; ''Vivi-Seccion: Dibujo Contemporaneo'', Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil, Mexico City, Mexico; 303 Gallery, New York, NY * 2004: ''Laylah Ali: Types, ''Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, MO (solo & catalog) * 2004: ''Whitney Biennial 2004'', Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (catalog); ''Material Witness'', Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, OH (catalog); ''The 10 Commandments'', KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Berlin, Germany * 2003: ''Crosscurrents at Century's End: Selections from the Neuberger Berman Art Collection'', Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA—traveled to Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL; Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, FL; Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL (catalog); ''Fault Lines: Contemporary African Art and Shifting Landscapes'', Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy (catalog); ''me & more'', Kunstmuseum Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland (catalog); ''Splat! Boom! Pow! The Influence of Cartoons in Contemporary Art'', Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, TX—traveled to ICA, Boston, MA; Wexner Center for the Arts, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (catalog) * 2002: ''Projects 75: Laylah Ali, ''The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (solo & catalog) * 2002: ''Comic Release: Negotiating Identity for a New Generation'', Miller ICA, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA—traveled to Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, LA; University of North Texas, Denton, TX; Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA (catalog); ''Fantasyland'', D’Amelio Terras, New York, NY; ''First Person Singular'', Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA; ''Painting in Boston'', deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA * 2001: ''Laylah Ali: 2000 ICA Artist Prize,'' Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA (solo & catalog) * 2001: ''Paintings on Paper,'' Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams, MA (solo)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-20 |title=Laylah Ali Paintings on Paper {{!}} MASS MoCA |url=https://massmoca.org/event/laylah-alipaintings-paper/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2001: ''Against the Wall: Painting Against the Grid, Surface, Frame'', Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; ''Freestyle'', The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY (catalog); ''FRESH: 1998—2000'', New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, NY; ''Guarene Arte 2001'', Palazzo Re Rebaudengo, Turin, Italy; ''A Work in Progress: Selections from the New Museum Collection'', New Museum, New York, NY * 2000: ''Art on Paper 2000'', Weatherspoon Art Museum, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC * 1999: ''Laylah Ali: Small Aggressions'', Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, IL (solo) * 1999: ''Bizarro World! The Parallel Universes of Comics and Fine Art'', Rollins Museum of Art, Winter Park, FL; ''Collectors Collect Contemporary'', ICA, Boston, MA; ''The 1999 deCordova Annual Exhibition'', deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA (catalog); ''No Place Rather than Here'', 303 Gallery, New York, NY * 1998: ''Paradise 8'', Exit Art, New York, NY; ''Posing'', Boston Center for the Arts, Boston, MA; ''Selections Summer 1998'', The Drawing Center, New York, NY; ''Telling Tales'', Atrium Gallery, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT ==Awards== Na dem award Laylah Ali a number of grants, residencies den awards, wey dey include de Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters den Sculptors Grant insyd 2008,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Joan Mitchell |title=Joan Mitchell Foundation » Artist Programs » Artist Grants |url=http://joanmitchellfoundation.org/artist-programs/artist-grants/painter-sculptors |access-date=2018-01-12 |website=joanmitchellfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> de Joan Mitchell Foundation Residency insyd 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/joan-mitchell-foundation-names-artists-for-its-2018-residency-program-74181|title=Joan Mitchell Foundation Names Artists for Its 2018 Residency Program|website=www.artforum.com|date=8 February 2018 |access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> de United States Artists Fellowship,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturetype.com/2017/01/30/united-states-artists-taps-baltimore-based-deana-haggag-as-president-and-ceo/|title=United States Artists Taps Baltimore-based Deana Haggag as President and CEO {{!}} Culture Type|website=www.culturetype.com|date=31 January 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> as well as dem honor am as an artist-in-residence at Dartmouth College, Yaddo, Headlands Center for the Arts, den Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Laylah}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:American contemporary painters]] [[Category:African-American contemporary artists]] [[Category:African-American women artists]] [[Category:African-American painters]] [[Category:Painters wey komot New York (state)]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American women painters]] [[Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni]] [[Category:21st-century African-American women]] [[Category:21st-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American artists]] [[Category:20th-century African-American women]] [[Category:Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts alumni]] [[Category:Williams College alumni]] [[Category:Williams College faculty]] [[Category:American academics]] <references /> ==Bibliography== Artist books, exhibition catalogs, print editions den press dem select: *''Is Anything the Matter? Drawings by Laylah Ali''. Essays by Karen Kurczynski den Arisa White; interview plus Romi Crawford, Marion Art Gallery, SUNY Fredonia, NY, 2024. {{ISBN|9798218308711}} *Four letterpress prints (edition of 250) from “Self-Portraits plus Nat Turner ein Vision” 1994 series, print den publish by Pellinore Press, Baltimore, MD, in collaboration plus Goucher College, 2019. *''Laylah Ali: The Acephalous Series''. Essays by Alex Ebstein, Tisa Bryant, Kaitlyn Greenidge; interview plus Lillian-Yvonne Bertram, Silber Gallery, Goucher College, Baltimore, MD, 2019. {{ISBN|9781792300394}} *''Comfort with Rage.'' Silkscreen print (edition of 100) commission by Printed Matter for NY Art Book Fair, print den publish by Kayrock Screenprinting, Brooklyn, NY, 2018. *''Sixteen Drawings''. Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Buffalo, NY, 2017. *''Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series''. Essays by Julia Bryan-Wilson den Kevin Young; interview plus Deborah Rothschild, Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA, 2012. {{ISBN|9780913697306}} *''Laylah Ali: Note Drawings''. Essay by Dina Deitsch; interview plus Kevin Young, deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA, 2008. {{ISBN|9780945506591}} *''Laylah Ali: Typology.'' Essay by Alex Baker; interview plus Kara Walker, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA, 2007. {{ISBN|9780943836300}} *''Notes with Little Illustration.'' Institute of International Visual Arts, London, book design by de artist den Nicole Parente, 2007. *''The Believer: The Visual Issue.'' Interview plus Tisa Bryant, p. 79, Dec. 2005 - Jan. 2006<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin_bm|date=2006-01-01|title=An Interview with Laylah Ali|url=https://www.thebeliever.net/an-interview-with-laylah-ali/|access-date=2024-06-09|website=Believer Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> *''Types.'' Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, MO, 2005 {{ISBN|0971219567}} *''Untitled.'' Aquatint etching print (edition of 50) publish by Wingate Studio, Hinsdale, NH, 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laylah Ali • Wingate Studio|url=https://wingatestudio.com/project/laylah-ali|access-date=2024-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Insyd de collection of de RISD Museum. *''Untitled.'' Graphic novelette publish on de occasion of Projects 75 for The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, digital production by Nicole Parente, 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Helmick-Brunet|first=Helmick-Brunet|date=May 21, 2002|title=Projects 75: Laylah Ali|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/159|website=MoMA}}</ref> *''Laylah Ali: ICA Artist Prize 2000.'' Essays by Jessica Morgan and Suzanne Wise; interview plus Rebecca Walker, ICA Boston, MA, 2001. {{ISBN|0910663610}} ==External links== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfK3OJ9PBUc Laylah Ali: Meaning | Art21 "Exclusive"] *[https://news.artnet.com/people/artnet-asks-laylah-ali-283164 artnet Asks: Laylah Ali] *[https://www.diaart.org/program/artistswebprojects/laylah-alijohn-brown-song-web-project Laylah Ali | Dia Art Foundation] {{Authority control}} i6l57p2y6ojs6lvvtccguhjlkqq18i7 0 10528 115156 113319 2026-10-24T07:13:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olalekan Jeyifous''' (dem born am 1977), alias Lek (dem dey pronounce am as "Lake"), be Nigerian-born visual artist wey dey Brooklyn, New York. He currently be visiting lecturer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olalekan Jeyifous {{!}} Cornell AAP|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/people/olalekan-jeyifous|access-date=2021-03-28|website=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413080224/https://aap.cornell.edu/people/olalekan-jeyifous|archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> for Cornell University, wer he sana get ein Bachelor of Architecture insyd 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|title=Olalekan Jeyifous Installs Protest in Cleveland's Public Square {{!}} Cornell AAP|website=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112205317/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|archive-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> As dem train am as architect, ein career primarily dey focus for public den commercial art top.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2017/09/trump_era_inspires_public_squa.html|title=Trump era inspires Public Square installation on political protest by New York artist Olalekan Jeyifous|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=2017-09-02|website=cleveland|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Dem newly commission ein work for de ''[[Black Reconstruction Collective|Reconstructions: Architecture den Blackness insyd America]]'' exhibition for de Museum of Modern Art wey dey New York along plus Amanda Williams, Walter Hood, den Mario Gooden.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=2021-03-11|title=How Can Blackness Construct America?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/11/arts/design/black-architecture-moma.html|access-date=2021-03-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> De exhibition dey explore de relationship wey dey between architecture den de spaces of African American den African diaspora communities den ways wey dem go fi make histories visible den build equity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/5219|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> == Ein Art career == Jeyifous ein work dey confront social issues through installations, large scale murals, large-scale public artwork den 3D computer models wey dey reflect ideas about Afrofuturism den architectural dystopias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/housing/2016/08/a-futuristic-vision-of-lagos-skyscrapers-arising-from-shantytowns/494528/|title=Skyscrapers Rising From Shantytowns: A Futuristic Vision of Lagos|last=Misra|first=Tanvi|website=CityLab|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Jeyifous get interest insyd urban issues den de changing role cities dey play for politics, art, pop culture, den de collective imagination insyd.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okhio|first=Camille|title=Brooklyn-Based Artist Olalekan Jeyifous Imagines a New York Transformed by Climate Change|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/brooklyn-based-artist-olalekan-jeyifous-imagines-a-new-york-transformed-by-climate-change|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Architectural Digest|language=en-us}}</ref> For ein exhibition wey dem feature insyd de Museum of Modern Art's show, “Reconstructions: Architecture den Blackness insyd America,” Jeyifous dey explore dystopian realities wey dey root insyd de black diaspora den de disappearing urban ephemera den architecture of Brooklyn.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okhio|first=Camille|title=Brooklyn-Based Artist Olalekan Jeyifous Imagines a New York Transformed by Climate Change|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/brooklyn-based-artist-olalekan-jeyifous-imagines-a-new-york-transformed-by-climate-change|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Architectural Digest|language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd 2020, ''De New York Times'' name Jeyifous as one of five artists wey follow for Instagram top among fellow artists Kara Walker, Phyllis Galembo, Laylah Amatullah Barrayn, Alex Webb den Rebecca Norris Webb.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2020-04-22|title=Five Artists to Follow on Instagram Now|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/arts/design/five-artists-to-follow-instagram.html|access-date=2021-03-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Crown Ether === Na Crown Ether be sam 50-foot-tall sculpture for de 2017 Coachella Valley Music den Art Festival insyd. Na Jeyifous be one of five artists dem choose for de exhibition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crichton|first=Maddie|date=2017-04-14|title=FIRST LOOK: #EmptyCoachella Reveals the Gorgeous Art You'll Be Taking Selfies With This Year Los Angeles Magazine|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/first-look-emptycoachella-reveals-gorgeous-art-youll-taking-selfies-year/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Los Angeles Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebe de relationship wey dey between de connection den separation wey inspire de elevated art piece. De artist separate de mythical sky-bound luxury high-rise from de less upscale but heritage-rich community below, as he dey connect de two communities through de benefits of safety den shade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/events/20170415/coachella-2017-art-is-always-more-than-just-music-at-the-festival|title=Coachella 2017: Art is always more than just music at the festival|date=2017-04-15|website=Daily News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> === "Protest!" === “Protest!” (2017) be sam 10-foot-tall public art piece weg dey consist of four large sculptures insyd Public Square wey dey downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Ebe de history of protest, peace rallies, den civic gatherings wey take place insyd Public Square wey dey inspire am, Jeyifous paint vivid orange den yellow steel silhouettes wey dey depict protesters wey dey shout for bullhorns insyd, handing out leaflets, den embracing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2017/09/trump_era_inspires_public_squa.html|title=Trump era inspires Public Square installation on political protest by New York artist Olalekan Jeyifous|last=Litt|first=Steven|date=2017-09-02|website=cleveland|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> De piece dey represent protest as sam democratic right by say ego welcome visitors make dem sit anaa gather around de built-in seating platforms top at de metal base of each piece.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|title=Olalekan Jeyifous Installs Protest in Cleveland's Public Square {{!}} Cornell AAP|website=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112205317/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|archive-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> === De Boom den de Bust === De Boom den de Bust (2019) be sam 25-foot-tall sculpture wey dey resemble sam abstracted high-rise building plus sam cage-like structure insyd de center wey dey hold collection of small red houses. De piece dey reference de challenges of housing discrimination den urban inequality, past, den present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2019/09/artprize-project-1-biennial-grand-rapids/|title=ArtPrize brings an inaugural biennial to Grand Rapids|date=2019-09-30|website=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> === Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies === Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies (2020) be sam installation for Alexandria Virginia ein waterfront wey dey frame Alexandria ein African-American history through de lens of de city ein industrial den merchant history from de 17th go 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scott|first=Chadd|title=Alexandria, Virginia's Waterfront Park Adds Olalekan Jeyifous Installation 'Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chaddscott/2020/06/07/alexandria-virginias-waterfront-park-adds-olalekan-jeyifous-installation-wrought-knit-labors-legacies/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> === Our Destiny, Our Democracy === Our Destiny, Our Democracy (2020) be sam collaborative piece plus artist Amanda Williams for de inaugural She Built NYC. De piece dey commemorate Shirley Chisholm, de first black woman wey serve insyd Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/arts/design/shirley-chisholm-monument-prospect-park.html|title=The Shirley Chisholm Monument in Brooklyn Finds Its Designers|last=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|date=2019-04-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> De artist design de piece so say ego redefine de 21st-century monument, honor Shirley Chisholm ein legacy wey go bring menners togeda, den discuss de long arc of democracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2019/05/shirley-chisholm-monument-amanda-williams-olalekan-jeyifous/|title=Shirley Chisholm monument designers discuss using space to honor a legacy|date=2019-05-13|website=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Dem go construct am insyd Brooklyn ein Prospect Park at de corner of Ocean den Parkside Avenues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/21/shirley-chisholm-anti-monument-brooklyn|title='Her legacy is incredible': behind the Shirley Chisholm 'anti-monument'|last=Sayej|first=Nadja|date=2019-05-21|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-12|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Canyon Dreamscape === Canyon Dreamscape (2021) be sam large aluminum panel mural wey dem do plus de Los Angeles County Department of Arts den Culture den TFN Architectural Signage. Edey de Olive View Restorative Care Village top wey dey Olive View–UCLA Medical Center insyd Sylmar, Los Angeles. Ebe de landscape den vegetation wey dey surround Wilson Canyon dey inspire am wey edey base for de connection wey dey between nature den well-being top. Jeyifous use sam "playful den vibrant" color palette "wey eno be harsh den distracting" wey sublimate for ALTO Aluminum panels top.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canyon Dreamscape|url=https://jeyifo.us/Canyon|access-date=2023-01-08|website=jeyifo.us|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canyon Dreamscape|url=https://www.altoaluminum.com/public-art/canyon-dreamscape|access-date=2023-01-08|website=ALTO Aluminum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive View - UCLA - Residential Treatment Program D {{!}} LA County Arts Commission|url=https://www.lacountyarts.org/civicart/acquisition/info/195|access-date=2023-01-08|website=www.lacountyarts.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108083104/https://www.lacountyarts.org/civicart/acquisition/info/195|archive-date=2023-01-08}}</ref> == Ein Awards == * Dem select am plus Jennifer Bonner den Walter Hood as de 2021 Architecture & Design fellows for de [[United States]] Artists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Jennifer Bonner, Walter Hood, and Olalekan Jeyifous named 2021 USA Fellows|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2021/02/jennifer-bonner-walter-hood-and-olalekan-jeyifous-2021-usa-fellows/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Architect's Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> * Dem award Jeyifous de 2020-2021 J. Irwin den Xenia S. Miller Prize by Exhibit Columbus<ref>{{Cite web|title=J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Prize|url=https://exhibitcolumbus.org/2021-exhibition/j-irwin-and-xenia-s-miller-prize|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Exhibit Columbus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232528/https://exhibitcolumbus.org/2021-exhibition/j-irwin-and-xenia-s-miller-prize|archive-date=2021-01-15}}</ref> for ein contribution give de disciplines of design, art den architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Exhibit Columbus announces virtual 2021 Design Presentations lineup|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2021/03/exhibit-columbus-announces-virtual-2021-design-presentations-lineup/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Architect's Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:Nigerian architects]] [[Category:American artists of Nigerian descent]] [[Category:Cornell University alumni]] <references /> == External links == * [http://vigilism.com/ Vigilism] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeyifous, Olalekan}} [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian emigrants to de United States]] n9bbc28j1k67oagikbk73en35ajhkrh 0 10709 115186 113625 2026-10-24T10:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tunde Odunlade''' (''Túndé Ọdúnladé'' insyd Yoruba), dem born am 26 November 1954, be Nigerian artist, actor, den musician wey be known for ein Batik art tapestry den designs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Indigo Arts Gallery|url=https://indigoarts.com/artists/tunde-odunlade|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Indigo Arts}}</ref> He dey specialise insyd textile arts, den floatography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-04-06|title=ODUNLADE, Tunde|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/odunlade-tunde/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-27|title=Tunde Odunlade's "Music Lesson"|url=https://music.si.edu/object-day/tunde-odunlades-music-lesson|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Smithsonian Music|language=en}}</ref> He be member of de Visual Artists Network of de United States of America (VAN) den frequent participant at de National Conference of Artists, New York. Na he be performing actor plus de Nigeria Cultural Troupe during Festac. He dey live insyd Ibadan, de southern western part of [[Nigeria]]. == Ein Early life den career == Dem born Babatunde Samuel Odunlade insyd 26 November 1954 for Iremo, Ile-ife, wer he spend ein childhood.<ref name=":0" /> He meet Yinka Adeyemi, sam member of de Osogbo school of arts, wey he start ein career insyd early 1970 as second generation artist of de school of art. He sana attend de Oguntimehin Art-workshop at de [[Obafemi Awolowo University|University of Ife]] insyd 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Odunlade|url=https://tundeodunladeblog.com/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Tunde Odunlade|language=en}}</ref> Tunde dey use traditional techniques thru a unique batik appliqué process for textiles top. He sanso develop a style wich he dey bell floatograph, ein art dey draw from Yoruba history, culture den life insyd Nigeria plus specialty insyd batiks, linocut, den woodcut prints. Na he sanso be artist-in-residence insyd 1986 den 1989 at Stillman College, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Na he serve as artistic director at de Toki Memorial Arts Centre, Ibadan insyd 1989, He sanso found International Campaign for Better Arts and Cultural Awareness (ICBACA). Insyd December 2020, he establish de Tunde Odunlade Arts and Culture Connexions insyd Ibadan, Oyo State.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Odunlade Returns Ibadan to Cultural Roots|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/12/13/odunlade-returns-ibadan-to-cultural-roots/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The News Nigeria}}</ref> == Exhibitions == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Collections_at_the_Tunde_Odunlade_Arts_and_Culture_Connexions|Collections at the Tunde Odunlade Arts and Culture Connexions]]'''''. Na dem exhinit ein works within Nigeria den internationally, wey dey include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Converging Paths|url=https://www.citylightsgallery.org/converging-paths/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=City Lights, Bridgeport, CT|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007140705/https://www.citylightsgallery.org/converging-paths/|archive-date=2020-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Moonlight Entertainment – Works – National Museum of African Art - Smithsonian Institution|url=https://africa.si.edu/collections/objects/19626/moonlight-entertainment;jsessionid=2E6BAE1625CC79ED4D8ADA3ED5C769D9|access-date=2020-10-01|website=africa.si.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Utilisateur|first=Super|title=Exhibition: Tunde Odunlade's Oju'nu Agba Oye at the Museum of the Institute|url=https://ias-ibadan.org/news/exhibitions/51-exhibition-tunde-odunlade-s-oju-nu-agba-oye-at-the-museum-of-the-institute|access-date=2020-10-01|website=ias-ibadan.org|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123075030/https://ias-ibadan.org/news/exhibitions/51-exhibition-tunde-odunlade-s-oju-nu-agba-oye-at-the-museum-of-the-institute|archive-date=2021-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exhibitions|url=https://www.hammondshouse.org/exhibitions|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Hammonds House Museum|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821194756/http://hammondshouse.org/exhibitions/|archive-date=2008-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exhibition Archives 1999|url=http://www.octobergallery.co.uk/exhibitions/exhibitions_1999.shtml|access-date=2020-10-01|website=www.octobergallery.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514072153/http://www.octobergallery.co.uk/exhibitions/exhibitions_1999.shtml|archive-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unity In Diversity|url=https://mfastpete.org/obj/unity-in-diversity/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Museum of Fine Arts|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011100613/https://mfastpete.org/obj/unity-in-diversity/|archive-date=2020-10-11}}</ref> *Federal Government College Sokoto, 1978, 1980, 1981. *Bakolori Dam Project, Talata, Mafara, Sokoto, 1978. *Education Center, Ministry of Education, Maiduguri. 1981 – 1982. *27 January – 20 March 1999 "''New Colours from Old Worlds: Contemporary Art from West Africa''" October Gallery, London *24 March – 8 May 1999. "''Beauty Ravishes Me All Over Wherever I Find It."'' October Gallery, London *Feb – April 2010. "''Dreaming Between Worlds''." Hammonds House Museum Atlanta, GA. *October 2011. "''Art as a Tool for Nation Building''." Nigerian High Commission, Ottawa, Canada *July – August 2011. "New York Summer Show 2011". Corrine Jennings Gallery, New York, NY *December 2012. Lagos Art Expo. National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria. *February to April 2012. City Lights Gallery, Bridgeport, Connecticut. == References == [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == * [https://tundeodunladeblog.com/ Tunde Odunlade Artist Cooperative Gallery] * [https://indigoarts.com/artists/tunde-odunlade Indigo Arts Gallery] * [https://africa.si.edu/collections/view/objects/asitem/items$0040:19626 Smithsonian National Museum of African Art] {{Authority control}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Nigerian artists]] [[Category:Nigerian textile artists]] [[Category:People wey komot Ife]] [[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]] [[Category:Yoruba artists]] [[Category:Nigerian emigrants to de United States]] qksw84frkdeghy2zsf3xy5yo33iv8r6 0 11826 115167 110673 2026-10-24T08:51:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Fosso''' (born July 17, 1962) be a Cameroonian-born Nigerian photographer wey work give most of ein career insyd de [[Central African Republic]]. Ein work dey include he dey use self-portraits wey dey adopt a series of personas, often dey comment for de history of Africa. One of ein most famous works of art, den wat he be best known for, be ein "autoportraits" wer he dey take either einself anaa oda more recognizable people den dey draw dem insyd a style of popular culture anaa politics.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Samuel Fosso |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Fosso |first=Michal|last= Raz-Russo |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> He be recognized as one of Central Africa ein leading contemporary artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/67095?locale=en|title=Samuel Fosso|last=Lowery|first=Rebecca|date=2008|website=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> He win de Prince Claus Award from de Netherlands insyd 2001 den de Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize insyd 2023.<ref name="theguardian-2023">{{cite news|access-date=2023-05-11|title='Man of 1,000 faces' wins Deutsche Börse photography prize|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/may/11/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-samuel-fosso|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 May 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Early life == Na dem born Fosso insyd Kumba, [[Cameroon]], to Nigerian parents. He grow up insyd Afikpo, ein ancestral home, til he for flee to Bangui insyd de [[Central African Republic]] for de age of thirteen insyd 1972 insyd de wake of de Nigerian Civil War.<ref>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/203719/culture/samuel-fosso/ "Samuel Fosso - Jeune Afrique.com"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (insyd French). Retrieved December 29, 2024.</ref><ref name="Liberation">Brigitte Ollier, "[http://www.liberation.fr/culture/0101650176-samuel-fosso-le-narcisse-noir Samuel Fosso, le Narcisse noir]" ''Libération'', August 3, 2010. (insyd French)</ref> == Career == Insyd Bangui he begin dey work as an assistant photographer wen na he be twelve, den a year later as a portrait photographer plus ein own studio insyd Bangui, 'Studio Photo Nationale'.<ref name="henley">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/jun/19/photographer-samuel-fosso-best-shot|date=June 19, 2011|access-date=February 5, 2014|first=John|last=Henley|work=The Guardian|title=Photographer Samuel Fosso's best shot}}</ref> Initially he make self-portraits make he fill up de unused parts of ein photographic films. Na he destine dese photographs give ein mommie, wey na she stay behind insyd [[Nigeria]]. De making of self-portraits cam turn an objective for ein own give am.<ref name="MoAU">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085025/http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=ulrich&p=/exhibitionfolder/constructedidentitiesfosso/ "Ulrich Museum of Art - Wichita State University"]. ''webs.wichita.edu''. Archived from [http://webs.wichita.edu/?u=ulrich&p=/exhibitionfolder/constructedidentitiesfosso/ the original] on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2024.</ref><ref name="taylor">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/jun/27/artsfeatures2|date=June 27, 2002|access-date=February 5, 2014|first=Jessica|last=Taylor|work=The Guardian|title=Here's looking at me}}</ref> As a teenager wey dey work insyd de studio Fosso often go take colorful self portraits for between client photo shoots. Na dem discover ein work by a collection of African intellectuals den writers wey dey include Okwui Enwezor den Iké Udé, wey dem bring Fosso into a more active role insyd de art community for ein adult career.<ref>Peffer-Engels, John (Winter 1997). "In/sight: African photographers, 1940 to the present". ''African Arts''. '''30''' (1). Los Angeles: 73–75. ProQuest&nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/220992177 220992177].</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hölzl|first=Ingrid|date=2009-05-01|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|language=en|volume=2009|issue=24|pages=40–47|doi=10.1215/10757163-24-1-40|issn=1075-7163|title=Self-Portrait/Self-Vision: The Work of Samuel Fosso|s2cid=194017808}}</ref> Insyd 1994 Fosso cam be known abroad wen he win de first edition of African Photography Encounters insyd Bamako, [[Mali]]. Fosso dey explore de idea of self-presentation den gender representation, wey dey experiment plus props, costumes, den poses insyd flamboyant 1970s fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/self-portrait-17|title=Samuel Fosso - Self Portrait|website=International Center of Photography|date=January 31, 2018}}</ref> For ein self-portraits he use a delayed shutter release wey dey allow Fosso up to ten seconds make e pose give each photograph.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oguibe|first=Olu|date=2015|title=Samuel Fosso|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aperture_winter-2015_221/page/88|journal=Aperture|issue=221|pages=88–93|issn=0003-6420|jstor=43825306}}</ref> He often use cloth backgrounds, in front of wich he dress up insyd costumes wey vary greatly: authentic European costumes, African folk costumes, navy uniforms, karate keikogis, boxer shorts, den so on.<ref name="Liberation" /><ref name="MoAU" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klein|first=Melanie|date=2012|title="Between history, politics and the self. Photographic portraiture in contemporary art from Africa", in: Jana Gohrisch and Ellen Grünkemeier (Eds.), Listening to Africa. Anglophone African literatures and cultures, Heidelberg, pp. 69-91.|url=https://www.academia.edu/19578103|journal=Anglophone African literatures and cultures|language=en}}</ref> Na he portray Angela Davis, Malcolm X, Muhammad Ali, [[Nelson Mandela]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/samuel-fosso-nelson-mandela|title=Samuel Fosso - Nelson Mandela|website=Artsy - Purdy Hicks Gallery}}</ref> Martin Luther King Jr. den oda black iconic figures. Insyd ein series ''African Spirits'', Fosso dey convey empowerment den de art of storytelling thru ein self portraits of celebrated black figures. For February 5, 2014, amidst looting after sectarian violence, Fosso ein home studio insyd Bangui, wey dey contain ein complete archive, na dem ransack. Na dis be discovered by chance by photojournalist Jerome Delay, wey, along plus fellow photojournalist Marcus Bleasdale, den Peter Bouckaert (Emergency Director for Human Rights Watch), rescue de majority of ein contents, dem estimate for 20,000 negatives den 150 to 200 prints, though na dem steal Fosso ein cameras. Na Fosso dey insyd Paris for de time.<ref name="beaumont">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/feb/06/bangui-photographer-samuel-fosso-central-african-republic|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=February 6, 2014|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|work=The Guardian|title=Rescued from war-torn Bangui: photographer Samuel Fosso's life work}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/06/looted-but-not-lost-an-african-artists-life-work/?_php=true&_type=blogs&smid=tw-share&_r=0|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=February 6, 2014|last=Delay|first=Jerome|title=Looted, but Not Lost: An African Artist's Life Work}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/05/dispatch-discovering-beauty-amid-carnage|date=February 5, 2014|access-date=February 6, 2014|last=Peter|first=Bouckaert|publisher=Human Rights Watch|title=Dispatch: Discovering Beauty Amid the Carnage|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509231924/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/05/dispatches-discovering-beauty-amid-carnage|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Awards == *1994: 1st Prize, African Photography Encounters (Rencontres de la Photographie), Bamako, Mali *1995: Prix Afrique en Creations *2000: First Prize, photography category, Dak'Art – Biennale de l'Art Africain Contemporain, Dakar, [[Senegal|Sénégal]] *2001: Prince Claus Award, Netherlands<ref name="Liberation" /><ref name="clausfund">Prince Claus Fund, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180410094937/http://princeclausfund.org/en/programmes/awards Awards]</ref> *2010: 1st Prize in Visual Arts Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds *2023: Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize for ein exhibition ''Samuel Fosso'' for de Maison européenne de la photographie<ref name="theguardian-2023"/> == Publications == *''Samuel Fosso. Seydou Keita. Malick Sidibe. Portraits of Pride. West African Portrait Photography''. Raster Forlag, 2003. {{ISBN|978-9171006776}}. *Maria Francesca and Guido Schlinkert. ''Samuel Fosso''. 5Continents, 2008. {{ISBN|978-8874391011}}. *Simon Njami and Samuel Fosso. ''Samuel Fosso – PHotoBolsillo International'', Revue Noire, 2011. {{ISBN|978-8492841622}}. == Collections == Na dem hold Fosso ein work insyd de public collections wey dey follow: * Museum of Modern Art, New York: 14 prints (as of September 2018)<ref>{{cite web|access-date=September 7, 2018|title=Samuel Fosso. Untitled from the series African Spirits. 2008|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/214692?artist_id=67095&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist|website=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> * Purdy Hicks Gallery, London: 15 prints<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/purdy-hicks-gallery/artist/samuel-fosso|title=Samuel Fosso (1962)|website=Purdy Hicks Gallery}}</ref> * The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston: 7 prints (as of June 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Collections|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/22200/samuel-fosso/objects|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613220937/https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/22200/samuel-fosso/objects|archive-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> * Tate, London: 25 prints<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tate|title=Samuel Fosso born 1962|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/samuel-fosso-11360|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Tate|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * Noorderlicht, [http://www.noorderlicht.com/nl/archief/samuel-fosso/ photo impression] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083550/http://www.noorderlicht.com/nl/archief/samuel-fosso/ Archived] March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fosso, Samuel}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Cameroonian people]] [[Category:Cameroonian photographers]] [[Category:Central African Republic photographers]] [[Category:People wey komot Southwest Region (Cameroon)]] [[Category:People wey komot Bangui]] [[Category:Cameroonian expatriates insyd de Central African Republic]] [[Category:Cameroonian expatriates insyd Nigeria]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian photographers]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian male artists]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian photographers]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian male artists]] [[Category:Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize winners]] 8q9qlvzysl4z1qsnlen8hkwporyfc9d 0 12091 115161 113436 2026-10-24T08:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reinata Sadimba''' (born 1945) be a Mozambican ceramicist wey dey produce work wey originate insyd traditional Makonde pottery, while she dey incorporate ein own techniques den conceptions of femininity den motherhood. She be considered among de most important contemporary sculptors insyd [[Mozambique]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Reinata Sadimba|url=https://vistaalegre.com/us/reinata-sadimba-4/?Cat=16092&Specs=&PageSize=48&Page=1&PriceL=0&PriceH=99999&ReturnProducts=true&OrderBy=5&SelGroups=&SelGrp=&InStock=0|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Vista Alegre|language=en}}</ref> == Biography == Na dem born Reinata Sadimba insyd Nemu, a village insyd Mueda, [[Mozambique]], insyd 1945.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Cubero|first=Alejandra Val|date=2013-10-29|title=Reinata Sadimba, palabras de barro|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2013/10/29/africa_no_es_un_pais/1383030000_138303.html|access-date=2021-03-15|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Biografia: Reinata Sadimba|url=http://www.kulungwana.org.mz/Artistas2/Reinata2/Biografia|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Kulungwana|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305095249/http://www.kulungwana.org.mz/Artistas2/Reinata2/Biografia|archive-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> She receive a traditional Makonde education, wich include she dey make useful objects out of clay.<ref name=":2" /> She learn de art of ceramics from ein mommie, plus de initial aim of make she dey provide for ein family after ein poppie die wen na she be very young.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Issufo|first=Nádia|date=2012-07-31|title=As mãos seletivas de Reinata Sadimba|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/as-m%C3%A3os-seletivas-de-reinata-sadimba/a-16130663|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Deutsche Welle|language=pt}}</ref> However, she eventually found dat working plus clay allow am make she "say things that I did not know how to express in any other way."<ref name=":1" /> As a young woman, Sadimba join FRELIMO, an armed resistance movement to Portuguese rule insyd Mozambique wey begin insyd 1964. After de Mozambican War of Independence, de country gain independent status insyd 1975.<ref name=":1" /> Na dem mark Sadimba ein work by ein own personal experiences. Na she marry young wey she divorce twice, na she get eight kiddies, one per wey survive.<ref name=":1" /> After she lef an abusive marriage insyd 1975, Sadimba revolutionize ein work, wey she begin dey add personalized elements wey distinguish ein pieces from oda Makonde ceramics.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Reinata Sadimba|url=http://embondeira.org/emb/portfolio/reinata-sadimba/|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Centro de Recursos para Praticantes de Desenvolvimento|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917020759/http://embondeira.org/emb/portfolio/reinata-sadimba/|archive-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> Insyd de 1980s, she collaborate for a rural project plus a Swiss couple wey na dem settle close to Mueda, wer na she dey live for de time. Dis project bring more visibility to ein work. However, as de Mozambican Civil War rage, she emigrate insyd 1985 plus ein only son to [[Tanzania]], wer she live insyd Dar es Salaam plus ein sisto Josefina. Na ebe der wey she begin dey exhibit ein work insyd small galleries den artisanal markets.<ref name=":1" /> De Swiss couple dema continued support give am de financial stability make she experiment artistically plus new techniques den sculpt according to ein own aesthetic den imagination. During ein time insyd Tanzania, she further develop ein stylistic depiction of de human form, while she still dey reflect de Makonde matrilineal universe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Insyd 1992, after de war end, she return to Mozambique wey she settle insyd Maputo. Der, she receive significant support from Augusto Cabral, na he be de director of de Mozambique Natural History Museum, wey she establish a studio within de museum. Insyd 1998, na dem feature ein work during a weeklong educational program on traditional ceramics for de museum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Insyd ein work, Sadimba dey use clay as well as white limestone den graphite, wich dey give ein pieces dema characteristic green color. She dey create jugs, pots, den anthropomorphic forms, wich often display scarifications anaa cultural marks typical of de Makonde people.<ref name=":1" /> Sadimba einself get a tattooed face, in keeping plus Makonde tradition.<ref name=":3" /> Ein ceramics contain layers of meaning wey e dey make reference to stories den legends of ein home province, often dey depict femininity, motherhood, anaa childbirth.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> She sanso be known for producing pieces incredibly quickly.<ref name=":4" /> Na dem exhibit Sadimba ein work both insyd Mozambique den abroad, wey dey includie insyd [[South Africa]], Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, den France.<ref name=":4" /> Insyd 2022, na dem name am a Commander of de Order of Prince Henry by de presido of Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-03-19|title=Condecoração de duas personalidades da cultura moçambicana|url=https://www.presidencia.pt/atualidade/toda-a-atualidade/2022/03/condecoracao-de-duas-personalidades-da-cultura-mocambicana/|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Presidência da República Portuguesa|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Santos|first=Anabela|date=2022-05-10|title=Reinata Sadimba veio à U.Porto ver exposição dedicada a José Saramago|url=https://noticias.up.pt/reinata-sadimba-veio-a-casa-comum-ver-exposicao-dedicada-a-jose-saramago/|access-date=2022-07-26|website=Notícias U.Porto|language=pt-PT}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadimba, Reinata}} [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Mozambican people]] [[Category:Mozambican women artists]] [[Category:Mozambican women sculptors]] [[Category:Makonde people]] [[Category:Commanders of de Order of Prince Henry]] [[Category:People wey komot Cabo Delgado Province]] [[Category:Mozambican emigrants]] [[Category:People wey komot Maputo]] hzdlcrsf5yizljoyz2rfoujc3fd13j9 0 12199 115169 48351 2026-10-24T08:55:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanlé Sory''' (born 1943) be a Burkinabe photographer. As a teenager, he photograph automobile accidents around Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkino-Faso, wich he go race to document for ein motorcycle top.<ref name="NEWPREPUBLIC">{{cite web |last1=Abani |first1=Chris |last2=Sory |first2=Sanlé |title=The Postcolonial Moment |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/147676/postcolonial-moment-sanle-sory-burkina-faso |website=The New Republic |date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Insyd 1960 he found de Volta Photo Studio insyd Bobo-Dioulasso.<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Monks |first1=Kieron |title=Rare photos uncover Burkina Faso’s underground club scene |url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2019/03/style/sanle-sory-cnnphotos/ |website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref><ref name="GUARDIAN">{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Tim |title=The big picture: a taste of freedom in 1970s west Africa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/02/the-big-picture-a-taste-of-freedom-in-1970s-west-africa |website=theguardian.com}}</ref> Dey follow dis he develop a reputation as a photographer of de Burkinabe club scene insyd de 1960s den 70s.<ref name="CNN"/> During dis time na he sanso organize ''bals poussières'', anaa "dust balls", wer he go provide a sound system den musicians give concerts stages insyd de countryside. Sory go roam de ''bals'' plus ein camera, dey take photos for money.<ref name="NEWYORKER">{{cite web |last1=Niarchos |first1=Nicolas |title=When Burkina Faso Vibrated with a New Culture |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/when-burkina-faso-vibrated-with-a-new-culture |website=The New Yorker |date=16 September 2018}}</ref> Insyd 2018 de Art Institute of Chicago present de exhibition ''Volta Photo: Starring Sanlé Sory and the People of Bobo-Dioulasso in the Small but Musically Mighty Country of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso)''.<ref name="Aperture">{{cite web|title=Starring Sanlé Sory|url=https://aperture.org/editorial/sanle-sory/|website=Aperture|date=9 May 2018}}</ref> Steidl publish an accompanying catalogue, dem title ''Volta Photo''.<ref name="Economist">{{cite web|title=Sanlé Sory’s joyful photographs of Burkina Faso in the 1970s|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2018/05/04/sanle-sorys-joyful-photographs-of-burkina-faso-in-the-1970s|website=The Economist|date=4 May 2018}}</ref> Insyd 2021 de fashion designer Grace Wales Bonner release a line of clothing she title ''Volta Jazz'' wey be inspired by Sory ein photographs. De line include a film by de same name, create by Joshua Woods.<ref name="ANOTHERMAG">{{cite web|title=Grace Wales Bonner Celebrates West African Nightlife in New Collection|url=https://www.anothermag.com/another-man/13405/grace-wales-bonner-celebrates-west-african-nightlife-in-new-collection|website=AnOther|language=en|date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="VOGUE">{{cite web|last1=Singer|first1=Olivia|title=Wales Bonner Spring 2022 Menswear Collection|url=https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2022-menswear/wales-bonner|website=Vogue|date=22 June 2021}}</ref> Dem include Sory ein work insyd de collections of de Museum of Fine Arts Houston<ref name="MFAH">{{cite web|title=Sanlé Sory: Yamaha de nuit|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/140396/yamaha-de-nuit|website=mfah.org|access-date=2025-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107215455/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/140396/yamaha-de-nuit|archive-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> de Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref name="MoMA">{{cite web|title=Sanlé Sory: Burkinabe, born 1943|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/75015?locale=en|website=moma.org}}</ref> den de Tang Teaching Museum for Skidmore College.<ref name="TTM">{{cite web|title=Sanlé Sory - Tang Teaching Museum|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/artist/1945?per=180&sort_by=accession-desc#browse|website=Tang Teaching Museum|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sory, Sanlé}} [[Category:Burkinabé people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:20th-century photographers]] [[Category:Burkinabé artists]] [[Category:People wey komot Bobo-Dioulasso]] a7xirpdw3kq7nv3wxett62omwu4if5c 0 12228 115148 113010 2026-10-24T03:17:39Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Johnson Donatus Aihumekeokhai Ojeikere''' (10 June 1930 – 2 February 2014), na dem know am as '''J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere''', na he be a Nigerian photographer dem know for ein work plus unique hairstyles found insyd Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|title=JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Nigeria's top photographer dies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26035238|publisher=BBC News Online|date=4 February 2014|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> == Biography == Na dem born Ojeikere for 10 June 1930 insyd Ovbiomu-Emai, Owan East, Edo State, a rural village insyd southwestern Nigeria. For addition to de dialect Emai, Ojeikere speak Yoruba den English. He work den live insyd Ketu, Nigeria. For de age of 20, he take up photography, wich na ebe out of de ordinary give people insyd Nigeria, especially those insyd ein village. Na cameras no be in high demand wey na dem be of low priority as na dem consider am a luxury. However, insyd 1950 Enugu, Ojeikere buy for two pounds a modest Brownie D camera widout flash, wey na ein paddy teach am de fundamentals of photography.<ref name="caacart">{{cite web|last=Pigozzi|first=Jean|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere Biography|url=http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Ojeikere-J-D-Okhai&bio=en&m=59|accessdate=5 May 2013|archive-date=25 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325065054/http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Ojeikere-J-D-Okhai&bio=en&m=59|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ojeikere|first=J.D. Okhai|title=J.D. Okhai Ojeikere|year=2000|publisher=Scalo|page=56}}</ref> Ojeikere gain information about de Ministry for Information insyd Ibadan insyd 1951, wey he go wrep de same letter to dem every 15 days for two years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Magnin|first=André|title=J.D. 'Ohkai Ojeikere / Photographs|year=2000|isbn=3-908247-30-6}}</ref> For de end of 1953, dem finally reply say na dem receive Ojeikere ein request, wey e catch dema attention.<ref name=":0" /> For de first Nigeria Photography Award (NIPHA) ceremony, organize by de multimedia organization Fullhouse Entertainment wey na dem hold am for Sunday, 31 July 2011, na Ojeikere be one of de prominent Nigerian photographers, alongsyd Sunmi Smart-Cole, Don Barber, den Amos Olarenwaju Osidele, wey na dem give am lifetime achievement awards.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Martha G.|title=African Photographer J.A. Green: Reimagining the Indigenous and the Colonial (African Expressive Cultures)|year=2017|isbn=978-0253028952|pages=350}}</ref> Na dem include a large selection of Ojeikere ein work insyd de arsenale section of de 55th Venice Biennale d'arte, "Il Palazzo Enciclopedia" curate by Massimiliano Gioni insyd 2013.<ref>Evelyne Politanoff, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/evelyne-politanoff/lavish-hairstyles-by-jd-o_b_3461853.html "Lavish Hairstyles by J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere"], ''The Huffington Post'', Arts & Culture, 18 June 2013.</ref> Ojeikere die for 2 February 2014, for de age of 83. He be de subject of a documentary film by Tam Fiofori dem entitle ''J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere: Master Photographer''.<ref>Lauren Said-Moorhouse, [http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/13/world/africa/a-love-letter-to-nigeria-ojeikere/ "'A love letter to Nigeria': The master photographer who captured nation's life"], ''African Voices'', CNN, 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.africanartists.org/event/film-screening-jd-ojeikere-the-master-photographer "Film Screening: J.D Ojeikere, The Master Photographer"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220524063956/http://www.africanartists.org/event/film-screening-jd-ojeikere-the-master-photographer Archived] 24 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, African Artists' Foundation, March 2016.</ref> ==Publications== *''J.D.'Okhai Ojeikere: Photographs''. Zürich: Scalo, 2000. Edited by Andre Magnin. {{ISBN|978-3908247302}}. == Collections == * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL: 1 print (as of August 2020)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/114026/j-d-okhai-ojeikere|website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref> * Museum of Modern Art, New York: 3 pairs of prints (as of August 2020)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/44110|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: prints (as of August 2020)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!?q=J.D.%2520%27Okhai%2520Ojeikere&perPage=20&sortBy=Relevance&offset=0&pageSize=0|title=2 results for "J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere"|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas: 13 prints (as of August 2020)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241227114140/https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/23207/j-d-okhai-ojeikere/objects "J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere"], The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.</ref> ==Exhibitions== === Solo exhibitions === * 1995: Ojeikere ein first solo exhibition insyd Nigeria as well as an exhibition insyd Switzerland (first work dem show outsyd ein home country) * 2000: ''J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere'', Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France<ref>[http://www.fondationcartier.com/#/fr/art-contemporain/26/expositions/294/toutes-les-expositions/589/j-d-okhai-ojeikere/ Fondation Cartier]</ref> * 2001: ''J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles 1968 – 1999'', MAMCO Musée d’art moderne et contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland<ref>[http://www.mamco.ch/artistes_fichiers/O/ojeikere.html "J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere, Hairstyles, 1968-1999"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090101012614/http://www.mamco.ch/artistes_fichiers/O/ojeikere.html Archived] 1 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, MAMCO (21 February – 29 April 2001).</ref> * 2005: ''Hairstyles: J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere'', Blaffer Art Museum of de University of Houston, Texas, [[United States|USA]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blafferartmuseum.org/past-exhibitions/ |title=Blaffer Art Museum |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514161011/http://blafferartmuseum.org/past-exhibitions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2009: ''Hairdos and Parties: African Typographies by J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibé'', L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York <ref>[http://lparkerstephenson.nyc/exhibitions/2_ChecklistAfrican.pdf L. Parker Stephenson Photographs]</ref> * 2010: ''Sartorial Moments'', Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos, Nigeria<ref>[http://www.ccalagos.org/archive/2010-jd-okhai-ojeikere "JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Sartorial Moments and the Nearness of Yesterday. 1st October – 30th November 2010"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211020173045/http://www.ccalagos.org/archive/2010-jd-okhai-ojeikere Archived] 20 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine,, CCA Lagos.</ref> * 2011: ''J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty'', Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos, Nigeria<ref>[http://www.ccalagos.org/archive/2011-jd-okhai-ojeikere "JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty. 15th April – 27th November 2011"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120738/http://www.ccalagos.org/archive/2011-jd-okhai-ojeikere Archived] 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. CCA Lagos.</ref> * 2011: ''J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty'', Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland<ref>[http://www.kiasma.fi/kiasma-lehti/48.php?lang=en&id=6 "Moments of Beauty"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171021022123/http://www.kiasma.fi/kiasma-lehti/48.php?lang=en&id=6 Archived] 21 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, ''Kiasma Magazine'', No. 48, Vol. 14.</ref> * 2014: ''J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles and Headdresses'', Royal Festival Hall, Southbank, London, [[United Kingdom|UK]]<ref>[http://www.nae.org.uk/uploads/pages-attachments/30/20140919093925-An%20Exhibition%20of%20Nigerian%20Hairstyles%20and%20Headdresses-%20JD%20Okhai%20Ojeiker.pdf "J.D. Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles and Headdresses"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418050607/http://www.nae.org.uk/uploads/pages-attachments/30/20140919093925-An%20Exhibition%20of%20Nigerian%20Hairstyles%20and%20Headdresses-%20JD%20Okhai%20Ojeiker.pdf Archived] 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Hayward Touring, Southbank Centre – New Art Exchange, Nottingham (27 September 2014 – 11 January 2015).</ref> ===Group exhibitions === *2000: ''Africa: Past-Present'', Fifty-One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp<ref>[http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&offset=9 Gallery 51]</ref> *2001: ''Face Off'', Aeroplastics Contemporary, Brussels<ref>[http://previous.aeroplastics.net/2001_faceoff/faceof00.html Aeroplastics Previous]</ref> *2002: ''Collection in Context – Recent Photography Acquisitions'', The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, USA<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241226114306/http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/7298 Undo.net]</ref> *2003: ''Highlights from the collection of Foundation Cartier pour l’art contemporain, Paris: William Eggleston, Beat Streuli, Bill Viola, Vik Muniz, J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Pierrick sorin'', Bildmuseet Umea Universitett, Umea, Sweden *2004: ''Joy of Life – two photographers from Africa: Seydou Keita, J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere'', Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haramuseum.or.jp/generalTop.html |title=Hara Museum |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628173122/http://www.haramuseum.or.jp/generalTop.html |archive-date=28 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *2004: ''Nous Remontons de la "Calle" Toutes les Photographies!'', Galerie du Jour Agnés B., Paris, France *2004: ''La collection d'art contemporain d'Agnès b. Je m'installe aux Abattoirs'', Les Abattoirs – Frac Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France<ref>[http://www.lesabattoirs.org/expositions/la-collection-dart-contemporain-dagnes-b-je-minstalle-aux-abattoirs "La collection d'art contemporain d'Agnès b. Je m'installe aux Abattoirs"], Les Abattoirs (9 April–13 June 2004).</ref> *2005: ''Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection'', MFAH Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Houston, TX, USA<ref>[http://prv.mfah.org/archives/search.asp?par1=3&showid=2195&extitle=African+Art+Now%3A+Masterpieces+from+the+Jean+Pigozzi+Collection&exartist=&syear=&eyear=&cPg=1 "African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220050/http://prv.mfah.org/archives/search.asp?par1=3&showid=2195&extitle=African+Art+Now%3A+Masterpieces+from+the+Jean+Pigozzi+Collection&exartist=&syear=&eyear=&cPg=1 Archived] 23 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, MFAH Archives.</ref> *2006: ''100% Africa'', Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain<ref>[https://www.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/en/exhibitions/100-africa-2/ "100% AFRICA"], Guggenheim Bilbao (12 October 2006–February 2007).</ref> *2006: ''About Africa Part One: Seydou Keita, Malick Sidbé, Jean-Dominque Burton, Jürgen Schadeberg, J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere'', Fifty-One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium.<ref>[http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=36 "About Africa : PART ONE. Malick Sidibe, Seydou Keita, J.D.Ojeikere, Jean Dominique Burton, Jurgen Schadeberg"], Gallery 51.</ref> *2006: ''Some Tribes'', Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland<ref>[https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction "Some Tribes"], Christophe Guye Galerie (3 July 2006 – 31 August 2006).</ref> *2008: ''Head Room'', Mocca – Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, Toronto, ON *2009: ''Chance Encounters'', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai<ref>[http://www.sakshigallery.com/details?section=exhibition&id=128&ref=/exhibition Sakshi Gallery]</ref> *2009: ''70s. Photography and Everyday Life'', Teatro Fernan Gomez, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, Spain (catalogue {{ISBN|8492498773}}) *2009: ''70s. Photography and Everyday Life'', Museo D’Arte Provincia di Nuoro, Nuoro, Italy (catalogue {{ISBN|8492498773}}) *2009: ''J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibe: Hairdos and Parties- African Typologies'', L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York, USA *2010: ''70s. Photography and Everyday Life'', Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporaneo, Seville, Spain (catalogue {{ISBN|8492498773}}) *2010: ''70s. Photography and Everyday Life'', Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam, Netherlands (catalogue {{ISBN|8492498773}}) *2010: ''A Midsummer Gallery Soirée'', Hagedorn Foundation Gallery, Atlanta, GA, USA *2010: ''AIPAD – The Photography Show'', L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, Park Avenue Armory, New York, USA<ref>[http://lparkerstephenson.nyc/exhibitions/6_AIPAD2010checklist.pdf "AIPAD – The Photography Show"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155745/http://lparkerstephenson.nyc/exhibitions/6_AIPAD2010checklist.pdf Archived] 23 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, L. Parker Stephenson Photographs (17–21 March 2010).</ref> *2010: National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta, GA, USA *2011: ''Becoming: Photographs from the Wedge Collection'', Tate Modern, London, England *2012: ''Africa/Africa'', Abbaya St. André, Centre d'art contemporain de Meymac, Meymac, France<ref>[http://www.centre-art-contemporain-meymac.com/spip.php?page=archives&id_rubrique=2&annee=2012 "Africa"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155317/http://www.centre-art-contemporain-meymac.com/spip.php?page=archives&id_rubrique=2&annee=2012 Archived] 23 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Centre d'art contemporain de Meymac (18 March–17 June 2012).</ref> *2013: ''Voyage Retour'' – Federal Government Press, Broad Street, Lagos, Lagos Island, Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum-folkwang.de/en/exhibitions/future-exhibitions/voyage-retour.html |title=Museum Folkwang |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-date=22 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122204103/http://www.museum-folkwang.de/en/exhibitions/future-exhibitions/voyage-retour.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *2013: ''The Encyclopedic Palace'' curated by Massimiliano Gioni, The Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy<ref>[http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/archive/55th-exhibition/artists/ La Biennale di Venezia]</ref> *2014: ''Back to Front'', Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>[http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe "Back to Front, J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibe"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115102/http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe Archived] 7 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Mariane Ibrahim Gallery.</ref> *2014: ''Ici l'Afrique'', Château de Penthes, Pregny-Chambésy, France<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202332/http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/ "Ici l'Afrique"], Château de Penthes (8 May–6 July 2014).</ref> *2015: ''Making Africa - A Continent of Contemporary Design'', Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein, Germany<ref>[http://www.design-museum.de/de/ausstellungen/detailseiten/making-africa.html "Making Africa - A Continent of Contemporary Design"], Vitra Design Museum.</ref> *2016: ''Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism'', Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel<ref>[http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/ "Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164322/http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/ Archived] 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Tel Aviv Museum of Art.</ref> *2020: ''Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection'', The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection|url=https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|access-date=2020-06-14|website=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030155/https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|archive-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302135345/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=8915 J.D. Okhai Ojeikere] on the African American Visual Artists Database via Internet Archive {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ojeikere, J. D. Okhai}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:20th-century Nigerian photographers]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian photographers]] [[Category:People wey komot Edo State]] [[Category:People wey komot Lagos State]] 2p9e6428rxaxgxjvg26mqieqk9wg7pt 0 13111 115153 51416 2026-10-24T06:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nasrat Ghazi Mosque''' (Bengali: নসরত গাজীর মসজিদ, Arabic: مسجد نصرت غازي) be a 16th-century one-domed mosque den archaeological site wey dey locate insyd de village of Middle Sialguni insyd Bakerganj Upazila, part of de Barisal District of southern Bangladesh.<ref>Mizanur Rahman, Muhammad (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115211552/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bakerganj_Upazila "Bakerganj Upazila"]. In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). ''Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh'' (Online&nbsp;ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6|984-32-0576-6]]</bdi>. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]][https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562 &nbsp;52727562]. OL&nbsp;[[openlibrary:books/OL30677644M|30677644M]]. Retrieved 26 February 2025.</ref> Na dem build de mosque during de reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=bn:উপজেলার ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Tradition of the upazila|url=http://www.bakerganj.barisal.gov.bd/site/page/afd6af6d-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF|website=bakerganj.barisal.gov.bd|language=bn|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> == Architecture == Na dem build dis one-domed mosque for a square ground-plan top wich dey act as an eidgah. Dem make de mosque of lime mortar den thin square bricks. De length den width of de interior of de mosque be a little over 4.5 metres (15 ft), while de walls be 1.43 metres (4 ft 8 in) thick. De exterior of de mosque get four octagonal pillars insyd de four corners. Der be arched entrances for de east, south den north sides. However, dem currently dey use de north den south entrances as two windows. De inner western wall of de mosque get a mihrab. For addition, der be four small ''mihrabs'' den lamps for de north den south walls. Dem decorate de walls, cornices den pillars of de mosque plus flowers den foliage.<ref name="bn">{{cite news|trans-title=Iftar and khatm tarawih held at Nasrat Ghazi's mosque|script-title=bn:নসরত গাজীর মসজিদে ইফতার ও খতম তারাবি|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/opar-mohimar-ramadan/news/bd/718553.details|work=Banglanews24.com|date=24 May 2019|access-date=29 September 2019|author=Saurav, Mushfiq|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524171309/https://www.banglanews24.com/opar-mohimar-ramadan/news/bd/718553.details|archive-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> == History == Na dem construct de mosque insyd 1532 CE, de final year of Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah ein reign. Dem dey claim say na Nasrat Ghazi establish dis mosque; wey hence ein name.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=নসরাত গাজির মসজিদ, বাখরগঞ্জ|script-title=bn:বৃহত্তর বরিশালের ঐতিহাসিক নিদর্শন|trans-title=Historical sites of Greater Barisal|author=Bulbul, Saiful Ahsan|year=2012|location=Dhaka|publisher=Gotidhara|language=bn|isbn=9789848945926}}</ref> To de north, west den south side of de mosque, der be ancient graves, although none of dem belong to Nasrat Ghazi.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=bn:বাকেরগঞ্জ উপজেলা|url=http://www.bakerganj.barisal.gov.bd/site/page/afd6af6d-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF|website=bakerganj.barisal.gov.bd|access-date=29 September 2019|language=bn}}</ref> De mosque dey under de protection of de Bangladeshi Department of Archaeology,<ref>{{cite web|script-title=bn:বরিশাল বিভাগের পুরাকীর্তি|trans-title=Barisal Division|url=http://archaeology.portal.gov.bd/site/page/ccb66590-fce8-440f-ae4a-d2a3ac787929/|website=Department of Archaeology|access-date=29 September 2019|language=bn}}</ref> though e continue to be actively used by worshippers, even for ''iftar'' gatherings den ''tarawih'' sessions. Na dem renovate de mosque insyd 2000, den again insyd 2015. Dem construct a modern building next to de mosque make e increase de capacity of worshippers for daily prayers although de Nasrat Gazi mosque dey act as de main prayer hall for de ''imam''.<ref name="bn" /> == Gallery == <gallery> File:নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ.jpg|Alternative view File:প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক_নিদর্শন_নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ,বরিশাল.jpg|De mosque next to ein modern counterpart File:নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ_গেট.jpg|Gate </gallery> == References == [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:16th-century mosques insyd Bangladesh]] [[Category:Archaeological sites insyd Barisal district]] [[Category:Barishal District]] [[Category:Bengal Sultanate mosques]] [[Category:Hussain Shahi dynasty]] [[Category:Mosque buildings plus domes insyd Bangladesh]] [[Category:Mosques dem plete insyd de 1530s]] [[Category:Mosques insyd Barisal Division]] 5whxn2d03lcgfetxqq20xvu2bqxyy7a 0 14128 115140 55668 2026-10-24T00:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Essi Matilda Forster''' (dem born am for 12 September 1922 – she die insyd August 1998) na she be [[Ghanaian]] lawyer<ref name=":0">Uwechue, Raph (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9EAOAQAAMAAJ&q=essi+matilda+forster Africa Who's Who]''. Africa Journal Limited. p. 676. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>978-0-903274-17-3</bdi>.</ref> den de first female native of de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (now Ghana) wey qualify as a lawyer.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250323165956/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/essi-matilda-forster "Pioneer African Women in Law"]. ''African Women in Law''. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</ref><ref>[https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/essi-matilda-forster-a-woman-of-dominican-descent-who-became-ghanas-first-female-attorney/ "Essi Matilda Forster, a woman of Dominican descent who became Ghana's first female attorney"]. ''Dominica News Online''. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</ref> == Ein early life den education == Na dem born Forster to George James Christian, den Aba Lucy French, insyd [[Sekondi-Takoradi|Sekondi]], de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], for 12 September 1922.<ref name=":0" /> Na ein poppie hail from de Eastern Caribbean island of Dominica buh na he settle insyd de town of Sekondi insyd 1902. Na he consider einsef a "returned exile" after he attend de First Pan-African Conference wey dem organise am insyd [[United Kingdom|London]] insyd 1900. Na he be businessman den a private legal practitioner wey na he represent de Western Province as a member of de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] Legislative Council from 1930 to 1940.<ref>[https://estelleappiah.com.gh/miscelleanous.html "Miscellaneous | African Women in Law | My Story, Your Inspiration"]. ''E.A.L.C. Estelle Appiah Legislative Counsel''.</ref> Na Forster ein mommie hail from Shama insyd de [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]] of de den Gold Coast.<ref name=":1" /> Forster begin ein education insyd England wen na she be five years old. Insyd England, na dem bell am to de bar at Gray's Inn insyd November 1945.<ref name=":0" /> For 15 April 1947, dem call am to de Bar insyd de Gold Coast.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Ghana (1976). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cQFQAQAAMAAJ&q=essi+matilda+ The Supreme Court of Ghana Centenary: Souvenir, 1876–1976]''. University Press.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TFe3AAAAIAAJ&q=essi+matilda+forster Africa Woman]''. Africa Journal Limited. 1975.</ref> Na she cam turn de first female Gold Coast native wey cam turn a lawyer, den de third woman insyd British West Africa wey accomplish dis feat. Na she be preceded by de [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] lawyer den first African woman wey attain dis feat, Stella Thomas, den Frances Claudia Wright, a [[Sierra Leone|Sierra Leonean]] lawyer wey cam turn de second woman insyd [[Africa]] wey cam turn a lawyer.<ref name=":1" /> == Ein career == Dey follow ein call to de Bar insyd de Gold Coast, dem call Forster to de Gambian Bar,wey na she work insyd [[The Gambia|Gambia]] as a lawyer from 1947 to 1951.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd July 1951, she return to de Gold Coast plus ein husby Edward Francis Bani Forster wey na dem appoint de latter by de den colonial administration wey work at de Accra Mental Hospital. Na Forster take up a job as de acting registrar of births, deaths den companies.<ref>Coast, Gold (1957). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7EgvdvtWHmIC&q=essi+matilda+forster Gold Coast Gazette]''.</ref> Na she work insyd dis office for about six months. From 1957 to 1982 na she be de legal counsel give Mobil Oil Ghana Limited.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=njAuAQAAIAAJ&q=essi+matilda+forster Ghana Year Book]''. Graphic Corporation. 1978.</ref> Aside from legal practice, Forster engage insyd oda public den professional activities. Na she be a member give a number of committees den organizations, sam of wey na she help make dem establish. Na she be founding member of de Ghana International School Committee, wey na she serve for de committee top from 1954 to 1959. Na she sana serve for de Accra Magisterial District Prohibition Committee as a member, around de aforementioned period. Na she help found de [[Accra]] branch of de Inner Wheel Club, den de International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) insyd Ghana, wey she serve as de association ein presido.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd ein lifetime, na Forster play active roles insyd de Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA).<ref name=":0" /> Na she serve as ein vice-pee den secretary give ein Hostel committee. From 1969 to 1972, na she be chairperson of de Accra Nurses den Midwives School Board of Governors, den from 1972 to 1975, na she be substitute member of de World Association of Girl Guides den Girl Scouts' Constitution Committee, while wey na she preside ova de Ghana Girl Guides.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>Harper, F. John (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ADpHAAAAMAAJ&q=essi+forster Women's Movements of the World: An International Directory and Reference Guide]''. Longman. ISBN <bdi>978-0-89774-508-6</bdi>.</ref> == Ein life matter den death == Na Forster marry professor Edward Francis Bani Forster, de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] psychiatrist of Gambian descent, on 17 December 1944.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Uwechue|first=Raph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EAOAQAAMAAJ&q=essi+matilda+christian|title=Africa Who's Who|publisher=Africa Journal Limited|date=1991|isbn=978-0-903274-17-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YjEw8V3OrgC&q=essi+matilda+christian|title=Who's who in the world. 1.1971/72(1970)|date=1970|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|isbn=978-0-8379-1101-4|language=en}}</ref> Na dem get three kiddies; a daughter den two sons.<ref name=":2" /> Na she be Christian den a congregant of de Accra Ridge Church, wer na she work as de Sunday School secretary for about 17 years, from 1963 to 1980.<ref name=":1" /> Na ein hobbies include walking den volunteering.<ref name=":1" /> Na she die insyd August 1988 aged 75. For de time, na she be de most experienced lawyer for de Ghana Bar. Na ein burial service take place for de Accra Ridge Church, on 14 August 1998.<ref name=":0" /> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Forster, Essi Matilda}} [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:1988 deaths]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:Akan people]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriates insyd de United Kingdom]] [[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]] [[Category:People wey komot Sekondi-Takoradi]] [[Category:Ghanaian Christians]] [[Category:Ghanaian people of Caribbean descent]] npgb7a0drpqlhcoqrlrzz7aaitcr8di 0 15624 115135 110788 2026-10-23T23:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Civil Rights Act of 1964''' (Pub. L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) be a landmark civil rights den labor law insyd de [[United States]] wey dey outlaw discrimination wey be based on race, color, religion, sex, den national origin. E dey prohibit unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation insyd schools den public accommodations, den employment discrimination. De act "remain one of de most significant legislative achievements insyd American history".<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416205114/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilRightsAct1964.htm|archive-date=April 16, 2019|access-date=February 27, 2021|website=www.senate.gov}}</ref> Initially, na powers wey be given make dem enforce de act be weak, buh na dese be supplemented during later years. Na congress assert ein authority make e legislate under chaw different parts of de United States Constitution, principally ein enumerated power make e regulate interstate commerce under de Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8, ein duty make e guarantee all citizens equal protection of de laws under de 14th Amendment, den ein duty make e protect voting rights under de 15th Amendment. Presido John F. Kennedy wey propose de legislation on June 1963, buh na e be opposed by filibuster insyd de Senate. After na dem assassinate Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Presido Lyndon B. Johnson push de bill forward. Na de United States House of Representatives pass de bill on February 10, 1964, den after a 72-day filibuster, e pass de United States Senate on June 19, 1964. Na de final vote be 290–130 insyd de House of Representatives den 73–27 insyd de Senate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206164352/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/s409|archive-date=December 6, 2020|access-date=November 30, 2013|website=GovTrack.us}}</ref> After de House agree to a subsequent Senate amendment, na dem sign de Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law by Presido Johnson for de White House on July 2, 1964. == Background == For 1883 wey dem do Civil Rights Cases, United States Supreme Court talk say Congress no fit stop discrimination for private sector, so e make Civil Rights Act of 1875 lose plenty power to protect civil rights.<ref>{{cite web|author=Supreme Court of the United States|date=1883|title=U.S. Reports: Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep109003/|accessdate=13 September 2024|work=U.S. Reports|publisher=Library of Congress|quote=1. The 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act passed March 1st, 1875, are unconstitutional enactments as applied to the several States, not being authorized either by the XIllth or XIVth Amendments of the Constitution. 2. The XIVth Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and redressing the effect of such laws or acts. 3. The XIIIth Amendment relates only to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes) ; and although, by its reflex action, it establishes universal freedom in the United States, and Congress may probably pass laws directly enforcing its provisions; yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the XIVth Amendment. 4. Whether the accommodations and privileges sought to be protected by the 1st and 2d sections of the Civil Rights Act, are, or are not, rights constitutionally demandable; and if they are, in what form they are to be protected, is not now decided. 5. Nor is it decided whether the law as it stands is operative in the Territories and District of Columbia : the decision only relating to its validity as applied to the States. 6. Nor is it decided whether Congress, under the commercial power, may or may not pass a law securing to all persons equal accommodations on lines of public conveyance between two or more States.}}</ref> For late 19th and early 20th century, di reason wey make dem fit cancel Civil Rights Act of 1875 be part of wetin dey happen as Supreme Court for USA dey chop plenty power wey fit do away with government rules for private matter, except when e reach laws wey dey protect di public morals. For 1930s, during di New Deal, Supreme Court justices begin change dem mind small small, dey allow more government control for private matter under di Commerce Clause, so dem fit bring civil rights laws wey go stop both public and private sector discrimination based on di commerce clause. E be say di "Black Cabinet" people and di March on Washington Movement get small hand for am, before USA enter World War II, President Franklin Roosevelt run Executive Order 8802, na di first federal anti-discrimination order wey him set up di Fair Employment Practices Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FDR on racial discrimination, 1942|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/fdr-racial-discrimination-1942|access-date=2021-04-11|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|publisher=Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> Roosevelt's successor, President Harry Truman, fit appoint President Committee for Civil Rights, propose di first big Civil Rights Act for 20th century, plus him issue Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, wey go ensure fair work and make everywhere dey equal for federal government and di army.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Jennifer|last2=Hussey|first2=Michael|date=May 19, 2014|title=Executive Orders 9980 and 9981: Ending segregation in the Armed Forces and the Federal workforce – Pieces of History|url=https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2014/05/19/executive-orders-9980-and-9981-ending-segregation-in-the-armed-forces-and-the-federal-workforce/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=National Archives|language=en-US}}</ref> == Civil Rights Act of 1957 == The Civil Rights Act wey dem sign for 1957 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower for September 9, 1957, na di first federal civil rights law since 1875 wey don pass. After Supreme Court talk say make dem no separate school by race for 1954 wey dem call Brown v. Board of Education, Southern Democrats start wetin dem dey call 'massive resistance' against desegregation, and even di small white leaders wey dey try balance, dem begin show di racist side well well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gillman on Klarman, 'From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality' {{!}} H-Law {{!}} H-Net|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/16794/reviews/17020/gillman-klarman-jim-crow-civil-rights-supreme-court-and-struggle-racial|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202852/https://networks.h-net.org/node/16794/reviews/17020/gillman-klarman-jim-crow-civil-rights-supreme-court-and-struggle-racial|archive-date=March 26, 2018|access-date=2020-03-31|website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Racism to Redemption|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210064143/https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2000/marchapril/feature/racism-redemption|archive-date=December 10, 2017|access-date=2020-03-31|website=National Endowment for the Humanities}}</ref> Eisenhower wan cool matter for people wey dey shout say make dem do more serious changes, so he propose civil rights bill to make sure say African Americans go get better protection for their voting rights.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pach|first1=Chester J.|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofdwig0000pach|title=The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|last2=Richardson|first2=Elmo|date=1991|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-0437-1|edition=Revised|pages=145–146|url-access=registration}}</ref> Even tho e no so big for how African-American voters dey participate, back den black voter registration dey range from 0% (for 11 counties) to less than 5% (for 97 counties) even as e be majority-black counties.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marshall, Burke|date=1962|title=Speeches and interviews: Federal Protection of Negro Voting Rights|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/bmpp-013-008#?image_identifier=BMPP-013-008-p0003|accessdate=13 September 2024|work=Law and Contemporary Problems|publisher=Duke University School of Law|quote=Despite these long-standing guarantees, the United States Commission on Civil Rights has found that racial denials of the right to vote occur in sections of eight states. In five of those states Negroes constitute more than a quarter of the adult population, but very few of these Negroes are registered to vote. For example, in Mississippi only five per cent are registered; in Alabama only fourteen per cent are registered; in South Carolina, sixteen per cent are registered; in Georgia, twenty-six per cent are registered; and in Louisiana, twenty-nine per cent are registered. Registration among adult whites invariably exceeds fifty per cent in the same areas, and Negroes are in the majority in ninety-one per cent of the counties where Negroes are in the majority. In ninety-seven counties fewer than three per cent of the adult Negroes are on the rolls. Indeed, in thirteen counties with sizable Negro populations the Negro voter rolls are significantly below the statewide percentage of eligible Negroes registered and in fifteen Negroes approaches the white voter percentage.}}</ref>Di Civil Rights Act for 1957 set up di United States Commission wey go handle Civil Rights and di Justice Department Civil Rights Division. By 1960, black pipo wey dey vote increase small, just 3%.<ref name="Miller">James A. Miller, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182758/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29228077_1_civil-rights-nichols-truman-s-executive-order "An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182758/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29228077_1_civil-rights-nichols-truman-s-executive-order|date=2012-01-07}} ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' at boston.com, 21 November 2007, accessed 28 October 2011</ref>and Congress passed the [[:en:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960|Civil Rights Act of 1960]], which eliminated certain loopholes left by the 1957 Act. == Activism == Global media dey do plenty wahala for both Kennedy and Johnson government, e help make dem pass the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Anytime dem show all the bad vibes for TV like the 1957 Little Rock wahala and the Brown vs Board of Education matter wey dey ban school segregation, plus the attack wey dem give for the 1963 Birmingham protest, e dey put big pressure on government to change plenty laws sharp-sharp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dudziak |first=Mary |date=June 2004 |title=Brown as a Cold War Case |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3659611 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=32–42 |doi=10.2307/3659611 |jstor=3659611}}</ref> == 1963 Kennedy civil rights bill == [[File:President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg|thumb|U.S. President John F. Kennedy [[:en:Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights|addresses the nation]] on civil rights on June 11, 1963]] When Kennedy win di 1960 United States presidential election, e take 70% of di African American vote.<ref name="election_of_1960">{{Cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123155/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement|archive-date=2018-12-14|access-date=2022-07-03|website=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]}}</ref> But e be say him win small-small, an di Democrats dey get small majority for Congress, so him dey ginger small waka for civil rights matter, fear say e go lose southern pple support.<ref name="election_of_19602">{{Cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement (The Election of 1960)|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214123155/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/civil-rights-movement|archive-date=2018-12-14|access-date=2022-07-03|website=[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]}}</ref> Plus, as Miller Center talk am, e wan wait make e second term before e go send Congress civil rights bill.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-12-27|title=The Civil Rights Act of 1964|url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/the-civil-rights-act-of-1964|access-date=2022-07-03|newspaper=Miller Center|language=en}}</ref>But with tension dey rise plus plenty African-American protests for spring 1963, like Birmingham campaign, Kennedy sabi say e gatz take action for civil rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-kennedys-and-civil-rights.htm|access-date=2022-07-03|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-26|title=American Experience.Eyes on the Prize.Transcript|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_104.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326001217/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_104.html|archive-date=March 26, 2017|access-date=2022-07-03|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Kennedy dey first talk say make dem pass di 1964 bill for im Report wey e give American People on Civil Rights for June 11, 1963.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 11, 1963|title=Radio and television address on civil rights|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-005.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193600/https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-005.aspx|archive-date=September 30, 2018|access-date=November 23, 2013|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</ref> E wan make law wey go give all Americans di right to chop and chill for any public place – hotels, restaurants, theaters, shops, and all those kind places – plus make dem protect di right to vote more well. For late July, Walter Reuther, wey be di president of di United Auto Workers, come warn say if Congress no fit pass Kennedy's civil rights bill, di country go see another civil war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gold|first=Susan Dudley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYhqH6xo8EYC&q=reuther+foresees+another+civil+war&pg=PA129|title=The Civil Rights Act of 1964|date=2011|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-1-60870-040-0|pages=64, 129|language=en|access-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101183856/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYhqH6xo8EYC&q=reuther+foresees+another+civil+war&pg=PA129|archive-date=January 1, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Like Civil Rights Act wey dem pass for 1875, but dem go chop am down for court in 1883, Kennedy civil rights bill get some plans wey fit stop wahala for public places and make U.S. Attorney General fit join case against state wey dey run segregated school system, plus other things. But e no get wetin civil rights leaders dey talk say important, like protection from police wahala, stop discrimination for private jobs, and make Justice Department fit start desegregation or job discrimination cases.<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb1964">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan.–Jun.: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)|url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-date=May 21, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|publisher=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}</ref> == Legislative history == ===== House of Representatives ===== For June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gather with Republican leaders make dem talk about di law before e go address di nation for television dat evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield show dem support for di president bill, but dem no gree for di part wey go make sure everybody fit access public places. Dis one make some Republican Representatives come put together compromise bill wey go fit consider. On June 19, di president send im bill go Congress as e be, talk say dem need to take action fast.<ref>[[Robert D. Loevy|Loevy, Robert D.]] (1997), ''The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation'', State University of New York Press, p. 171. {{ISBN|0-7914-3362-5}}</ref><ref>[[Terry Golway|Golway, Terry]] and Krantz, Les (2010), ''JFK: Day by Day'', Running Press, p. 284. {{ISBN|978-0-7624-3742-9}}</ref>The president bill first go House of Representatives, dem refer am to Judiciary Committee wey New York Democrat Emanuel Celler dey run. After dem hear am well well, Celler committee make the act stronger, add some provisions to stop racial wahala for work, give better protection to black voters, cancel segregation for all public places (no be only schools), and make anti-segregation rules for public places like lunch counters stronger. Dem sef add make Attorney General fit file case we go protect people from anybody we go breach dem rights we Constitution or U.S. law give dem. Na dis be de wahala 'Title III' wey dem remove from 1957 Act and 1960 Act. Dem self add make Attorney General fit file case wey go protect people wey dem wan deny dem rights wey Constitution or U.S. law give dem. Basically, na dat controversial 'Title III' wey dem remove from 1957 Act and 1960 Act.<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb19642">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan.–Jun.: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)|url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-date=May 21, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|publisher=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}</ref> ===== Lobbying efforts ===== [[File:Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_rights_leaders_meet_with_President_John_F._Kennedy2.jpg|thumb|After di March wey happen for Washington on August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders gather with President Kennedy and Vice President Johnson to talk about di civil rights law.]] Dem dey push for Civil Rights Act with help from Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, na group wey get 70 liberal and labor organizations. Di main lobbyists for di Leadership Conference na civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell Jr. from NAACP.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund – The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights|url=http://civilrights.org/history-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629031854/http://civilrights.org/history-leadership-conference-civil-human-rights-leadership-conference-education-fund/|archive-date=June 29, 2017|access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> After di March wey dem do for Washington for Jobs and Freedom, on August 28, 1963, di organizers go see Kennedy make dem sabi di civil rights bill.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last1=Wilkins|first1=Roy|last2=Mitchell|first2=Clarence|last3=King|first3=Martin Luther Jr|last4=Lewis|first4=John|last5=Humphrey|first5=Hubert|last6=Parks|first6=Gordon|last7=Ellison|first7=Ralph|last8=Rustin|first8=Bayard|last9=Warren|first9=Earl|date=October 10, 2014|title=Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109202657/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html|archive-date=January 9, 2020|access-date=May 14, 2020|website=Library of Congress|language=en}}</ref> Roy Wilkins, A. Philip Randolph, and Walter Reuther try reason am make e support law wey go fit establish Fair Employment Practices Commission wey go ban all di wahala wey dey happen from federal agencies, unions, and private companies.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|last1=Wilkins|first1=Roy|last2=Mitchell|first2=Clarence|last3=King|first3=Martin Luther Jr|last4=Lewis|first4=John|last5=Humphrey|first5=Hubert|last6=Parks|first6=Gordon|last7=Ellison|first7=Ralph|last8=Rustin|first8=Bayard|last9=Warren|first9=Earl|date=October 10, 2014|title=Civil Rights Era (1950–1963) – The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109202657/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html|archive-date=January 9, 2020|access-date=May 14, 2020|website=Library of Congress|language=en}}</ref> Kennedy call the congressional leaders make dem come White House for late October 1963 to gather the votes wey needed for House to pass am.<ref>Reeves, Richard (1993), ''President Kennedy: Profile of Power'', pp. 628–631</ref> The bill dey come out from Judiciary Committee for November 1963 then dem push am to Rules Committee, wey the chairman, Howard W. Smith, wey be Democrat and strong segregationist from Virginia, talk say e go put the bill for one corner make e no go anywhere. ===== Johnson's appeal to Congress ===== Di assasination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy for November 22, 1963, shake di political ground. Kennedy wey come after am, Lyndon B. Johnson, use hin experience for politics and di bully pulpit wey e get as president to push di bill. For im first talk to di Congress on November 27, 1963, Johnson tell di lawmakers, "No memorial oration or eulogy fit honor President Kennedy memory pass make dem pass di civil rights bill wey hin fight for long."<ref>{{cite web|title=1963 Year In Review: Transition to Johnson|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson/12295509434394-3/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429132839/https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1963/Transition-to-Johnson|archive-date=April 29, 2020|work=[[United Press International|UPI]]}}</ref> Judiciary Committee chairman Celler don file petition make dem discharge di bill from di Rules Committee;<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb19643">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan.–Jun.: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)|url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-date=May 21, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|publisher=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}</ref> e need majority of House members to carry di bill go floor. At first, Celler dey struggle to gather di signatures wey necessary, as plenty Representatives wey support di civil rights bill still dey careful about breaking di normal House procedure with dis kind rare discharge petition. By di time wey 1963 winter break come, dem still need 50 signatures. After Congress don come back from dem winter break, e clear say people for North dey support the bill, and dem go fit gather all the signatures wey dem need. To avoid shame wey go come from successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith gree make the bill pass through the Rules Committee.<ref name="CivilRightsMovementArchiveFeb19644">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Movement History 1964 Jan.–Jun.: Civil Rights Bill Passes in the House (Feb)|url=https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521120444/https://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64h|archive-date=May 21, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|publisher=Civil Rights Movement Archive}}</ref> ===== Passage insyd de Senate ===== [[File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MLK_and_Malcolm_X_USNWR_cropped.jpg|thumb|Activists [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[:en:Malcolm_X|Malcolm X]] at the [[:en:United_States_Capitol|United States Capitol]] on March 26, 1964, listening to the Senate debate on the bill. The two met for only one minute.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cone|first=James H.|url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2|title=Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare|publisher=Orbis Books|year=1991|isbn=0-88344-721-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame/page/2 2]|author-link=James Hal Cone}}</ref>]] [[File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_2_July,_1964.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act,_2_July,_1964.jpg|right|thumb|U.S. President [[:en:Lyndon_B._Johnson|Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is [[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]]]] Johnson wey wan make dem pass di bill as soon as possible, make sure say e go get chance for di Senate sharp sharp. Normally, di bill for go meet di Senate Judiciary Committee wey James O. Eastland dey lead, na Democrat from Mississippi, wey dey oppose am strong, make am seem like say di bill no go fit reach di Senate floor. Di Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield come find new way to stop di Judiciary Committee from holding di bill for long: e no gree do second reading after di first one, wey go send am go di Judiciary Committee, instead, he take rare steps give di bill second reading on February 26, 1964, bypass di Judiciary Committee, and carry am go di Senate floor for urgent debate. When dem bring di bill come for di full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, di 'Southern Bloc' of 18 southern Democratic Senators plus one Republican John Tower from Texas, wey Richard Russell (D-GA) lead,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act|url=http://www.dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729211300/https://dirksencenter.org/research-collections/everett-m-dirksen/dirksen-record/civil-rights-june-10-1964|archive-date=July 29, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2016|publisher=The Dirksen Congressional Center}}</ref> start filibuster to stop am from passing. Russell talk say, 'We go fight till di end any measure or movement wey go try mix di races for our [Southern] states.'<ref>{{cite book|last1=Napolitano|first1=Andrew P.|url=https://archive.org/details/dredscottsreveng0000napo/page/188/mode/1up?q=&quot;we+will+resist&quot;|title=Dred Scott's Revenge: A Legal History of Race and Freedom in America|date=2009|publisher=Thomas Nelson|isbn=978-1595552655|page=188|author1-link=Andrew Napolitano|access-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story.html|title=The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|last=Remnick|first=Noah|date=June 28, 2014|access-date=July 7, 2022|archive-date=February 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154315/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-civil-rights-quotes-20140629-story,amp.html|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Senator Strom Thurmond wey still be Democrat then, come vex well for the bill: "Dis wetin dem dey call Civil Rights Proposals, wey the President don send go Capitol Hill make dem pass am into law, e no get any constitution, e no needed, e no wise and e dey enter where reason no dey. E be the worst civil-rights package wey dem don show Congress, e dey remind me of di Reconstruction proposals and actions of di radical Republican Congress."<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/ 1963 Year In Review – Part 1 – Civil Rights Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502195055/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/Civil-Rights-Bill/12295509434394-8/|date=May 2, 2010}} United Press International, 1963</ref> After dem don dey talk finish for 54 days, Senators Mansfield, Hubert Humphrey, Everett Dirksen, and Thomas Kuchel bring one new bill wey dem dey hope go fit solve the palava by mix plenty Republicans with some solid liberal Democrats. The new bill no strong like the House version for how government fit control private business, but e no weak reach make the House change their mind.<ref>[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964cra64s Civil Rights Act – Battle in the Senate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225052448/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64c.htm#1964cra64s|date=December 25, 2012}} ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</ref> Senator Robert Byrd stop him filibuster wey he dey oppose di bill for morning of June 10, 1964, after 14 hours and 13 minutes. Before dat, di measure don dey occupy di Senate for 60 working days, with six Saturdays join. Di day before, Humphrey, wey dey manage di bill, don conclude say e get di 67 votes wey be required to end di debate and filibuster. With six senators wey dey waka small, dem get four votes wey help dem win, di final count be 71 to 29. E neva happen before for di whole history say di Senate fit gather enough votes to quench filibuster for civil rights bill, and only one time for di 37 years since 1927 e don agree for any measure.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm Civil Rights Filibuster Ended] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202150111/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm|date=December 2, 2009}} – United States Senate</ref> Dramatic moment wey happen for the cloture vote be when Senator Clair Engle (D-CA) roll enter the chamber. Him dey suffer from serious brain cancer, no fit talk, but him point to him left eye, show say e dey vote ‘Aye’ when dem call am<ref name="engle">{{cite web|author=Hunter, Marjorie|date=11 June 1964|title=Packed Senate Galleries Tense; 10-Minute Vote Makes History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/11/archives/packed-senate-galleries-tense-10minute-vote-makes-history.html|accessdate=13 September 2024|work=[[New York Times]]|quote=Seconds before his name was called, Senator Clair Engle, of California, was pushed into the chamber in a wheel chair. He was smiling slightly. 'Mr. Engle', the clerk called. There was a long silence. Senator Engle, recuperating from two brain operations, tried to speak. He could not. Finally, he raised his left arm, as though trying to point toward his eyes. He nodded his head, signaling that he was voting 'aye'. He was wheeled out of the chamber minutes later and taken by ambulance back to his home here. It was Senator Engle's first appearance on the Senate floor since April 13.}}</ref>. Seven weeks later, him die. ===== Final passage ===== For June 19, dem pass the compromise bill for Senate with 73–27 vote, e sharp sharp go through conference committee wey gree the Senate version. Both houses of Congress follow am, and Johnson sign am into law for July 2, 1964.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dallek|first1=Robert|title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President|url=https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00unse|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00unse/page/169 169]|author-link=Robert Dallek}}</ref> === Vote totals === Totals dey insyd ''Yea''–''Nay'' format: * Original House version: 290–130 (69–31%) * Cloture in the Senate: 71–29 * Senate version: 73–27 * Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126 (70–30%) ===== Aspects ===== ===== Women's rights ===== [[File:Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments - DPLA - 984438a5fdd8fa21f6172b93fdd3739b.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964_-_amendment_adding_%22sex%22_--_high-resolution.jpg|thumb|Waka H.R. 7152 wey dem fit add sex join di list wey no go fit face discrimination, as di House of Representatives don pass am.<ref>{{cite book|last=U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037151|title=Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments|date=September 25, 1964|series=Series: General Records, 1789–2015|access-date=September 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925231053/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6037151|archive-date=September 25, 2017|url-status=live|via=US National Archives Research Catalog}}</ref>]] One year before, the same Congress don pass Equal Pay Act for 1963 wey no gree wage difference based on sex. Dem add di rule wey no go allow sex discrimination to di Civil Rights Act with Howard W. Smith, wey be big man for Virginia Democrat wey dey lead House Rules Committee and e no gree di law at all. Smith amendment pass for teller vote 168 to 133. Historians dey argue whether Smith wan stop di bill because e no support civil rights for Black people and women or if e try help dem by making di bill cover women too.<ref name="Freeman">[[Jo Freeman|Freeman, Jo.]] "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy," ''Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice'', Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163–184. [http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm online version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423141747/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm|date=April 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Rosalind Rosenberg|Rosenberg, Rosalind]] (2008), ''Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century'', pp. 187–188</ref><ref>Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-2.html LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831112137/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/civil-rights-act-2.html|date=August 31, 2017}}, Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 ("Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.")</ref><ref name="'70s 245">{{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/245|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-465-04195-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/245 245–246, 249]|author-link=David Frum}}</ref> Smith tink say Republicans, wey don add women right for dia party talk since 1944,<ref>{{cite web|title=The American Presidency Project|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624233257/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25835|archive-date=June 24, 2016|access-date=May 29, 2016}}</ref> go surely vote for the amendment. Historians dey reason say Smith wan make northern Democrats wey no gree for women civil rights feel bad, 'cause labor unions no dey support dat clause. Representative Carl Elliott from Alabama later talk say, 'Smith no care about women right', as 'he dey try take votes wey go help am now or later because some men wey no dey support women right still dey strong'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dierenfield |first1=Bruce J |year=1981 |title=Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_1981-04_89_2/page/194 |journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=89 |issue=2 |page=194}}</ref> According to Congressional Record, when Smith bring the amendment come, dem dey laugh well well.<ref name="Gold">Gold, Michael Evan. ''A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.'' Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921222720/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921222720/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs|date=September 21, 2006}}</ref> Smith talk say e no dey joke and e really dey support di amendment. E and Representative Martha Griffiths,<ref>[[Lynne Olson|Olson, Lynne]] (2001), ''Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement'', p. 360</ref> na di main people wey dey talk for di amendment<ref name="Gold2">Gold, Michael Evan. ''A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth.'' Faculty Publications – Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060921222720/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921222720/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cbpubs|date=September 21, 2006}}</ref>. For 20 years, Smith don dey sponsor di Equal Rights Amendment (no dey link am to racial wahala) for di House because e believe say e go make sense. E don dey tight with di National Woman's Party and dia leader Alice Paul, wey na one of di main people wey help women take di vote for 1920, wey co-write di first Equal Rights Amendment, and e don dey support equal rights proposal since. She and other feminist don work with Smith since 1945 to find way wey dem go fit include sex as protected civil rights category, and dem feel say now na di time.<ref>[[Rosalind Rosenberg|Rosenberg, Rosalind]] (2008), ''Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century'', p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue.</ref> Griffiths talk say di new law go protect black women but e no go protect white women, and dat one dey unfair to white women. Black feminist lawyer Pauli Murray write support memo for di National Federation of Business and Professional Women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Jo |author1-link=Jo Freeman |date=March 1991 |title=How 'Sex' Got into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy |url=http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm |url-status=live |journal=Law and Inequality |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=163–184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423141747/http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2006 |access-date=April 23, 2006}}</ref> Griffiths also argue say di laws wey dey "protect" women from bad jobs dey actually make men fit take over di jobs, and dat one dey unfair to women wey no fit try dem.<ref>[[Cynthia Harrison|Harrison, Cynthia]] (1989), ''On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968'', p. 179</ref> Di amendment pass with Republican and Southern Democrat votes. Di final law pass with Republican and Northern Democrat votes. So as Justice William Rehnquist talk for Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, "Dem no go allow make you discriminate people because of their sex, dem add am to Title VII just before dem pass am for House of Representatives [...] the bill just pass quick, so we no get plenty history to help us understand wetin the law talk about discrimination for 'sex.'<ref>{{ussc|name=Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson|volume=477|page=57|pin=|year=1986}}.</ref> ===== Desegregation ===== One of di arguments wey people wey no support di bill use wey dey really affect dem be say if dem pass di bill, e go force busing to fit some racial numbers for schools.<ref name="'70s 251">{{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=9780465041954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/251 251–252]|author-link=David Frum|url-access=registration}}</ref> Di people wey dey push di bill, like Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits, talk say e no go allow dat kind thing. Di main person wey sponsor di bill, Hubert Humphrey, write two amendments wey dey try stop busing.<ref name="'70s 2512">{{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=9780465041954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/251 251–252]|author-link=David Frum|url-access=registration}}</ref> Humphrey talk say, "if di bill go force am, e go be violation [of di Constitution] because e go dey do matter based on race and we go dey move children because of race."<ref name="'70s 2513">{{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=9780465041954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/251 251–252]|author-link=David Frum|url-access=registration}}</ref> Javits talk say any government person wey wan use di bill for busing go just dey make fool of himself, but two years later, Department of Health, Education and Welfare talk say Southern school districts go need busing to fit mathematical ratio of students.<ref name="'70s 2514">{{cite book|last=Frum|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|publisher=Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=9780465041954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/251 251–252]|author-link=David Frum|url-access=registration}}</ref> == United States Supreme Court cases == === Title II case law === ==== ''Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States'' (1964) ==== ==== ''Katzenbach v. McClung'' (1964) ==== ==== ''United States v. Johnson'' (1968) ==== ==== ''Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.'' (1968) ==== ==== ''Daniel v. Paul'' (1969) ==== ==== ''McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green'' (1973) ==== === Title VI case law === ==== ''Lau v. Nichols'' (1974) ==== ==== ''Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke'' (1978) ==== ==== ''Alexander v. Sandoval'' (2001) ==== ==== ''Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard'' (2023) ==== ===Title VII case law=== ====''Griggs v. Duke Power Co.'' (1971)==== ====''Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.'' (1971)==== ====''Washington v. Davis'' (1976)==== ====''TWA v. Hardison'' (1977)==== ====''Dothard v. Rawlinson'' (1977)==== ====''Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission'' (1978)==== ====''Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson'' (1986)==== ====''Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins'' (1989)==== ====''Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio'' (1989)==== ====''United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.'' (1991)==== ====''Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services'' (1998)==== ''Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.'', 523 U.S. 75 (1998) further rule say same-sex harassment be discrimination under Title VII. ==== ''Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White'' (2006) ==== ==== ''Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.'' (2007) ==== ==== ''Ricci v. DeStefano'' (2009) ==== ==== ''University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar'' (2013) ==== ==== ''Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores'' (2015) ==== ==== ''Green v. Brennan'' (2016) ==== ==== ''Bostock v. Clayton County'' (2020) and ''Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda'' (2020) ==== Na ''Bostock'' be consolidated plus ''Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda''.<ref name="bostock ruling">{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Pete|author-link=|date=June 15, 2020|title=Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-existing-civil-rights-law-protects-gay-lesbian-n1231018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122221748/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rules-existing-civil-rights-law-protects-gay-lesbian-n1231018|archive-date=January 22, 2021|access-date=June 15, 2020|work=NBC News}}</ref> Before de Supreme Court ein intervention, na der be a split insyd de circuit courts, wey dey include dese two cases<ref name="title7lgbtq">{{cite news|last1=Chappell|first1=Bill|title=Supreme Court Will Hear Cases On LGBTQ Discrimination Protections For Employees|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/22/716010002/supreme-court-will-hear-cases-on-lgbtq-discrimination-protections-for-employees|access-date=April 23, 2019|work=NPR|date=April 22, 2019|archive-date=April 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423011833/https://www.npr.org/2019/04/22/716010002/supreme-court-will-hear-cases-on-lgbtq-discrimination-protections-for-employees|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Higgens|first=Tucker|date=October 8, 2019|title=Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/supreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008170007/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/08/supreme-court-clashes-over-meaning-of-sex-in-lgbt-discrimination-cases.html|archive-date=October 8, 2019|access-date=October 8, 2019|publisher=CNBC}}</ref> as well as ''Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital'' insyd de Eleventh Circuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-lgbt/u-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT|title=U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections|author=Chung, Andrew|date=December 11, 2017|work=Reuters|agency=Reuters|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211165329/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-lgbt/u-s-high-court-turns-away-dispute-over-gay-worker-protections-idUSKBN1E51OT|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== ''R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission'' (2020) ==== ''R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission'' determine say Title VII dey cover gender identity, wey dey include transgender status.<ref name="bostock ruling" /><ref name="title7lgbtq" /> ==== ''Groff v. DeJoy'' (2023) ==== == References == <references /> [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] ==Bibliography== * Branch, Taylor (1998), ''Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65'', New York: Simon & Schuster. * Freeman, Jo. "How 'Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy" ''Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice'', Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp.&nbsp;163–184. [http://www.jofreeman.com/lawandpolicy/titlevii.htm online version] * {{cite book |last1=Golway |first1=Terry |author1-link= |title=JFK: Day by Day: A Chronicle of the 1,036 Days of John F. Kennedy's Presidency |date=2010 |publisher=Running Press |isbn=9780762437429 |url=https://archive.org/details/jfkdaybydaychron00terr }} * Harrison, Cynthia (1988), ''On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945–1968'', Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. * Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, "Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation", ''American Political Science Review'', 103 (Nov. 2009) * Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), ''The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation'', Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. * Risen, Clay. ''The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act'' (2014) [https://archive.org/details/billofcenturyepi0000rise online] ==Read further== * Brauer, Carl M., "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49 ''Journal of Southern History'', February 1983. * Burstein, Paul (1985), ''Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Finley, Keith M. (2008), ''Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965'', Baton Rouge: LSU Press. * Graham, Hugh (1990), ''The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972'', New York: Oxford University Press. * Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). ''The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination.'' Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. * Loevy, Robert D. (1990), ''To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964'', Lanham, MD: University Press of America. * Loevy, Robert D. "The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964," in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., ''The American Presidency'' (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp.&nbsp;411–419. [http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~bloevy/CivilRightsActOf1964/ online version] * Mann, Robert (1996). ''The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights.'' * Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. "The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965–1971," ''American Journal of Sociology'', Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709–760 * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionincivi00cong|title=Revolution in Civil Rights|date=1967|publisher=Congressional Quarterly Service|oclc=894988538}} * Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. "The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation", ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review'', Vol. 151. (2003) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Weingast/publication/228184991_The_Positive_Political_Theory_of_Legislative_History_New_Perspectives_on_the_1964_Civil_Rights_Act_and_its_Interpretation/links/02e7e52c453f42da4d000000.pdf online] * Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987). ''Employment Law: Cases and Materials.'' Foundation Press. * Warren, Dan R. (2008), ''If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964'', Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. * Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), ''The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act'', Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press. * Woods, Randall B. (2006), ''LBJ: Architect of American Ambition'', New York: Free Press, ch 22. * Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards, ''Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination'', Little, Brown and Company (1982). == External links == {{sister project links||wikt=no |c=Category:Civil Rights Act of 1964|n=no |q=no |s=Civil Rights Act of 1964 |author=no |b=no |v=no |d=Q585962 |m=no |mw=no}} * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-342/uslm/COMPS-342.xml Civil Rights Act of 1964] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-342/pdf/COMPS-342.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-342/ details]) in the United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/88/public/352?link-type=pdf&.pdf Civil Rights Act of 1964] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/88/public/352?link-type=details details]) in the US Statutes at Large * [http://www.dirksencenter.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64_contents.htm Narrative: The Civil Rights Act of 1964] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200217005735/http://www.dirksencenter.org/print_basics_histmats_civilrights64_contents.htm Archived] February 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – Provided by [https://www.dirksencenter.org/ The Dirksen Center] * [http://crdl.usg.edu/events/civil_rights_act_1964/ Civil Rights Act of 1964] – Provided by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603091259/http://crdl.usg.edu/ Civil Rights Digital Library] * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf 110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 2 (January 30, 1964 to February 10, 1964)], ''Congressional Record'' House February 10 vote roll call pp.&nbsp;2804–2805 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf 110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 11 (June 17, 1964 to June 26, 1964)], ''Congressional Record'' Senate June 19 vote roll call p.&nbsp;14511 * [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf 110 Congressional Record (Bound) – Volume 110, Part 12 (June 29, 1964 to July 21, 1964)], ''Congressional Record'' House July 2 amendment vote roll call p.&nbsp;15897 {{Authority control}} [[Category:1964 insyd American law]] [[Category:1964 insyd American politics]] [[Category:1964 insyd labor relations]] [[Category:88th United States Congress]] [[Category:Anti-discrimination law insyd de United States]] [[Category:Anti-racism insyd de United States]] [[Category:Civil rights insyd de United States]] [[Category:Events of de civil rights movement]] [[Category:July 1964 insyd de United States]] [[Category:Liberalism insyd de United States]] [[Category:Civil Rights Acts]] [[Category:United States federal criminal legislation]] [[Category:United States federal labor legislation]] [[Category:Industrial den organizational psychology]] [[Category:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson]] 5lnj4i9gkxhhnmqiya16qcm2phw8830 0 16374 115142 112925 2026-10-24T01:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Forty acres and a mule''' dey refer to a key part of '''Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865)''', a wartime order wey be proclaimed by Union general William Tecumseh Sherman on January 16, 1865, during de American Civil War, make he allot land to some freed families, in plots of land no larger dan {{convert|40|acre|ha}}.<ref>[http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi]</ref> Na Sherman later order de army make dem lend mules give de agrarian reform effort. Na de field orders follow a series of conversations between Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton den Radical Republican abolitionists Charles Sumner den Thaddeus Stevens<ref name="Gates2">{{cite web|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|date=7 January 2013|title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule-1790894780|url-status=live|website=The Root}}</ref> dey follow disruptions to de institution of slavery wey be provoked by de American Civil War. Na dem provide for de confiscation of {{convert|400000|acre|ha}} of land along de Atlantic coast of South Carolina, Georgia, den Florida den de dividing of am into parcels of no be more dan {{convert|40|acre|ha}},<ref name=Order>{{Cite web |url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 |title=O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914041758/https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 |archive-date=2024-09-14}}</ref> on wich na be to be settled approximately 18,000 formerly enslaved families den oda black people then wey dey live insyd de area. Na chaw freed people believe, after na various political figures tell dem dat na dem get a right to own de land wey na dem force dem to work as slaves wey na dem be eager make dem control dema own property. Na freed people widely expect make dem legally claim 40 acres of land.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877|url=https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam0000fone_q8w6|date=2014|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0062035868|page=|oclc=877900566}}</ref> However, na [[Abraham Lincoln]] ein successor as presido, Andrew Johnson, try make he reverse de intent of Sherman ein wartime Order No. 15 den similar provisions wey na dem include insyd de second Freedmen's Bureau bills. Na sam land redistribution occur under military jurisdiction during de war den for a brief period thereafter. However, na federal den state policy during de Reconstruction era emphasize wage labor, no be land ownership, give black people. Almost all land wey na dem allocate during de war dem restore to ein pre-war white owners.<ref>{{Cite web|last=fultonk|date=2013-01-06|title=The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' {{!}} African American History Blog|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/|access-date=2024-10-20|website=The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross|language=en-US}}</ref> Na several black communities maintain control of dema land, wey na sam families obtain new land by homesteading. Na black land ownership increase markedly insyd Mississippi during de 19th century, particularly. Na de state get much undeveloped bottomland (low-lying alluvial land near a river) behind riverfront areas wey na dem be cultivated before de war. Na chaw black people acquire land thru private transactions, plus ownership dey peak at {{convert|15|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=off}} anaa ~23,000 square miles insyd 1910, before na an extended financial recession cause problems wey result insyd de loss of property give chaw. == Background == [[:en:African_Americans|African Americans]] faced severe discrimination den be maintained as a distinct "racial" group by laws wey require racial segregation den prohibiting [http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf miscegenation].<ref>[[:en:Carter_G._Woodson|Woodson, Carter G. (1925)]], p xv. </ref>Prior to de Civil War, most free African Americans lived in de North, where dem abolish slavery. More times, na dem dey see free African Americans as a job-stealing threat to society because they were usually willing to work for lower wages than white people. Moreover, they were seen as a dangerous influence on those who remained enslaved. Because of dis, freed slaves were unwelcome insyd most areas of de United States.<ref>[[:en:Carter_G._Woodson|Woodson 1925]], pp. xvi–xviii</ref> Insyd de South, vagrancy laws allow de states to force free African Americans into labor den sometimes to sell dem into slavery.<ref>[http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf Woodson 1925], pp. xxiiv–xxiv</ref><ref name="WoodsonXli">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]]<nowiki/>pp. xli–xlii</ref> Nevertheless, free African Americans across the country performed a variety of occupations, including a small number who owned den operate successful farms.<ref>[http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf Woodson 1925], pp. xxxvi, xlii–xlii</ref> Others [[:en:Black_Canadians#Underground_Railroad|settled insyd Upper Canada]] (now [[:en:Southern_Ontario|Southern Ontario]]), an endpoint of de [[:en:Underground_Railroad|Underground Railroad]], and in [[:en:Black_Nova_Scotians|Nova Scotia]].<ref name="WoodsonXli2">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]]<nowiki/>pp. xli–xlii</ref> ==War== To empower de Union Army to legally seize property for ein war plus de South, Congress pass de Confiscation Act of 1861. Dis law allow de military to seize rebel property, including land den slaves. For fact, e reflect de rapidly growing reality of black refugee camps wey spring up around de Union Army. Dese glaring manifestations of de "Negro Problem" provoke hostility from much of de Union rank-and-file—den necessitate administration by officers.<ref>{{harvnb|Engs|1979|p=26}}. "The North, unprepared for war, was even more unprepared for the burden of caring for thousands of fleeing bondsmen. The only organization which could perform this monumental task was the Union army. But to most army men, freedmen were at best a nuisance. At worst, they were representatives of the despised race for whom Northern white men were being asked to kill or be killed."</ref> ===Grand Contraband Camp=== After secession, de Union maintain ein control over [[Fort Monroe]] for [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]] for de coast of Southern Virginia. Escaped slaves rush to de area, hoping for protection from de Confederate Army. (Even more quickly, de town ein white residents [[white flight|flee]] to Richmond.)<ref>{{harvnb|Bonekemper|1970|p=169}}</ref> General [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]] set precedent for Union forces for May 24, 1861, when e refuse to surrender escaped slaves to Confederates wey claim ownership. Butler declare de slaves [[Contraband (American Civil War)|contraband]] of war den allow dem to remain plus de Union Army.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1925|p=133}}. "Nevertheless, shady though some of his tactics may have been in the opinion of some, Butler is to be rated as famous for the stand he took on that morning of the twenty-fourth of May when he declared that the escaped slave who stood before him should not be returned to his master but that he and all others who so came were to be regarded as contraband of war. From this time forward all escaped and abandoned slaves in the South were frequently known as 'contrabands.'"</ref> By July 1861, there be 300 "contraband" slaves working for rations for Fort Monroe. By de end of July there be 900, den General Butler appoint [[Edward L. Pierce]] as Commissioner of Negro Affairs.<ref name=Bonekemper170>{{harvnb|Bonekemper|1970|p=170}}</ref> == References == <references /> ===Sources=== * {{cite book|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861–1866|year=2000|publisher=Westport: Greenwood Press, 1976; New York: Fordham University Press, 2000|isbn=9780823220113}} * {{cite journal|last=Bonekemper|first=Edward H.|title=Negro Ownership of Real Property in Hampton and Elizabeth City County, 1860–1870|journal=Journal of Negro History|volume=55|issue=3|date=July 1970|jstor=2716419|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716419|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Willis D.|title=The Île a Vache Colonization Venture, 1862–1864|journal=The Americas|volume=16|issue=1|date=July 1959|jstor=979258|pages=45–62|doi=10.2307/979258|s2cid=146849257 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/979258|access-date=28 June 2013|url-access=subscription}} * {{cite journal|last=Byrne|first=William A.|title='Uncle Billy' Sherman Comes to Town: The Free Winter of Black Savannah|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|volume=79|issue=1|date=Spring 1995|jstor=40583184|pages=91–116|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40583184|access-date=27 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=William|title=At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915|url=https://archive.org/details/atfreedomsedge0000unse|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-8071-1621-1}} * {{cite journal |last=Cox |first=LaWanda |author-link= |date=December 1958 |title=The Promise of Land for the Freedmen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889319 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=413–440 |doi=10.2307/1889319 |jstor=1889319 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 June 2013}} * {{cite journal |last=Drago |first=Edmund L. |date=Fall 1973 |title=How Sherman's March Through Georgia Affected the Slaves |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40579903 |journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=361–375 |jstor=40579903 |access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. B.|url=https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruc00dubo|title=Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880|publisher=Russell & Russell|year=1935|location=New York|author-link=W. E. B. 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Originally printed as {{cite book|author=University of Wisconsin–Madison Land Tenure Center|url=http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/21887|title=Research Paper #132|date=March 2000|publisher=Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison|isbn=0-934519-81-1}} * {{cite journal |last1=Otabor |first1=Charlotte |last2=Nembhard |first2=Jessica Gordon |date=January 2012 |title=The Great Recession and Land and Housing Loss in African American Communities: Case Studies from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi |url=http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Howard University Center on Race and Wealth, Working Paper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054643/https://web.archive.org/web/20130531054643/http://www.coas.howard.edu/centeronraceandwealth/reports%26publications/0512-great-recession-and-land-housing-loss-in-african-american-communities-part1.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2013 |access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Oubre|first=Claude F.|title=Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Land Ownership|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0807102989|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1978}} * {{cite journal |last=Page |first=Sebastian N. |year=2011 |title=Lincoln and Chiriquí Colonization Revisited |url=https://www.academia.edu/1157879 |journal=American Nineteenth Century History |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=289–325 |doi=10.1080/14664658.2011.626160 |s2cid=143566173}} * {{cite book|author=Reid, Dbra A. and Evan P. Bennett|title=Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2012|location=Gainesville, FL}} * {{cite book|last=Rose|first=Willie Lee|title=Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/rehearsalforreco0000will|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1964|location=Indianapolis}} * {{cite book|last=Saville|first=Julie|title=The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860–1870|url=https://archive.org/details/workofreconstruc0000savi|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-36221-0}} * {{cite journal |last=Voegeli |first=V. Jacque |date=November 2003 |title=A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern 'Contrabands' at the Dawn of Emancipation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040096 |journal=Journal of Southern History |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=765–790 |doi=10.2307/30040096 |jstor=30040096 |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 June 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Webster|first=Laura Josephine|url=https://archive.org/stream/operationfreed01websrich#page/66/mode/2up|title=The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina|date=January 1916|publisher=Smith College Studies in History|volume=1|issue=2}} * {{cite book|last=Williamson|first=Joel|title=After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861–1877|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1965}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Theodore Brantner|title=The Black Codes of the South|url=https://archive.org/details/blackcodesofsout0000wils|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1965}} * {{cite book|last=Woodson|first=Carter G.|url=http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/Brief_Treatment_of_the_Free_Negro.pdf|title=Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States together with a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro|publisher=Association for the Study of Negro Life and History|year=1925|location=Washington, D.C.}} == External links == {{wikiquote}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsb&fileName=039/llsb039.db&recNum=324 Bills and Resolutions, Senate, 39th Congress, 1st Session Bill 60], Library of Congress. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181936/http://www.federationsoutherncoop.com/landloss.htm Significant Dates on Black Land Loss] – from Federation of Southern Cooperatives Land Assistance Fund * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130109045651/http://www.theroot.com/views/truth-behind-40-acres-and-mule The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'] by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. * "[http://philmagness.com/?page_id=309 Colonization by the Numbers]", Phillip W. Magness * [http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!292636!0 Lizzie Grant], Gullah Resident of Harris Neck, photographed by Lorenzo Dow Turner around 1933. {{DEFAULTSORT:Forty Acres And A Mule}} [[Category:1865 insyd de American Civil War]] [[Category:January 1865]] [[Category:William Tecumseh Sherman]] [[Category:Slavery insyd de United States]] [[Category:Reconstruction Era]] [[Category:African-American history between emancipation den de civil rights movement]] [[Category:English phrases]] [[Category:Land reform]] [[Category:Agrarian politics]] [[Category:Reparations for slavery insyd de United States]] [[Category:Mules]] bst4dlxmdzjegz7s3eip1mbpw9fecrj 0 17233 115180 113554 2026-10-24T09:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bantu Stephen Biko''' OMSG (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) be South African wey fight against apartheid (anti-apartheid). Na he mind dey follow African nationalist den African socialist. For de late 1960s den 1970s insyd, na Biko be de frontliner for one big anti-apartheid movement wey dem dey call Black Consciousness Movement. Na ein ideas be articulated insyd a series of articles he publish under de pseudonym '''Frank Talk'''. Biko be Xhosa guy wey dem born for poor family insyd. Na he grow for one place dem dey call Ginsberg township for Eastern Cape. For 1966, he start dey learn medicine for [[University of Natal]], wey der na he join National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). But Biko no dey like de way apartheid system dey do de one wey white people dey rule den separate demaselves from black people (racial segregation). Na he bore say NUSAS den oda groups wey dey fight apartheid, white people dey control dem pass, even though na black people de thing dey worry pass. Biko believe say de white liberals, even though dem mean well, dem no dey understand how black people dey feel. Sometimes too, dem dey do like say dem be papa for black man matter. So he reason say make black people start to organise dema own thing wey no go depend on white man at all. Na so for 1968, he help start one new group dem dey call South African Students' Organisation (SASO). Dis group be strictly for “blacks” den wen Biko talk blacks, he no mean only Bantu (Bantu-speaking Africans) people oh, he add Coloureds den Indians insyd too. He make sure say white people no go control SASO, buh dat one no mean say he hate white people he still get white paddies wey no dey support hatred. At first, na de white-minority National Party government think say SASO be good for dem, secof e look like e dey promote dema idea of separation. Biko den ein people get influence from one Martinican philosopher dem call Frantz Fanon, plus de African-American Black Power movement. Dem take dat vibe build de Black Consciousness ideology for insyd SASO. Na de Movement fight make apartheid end, wey e make South Africa turn to place wey everybody go fit vote, plus make de economy run on socialist principles (universal suffrage den socialist economy). Dem start Black Community Programmes (BCPs) wey dey focus on how to build black man ein mind den give am power from insyd. Biko believe say black man for free einself from any mindset wey dey make e feel say e no reach na why e push de slogan "black is beautiful" make e enter everybody ein head. For 1972 insyd, na Biko help start de Black People's Convention (BPC), wey be to spread de Black Consciousness message go de whole black population. Buh government start see Biko like big wahala wey dey shake dem system. So for 1973, dem put ban on am wey mean say he no fit talk to people, travel anaa organise anything freely again. Even plus de ban, na Biko still dey active. He help run BCPs like health centre den crèche for Ginsberg. As time dey go, e start receive anonymous threats. Dem arrest am chaw times. De last one be August 1977 wey na dem arrest am, beat am bad, wey na he die insyd de hands of state security people. Na over 20,000 people show up for ein funeral. E pain plenty people. After Biko die, ein name spread go far. Plenty people do songs den artworks about am. One of ein close paddie, Donald Woods, wrep book about am for 1978, wey dat book be de inspiration behind the 1987 film ''Cry Freedom''. While Biko still dey alive, government talk say he hate white people. Some anti-apartheid activists say he be sexist, wey na sam African racial nationalists no like de way he join forces plus Coloureds den Indians. Buh still still, Biko turn one of de first strong faces for de fight against apartheid. People dey call am “Father of Black Consciousness” den dey see am like political martyr. Even till now, sam people still dey argue about ein political legacy e no be matter wey everybody dey agree on. [[Category:20th-century South African politicians]] == Biography == === Early life: 1946–1966 === Na dem born Bantu Stephen Biko on 18 December 1946, at ein grandmommie ein house insyd Tarkastad, Eastern Cape. De third kiddie of Mzingaye Mathew Biko den Alice 'Mamcete' Biko, na he get an older sisto, Bukelwa, an older brotho, Khaya, den a younger sisto, Nobandile. Na ein parents marry insyd Whittlesea, wer na ein poppie work as a police officer. Na dem transfer Mzingaye to Queenstown, Port Elizabeth, Fort Cox, den finally King William's Town, wer na he den Alice settle insyd Ginsberg township. Na dis be a settlement of around 800 families, plus every four families dey share a water supply den toilet. Na both Africans den Coloured people live insyd de township, wer na dem dey speak Xhosa, Afrikaans, den English all. After he resign from de police force, na Mzingaye work as a clerk insyd de King William's Town Native Affairs Office, while he dey study for a law degree by correspondence from de [[University of South Africa]]. Na dem employ Alice first insyd domestic work for local white households, then as a cook at Grey Hospital insyd King William's Town. According to ein sisto, na e be dis observation of ein mommie ein difficult working conditions wey na e result insyd Biko ein earliest politicisation. Na Biko ein given name "Bantu" dey mean "people" insyd IsiXhosa; na Biko interprete dis in terms of de saying ''"Umntu ngumntu ngabantu"'' ("a person be a person by means of oda people"). As a kiddie na dem nickname am "Goofy" den "Xwaku-Xwaku", de latter a reference to ein unkempt appearance. Na dem raise am insyd ein family ein Anglican Christian faith. Insyd 1950, wen na Biko be four, ein poppie fall ill, wey na dem hospitalise am insyd St. Matthew's Hospital, Keiskammahoek, wey he die, wey make de family dependent on ein mommie ein income. Na Biko spend two years at St. Andrews Primary School den four at Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, both insyd Ginsberg. Na dem regard am as a particularly intelligent pupil, na dem allow am make he skip a year. Insyd 1963 na he transfer to de Forbes Grant Secondary School insyd de township. Na Biko excel at maths den English wey he top de class insyd ein exams. Insyd 1964 na de Ginsberg community offer am a bursary to join ein bro Khaya as a student at Lovedale, a prestigious boarding school insyd Alice, Eastern Cape. Within three months of Steve ein arrival, na dem accuse Khaya of having connections to Poqo, de armed wing of de Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), an African nationalist group wich na de government ban. Na dem arrest both Khaya den Steve wey na de police interrogate dem; na dem convict de former, wey then dem acquit on appeal. Na dem no present any clear evidence of Steve ein connection to Poqo, buh na dem expel am from Lovedale. Dey comment later on dis situation, na he state: "Na I begin to develop an attitude wich be much more directed at authority dan at anything else. Na I hate authority like hell. From 1964 to 1965, na Biko study at St. Francis College, a Catholic boarding school insyd Mariannhill, Natal. Na de college get a liberal political culture, wey na Biko develop ein political consciousness dere. He particularly cam be interested insyd de replacement of South Africa ein white minority [[South Africa#Republic|government]] plus an administration wey represent de country ein black majority. Among de anti-colonialist leaders who cam be Biko ein heroes at dis time be Algeria ein [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] den Kenya ein Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. Na he later say dat na chaw of de "politicos" insyd ein family be sympathetic to de PAC, wich na e get anti-communist den African racialist ideas. Na Biko admire wat na he describe as de PAC ein "terribly good organisation" den de courage of chaw of ein members, buh na he remain unconvinced by ein racially exclusionary approach, dey believe dat members of all racial groups for unite against de government. Insyd December 1964, na he travel to Zwelitsha for de ulwaluko [[circumcision]] ceremony, symbolically dey mark ein transition from boyhood to manhood. == Ideology == The Black Consciousness Movement no be only Biko ein brain work; e come out from plenty long talk-talk between black students wey dey reject white man liberal ideas [52]. Biko get sense from books wey e read from people like Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Léopold Sédar Senghor, James Cone, and Paulo Freire [52]. Fanon, wey come from Martinique, na one big influence for how Biko reason freedom and liberation matters [175]. But Biko ein biographer, Xolela Mangcu, talk say make nobody try reduce all Biko ein thinking just to Fanon ein level; e say make people respect the role wey "the political and intellectual history of the Eastern Cape" play inside Biko ein mind too [176]. Black Power movement from the US [53], plus some kind Christianity like black theology wey dey push activism [177], all also influence the Black Consciousness Movement. === Black Consciousness den empowerment === Biko no gree for the apartheid government dem way of dividing people into "whites" and "non-whites", wey dem mark everywhere with signs and on buildings across South Africa [178]. Biko build ein idea on top Fanon ein work, say the word "non-white" no get better meaning e just talk say the person no be white. E see am as negative label. So instead, Biko change the word "non-white" to "black", wey e see as word wey no dey come from white people dem mouth, and e no carry negative energy [179]. Biko talk say blackness no be just about skin colour e say e be "mental attitude". E define "blacks" as "those who by law or tradition dey suffer political, economic and social discrimination as a group for South African society", and who see themselves as one people wey dey fight together for their dreams and freedom [180]. So the Black Consciousness Movement take "black" to mean not only Bantu-speaking Africans, but also Coloureds and Indians too [57] all these people together make almost 90% of South Africa ein population for the 1970s [181]. Biko no be Marxist. E believe say for South Africa, the real wahala be about race, not class. E talk say some of the "white left" people dey push class struggle talk as one kind "defence mechanism... because dem no wan make the race matter bounce back affect dem, since dem be white" [182][183]. Biko see white racism for South Africa as the whole power system wey white people build take hold everything [56]. E talk say for the apartheid time, white people no just dey oppress black people, dem too be the main voices wey dey fight the same oppression [55]. So e talk say because dem dey control both the apartheid government and the anti-apartheid fight, white people come dey run all the political show, wey black people just dey sidelines [55]. E believe say white people fit take over the movement sake of say dem get better access to things like money, books, and better life chances. But still, Biko reason say white South Africans no really fit lead that fight well, 'cause dem no dey feel the suffering and oppression the same way as black people dey go through am [185]. == Ideology == === On a post-apartheid society === Biko dey hope say future South Africa go turn socialist country wey no go get any wahala based on skin colour everybody, no matter where dem come from, go live together in peace inside one "joint culture" wey go carry the best from all the different groups. E no believe say make dem give special rights to minority groups, 'cause that one still dey divide people based on race. Instead, Biko support make everybody get equal voting power one person, one vote. Before, e think say one-party system fit work well for Africa, but after e discuss with Donald Woods, ein mindset change small and e begin see the good side of multi-party democracy. For Biko, freedom be good thing, but e believe say food, work, and social support be more important pass personal liberty. === Sources === * {{cite journal |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Pal |last2=Zegeye |first2=Abebe |year=2001 |title=Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko: Towards Liberation |journal=Social Identities |volume=7 |pages=455–469 |doi=10.1080/13504630120087262 |s2cid=143223447 |number=3}} * {{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Hilda|title=No. 46 – Steve Biko|url=https://archive.org/details/no46stevebiko0000bern|publisher=International Defence and Aid Fund|year=1978|isbn=978-0-904759-21-1|location=London}} * {{cite web|last=Blandy|first=Fran|date=31 December 2007|title=SA editor's escape from apartheid, 30 years on|url=https://mg.co.za/printformat/single/2007-12-31-sa-editors-escape-from-apartheid-30-years-on/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220191245/https://mg.co.za/printformat/single/2007-12-31-sa-editors-escape-from-apartheid-30-years-on/|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=19 June 2011|work=Mail & Guardian}} * {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Julian |year=2010 |title=SASO's Reluctant Embrace of Public Forms of Protest, 1968–1972 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=716–734 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2010.519940 |s2cid=144826918}} * {{cite journal |last=Bucher |first=Jesse |year=2012 |title=The Possibility of Care: Medical Ethics and the Death of Steve Biko |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies|volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=567–579 |doi=10.1177/0021909612452710|s2cid=143996881 }} * {{cite book |last=Cock |first=Jacklyn |title=Maids and Madams: Domestic Workers Under Apartheid |url=https://archive.org/details/maidsmadamsdomes0000cock |publisher=Ravan Press |location=Johannesburg |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7043-4165-4}} * {{cite journal |first=Philippe |last=Denis |year=2010 |title=Seminary Networks and Black Consciousness in South Africa in the 1970s |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=162–182 |doi=10.1080/02582471003778417|s2cid=144308914 }} * {{cite journal |first=Johann |last=de Wet |year=2013 |title=Steve Biko as Existentialist Communicator |journal=Communicatio |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=293–304 |doi= 10.1080/02500167.2013.835524|s2cid=218574270 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Drewett |first1=Michael |title=The Eyes of the World Are Watching Now: The Political Effectiveness of "Biko" by Peter Gabriel |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music-and-society_2007-02_30_1/page/39 |journal=Popular Music and Society |date=February 2007 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1080/03007760500504929|s2cid=143464359 }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Epstein |first1=Brian |url=https://epstein.org/wp-content/uploads/Epstein-Biko-on-non-white-and-black-in-Hull-volume.pdf |contribution=Biko on Black vs. Non-White |title=Debating African Philosophy: Perspectives on Decolonial Ethics and Comparative Philosophy |year=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |others=George Hull (ed.) |pages=97–117 |isbn=978-1138344952}} * {{cite journal |last=Hadfield |first=Leslie |year=2010 |title=Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=62 |pages=78–99 |doi=10.1080/02582471003778342 |s2cid=143822840 |number=1}} * {{cite book|last=Hill|first=Shannen L.|title=Biko's Ghost: The Iconography of Black Consciousness|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0816676361|location=Minneapolis}} * {{cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac |year=2015 |title=Steve Biko and a Critique of Global Governance as White Liberalism |journal=African Identities |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=62–76 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2014.961281 |s2cid=143526446}} * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/26/peter-gabriel-30-years-womad|first=Dorian|last=Lynskey|title=Peter Gabriel on 30 years of Womad – and mixing music with politics|work=The Guardian|date=26 July 2012|access-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419075048/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/26/peter-gabriel-30-years-womad|archive-date=19 April 2017}} * {{cite web|last=Lynskey|first=Dorian|date=6 December 2013|title=Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-protest-song-special-aka|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209005705/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-protest-song-special-aka|archive-date=9 February 2017|access-date=26 October 2016|website=The Guardian}} * {{cite journal |last=Macqueen |first=Ian |year=2013 |title=Resonances of Youth and Tensions of Race: Liberal Student Politics, White Radicals and Black Consciousness, 1968–1973 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=365–382 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2013.770062 |s2cid=145138768}} * {{cite journal |last=Macqueen |first=Ian |year=2014 |title=Black Consciousness in Dialogue in South Africa: Steve Biko, Richard Turner and the 'Durban Moment', 1970–1974 |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=511–525 |doi=10.1177/0021909613493609 |s2cid=146298315}} * {{cite journal |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |year=2012 |title=A Tribute to Steve Biko |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |volume=80 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.1353/trn.2012.0045 |s2cid=154736810}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Mandela|first=Nelson|contribution=A Tribute to Stephen Bantu Biko|editor=Xolela Mangcu|title=Biko: A Life|year=2014|location=London and New York|publisher=I. B. Tauris|pages=7–9|isbn=978-1-78076-785-7}} * {{cite book|last=Mangcu|first=Xolela|title=Biko: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bikolife0000mang|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78076-785-7|location=London and New York}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Marable|first1=Manning|last2=Joseph|first2=Peniel|contribution=Series Editors' Preface: Steve Biko and the International Context of Black Consciousness|title=Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York and Basingstoke|others=Andile Mngxitama, Amanda Alexander, and Nigel C. Gibson (eds.)|pages=vii–x|isbn=978-0-230-60519-0}} * {{cite news|last=Martins|first=Alejandra|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4552119.stm|title=Black Brazilians learn from Biko|website=BBC News|date=25 May 2005|access-date=19 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321060513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4552119.stm|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Mngxitama|first1=Andile|last2=Alexander|first2=Amanda|last3=Gibson|first3=Nigel|contribution=Biko Lives|title=Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York and Basingstoke|others=Andile Mngxitama, Amanda Alexander, and Nigel C. Gibson (eds.)|pages=1–20|isbn=978-0-230-60519-0}} * {{cite web|last=Ngcobo|first=Ziyanda|date=21 March 2017|title=Zuma Commemorates Biko on Human Rights Day|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/21/zuma-lays-wreath-at-steve-biko-memorial-grave-site|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321121416/http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/21/zuma-lays-wreath-at-steve-biko-memorial-grave-site|archive-date=21 March 2017|access-date=4 March 2017|website=Eyewitness News}} * {{cite web|last=Ngcukana|first=Lubabalo|date=13 September 2015|title=Biko's grave a political battleground for parties|url=http://city-press.news24.com/News/Bikos-grave-a-political-battleground-for-parties-20150912|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108110928/http://city-press.news24.com/News/Bikos-grave-a-political-battleground-for-parties-20150912|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=4 March 2017|website=City Press}} * {{cite journal |last=Schumann |first=Anne |year=2008 |title=The Beat that Beat Apartheid: The Role of Music in the Resistance against Apartheid in South Africa |url=https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer14/Nr14_Schumann.pdf |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=17–39 |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809221217/http://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer14/Nr14_Schumann.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017}} * {{cite journal |last=Silove |first=Derrick |year=1990 |title=Doctors and the State: Lessons from the Biko Case |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1990_30_4/page/417 |journal=Social Science and Medicine |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=417–429 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(90)90344-R |pmid=2180081}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Smit|first=B. F.|title=Biko, Bantu Stephen (Steve)|encyclopaedia=New Dictionary of South African Biography|editor=E. J. Verwey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rl8nkyID3WsC/page/18 18–21]|year=1995|publisher=HSRC Press|isbn=978-0-7969-1648-8|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_rl8nkyID3WsC/page/18}} * {{Cite web|last=Somerville|first=Keith|date=12 September 2002|title=Row clouds Biko anniversary|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2253092.stm|access-date=13 September 2020|work=news.bbc.co.uk}} * {{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=3527718|title=No prosecution for death of anti-apartheid activist Biko|work=The New Zealand Herald|first=Raymond|last=Whitaker|date=8 October 2003|access-date=13 October 2012}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Lindy|title=Steve Biko|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8214-4441-2|location=Athens, Ohio}} * {{cite book|last=Woods|first=Donald|url=https://archive.org/details/biko0003wood|title=Biko|publisher=Paddington Press|year=1978|isbn=0-8050-1899-9|location=New York and London|url-access=registration}} * {{cite web|last=Zulu|first=Sifiso|date=18 December 2016|title=Google celebrates Biko with commemorative doodle|url=http://ewn.co.za/2016/12/18/google-celebrates-biko-with-commemorative-doodle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219080104/http://ewn.co.za/2016/12/18/google-celebrates-biko-with-commemorative-doodle|archive-date=19 December 2016|access-date=4 March 2017|website=Eyewitness News}} ==Read further== * {{cite book |last=Biko |first=Stephen Bantu |editor=Arnold Millard |title=The Testimony of Steve Biko |url=https://archive.org/details/testimonyofsteve0000biko |edition=revised |year=1984 |location=New York City |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0586050057}} * {{cite book |first=Steve |last=Biko |editor=Aelred Stubbs |editor-link= |title=I Write What I Like: A Selection of His Writings |year=1987 |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=978-0-435-90598-9}} * {{cite book |last=Fatton |first=Robert |year=1986 |title=Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy |url=https://archive.org/details/blackconsciousne0000fatt |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0887061295}} * {{cite book |last=Gerhart |first=Gail M. |title=Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology |url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerinsout0000gail |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Greenberg |year=1999 |isbn=978-0520039339}} * {{cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=June |last2=Schiff |first2=Ben |date=13 November 1995 |title=Who Killed Steve Biko?: Exhuming Truth in South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nation_1995-11-13_261_16/page/565 |journal=The Nation |location=New York |publisher=The Nation Company |volume=261 |issue=16 |pages=565–568 |issn=0027-8378}} * {{cite book|last=Lobban|first=Michael|title=White Man's Justice: South African Political Trials in the Black Consciousness Era|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0198258094|location=Oxford}} * {{cite book|last=Magaziner|first=D.|title=The Law and the Prophets: Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968–1977|url=https://archive.org/details/lawprophetsblack0000maga|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0821419175|location=Athens}} * {{cite book|last1=Pityana|first1=B.|title=Bounds of Possibility: The Legacy of Steve Biko and Black Consciousness|last2=Ramphele|first2=M.|last3=Mpumlwana|first3=M.|last4=Wilson|first4=L.|publisher=David Philip|year=1991|isbn=978-0864862105|location=Cape Town}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q214473|c=Category:Steve Biko|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.sbf.org.za/ The Steve Biko Foundation] * [[imdbname:8363356|Steve Biko]] at IMDb {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biko, Steve}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:1977 deaths]] [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1977 insyd South Africa]] [[Category:20th-century Christians]] [[Category:20th-century South African male writers]] [[Category:20th-century South African politicians]] [[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]] [[Category:South African activists dem assassinate]] [[Category:South African politicians dem assassinate]] [[Category:Civil rights activists dem assassinate]] [[Category:Biko family]] [[Category:Black Consciousness Movement]] [[Category:Deaths by beating]] [[Category:Deaths insyd police custody insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Extrajudicial killings insyd South Africa]] [[Category:People wey komot Qonce]] [[Category:People dem murder by law enforcement officers]] [[Category:Police brutality insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Prisoners wey die insyd South African detention]] [[Category:South African Christians]] [[Category:South African writers]] [[Category:South African pan-Africanists]] [[Category:South African people wey die insyd prison custody]] [[Category:South African prisoners den detainees]] [[Category:South African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Steve Biko affair]] [[Category:University of Natal alumni]] [[Category:Victims of police brutality]] [[Category:Xhosa people]] [[Category:African politicians dem assassinate insyd de 1970s]] [[Category:Politicians dem assassinate insyd 1977]] [[Category:Alumni of Lovedale]] tvzy8w32htxuwhaspoxcweqtvx3tle2 0 17338 115141 69779 2026-10-24T00:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esther Stanford-Xosei''' (born circa 1974) be a British legal expert den Pan-Africanist advocate who dey emerge as a prominent voice insyd de global reparations movement for African-descended peoples. Ein most significant contributions include helping to establish de Pan-African Reparations Coalition insyd Europe (PARCOE) insyd 2001 den facilitating de creation of de All-Party Parliamentary Group for African Reparations insyd de UK Parliament insyd 2021.<ref name="roape2022">{{cite web|date=10 March 2022|title=Afrika and reparations activism in the UK – an interview with Esther Stanford-Xosei|url=https://roape.net/2022/03/10/afrika-and-reparations-activism-in-the-uk-an-interview-with-esther-stanford-xosei/|access-date=15 December 2024|website=Review of African Political Economy}}</ref> == Background den education == Born insyd South London to Caribbean immigrant parents from Barbados den Guyana, Stanford-Xosei ein political consciousness dey shape during ein youth by de Anti-Apartheid Movement. At thirteen years old insyd 1987, she demonstrated early literary den political talent by winning a writing competition for young Black authors plus an essay entitled "Not only equality but justice," which addressed de dismantling of apartheid.<ref name="roape2022" /> Ein academic journey lead ein to de University of Kent for legal studies, where she encountered critical legal studies methodology. Stanford-Xosei be presently pursuing doctoral research at de University of Chichester, focusing on de British component of de International Social Movement for Afrikan Reparations.<ref name="liverpool2024">{{cite web|title=Speaker Bios|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csis/events-and-projects/csis-barriers-black-academia/speaker-bios/|access-date=15 December 2024|website=University of Liverpool|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123103239/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csis/events-and-projects/csis-barriers-black-academia/speaker-bios/|archive-date=23 November 2025}}</ref> == Professional work den advocacy == === Legal expertise === Stanford-Xosei dey identify professionally as a jurisconsult, specializing insyd de practical application of jurisprudence. She dey characterize ein unique professional role as dat of a "Pan-Afrikan internationalist 'guerrilla lawyer'" who operates as a community-based scholar-activist insyd de legal field.<ref name="roape2022" /> === Formation of PARCOE === De year 2001 dey mark Stanford-Xosei ein collaboration plus Ghanaian Pan-Afrikanists Kofi Mawuli Klu den Kwame Adofo Sampong insyd establishing de Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition insyd Europe (PARCOE). Dis organization dey create to address what Stanford-Xosei perceive as an absence of dedicated advocacy for Pan-African reparations insyd European political discourse.<ref name="inosaar2001">{{cite web|date=2001|title=Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe|url=https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/timeline/pan-afrikan-reparations-coalition-europe|access-date=15 December 2024|website=INOSAAR}}</ref> === The Maangamizi Campaign === Stanford-Xosei established den directs de '''Stop the Maangamizi: We Charge Genocide/Ecocide Campaign'''. "Maangamizi," derived from Kiswahili den Pan-Afrikan terminology, dey describe de systematic attempt to eliminate African peoples den all aspects of African identity, expressed through de ongoing sequence of chattel slavery, colonialism, den neocolonial exploitation.<ref name="stopmaangamizi2021">{{cite web|date=20 October 2021|title=Ourstory continues to be made: APPG on African Reparations (APPGAR) established today|url=https://stopthemaangamizi.com/2021/10/20/ourstory-continues-to-be-made-appg-on-african-reparations-appgar-established-today/|access-date=15 December 2024|website=Stop the Maangamizi}}</ref> === Educational leadership === As Executive Director of de Maangamizi Educational Trust, Stanford-Xosei dey oversee de educational component of de Stop de Maangamizi Campaign. De Trust ein mission dey center on promoting awareness of reparations issues den African cultural heritage.<ref name="linkedin2024">{{cite web|title=Esther Xosei - Executive Director|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/esther-xosei|access-date=15 December 2024|website=LinkedIn}}</ref> === Parliamentary engagement === Stanford-Xosei be instrumental insyd creating de All-Party Parliamentary Group for Afrikan Reparations (APPGAR) insyd de UK Parliament during October 2021. Dis development dey represent de inaugural formal platform insyd British governmental institutions dedicated to comprehensive African reparations discourse.<ref name="parliament2021">{{cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=All-Party Parliamentary Group for African Reparations|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/211117/afrikan-reparations.htm|access-date=15 December 2024|website=UK Parliament}}</ref> == Theoretical framework den reparations methodology == === Comprehensive reparations model === Stanford-Xosei promotes an expansive reparations paradigm dat extends beyond monetary restitution. Ein theoretical framework encompasses: * '''Rematriation''': Restoration of historical, cultural, den spiritual elements to address de dispossession experienced by enslaved African populations * '''Cognitive justice''': Revival of indigenous African intellectual traditions encompassing language, spirituality, philosophy, artistic expression, den technological knowledge * '''Land-based reparations''': Provision of territorial access den restoration of both material den immaterial heritage rights * '''Ecological restoration''': Remediation of environmental harm den advancement of sustainable resource management === Nkrumahist foundations === De theoretical underpinnings of Stanford-Xosei ein activism draw extensively from Kwame Nkrumah ein Pan-Africanist ideology den ein later revolutionary writings following 1966. Ein advocacy centers on achieving "restoration of Afrikan sovereignty" den constructing Africa as a "Pan-Afrikan Union of Communities" under collective governance by continental den diasporic African populations. === Environmental integration === Stanford-Xosei has formulated de "Planet Repairs" framework, which dey connect African reparations plus broader environmental den climate justice initiatives. Dis conceptual approach dey gain traction insyd environmental activism, notably influencing Extinction Rebellion through de advocacy efforts of de Stop de Maangamizi Campaign. == Global influence den achievements == === Scholarly engagement === Stanford-Xosei dey establish einself as a cross-disciplinary scholar-activist bridging legal den historical studies. Ein academic involvement dey include participation insyd scholarly conferences den research publications dey focus on reparations, particularly through collaboration plus de International Network of Scholars den Activists for Afrikan Reparations (INOSAAR). === Municipal policy impact === Stanford-Xosei ein advocacy efforts dey result insyd de adoption of reparations resolutions by multiple UK local authorities, dey include Islington, Lambeth, den Bristol City Council. These municipal declarations endorse de campaign ein call for de UK Parliament to create an All-Party Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry for Truth den Reparatory Justice. === Organizational affiliations === Stanford-Xosei maintains active participation insyd multiple international organizations: * International Network of Scholars den Activists for Afrikan Reparations (INOSAAR) * Global Afrikan Peoples Parliament * Extinction Rebellion Internationalist Solidarity Network * Afrikan Emancipation Day Reparations March Committee == The Pan-African Reparations Movement == === Historical foundations === De Pan-African reparations movement traces ein origins to 18th-century advocates such as Ottobah Cugoano den de Sons of Africa organization insyd London. Contemporary efforts build upon de foundation established by de Pan-African Congresses, notably de 1945 Manchester gathering, den de contributions of 20th-century Pan-Africanist thought leaders. === Modern manifestations === De current Pan-African reparations agenda incorporates: * Acknowledgment of de Durban Declaration and Programme of Action from de 2001 World Conference Against Racism * Collaborative efforts between continental African institutions den diaspora organizations * Incorporation of environmental den climate justice principles * Promotion of truth den reconciliation mechanisms * Calls for systemic den institutional reform === Principal organizations === Leading institutions insyd de Pan-African reparations movement include: * Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Reparations Commission * African Union reparations initiatives * Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition insyd Europe (PARCOE) * Diverse national reparations commissions den civil society groups == Recognition den honors == Stanford-Xosei dey gain acknowledgment as a prominent figure insyd international reparations advocacy den dey participate insyd global conferences den scholarly forums addressing reparations den Pan-African studies. == Scholarly output den media presence == Stanford-Xosei dey author contributions to numerous academic publications den dey participate insyd extensive interviews regarding reparations advocacy. Ein scholarship dey appear insyd periodicals specializing insyd African political economy den decolonial research. == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Stanford-Xosei, Esther}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:British activists]] [[Category:British pan-Africanists]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Kent]] [[Category:Legal scholars]] [[Category:British human rights activists]] [[Category:People dem associate plus de University of Chichester]] <references /> == External links == * [https://stopthemaangamizi.com/ Stop the Maangamizi Campaign official website] * [https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/ International Network of Scholars and Activists for Afrikan Reparations] * [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/211117/afrikan-reparations.htm All-Party Parliamentary Group for Afrikan Reparations] 8ol1t2wyr1riubj5wi5rdnsnoh3msgo 0 17452 115157 80185 2026-10-24T07:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Old Slave Mart''' be a building wey locate at 6 Chalmers Street insyd Charleston, South Carolina wey na once house an antebellum-period slave-auction gallery.<ref name="scdah">{{Cite web|title=Old Slave Mart, Charleston County (6 Chalmers St., Charleston)|url=http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710090/index.htm|access-date=23 June 2012|work=National Register Properties in South Carolina|publisher=South Carolina Department of Archives and History}}</ref> Na dem construct am insyd 1859, dem dey believe de building to be de last extant slave auction facility insyd South Carolina. Insyd 1975, na dem add de Old Slave Mart to de National Register of Historic Places for ein role insyd Charleston ein African American history. Today, de building dey house de Old Slave Mart Museum.<ref name="historic"/><ref name="nrhp"/> Na de Old Slave Mart originally be part of a slave market dem know as Ryan's Slave Mart, wich cover a large enclosed lot between Chalmers den Queen Streets. Na Charleston City Councilman Thomas Ryan establish de private auction facility insyd 1856 after a citywide ban on public slave auctions. Na dem hold slave auctions at de site til approximately 1863; insyd 1865, na de Union Army occupy Charleston wey na dem close Ryan's Mart. Na de Old Slave Mart Museum operate on den off since 1938.<ref name="nrhp"/> == Design == De Old Slave Mart be a {{convert|67|ft|m|adj=on}} by {{convert|19|ft|m|adj=on}} brick structure plus a stuccoed façade. De front (south side) dey face de cobblestone-paved Chalmers Street. Na de building originally measure {{convert|44|ft|m}} by {{convert|20|ft|m}}, buh an extension insyd 1922 give am ein current dimensions. De unique façade of de Old Slave Mart dey consist of {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} octagonal pillars at each end, plus a central elliptical arch wey dey comprise de entrance.<ref name="nrhp">Nenie Dixon and Elias Bull, [http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710090/S10817710090.pdf National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Old Slave Mart], 12 February 1975. </ref> Na de building initially contain one large room plus a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} ceiling. Insyd 1878, na dem add a second floor, wey na dem overhaul de roof. Na de arched entryway initially hold an iron gate; insyd de late 1870s, na dem fill am plus simple doors. Na dem add interior partitions insyd subsequent decades, wey dey divide de first floor into three rooms.<ref name="nrhp"/> Today, an iron gate san dey insyd de archway. == History == [[File:Ryans-mart-layout-sc1.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|250x250px|De layout of Ryan's Mart, circa 1860.]] Thru out de first half of de 19th century, na dem bring enslaved people into Charleston wey na dem sell dem at public auctions dem hold on de north side of de Exchange and Provost building.<ref name="historic"/> After na de city prohibit ''public'' slave auctions insyd 1856, na Charlestonians establish enclosed slave markets along Chalmers, State, den Queen streets. Na one such market be Ryan's Mart, wey be established by city councilman den broker Thomas Ryan den ein business partner James Marsh. Na Ryan's Mart originally consist of a closed lot plus three structures — a four-story barracoon anaa slave jail, a kitchen, den a morgue anaa "dead house."<ref name="nrhp"/> Insyd 1859, na an auction master dem name Z. B. Oakes purchase Ryan's Mart wey na he build de Old Slave Mart building as an auction gallery. Na de building ein auction table be {{convert|3|ft|m}} high den {{convert|10|ft|m}} long wey na e stand just insyd de arched doorway.<ref name="historic">National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080105085927/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/charleston/osm.htm Old Slave Mart]. </ref> In addition to people dem enslave, na de market sell real estate den stock.<ref name="nrhp"/> Na dem dey advertise slave auctions at Ryan's Mart insyd broadsheets thru out de 1850s, sam dey appear as far away as Galveston, Texas. Wen na U.S. Army forces occupy Charleston dey begin insyd February 1865, na dem free de people wey Ryan's Mart still enslave.<ref>Information obtained from a display in the Old Slave Mart Museum, 2010.</ref> Insyd 1878, na dem convert de Old Slave Mart into a tenement dwelling, plus a second floor dem add.<ref name="historic"/> Na dem operate a car dealership den showroom insyd de building insyd de 1920s, wich na de. expand de rear of de building.<ref name="nrhp"/> == Transition into a museum == [[File:Old_Slave_Mart_Museum.jpg|thumb|388x388px|Museum Front of de "Old Slave Mart."]] Insys 1938, na Miriam B. Wilson purchase de building wey she establish de Old Slave Mart Museum, wich initially display African den African-American art.<ref name="historic"/> Na Wilson operate de museum on a shoestring budget til she die insyd 1959. Although na Wilson komot Ohio, na de Old Slave Mart Museum, under ein ownership, embrace local beliefs say na slavery be good give African Americans. Na Wilson bequeath de museum den ein artifacts (mostly crafts wey enslaved African Americans make) to de Charleston Museum, wich na dem decline to take dem.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kytle|first1=Ethan J.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1097077428|title=Denmark Vesey's garden : slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy|last2=Roberts|first2=Blain|publisher=The New Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-62097-546-6|pages=244–252, 255|oclc=1097077428}}</ref> Na Wilson sanso sell Colonial Belle Goodies wey na she attempt make she attract a broader audience to de museum. Na de museum close insyd 1987 secof budgeting issues. Na de City of Charleston den de South Carolina African American Heritage Commission restore de Old Slave Mart insyd de late 1990s.<ref>Jonathan H. Poston, ''The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture'' (University of South Carolina Press 1997), pp. 64-65.</ref> De museum now dey interpret de history of de city ein slave trade. De area behind de building, wich na once e contain de barracoon den kitchen, now be a parking lot. Insyd a 2018 auction, na de College of Charleston purchase 47 boxes of documents from de museum ein early years for $5,400 (~$6,455 insyd 2023).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Behre|first=Robert|title=80 years after first opening, Charleston's Old Slave Mart Museum adds new layers of history|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/80-years-after-first-opening-charlestons-old-slave-mart-museum-adds-new-layers-of-history/article_09bb3394-0516-11e8-8a6d-ab10b279977d.html|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Post and Courier|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208215421/https://www.postandcourier.com/news/80-years-after-first-opening-charlestons-old-slave-mart-museum-adds-new-layers-of-history/article_09bb3394-0516-11e8-8a6d-ab10b279977d.html|archive-date=2024-12-08}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://theoldslavemartmuseum.org/ Old Slave Mart Museum] - official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625085924/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Charleston/ Historic Charleston's Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary] * [http://www.charlestoncvb.com/visitors/charleston-news/city_of_charleston_opens_old_slave_mart_museum-787 Museum Grand Opening Press Release, October 2007] [[Category:African-American history insyd Charleston, South Carolina]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places insyd Charleston, South Carolina]] [[Category:Museums insyd Charleston, South Carolina]] [[Category:History museums insyd South Carolina]] [[Category:African-American museums insyd South Carolina]] [[Category:History of slavery insyd South Carolina]] [[Category:History of auctions]] [[Category:19th century insyd Charleston, South Carolina]] [[Category:Slave jails insyd de United States]] l5e1rourlg6jm80gc449mk2h61t3y5j 0 17778 115147 103953 2026-10-24T02:23:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Habib Bourguiba''' (3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) na he be a Tunisian politician den statesman wey serve as de prime minister of de Kingdom of Tunisia from 1956 to 1957, den then as de first presido of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987. Prior to ein presidency, na he lead de nation to independence from [[France]], wey dey end de 75-year-old protectorate den dey earn de title of "Supreme Combatant". Dem born am insyd Monastir to a poor family, na he attend Sadiki College den Lycée Carnot insyd Tunis before he obtain ein baccalaureate insyd 1924. Na he graduate from de University of Paris den de Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) insyd 1927 wey he return to Tunis make he practice law. Insyd de early 1930s, he cam be involve insyd anti-colonial den Tunisian national politics, joining de Destour party wey na he co-found de Neo Destour insyd 1934. He cam be a key figure of de independence movement wey na dem repeatedly arrest am by de colonial administration. Na ein involvement insyd de riots of 9 April 1938 result in ein exile to Marseille during World War II. Insyd 1945, following Bourguiba ein release, na he move go Cairo, [[Egypt]] make he seek de support of de Arab League. He return to Tunisia insyd 1949 wey na he rise to prominence as de leader of de national movement. Although initially na he commit to peaceful negotiations plus de French government, he get an effective role insyd de armed unrest wey start insyd 1952 wen na dem prove to be unsuccessful. Na dem arrest den imprison am on La Galite Island for two years, before dem exile am insyd France. Der, na he lead negotiations plus Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France wey he obtain internal autonomy agreements in exchange for de end of de unrest. Bourguiba return victorious to Tunis on 1 June 1955, buh na he be challenged by Salah Ben Youssef for de party leader position. Na Ben Youssef den ein supporters disagree plus Bourguiba ein "soft" policies wey na dem demand full independence of de Maghreb. Na dis result in a civil war wey pitted Bourguibists, wey na dem favor a gradual policy den modernism, against Youssefists, de conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. Na de conflict end in favor of Bourguiba plus de Sfax Congress of 1955. Following de country ein independence insyd 1956, na dem appoint Bourguiba prime minister by king Muhammad VIII al-Amin wey na he act as ''de facto'' ruler before proclaiming de Republic on 25 July 1957. Na dem elect am interim Presido of Tunisia by Parliament til de ratification of de Constitution. During ein rule, na he implement a strong education system, he work on developing de economy, he support gender equality, wey na he proclaim a neutral foreign policy, wey make am an exception among Arab leaders. De main reform wey na dem pass be de Code of Personal Status wich implement a modern society. Na he establish a strong presidential system wich turn into a twenty-year one-party state wey be dominated by ein own party, de Socialist Destourian Party. Na a cult of personality sanso develop around am, before na he proclaim einself presido for life insyd 1975, during ein fourth 5-year term. Na de end of ein 30-year rule be marked by ein declining health, a war of succession, den de rise of clientelism den Islamism. On 7 November 1987, na dem remove am from power by ein prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, wey na he keep am under house arrest insyd a residence insyd Monastir. Na he remain der til ein death wey na dem bury am insyd a mausoleum he previously build. == Ein life matter == Insyd 1925, while a student insyd Paris, Habib Bourguiba meet Mathilde Lorrain plus whom he settle.<ref name="famille">{{cite news|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2569p024-035.xml6/famille-habib-bourguiba-habib-bourguiba-jr-mahdi-bourguibades-descendants-si-discrets.html|author=Barrouhi, Abdelaziz|title=Des descendants si discrets|work=Jeune Afrique|date=12 April 2010}}</ref> During summer vacations back insyd Tunis, he learn say na she dey preg: Habib Bourguiba Jr., ein kiddie per, na dem born am on 9 April 1927 insyd Paris. Na de couple marry insyd August of de same year, after dema return to Tunisia.<ref name="famille" /> After independence, Mathilde obtain Tunisian citizenship, wey she convert to [[Islam]] wey na she adopt de name of Moufida. On 21 July 1961, na dem end up divorcing.<ref>''Jeune Afrique'', Paris: Jeune Afrique n° 1973–1981, 1998, p. 53</ref> On 12 April 1962, na Bourguiba marry Wassila Ben Ammar, a woman wey komot a family of Tunis bourgeoisie wey na he know am for 18 years. Togeda, na dem adopt a girl dem name Hajer.<ref name="famille" /> Na Wassila take a larger part insyd politics over de deteriorating health of ein husby, wich na go give am de title of ''Majda'' (Venerable). Na de couple divorce on 11 August 1986, plus a mere statement den widout any respected legal proceedings. == Honours den decorations == === Tunisian national honours === * Tunisia : ** Grand Master & Grand Collar of de Order of Independence (automatic upon taking presidential office) ** Grand Master & Grand Collar of de Order of the Republic (automatic upon taking presidential office) ** Grand Master & Grand Cordon of de National Order of Merit (automatic upon taking presidential office) ** Grand Cordon of Nichan Iftikar (1956) === Foreign honors === * Denmark : Knight of de Order of the Elephant (1963) * [[Egypt]] : Collar of de Order of the Nile (1965) * [[Ethiopia]] : Grand Cross of de Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1963) * [[Ghana]] : Companion of de [[Order of the Star of Ghana]] (1966) * Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross of de Order of the Netherlands Lion (1966) * Iran : Collar of de Order of Pahlavi (1969) * Italy : Knight Grand Cross plus Collar of de Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (25 May 1962) * [[Ivory Coast]] : Grand Cross of de National Order of the Ivory Coast (1966) * Jordan : Collar of de Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali (1973) * [[Saudi Arabia]] : Collar of de Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud (1975) * [[Liberia]] : Grand Croce of de Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (1966) * [[Libya]] : Collar of de Order of Idris I * Malaysia : Honorary Grand Commander of de Order of the Defender of the Realm (1969) * [[Mauritania]] : Grand Cordon of de National Order of Merit of Mauritania (1966) * [[Morocco]] : Collar of de Order of Muhammad * Morocco : Grand Cordon of de Order of Ouissam Alaouite (1956) * [[Niger]] : Grand Cross of de Order of the Niger (1966) * Oman : Special Class of de Order of Oman (1973) * [[Senegal]] : Grand Cross of de National Order of the Lion (1966) * Spain : Collar of de Order of Civil Merit (24 May 1968) * Spain : Knight of de Collar of de Order of Isabella the Catholic (16 November 1983) * Sweden : Knight of de Royal Order of the Seraphim (22 May 1963) * [[Turkey]] : Collar of de Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (1960) * United Arab Emirates : Collar of de Order of the Federation (1973) * [[United Kingdom]] : Honorary Knight Grand Cross of de Order of the Bath (1980) * Yugoslavia : Yugoslav Great Star (1965) == Awards den recognition == * Honorary Degree from [[Cheikh Anta Diop University]] * Honorary Degree from Cairo University * Honorary Degree from Lebanese University * [[Nelson Mandela]] Supreme Fighter Prize * Order of Independence == Publications == * ''Le Destour et la France'', ed. Berg, Paris, 1937 * ''La Tunisie et la France : vingt-cinq ans de lutte pour une coopération libre'', ed. Julliard, Tunis, 1954 * ''La Tunisie de Bourguiba'', ed. Plon, Paris, 1958 * ''Le Drame algérien'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1960 * ''La Bataille économique'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1962 * ''La Promotion de l’Afrique'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1965 * ''Éducation et développement'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1966 * ''9 avril 1938. Le procès Bourguiba'', ed. Centre de documentation nationale, Tunis, 1970 * ''Propos et réflexions'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1974 * ''Ma vie, mes idées, mon combat'', ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1977 * ''Citations'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1978 * ''Articles de presse (1929-1933)'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1982 * ''Les Lettres du prisonnier de La Galite'', ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1983 * ''Ma vie, mon œuvre'', ed. Plon, Paris, 1985 == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book|last1=Bessis|first1=Sophie|title=Bourguiba|last2=Belhassen|first2=Souhayr|publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Elyzad|Elyzad]]|year=2012|isbn=978-9973-58-044-3|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link1=:fr:Sophie Bessis|author-link2=:fr:Souhayr Belhassen}} * {{cite book|last=Martel|first=Pierre-Albin|title=Habib Bourguiba. Un homme, un siècle|publisher=Éditions du Jaguar|year=1999|isbn=978-2-86950-320-5|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last1=Le Pautremat|first1=Pascal|title=La politique musulmane de la France au XXe siècle. De l'Hexagone aux terres d'Islam : espoirs, réussites, échecs|last2=Ageron|first2=Charles-Robert|publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose|year=2003|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link1=:fr:Pascal Le Pautremat|author-link2=:fr:Charles-Robert Ageron}} * {{cite book|last=Casemajor|first=Roger|title=L'action nationaliste en Tunisie|publisher=MC-Editions|year=2009|location=Carthage|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Mestiri|first=Saïd|title=Moncef Mestiri: aux sources du Destour|publisher=Sud Editions|year=2011|location=Tunis|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Khlifi|first=Omar|title=L'assassinat de Salah Ben Youssef|publisher=MC-Editions|year=2005|location=Carthage|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=El Materi Hached|first=Anissa|title=Mahmoud El Materi, pionnier de la Tunisie moderne|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|year=2011|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Arnoulet|first=François|title=Résidents généraux de France en Tunisie... ces mal aimés|publisher=Narration Editions|year=1995|location=Carthage|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Ounaies|first=Ahmed|title=Histoire générale de la Tunisie, L'Époque contemporaine (1881–1956)|publisher=Sud Editions|year=2010|volume=5|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link=}} * {{cite book|last=Julien|first=Charles-André|title=L'Afrique du Nord en marche|publisher=Julliard Edition|year=1952|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=El Mechat|first=Samya|title=Tunisie. Les chemins vers l'indépendance (1945–1956)|publisher=L'Harmattan Editions|year=1992|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Mestiri|first=Saïd|title=Le ministère Chenik à la poursuite de l'autonomie interne|publisher=Arcs Editions|year=1991|location=Tunis|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Grimal|first=Henri|title=La décolonisation de 1919 à nos jours|publisher=Complexe Editions|year=1985|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last=Julien|first=Charles-André|title=Et la Tunisie devint indépendante… (1951–1957)|publisher=Jeune Afrique Editions|year=1985|location=Paris|language=fr}} * {{cite book|last1=Camau|first1=Michel|title=Habib Bourguiba. La trace et l'héritage|last2=Geisser|first2=Vincent|publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Karthala|Karthala]]|year=2004|isbn=978-2-84586-506-8|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link2=:fr:Vincent Geisser}} * {{cite book|last=Belkhodja|first=Tahar|url=https://archive.org/details/lestroisdecennie0000belk|title=Les trois décennies Bourguiba. Témoignage|publisher=[[:fr:Publisud|Publisud]]|year=1998|isbn=978-2-84342-011-5|location=Paris|language=fr|author-link=:fr:Tahar Belkhodja|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Caïd Essebsi|first=Béji|title=Bourguiba. Le bon grain et l'ivraie|publisher=Sud Éditions|year=2009|isbn=978-9973-844-99-6|location=Tunis|language=fr|author-link=}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q643348|c=Category:Habib Bourguiba|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020609003745/http://bourguiba.com/ Official Website run by his family] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/obituaries/703907.stm History of his life by the BBC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630035702/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/bourgnyt.htm Obituary from ''The New York Times''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121209184347/http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/tunisia.htm Leaders of Tunisia – Ministers of Foreign Affairs] 19 September 2012 at archive.today {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bourguiba, Habib}} [[Category:Habib Bourguiba| ]] [[Category:Tunisian people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1903 births]] [[Category:2000 deaths]] [[Category:Presidents for life]] [[Category:Presidents of Tunisia]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Tunisia]] [[Category:Alumni of Sadiki College]] [[Category:Carnot high school Tunis alumni]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Sciences Po alumni]] [[Category:Critics of Islamism]] [[Category:Destour politicians]] [[Category:Socialist Destourian Party politicians]] [[Category:Foreign ministers of Tunisia]] [[Category:Defence ministers of Tunisia]] [[Category:Speakers of de Assembly of the Representatives of the People]] [[Category:Leaders dem oust by a coup]] [[Category:Neo Destour politicians]] [[Category:People wey komot Monastir Governorate]] [[Category:Gandhians]] [[Category:Foreign nationals dem imprison insyd France]] [[Category:Tunisian people dem imprison abroad]] [[Category:Tunisian revolutionaries]] [[Category:Tunisian independence activists]] [[Category:Heads of government wey dem later imprison]] [[Category:20th-century Tunisian people]] [[Category:Tunisian expatriates insyd France]] 1e7xsmu44u4n5iusl16fkpoq9txgjnd 0 19575 115129 80559 2026-10-23T19:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adrien Béléki Akouété''' be one Togolese politician wey serve as president for de Pan-African Patriotic Convergence (CPP) since 2020. Before dat, he serve as Deputy General Secretary for ITUC-Africa from 2020 go 2023 den Secretary-General for de Trade Union Confederation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) from 1993 go 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=In Nairobi, Béléki Akouété calls on "young people" to fight to "earn their place in the union movement" (exclusive) |url=https://tonafrique.info/2023/11/30/a-nairobi-beleki-akouete-appelle-les-jeunes-a-se-battre-pour-meriter-leur-place-dans-le-mouvement-syndical-exclusif/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=Ton Afrique |access-date=26 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112214308/https://tonafrique.info/2023/11/30/a-nairobi-beleki-akouete-appelle-les-jeunes-a-se-battre-pour-meriter-leur-place-dans-le-mouvement-syndical-exclusif/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |archive-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Togolese people]] [[Category:Pan-African Patriotic Convergence politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Togolese politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Togolese politicians]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] 25ngo1e63hwn9idh3h0fxm9ajg8li28 0 19692 115154 80949 2026-10-24T06:52:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ndumiso Capa''' (born insyd 25 September 1949) be South African politician wey come from Eastern Cape. He serve as Member insyd National Assembly of South Africa from 2014 go 2024, represent African National Congress, wey be de ruling party insyd South Africa. == Early life den education == Dem born Capa insyd 25 September 1949 insyd Flagstaff insyd de former Cape Province (wey turn to Eastern Cape insyd 1994). He get honours degree insyd agriculture.<ref name="Parl">{{cite web |title=Mr Ndumiso Capa |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/26 |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=Parliament of South Africa}}</ref> == Political career == Capa serve as chairperson insyd African National Congress branch insyd ward 9 insyd Ingquza Hill Local Municipality, as member insyd regional executive committee of de ANC, plus as member insyd de party ein provincial executive committee.<ref name="Parl" /> == Parliamentary career == Capa stand as ANC parliamentary candidate from Eastern Cape insyd de 2014 national elections, plus dem elect am go de National Assembly wey he swear in insyd 21 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2014 |title=2014 elections: List of ANC MPs elected to the National Assembly |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/2014-elections-list-of-anc-mps-elected-to-the-nati |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=Politicsweb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferreira|first1=Esmie|title=Chief justice swears in fifth Parliament's MPs|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-21-chief-justice-swears-in-fifth-parliaments-mps/|access-date=12 April 2021|agency=Mail & Guardian|date=21 May 2014}}</ref> Insyd 20 June 2014, dem name am go de Portfolio Committee insyd Human Settlements. Insyd 4 April 2016, he become member insyd de Portfolio Committee insyd Agriculture, Forestry den Fisheries plus de Portfolio Committee insyd Small Business Development. He comot from de Portfolio Committee insyd Human Settlements insyd 6 May 2016. Capa be member insyd those two committees till de term dissolve.<ref name="PA">{{cite web |title=Mr Ndumiso Capa |url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/ndumiso-capa/#experience |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=People's Assembly}}</ref> He get re-election for ein second term insyd de 2019 general election. Capa swear in for ein second term insyd 22 May 2019. Insyd 27 June 2019, dem name am go de Portfolio Committee insyd Agriculture, Land Reform plus Rural Development plus de Portfolio Committee insyd Environment, Forestry den Fisheries. He become member insyd de Joint Committee insyd Ethics plus Members’ Interests insyd August 2019.<ref name="PA" /> Insyd February 2021, Capa caution Ingonyama Trust make dem no undermine de work insyd Auditor-General.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kobokana|first=Abongwe|date=9 February 2021|title=Parliament warns Ingonyama Trust 'not above the law' amid poor audit outcomes|work=SABC News|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/parliament-warns-ingonyama-trust-not-above-the-law-amid-poor-audit-outcomes/|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> Capa no dey included insyd ANC demma parliamentary candidate list for de 2024 general election plus he comot parliament insyd de election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Capa marry Rosemary Capa, who serve as de Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development den Land Reform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive Leadership |url=http://www.dsbd.gov.za/?page_id=1883 |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=DSBD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421135755/http://www.dsbd.gov.za/?page_id=1883 |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> He live insyd Flagstaff.<ref name="Parl" /> == References == <references /> == External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231209051730/https://www.ancparliament.org.za/content/ndumiso Capa, Ndumiso] at African National Congress Parliamentary Caucus {{DEFAULTSORT:Capa, Ndumiso}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:South African people]] [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Xhosa people]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot de Eastern Cape]] [[Category:African National Congress politicians]] [[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2019–2024]] [[Category:Members of de National Assembly of South Africa 2014–2019]] [[Category:21st-century South African politicians]] e22a26o8kutzcye6felzgk5abm33h9q 0 20535 115133 112785 2026-10-23T22:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blanka Vlašić''' (Croatian pronunciation: [ˈblaːŋka ˈʋlaʃitɕ]; born 8 November 1983) be a Croatian former [[Track and field|track den field]] athlete wey specialise insyd de high jump. She be a double [[World Athletics Championships|world champion]], an indoor world champion den twice Olympic medallist. Vlašić ein personal best of 2.08 m (6 ft 9+3⁄4 in) be a Croatian record den joint third best mark of all time. De daughter of Croatian decathlon record holder Joško Vlašić, na she be a talented junior athlete wey na she attend ein first Olympic Games insyd 2000 Sydney at de age of sixteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blanka Vlašić Bio, Stats, and Results|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vl/blanka-vlasic-1.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722194909/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vl/blanka-vlasic-1.html|archive-date=2011-07-22}}</ref> She win de World Junior Championships insyd Athletics insyd both 2000 den 2002. Vlašić break de Croatia national record insyd 2004 wey sanso win ein first world senior medal at de World Indoor Championships dat year. Na a hyperthyroid condition hinder ein second Olympic appearance insyd Athens wey na she spend de 2005 season recuperating from surgery. She return insyd 2006, wey she take de silver at de World Indoor Championships. Na de 2007 season signal a strong run of form: na she win at de 2007 World Championships, wey she cam be de indoor world champion insyd 2008 wey na ein winning streak cam to an end plus a narrow loss at de Beijing Olympics dat year, wer na she take silver. She cam be World Champion for de second time insyd 2009.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=i/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html High Jump All Time (indoors)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022005855/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=i/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html Archived] 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (1 September 2009). Retrieved on 1 September 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html High Jump All Time (outdoors)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121022005921/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html Archived] 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (1 September 2009). Retrieved on 1 September 2009.</ref> Ein awards sanso dey include de IAAF World Athlete of de Year 2010 den de European Athlete of de Year trophy (2007, 2010). == Biography == === Early life === Na dem born Blanka Vlašić on 8 November 1983 insyd Split, SR Croatia (at de time part of Yugoslavia). From a young age, na she be involved insyd sports: na ein mommie Venera be a seasoned amateur insyd basketball den cross-country skiing while na ein poppie, Joško Vlašić, be an international athlete wey break de Croatian record insyd de decathlon.<ref name="Spikes">[http://www.spikesmag.com/athletes/Heroes/blankavlasic.aspx Blanka Vlasic biography] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080714175204/http://www.spikesmag.com/athletes/Heroes/blankavlasic.aspx Archived] 14 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Spikes Magazine. Retrieved on 8 May 2009. </ref> Na ein poppie bring am to de track while na he practise wey na she dream of becoming a professional sprinter.<ref name="Focus">Ramsak, Bob (5 March 2008). </ref> As na she grow up she try a number of sports buh na she find dat na de high jump be particularly well-suit to ein tall den slender frame.<ref name="Spikes" /> Na Vlašić shun de idea of competing insyd more profitable sports, such as basketball, dey say dat na she prefer de thrill of individual sports.<ref name="Focus" /> Na she reach de international standard for a high jumper at an early age, wey she set a personal best of 1.80&nbsp;metres at fifteen years of age wey na she quickly improve to 1.93&nbsp;m at sixteen.<ref name="Profile2"/> [[File:Osaka07_D9A_Blanka_Vlašić.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Vlašić quickly cam be Croatia ein top female high jump athlete.]] ==== Junior career ==== Na Vlašić get an early start insyd international competition: na she compete at de inaugural World Youth Championships, wey she fini eighth,<ref>[http://www2.iaaf.org/WYC99/Results/data/W/HJ/Rf.html Official Results – HIGH JUMP – Women – Final] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804030449/http://www2.iaaf.org/WYC99/Results/data/W/HJ/Rf.html Archived] 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (17 July 1999). Retrieved on 8 May 2009.</ref> wey na she represent ein country for de first time at de 2000 Sydney Olympics. Although na de Olympics show say na she no be ready to compete at de senior level, na she prove einself to be more dan proficient at de junior level by she win de 2000 World Junior Championships plus a jump of 1.91&nbsp;m.<ref>[http://www2.iaaf.org/wjc00/results/data/W/HJ/Rf.html Official Results – HIGH JUMP – Women – Final] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804031540/http://www2.iaaf.org/wjc00/results/data/W/HJ/Rf.html Archived] 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (20 October 2000). Retrieved on 8 May 2009.</ref> Na she be a regular competitor at senior athletics meetings wey na she steadily dey improve, wey she qualify for further top-level senior events. Na Vlašić fini sixth at de 2001 World Championships insyd Edmonton plus a mark of 1.94&nbsp;m, a result wich lead de IAAF ein Ed Gordon to mark am out as a future star insyd de event.<ref>Gordon, Ed (12 August 2001).</ref> Na she round off de year by she win ein first senior gold medal at an international tournament, wey na she take first place at de 2001 Mediterranean Games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mediterranean Games|url=http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/mg.htm|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.gbrathletics.com}}</ref> Na de results of Vlašić ein final year as a junior show further development as a high jumper. Na she set a new indoor best of 1.92&nbsp;m at de 2002 European Indoor Championships wey na she be de favourite to win de 2002 World Juniors.<ref name="Profile2"/> Na she win de competition by a margin of nine centimetres, wey she set a new personal best of 1.96&nbsp;m den dey attempt de symbolic two metres height. She fail to pass de bar buh na she remain pleased plus ein achievements: "Na dis be de first time I try de 2-metre mark. Na dat go be a bonus. Today wat dey matter be de gold. I make very happy I retain my world junior title".<ref>[http://www2.iaaf.org/WJC02/news/getnews.asp?Event=WJC02&Code=5443&Kind=1&SubKind=&Imgh=searchnews It's Croatia's day in Kingston] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804030958/http://www2.iaaf.org/WJC02/news/getnews.asp?Event=WJC02&Code=5443&Kind=1&SubKind=&Imgh=searchnews Archived] 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (20 July 2002). Retrieved on 8 May 2009.</ref> At de final major event of de season, de European Championships, na she no fi repeat ein previous form wey na she fini insyd fifth place.<ref name="Focus" /> Nevertheless, at de end of de year na dem rank am insyd de top ten high jumpers insyd de world for de season.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=2002/sex=W/all=n/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html High Jump 2002] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090617224403/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=2002/sex=W/all=n/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html Archived] 17 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (13 December 2007). Retrieved on 8 May 2009.</ref> === Rising contender === Na de start to de 2003 athletics season be promising – Vlašić set a new personal best insyd Linz plus a jump of 1.98&nbsp;m wey na she fini fourth at de World Indoor Championships ten days later, ein highest finish insyd a major world tournament.<ref name="Profile2">[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=CRO/athcode=171037/index.html Vlašic Blanka Biography] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110131224503/http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=cro/athcode=171037/index.html Archived] 2011-01-31 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF. Retrieved on 8 May 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - World Indoor Championships 2003 - Results High Jump W Final|url=http://www.iaaf.org/history/WIC/season=2003/eventCode=2959/results/bydiscipline/disctype=4/sex=W/discCode=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> Na June den July yield further progress, wey she san jump 1.98&nbsp;m wey na she improve to 1.99&nbsp;m to win ein first IAAF Golden League event at de Gaz de France. Days later, na she jump de two metres height for de first time on home soil at de IAAF Grand Prix Zagreb. Although na Hestrie Cloete win de competition overall, Vlašić ein defeat of de psychological barrier wey na she improve personal best be de highlight of de meeting wey na Cloete praise de young athlete ein performance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - Capacity Croatian crowd worships at Vlasic’s temple|url=http://www.iaaf.org/history/GP/season=2003/news/kind=100/newsid=21750.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> Na Vlašić take gold at de 2003 European Athletics Under-23 Championships,<ref name="Euroath2">[http://www.european-athletics.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5626&Itemid=2 23-year-old Blanka Vlasic (CRO) wins the Waterford Crystal European Female Athlete of the Year 2007] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090703043912/http://www.european-athletics.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5626&Itemid=2 Archived] 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. European Athletics (4 October 2007). Retrieved on 18 June 2009.</ref> wey then na she improve ein best by anoda centimetre at de Zürich Grand Prix wich qualify am for de World Championships den de first IAAF World Athletics Final. Despite such previous highs, na ein season end on a low note as she fail to win a medal at either de World Championships (wey she fini seventh plus 1.95&nbsp;m) anaa de Athletics Final insyd Paris (wey she end up fourth plus 1.96&nbsp;m).<ref name="Focus" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - History|url=http://www.iaaf.org/history/waf/season=2003/eventcode=2963/results/racedate=09-13-2003/sex=W/discCode=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> Although na she fail to reach de podium at de major championships, three athletes per manage to jump higher dan ein personal den season ein best of 2.01&nbsp;m insyd 2003. ==== National record den health problems ==== Vlasic start de season well plus a bronze medal performance at de 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships insyd March. She regularly reach de podium at meetings insyd de outdoor season wey na she win de 2004 national championships.<ref name="Profile2"/> Na a Croatian record breaking jump of 2.03&nbsp;m insyd Ljubljana put am insyd good stead for de 2004 Athens Olympics. However, wen na she compete at de Olympic high jump final she manage eleventh place per plus a jump of 1.89&nbsp;m. Dey follow dis, na Vlašić no compete for almost a year: she admit say na she dey feel lethargic den shortly afterwards na dem diagnose am plus a hyperthyroid condition. Na surgery den recovery rule out de vast majority of de 2005 athletics season wey na she manage to make two competitive appearances per. Na a best of 1.95&nbsp;m guarantee ein victory at de national championships,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - 2005 Toplists hj w - o|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=2005/sex=W/all=n/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> buh na ein jump of 1.88&nbsp;m no be enough to progress into de finals of de 2005 World Championships. Although na ein poor health spoil ein medals chances at de two major championships of 2004 den 2005, na Vlašić cam back she fully recover wey she be stronger insyd de 2006 season. Na she raise ein indoor best to 2.05&nbsp;m (a national record) at a meet insyd Banská Bystrica insyd February, wey na she take silver at de 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Although na dem beat am to de gold medal by Yelena Slesarenko, she remain positive: "Of course na I wan make I win. Buh wen I remember say na I dey insyd hospital one year ago e be great."<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/history/WIC/season=2006/eventCode=3483/news/kind=108/newsid=33911.html Women's High Jump Final] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080215075534/http://www.iaaf.org/history/WIC/season=2006/eventCode=3483/news/kind=108/newsid=33911.html Archived] 15 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (12 March 2006). Retrieved on 18 June 2009.</ref> Na de 2006 European Athletics Championships insyd Gothenburg prove e be a bittersweet experience: she clear 2.01&nbsp;m to finish insyd fourth place, behind Tia Hellebaut, Venelina Veneva den Kajsa Bergqvist. Na dis be de best-ever non-medal winning jump, wey na bronze medallist Bergqvist sanso fini plus 2.01&nbsp;m buh na she manage am insyd fewer attempts.<ref name="Focus" /><ref name="Euroath2"/> Vlašić cap de season off plus an appearance at de 2006 World Athletics Final buh na she withdraw from de competition after ein third jump, wey she fini sixth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - World Athletics Final 2006 - Results High Jump W Final|url=http://www.iaaf.org/history/waf/season=2006/eventcode=3487/results/bydiscipline/disctype=4/sex=W/discCode=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> === 2007: Dominance den Croatia ein first gold medal at World Championships === [[File:Osaka07_D9A_WHigh_Jump_VC.jpg|left|thumb|172x172px|Vlašić dey receive ein gold medal at de Osaka World Championships]] Although na she record an indoor season's best of 2.01&nbsp;m insyd February,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF.org|title=iaaf.org - 2007 Toplists hj w - i|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=i/age=n/season=2007/sex=W/all=n/legal=A/disc=HJ/detail.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> na she fail to repeat ein previous season's indoor form wey na she fini fifth at de 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships (dem later upgrade to fourth after na Venelina Veneva test positive for substances dem ban).<ref name="Profile2"/><ref>[http://www.european-athletics.org/files/eich/archive/birmingham/multiplewomen.pdf 29th European Athletics Indoor Championships] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306035946/http://www.european-athletics.org/files/eich/archive/birmingham/multiplewomen.pdf Archived] 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. European Athletics. Retrieved on 18 June 2009.</ref> During de 2007 season, na Vlašić win eighteen out of nineteen outdoor competitions, wey ein loss per cam early insyd de season at de first Golden League meeting insyd Oslo, wey Olympic champion Yelena Slesarenko defeat am. Vlašić win de World Championships insyd Osaka thanks to a 2.05 m jump, wey she win Croatia ein first gold medal at de [[World Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Osaka 2007 : High Jump - W Final|url=http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/results/gender=W/discipline=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/result.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020125041/http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/results/gender%3DW/discipline%3DHJ/combCode%3Dhash/roundCode%3Df/result.html|archive-date=20 October 2012|access-date=13 May 2009|language=en}}</ref> Antonietta Di Martino of Italy den Anna Chicherova of Russia both clear 2.03 m to share de silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2007|title=Beating back the pressure, Vlasic comes of age|url=http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/news/kind=2/newsid=41507.html#beating+back+pressure+vlasic+comes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516154345/http://osaka2007.iaaf.org/news/kind=2/newsid=41507.html#beating+back+pressure+vlasic+comes|archive-date=16 May 2009|access-date=13 May 2009|language=en}}</ref> Insyd early October, na dem name Vlašić female European Athlete of de Year by de European Athletic Association after de combined votes of a panel of experts, a group of journalists den de public.<ref name="Euroath2"/> She be de first Croatian athlete den de first high jumper to win dis award. === 2008: Silver medal at de Beijing Olympics === [[File:Blanka_Vlasic_Berlin_2009.JPG|thumb|Vlašić dey prepare to jump at de 2009 World Championships]] ==== World indoor title insyd Valencia ==== Insyd March 2008, na Vlašić win ein first world indoor title insyd Valencia, Spain (2.03 m) wey na dem post am 10 days earlier an indoor national record of 2.05 m. Dey came to de [[2008 Summer Olympics]], dem hold insyd Beijing, [[China]], Vlašić jump 12 times over 2.00 m outdoors, wey dey lead de world rankings<ref>{{Cite web|title=IAAF: High Jump - women - senior - outdoor - 2008 {{!}} iaaf.org|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/women/senior/2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133036/https://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/jumps/high-jump/outdoor/women/senior/2008|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=29 July 2017|website=iaaf.org}}</ref> plus 2.06 m. Still base on de world rankings, she dey lead by 3 centimeters. ==== Beijing Olympics ==== At de Olympics, Vlašić clear all of ein heights on ein first attempt, from 1.89 m to 2.03 m. At 2.03 m, Vlašić, Anna Chicherova, den Tia Hellebaut, wey get failures at de previous attempts, wey dey include at 2.03 for Hellebaut, remained insyd competition. Na de bar go to 2.05 m wey na Vlašić fail ein first attempt while na Hellebaut break de Belgian record. Vlašić clear de bar on ein second jump, buh na she loose de gold to Hellebaut on countback after neither clear 2.07m.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beljing 2008 High Jump - W FINAL|url=http://www.iaaf.org/oly08/results/eventcode=3659/racedate=08-23-2008/sex=W/discCode=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html#detW_HJ_hash_f|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804030902/http://www.iaaf.org/oly08/results/eventcode=3659/racedate=08-23-2008/sex=W/discCode=HJ/combCode=hash/roundCode=f/results.html#detW_HJ_hash_f|archive-date=4 August 2009|access-date=26 May 2009|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 August 2008|title=JO-Saut en hauteur: Tia Hellebaut médaillée d'or|url=http://www.dhnet.be/sports/jeux-olympiques/article/220112/jo-saut-en-hauteur-tia-hellebaut-medaillee-d-or.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205031515/http://www.dhnet.be/sports/jeux-olympiques/article/220112/jo-saut-en-hauteur-tia-hellebaut-medaillee-d-or.html|archive-date=5 December 2008|access-date=12 May 2009|website=dhnet.be}}</ref> Na Vlašić ein season end wen na she san beat on countback insyd de final leg of de ÅF Golden League series, wich end ein chances of winning de $1,000,000 jackpot. Na she win de previous five Golden League events, wey she fini de Memorial Van Damme meeting insyd second place behind Ariane Friedrich.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2008|title=Tia Hellebaut fait vibrer le public, Vlasic rate le jackpot|url=http://www.rtlinfo.be/sport/archive/article/124712/?&archiveYear=2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804151349/http://www.rtlinfo.be/sport/archive/article/124712/?&archiveYear=2008|archive-date=4 August 2009|access-date=13 May 2009|language=fr}}</ref> === 2009: Second consecutive world title, second best high-jumper of all time (2.08 m) === [[File:Blanka_Vlasic_208cm_Zagreb_2009.jpg|thumb|213x213px|En route to ein 2.08&nbsp;m jump insyd Zagreb]] Na de 2009 Indoor season see Vlašić dey post a world indoor lead of 2.05 m insyd Karlsruhe, wey dey equal ein own national indoor record insyd de process. However she fail to earn a medal at de European Indoor Championships insyd Torino, wey she fini fifth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Torino 2009, European Athletics Indoor Championships, High Jump Women|url=http://www.sportresult.com/sports/la/framework/eaa2.asp?event_id=10000100000083&comp_id=28788&module=competition&show=RL&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412041446/http://www.sportresult.com/sports/la/framework/eaa2.asp?event_id=10000100000083&comp_id=28788&module=competition&show=RL&lang=en|archive-date=12 April 2009|access-date=10 May 2009|language=en}}</ref> Germany ein Ariane Friedrich win de gold medal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2009|title=Friedrich Fireworks! 2.06m leap in Berlin - ÅF Golden League REPORT|url=http://www.iaaf.org/GLE09/news/newsid=51115.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616065228/http://www.iaaf.org/GLE09/news/newsid%3D51115.html|archive-date=16 June 2009|access-date=15 September 2009|website=www.iaaf.org|language=en}}</ref> At de World Championships, na Vlašić compete against Ariane Friedrich. During de final, na de duo be joined by reigning world silver den Olympic bronze medalist Anna Chicherova, wey take de lead plus a 2.02 m first-time clearance. Na Vlašić clear on ein second attempt, while na Friedrich clear on ein third attempt. At 2.04 m, de Croatian be de first one to go over. Na Chicherova fail wey Friedrich attempt 2.06 m, which she almost clears.<ref>{{Citation |last=IAAF Athletics |title=Uncut - High Jump Women Final Berlin 2009 |date=30 October 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDXVk8hsyZM |access-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901133417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDXVk8hsyZM&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=8 August 2009|title=La Revanche de Vlasic|url=http://www.sports.fr/cmc/athletisme/200932/la-revanche-de-vlasic_239128.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918132235/http://www.sports.fr/cmc/athletisme/200932/la-revanche-de-vlasic_239128.html|archive-date=18 September 2009|access-date=15 September 2009|website=www.sports.fr}}</ref> Na Vlašić then raise de bar to 2.10 m, a would-be world record, buh na she fail all three attempts.<ref name=":1" /> On 31 August, at Hanžeković Memorial insyd Zagreb, na Vlašić clear 2.08 m. Na she set a new personal best, Croatian record wey she cam be de second best high-jumper of all time behind de world record of Stefka Kostadinova (2.09 m insyd 1987). Na she raise de bar to 2.10 m, buh she san fail once.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2009|title=Vlasic tops 2.08m in Zagreb – IAAF World Athletics Tour|url=http://www.iaaf.org/GP09/news/kind=100/newsid=54165.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022230512/http://www.iaaf.org/GP09/news/kind=100/newsid=54165.html|archive-date=22 October 2012|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=iaaf.org}}</ref> === 2010: World indoor title den first European title === [[File:Blanka_Vlašić_Barcelona_2010.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Blanka Vlašić at de 2010 European Championships insyd Barcelona]] On 6 February 2010, Vlašić clear 2.06&nbsp;m insyd Arnstadt, [[Germany]]. Na de victory at de Hochsprung mit Musik add one centimetre to ein own personal best den Croatian record wey e bring am to third on de all-time indoor lists<ref name=":42">Ramsak, Bob (6 February 2010).</ref> behind Sweden ein Kajsa Bergqvist (2.08 m in 2006) den Germany ein Heike Henkel (2,07 m in 1992).<ref name=":42" /> A month later, na she retain ein world indoor title insyd Doha plus 2.00 m, wey she win ahead of Spain ein Ruth Beitia den USA ein Chaunté Lowe, na both jump 1.98 m. Thru de outdoor season, she win de first edition of de IAAF Diamond League by she win de seven meetings insyd de event. Na she den ein main rival of de season Chaunté Lowe both lead de circuit. Vlašić clear 2.00 m on six out of seven occasions insyd de circuit. On 1 August 2010 Vlašić win ein first European title plus 2.03 m, wey she equal de championship record set by Belgian ein Tia Hellebaut den Bulgaria ein Venelina Veneva-Mateeva four years earlier at de 2006 edition insyd Gothenburg. She beat Sweden ein Emma Green (silver) den Germany ein Ariane Friedrich (bronze), both jump 2.01 m.<ref>{{Cite web|last=european-athletics.org|date=1 August 2010|title=Vlašic wins historic gold for Croatia|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/20th-european-athletics-championships-2010/vlaic-wins-historic-gold-for-croatia.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208111548/http://www.european-athletics.org/20th-european-athletics-championships-2010/vlaic-wins-historic-gold-for-croatia.html|archive-date=8 December 2010|access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref> Na dem select Vlašić along plus Emma Green make dem represent Europe at de Continental Cup on ein home soil of Split. She win de event plus 2.05 m wey na she equal Chaunté Lowe ein world leading jump.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=IAAF|date=5 September 2010|title=In weekend's most dramatic moment, Vlasic scales 2.05m at home in Split - IAAF / VTB Bank Continental Cup|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-weekends-most-dramatic-moment-vlasic-scale|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724105116/http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-weekends-most-dramatic-moment-vlasic-scale|archive-date=24 July 2014|access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref> Na she raise de bar at 2.10 m, wat go be a world record, buh na she fail to break am.<ref name=":5" /> At de end of de year, na dem crown Vlašić European Athlete den IAAF World Athlete of de year, wey she succeed Marta Domínguez (Europe) den Sanya Richards-Ross (World).<ref>{{Cite web|last=IAAF|date=21 November 2010|title=Rudisha and Vlasic are World Athletes of the Year – 2010 World Athletics Gala|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/rudisha-and-vlasic-are-world-athletes-of-the|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102153334/http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/rudisha-and-vlasic-are-world-athletes-of-the|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref> [[File:Blanka_Vlašić_Daegu_2011.jpg|thumb|Blanka Vlašić at de 2011 World Championships wer na she earn de silver medal]] ==== 2011 season: third world championships medal ==== Dey cam up to de 2011 World Championships insyd Daegu, na Vlašić no be de favourite at all. Plus 2.00 m, na she no dey lead de world rankings wey na Russian long time rival Anna Chicherova get all de expectations for de win, thanks to a Russian record of 2.07 m. Na Italy ein Antonietta Di Martino sanso dey insyd a good shape coming to de Worlds, na (as Vlašić) jump 2.00 m outdoors buh na she do better indoors plus an Italian record of 2.04 m. Moreover, na Vlašić no guaranteed to show up at de championships secof a left leg injury. However, during de championships, na she show great form wey she manage to clear 2.03 m wey she earn silver medal,<ref name=":62">Vlašić, Blanka (1 October 2011). [http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10422-blanka-vlai-planning-to-bounce-back-after-frustrating-2011.html "Blanka Vlašić planning to bounce back after frustrating 2011"] (Interview). Interviewed by Jutarnji list. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120124225537/http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10422-blanka-vlai-planning-to-bounce-back-after-frustrating-2011.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</ref> wey she cam close to clearing 2.05 den creating history make she cam be de first high jumper to win 3 consecutive world titles. Buh na Anna Chicherova beat de Croatian on countbacks, while na Antonietta Di Martino for settle for de bronze plus 2.00 m.<ref name=":62" /> === 2012-2013: injuries === Na Vlašić decide to have an operation on ein left Achilles tendon insyd January 2012. Although na de operation insyd einself seem e go well, na an infection develop wey na she for do anoda operation insyd April. Na a slow healing process delay ein preparations for de [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]] wey na she for withdraw.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another operation interrupted Blanka's Olympic prep|url=http://www.blanka-vlasic.hr/n-en.php?id=652|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204082624/http://www.blanka-vlasic.hr/n-en.php?id=652|archive-date=4 December 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18842591|title=Blanka Vlasic pulls out of London Games|access-date=14 July 2012|date=14 July 2012|archive-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715145823/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18842591|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Vlašić no compete insyd any oda event of de season, therefore she miss de whole indoor den outdoor season of 2012. 20 months after ein last competition, na Vlašić make ein comeback on May 25 insyd New York, wey na she take de win plus de World Championships standard of 1.94 m. Then, na she jump 1.95 m insyd Rome before she clear 2 meters at de end of June insyd Buhl while na she dey work on gaining stability insyd ein ankle as na she approach de 2013 Moscow World Championships. Unfortunately na she for withdraw secof fear say na she no yet fully recover. [[File:Track_&_Field_-_Adidas_Grand_Prix_-_Icahn_Stadium_-_Blanka_Vlasic_(20748739195).jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|Vlašić insyd New York insyd 2015]] === 2015 World Championships === Insyd March 2014, Vlašić make ein comeback at an international championship since de 2011 World Championships at de World Indoor Championships. She place 6th plus 1.94 m.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2014|title=Hrvatice pokorile Prag: Blanka preskočila dva metra, Šimić uzela srebro|url=http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/hrvatice-pokorile-prag-blanka-preskocila-dva-metra-simic-uzela-srebro/730724.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809003602/http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/hrvatice-pokorile-prag-blanka-preskocila-dva-metra-simic-uzela-srebro/730724.aspx|archive-date=9 August 2016|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Secof a jumper's knee injury insyd ein left knee,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=sv&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http://www.svd.se/sport/3821282.svd&edit-text=|title=Google Translate|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|date=14 August 2014|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623101022/https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=sv&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fsport%2F3821282.svd&edit-text=|url-status=live}}</ref> na she for withdraw from de European championships insyd Zürich<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dragi moji, ništa od Europskog... - Blanka Vlasic Official Page|url=https://www.facebook.com/378491412525/photos/a.10150251232252526.376900.378491412525/10152688058737526/?type=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509053832/https://www.facebook.com/378491412525/photos/a.10150251232252526.376900.378491412525/10152688058737526/?type=1|archive-date=9 May 2021|access-date=13 June 2016|website=Facebook}}</ref> wer na she be one of de favorites alongsiyd Russia ein Mariya Kuchina, secof ein two recent wins insyd Paris den London plus 2.00 m.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2014|title=Vlasic l'emporte à 2,00m|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-l-emporte-a-2-00m/480380|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062131/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-l-emporte-a-2-00m/480380|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 July 2014|title=Vlasic s'impose à 1,96m|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-s-impose-a-1-96m/482063|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305214402/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-s-impose-a-1-96m/482063|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr}}</ref> However, she cam back on de scene a week after de Europeans at de Weltklasse Zürich wey she place fourth plus 1.93 m.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 August 2014|title=Blanka Vlasic de retour|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-de-retour/493236|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310222235/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Vlasic-de-retour/493236|archive-date=10 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr}}</ref> She end ein season on a good note, wey she san jump dat height insyd Zagreb. Insyd 2015, Vlašić open ein outdoor season at de Golden Gala insyd Rome wey she place 2nd to Spain ein Ruth Beitia (2.00 m, world lead) plus 1.97 m. Na then she equal dat height insyd New York City, dem san beat am by de Spaniard on countbacks. However, secof ein chronic foot pain, na she cancel ein appearances insyd both Lausanne<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2015|title=Blanka Vlasic renonce à l'étape Ligue de Diamant à Lausanne|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-renonce-a-la-hauteur/572495|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313145447/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-renonce-a-la-hauteur/572495|archive-date=13 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref> den Monaco in order make she get ready for de Beijing World Championships. Na de World Champs be de Croatian ein first major championship outdoors since Daegu 2011. On 27 August, na she make am to de finals den der, two days later, she earn de silver medal behind Russia ein Mariya Lasitskene (former Kuchina) wey beat am on countbacks (na Vlašić get one miss at 1.92 m).<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2015|title=Championnats du monde : Maria Kuchina titrée à la hauteur|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Championnats-du-monde-maria-kuchina-titree-a-la-hauteur/585920|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043656/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Championnats-du-monde-maria-kuchina-titree-a-la-hauteur/585920|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref> To am, na de silver medal feel like gold after all na she for go thru insyd de previous years, den more specifically wey dey recall she no fi walk for days insyd early July.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2015|title=IAAF: Beijing 2015 Blanka Vlasic high jump|url=http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/news/feature/women/high-jump|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404194239/http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/news/feature/women/high-jump|archive-date=4 April 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=iaaf.org}}</ref> === 2016: Olympic bronze === [[File:BlankaVlasic_206_06Feb2010.JPG|thumb|238x238px|Blanka Vlašić en route to ein 2.06 m jump insyd Arnstadt, 2010 (2.06, NIR)]] Still secof ein Achilles problem, na Vlašić make one appearance per insyd de 2016 season insyd Split on January 29 wer na she take de win plus 1.95 m, wey she jump over de qualifying standard (1.93 m) for de 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2016|title=Blanka Vlasic de retour en salle avec 1,95m|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-de-retour-en-salle-avec-1-95m/629599|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319113019/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-de-retour-en-salle-avec-1-95m/629599|archive-date=19 March 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref> On 3 February, na dem do am surgery insyd Turku, [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2016|title=Blanka Had Achilles Tendon Surgery|url=http://www.blanka-vlasic.hr/en/blanka-had-achilles-tendon-surgery/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216220458/http://www.blanka-vlasic.hr/en/blanka-had-achilles-tendon-surgery/|archive-date=16 February 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=Blanka Vlasic official page|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2016|title=Blanka Vlasic opérée du tendon d'Achille|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-operee-du-tendon-d-achille/634270|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219071823/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Blanka-vlasic-operee-du-tendon-d-achille/634270|archive-date=19 February 2016|access-date=23 June 2016|website=L'Equipe.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Despite she no compete during de outdoor season (na she cancel ein participation at de European Championships den insyd de London Diamond League), na dem select am by de Croatian Federation alongsyd Ana Šimić make dem represent Croatia insyd de high jump at de Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oasport.it/2016/07/olimpiadi-rio-2016-tutta-la-squadra-della-croazia-convocati-partecipanti-e-qualificati/|title=Olimpiadi Rio 2016 – Tutta la squadra della Croazia: convocati, partecipanti e qualificati|work=OA Sport|access-date=29 July 2017|language=it-IT|date=19 July 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729175523/https://www.oasport.it/2016/07/olimpiadi-rio-2016-tutta-la-squadra-della-croazia-convocati-partecipanti-e-qualificati/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Olympic competition ==== On 18 August, na Vlašić compete insyd de Women's high jump qualification wey na she reach de finals, wey she place 1st plus de qualifying height for de final, 1.94 m.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gol.dnevnik.hr/clanak/olimpijske-igre-2016/blanka-vlasic-plasirala-se-u-olimpijsko-finale---447079.html|title=Blanka Vlašić plasirala se u olimpijsko finale, Ana Šimić nije uspjela|work=Gol.hr|access-date=29 July 2017|language=hr|date=18 August 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729191255/https://gol.dnevnik.hr/clanak/olimpijske-igre-2016/blanka-vlasic-plasirala-se-u-olimpijsko-finale---447079.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, na she compete insyd a final of 17 competitors. She clear 1.88 m den 1.93 m on ein second attempt, before she clear 1.97 m. Na she, Ruth Beitia, Mirela Demireva den Chaunté Lowe be de athletes per to clear de bar. Na she place third behind Beitia den Demireva buh ahead of Lowe, Vlašić attempt 2.00 m buh she fail to clear within three attempts. As na no one else clear, she earn de bronze medal behind Beitia den Demireva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2016|title=Beitia reine de la hauteur|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Jeux-olympiques-ruth-beitia-reine-de-la-hauteur/719502|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822194329/http://www.lequipe.fr/Athletisme/Actualites/Jeux-olympiques-ruth-beitia-reine-de-la-hauteur/719502|archive-date=22 August 2016|access-date=21 August 2016|website=lequipe.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Na dis be de first time since de 1980 Summer Olympics wey de winning height be below 2.00 meters.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|url=http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|title=Blanka Vlašić: Borila sam se kao ranjena srna u šumi|work=Hrvatska radiotelevizija|access-date=29 July 2017|date=21 August 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729193429/http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|lang=hr|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Vlašić cam be de seventh female athlete insyd de history of de discipline (since 1928) to win two Olympic medals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/oi2016rion/blanka-vlasic-pod-blokadom-u-borbi-za-medalju-u-skoku-u-vis-1107741|title=Jača od bolova: Blanka Vlašić osvojila brončanu medalju na Olimpijskim igrama!|access-date=29 July 2017|language=hr|date=21 August 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729214644/https://www.vecernji.hr/oi2016rion/blanka-vlasic-pod-blokadom-u-borbi-za-medalju-u-skoku-u-vis-1107741|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Vlasić donate ein medal to de Croatian shrine of St. Mary of Marija Bistrica.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Trbušić|first=Davor|date=15 September 2016|title=Croatian athlete wins Olympic bronze, but takes spiritual gold|url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2016/09/croatian-athlete-wins-olympic-bronze-takes-spiritual-gold|access-date=3 January 2024|publisher=Crux}}</ref> === Career post-Olympic season === On 19 July 2017, na Vlašić announce ein withdrawal from de World Championships insyd London secof foot pain.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://narod.hr/sport/hrvatska-sportska-heroina-blanka-vlasic-moja-ozljeda-nista-odnosu-ove-pozare-hvala-svima-nas-branili|title=Hrvatska sportska heroina Blanka Vlašić: 'Moja ozljeda je ništa u odnosu na ove požare, hvala svima koji su nas branili|date=19 July 2017|work=narod.hr|access-date=29 July 2017|language=hr-HR|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729172322/https://narod.hr/sport/hrvatska-sportska-heroina-blanka-vlasic-moja-ozljeda-nista-odnosu-ove-pozare-hvala-svima-nas-branili|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportarena.hr/ostalo/atletika/vlasic-odustala-od-sp-a-u-londonu-nisam-htjela-riskirati/|title=Vlašić odustala od SP-a u Londonu: Nisam htjela riskirati...|last=Tunuković|first=Marko|date=19 July 2017|work=SPORTARENA.hr|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729184308/https://sportarena.hr/ostalo/atletika/vlasic-odustala-od-sp-a-u-londonu-nisam-htjela-riskirati/|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na she say dat na she get no plans to retire yet<ref name=":32" /> as she plan to cam back for de 2018 season on de road to de 2020 Summer Olympics insyd Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 August 2016|title=Blanka Vlašić: Borila sam se kao ranjena srna u šumi|url=http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823015125/http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|archive-date=23 August 2016|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url=http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|title=Blanka Vlašić: Borila sam se kao ranjena srna u šumi|work=Hrvatska radiotelevizija|access-date=29 July 2017|date=21 August 2016|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729193429/http://sport.hrt.hr/348727/blanka-vlasic-bborila-sam-se-kao-ranjena-srna-u-sumi|lang=hr|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 2021, she announce ein retirement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatian-athletics-legend-blanka-vlasic-announces-retirement/|title=Croatian athletics legend Blanka Vlašić announces retirement|publisher=Croatia Week|language=English|date=19 February 2021|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219071239/https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatian-athletics-legend-blanka-vlasic-announces-retirement/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Statistics == === Personal bests === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Event !Mark !Venue !Date |- | rowspan="2" |High jump |Outdoor |2.08 m NR |Zagreb, Croatia |31 August 2009 |- |Indoor |2.06 m NR |Arnstadt, [[Germany]] |6 February 2010 |} === International competitions === Dey represent Croatia {| |2000 |World Junior Championships |Santiago, [[Chile]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |1.91 m |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |World Championships |Edmonton, [[Canada]] |6th |1.94 m |- |Mediterranean Games |Tunis, [[Tunisia]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |1.90 m |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |World Junior Championships |Kingston, Jamaica | bgcolor="gold" |1st |1.96 m |- |European Championships |Munich, [[Germany]] |5th |1.89 m |- | rowspan="4" |2003 |World Indoor Championships |Birmingham, [[United Kingdom]] |4th |1.96 m |- |European U23 Championships |Bydgoszcz, Poland | bgcolor="gold" |1st |1.98 m |- |World Championships |Paris, [[France]] |7th |1.95 m |- |World Athletics Final |Monte Carlo, Monaco |4th |1.96 m |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |World Indoor Championships |Budapest, Hungary | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |1.97 m |- |Olympic Games |Athens, [[Greece]] |11th |1.89 m |- | rowspan="3" |2006 |World Indoor Championships |Moscow, [[Russia]] | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |2.00 m |- |European Championships |Gothenburg, Sweden |4th |2.01 m |- |World Athletics Final |Stuttgart, Germany |6th |1.90 m |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |European Indoor Championships |Birmingham, United Kingdom |4th |1.92 m |- |World Championships |Osaka, Japan | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.05 m |- |World Athletics Final |Stuttgart, Germany | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.00 m |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |World Indoor Championships |Valencia, Spain | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.03 m |- |Olympic Games |Beijing, China | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |2.05 m |- |World Athletics Final |Stuttgart, Germany | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.01 m |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |World Championships |Berlin, Germany | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.04 m |- |World Athletics Final |Thessaloniki, Greece | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.04 m |- | rowspan="3" |2010 |World Indoor Championships |Doha, Qatar | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.00 m |- |European Championships |Barcelona, Spain | bgcolor="gold" |1st |2.03 m |- | colspan="2" |Diamond League | bgcolor="gold" |1st |details |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |World Championships |Daegu, South Korea | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |2.03 m |- | colspan="2" |Diamond League | bgcolor="gold" |1st |details |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |World Indoor Championships |Sopot, Poland |6th |1.94 m |- | colspan="2" |Diamond League | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |details |- |2015 |World Championships |Beijing, [[China]] | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |2.01 m |- |2016 |Olympic Games |Rio de Janeiro, [[Brazil]] | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |1.97 m |} == Ein life matter == Na dem name Vlašić after Casablanca, a city wer na ein poppie compete den win a gold medal at de 1983 Mediterranean Games around de time of ein birth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Ambassadors: Blanka Vlašić|url=http://www.diamondleague.com/en/Diamond-Race/Ambassador-Overview/Blanka-VLASIC/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424202442/http://www.diamondleague.com/en/Diamond-Race/Ambassador-Overview/Blanka-VLASIC/|archive-date=24 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|website=diamondleague.com|publisher=Diamond League AG}}</ref> From de beginning of ein career na she be coached by ein poppie, Joško Vlašić den a former high jumper Bojan Marinović. Ein bro be Croatian football player Nikola Vlašić.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 December 2022|title=Blanka Vlašić javila se nakon osvajanja bronce u Kataru, bratu Nikoli poručila je samo jednu stvar|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/showbiz/blanka-vlasic-javila-se-nakon-osvajanja-bronce-u-kataru-bratu-nikoli-porucila-je-samo-jednu-stvar-1642821|access-date=22 August 2023|website=vecerni.hr|publisher=Večernji list|language=hr}}</ref> Blanka today be a member of de 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes wey commit to serving peace insyd de world thru sport, wey Peace and Sport create, a Monaco-based international organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peace and Sport|url=http://www.peace-sport.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029105901/http://www.peace-sport.org/|archive-date=29 October 2016|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Peace-sport.org}}</ref> Vlašić support de Croatian constitutional referendum insyd 2013 wey dey state dat marriage be matrimony between a woman den a man.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2013|title=Sportaši u akciji protiv gay brakova: Nakon Štimca, Blanka i Joško Vlašić podržali referendum za brak|url=http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/sportasi-u-akciji-protiv-gay-brakova-nakon-stimca-blanka-i-josko-vlasic-podrzali-referendum-za-brak/678436.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608032759/http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/sportasi-u-akciji-protiv-gay-brakova-nakon-stimca-blanka-i-josko-vlasic-podrzali-referendum-za-brak/678436.aspx|archive-date=8 June 2013|access-date=18 May 2013|publisher=Index.hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blanka i Joško Vlašić za 'brak muškarca i žene'|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/blanka-i-josko-vlasic-za-brak-muskarca-i-zene-555757|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182203/http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/blanka-i-josko-vlasic-za-brak-muskarca-i-zene-555757|archive-date=14 April 2016|access-date=18 May 2013|publisher=Večernji list}}</ref> She be a devout Roman Catholic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2015|title=BLANKA VLAŠIĆ: 'Živim sakramentalni život i redovito idem na Svetu Misu. Stavljam Gospodina u središte svoje obitelji' (VIDEO)|url=http://www.dnevno.hr/magazin/zanimljivosti/blanka-vlasic-o-vjeri-zivim-sakramentalni-zivot-redovito-idem-na-svetu-misu-stavljam-gospodina-u-srediste-svoje-obitelji-801983|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404191949/http://www.dnevno.hr/magazin/zanimljivosti/blanka-vlasic-o-vjeri-zivim-sakramentalni-zivot-redovito-idem-na-svetu-misu-stavljam-gospodina-u-srediste-svoje-obitelji-801983|archive-date=4 April 2016|access-date=19 May 2015|publisher=Dnevno.hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2013|title=Blanka Vlašić o svom obraćenju: 'Kad mi je brat pričao o Bogu, plakala sam tri dana'|url=http://www.bitno.net/vjera/blanka-vlasic-o-svom-obracenju-kad-mi-je-brat-pricao-o-bogu-plakala-sam-tri-dana/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402104855/http://www.bitno.net/vjera/blanka-vlasic-o-svom-obracenju-kad-mi-je-brat-pricao-o-bogu-plakala-sam-tri-dana/|archive-date=2 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2016|publisher=Bitno.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2013|title=BLANKA VLAŠIĆ INTIMNO O PREOBRAĆENJU 'Sramim se što sam Bogu stalno okretala leđa'|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/-sramim-se-sto-sam-bogu-stalno-okretala-leda---blanka-vlasic-otvoreno-progovorila-o-svom-preobracenju-/1122997/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901034813/http://www.jutarnji.hr/-sramim-se-sto-sam-bogu-stalno-okretala-leda---blanka-vlasic-otvoreno-progovorila-o-svom-preobracenju-/1122997/|archive-date=1 September 2013|access-date=29 August 2013|publisher=Jutarnji list}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2016|title=Heroina sportske obitelji koja je veliku snagu pronašla u vjeri|url=http://www.24sata.hr/sport/heroina-sportske-obitelji-koja-je-veliku-snagu-pronasla-u-vjeri-487920|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823142013/http://www.24sata.hr/sport/heroina-sportske-obitelji-koja-je-veliku-snagu-pronasla-u-vjeri-487920|archive-date=23 August 2016|access-date=21 August 2016|publisher=24 sata}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2019|title=December 28, 2019 Reversion Testimony of Olympic {{Sic|Ath|elete|hide=y}} Blanka Vlasic|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAVNKUtYLTQ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216105327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAVNKUtYLTQ|archive-date=2020-02-16|access-date=2020-01-24|website=YouTube}}</ref> On 26 May 2022 Vlašić announce on instagram say na she marry Belgian sports journalist Ruben Van Gucht wey na she preg plus de couple dema kiddie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NWS|first=VRT|date=2022-05-26|title=Sportjournalist Ruben Van Gucht getrouwd met hoogspringkampioene Blanka Vlasic, koppel verwacht zoontje {{!}} VRT NWS: nieuws|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2022/05/26/ruben-van-gucht-getrouwd-met-hoogspringster-blanka-vlasic-koppe/|access-date=2025-08-26|website=VRTNWS|language=nl}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090611224908/http://www.blanka-vlasic.hr/index-en.php Blanka Vlašić's official web page] at the Wayback Machine (archived 2009-06-11) * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14263716 Blanka Vlašić] at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250529014125/https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/14263716 Blanka Vlašić] at European Athletics (archive) * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/83464 Blanka Vlašić] at Olympedia * [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/blanka-vlasic Blanka Vlašić] at Olympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055414/https://www.olympic.org/blanka-vlasic Blanka Vlašić] at Olympic.org (archived) * [https://www.hoo.hr/biografije-olimpijaca/4140 Blanka Vlašić] at the ''Hrvatski olimpijski odbor'' (in Croatian) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20221226140139/https://www.hoo.hr/hr/sportasi/biografije-sportasa?idsportas=4140 Croatian archive], [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024131102/https://www.hoo.hr/en/athletes/biographies-of-athletes?idsportas=4140 English archive]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080714175204/http://www.spikesmag.com/athletes/Heroes/blankavlasic.aspx SPIKES Hero profile] at spikesmag.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 14 July 2008) * {{cite magazine|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/36931/blanka-vlasic-snaga-i-disciplina-najbolje-skakacice-svijeta|title=Blanka Vlašić – snaga i disciplina najbolje skakačice svijeta|trans-title=Blanka Vlašić - strength and discipline of the best jumper in the world|language=hr|magazine=Nacional|issue=613|author=Jelena Badovinac|date=13 August 2007|access-date=7 December 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613170243/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/36931/blanka-vlasic-snaga-i-disciplina-najbolje-skakacice-svijeta|archive-date=13 June 2011}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vlasic, Blanka}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Split, Croatia]] [[Category:Croatian female high jumpers]] [[Category:Olympic female high jumpers]] [[Category:Olympic athletes for Croatia]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Croatia]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Croatia]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2000 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Croatia]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Croatia]] [[Category:Mediterranean Games medalists insyd athletics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2001 Mediterranean Games]] [[Category:European Athlete of de Year winners]] [[Category:Track & Field News Athlete of de Year winners]] [[Category:Franjo Bučar Award winners]] [[Category:21st-century Croatian sportswomen]] [[Category:Diamond League winners]] [[Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships winners]] [[Category:IAAF Continental Cup winners]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:IAAF World Athletics Final winners]] [[Category:Croatian Roman Catholics]] 8yram2ddzq7mlnd1f38kztpe0h83221 0 20654 115143 112936 2026-10-24T01:41:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olufunke Ayotunde Akindele''' // ⓘ (born for August 24, 1977)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full name & Date of Birth |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2481000/bio |access-date=8 October 2009 |website=IMDb}}</ref> many people know am as '''Funke Akindele''' anaa '''Jenifa''',<ref name="olufunkeakindele.com">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT FUNKE AKINDELE - Funke Akindele - Official Website of Olufunke Akindele |url=http://www.olufunkeakindele.com/about-funke-akindele/ |access-date=8 October 2016 |website=olufunkeakindele.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021201726/http://www.olufunkeakindele.com/about-funke-akindele/ |archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> she be Nigerian filmmaker, actress,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Funke Akindele celebrates 14 years of playing 'Jenifa'|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/funke-akindele-celebrates-14-years-of-playing-jenifa/|access-date=15 March 2022|website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> director, producer, politician, den she still dey do real estate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Olowolagba|first=Fikayo|date=2022-07-12|title=2023: Funke Akindele puts acting career on hiatus, confirms PDP deputy governorship nomination [VIDEO]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/12/2023-funke-akindele-puts-acting-career-on-hold-confirms-pdp-deputy-governorship-nomination-video/|access-date=2022-10-22|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Funke Akindele Archives|url=https://guardian.ng/tag/funke-akindele/|access-date=2023-06-10|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele act for one tv show wey dem dey call ''I Need to Know'' from 1998 go 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Funke Akindele: Breaking Boundaries, Ascending New Heights - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/10/29/funke-akindele-breaking-boundaries-ascending-new-heights|access-date=2024-01-24|website=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}</ref> but na 2009 she blow proper when she act de movie ''Jenifa'', wey make she win Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMAA Nominees and Winners 2009|url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009|archive-date=5 April 2011|access-date=1 March 2011|publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> Akindele later do part two for de movie, The Return of Jenifa for 2011 wey na then carry am enter TV plus ''Jenifa's Diary for 2011.''<ref name="PulseJenifa">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title="Jenifa's Diary" Watch Funke Akindele in season 4 trailer |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/jenifas-diary-watch-funke-akindele-in-season-4-trailer-id4609524.html |access-date=28 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Chidumga Izuzu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180655/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/jenifas-diary-watch-funke-akindele-in-season-4-trailer-id4609524.html |archive-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> Dat series make she win Best Actress in a comedy at de Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for 2016, 2017, 2020 den 2022. She win dat award 5 times wey she be de actress/filmmaker wey she get de highest number of AMVCA nominations den wins, she carry 6 awards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DailyTimesNGR|date=2024-01-11|title=Funke Akindele, the supernova in Nigeria's film industry|url=https://dailytimesng.com/funke-akindele-the-supernova-in-nigerias-film-industry/|access-date=2024-01-24|website=DAILY TIMES Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> As director, she dey among de top two wey make over 1 billion naira for Nigerian cinema, wey right now she be de Highest-Grossing Director in Nigerian Box Office plus a total gross of over ₦4.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2024-03-23|title=Seven Wonder Women Awards: And the winners were...|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/seven-wonder-women-awards-and-the-winners-were/|access-date=2024-05-15|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> For 2022, the People's Democratic Party gubernatorial candidate, Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran, choose am as ein running mate for de 2023 Lagos state governorship election.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jonathan|first=Oladayo|date=13 July 2022|title=Lagos 2023: How Funke Akindele and I will defeat Sanwo-Olu, APC — PDP gov candidate - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/542379-lagos-2023-how-funke-akindele-and-i-will-defeat-sanwo-olu-apc-pdp-gov-candidate.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/542379-lagos-2023-how-funke-akindele-and-i-will-defeat-sanwo-olu-apc-pdp-gov-candidate.html|access-date=13 July 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=2022-07-12|title=2023: Why I picked Funke Akindele as running mate - Lagos PDP guber candidate, Adediran|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/12/2023-why-i-picked-funke-akindele-as-running-mate-lagos-pdp-guber-candidate-adediran/|access-date=2024-01-11|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> For de World AIDS Day commemoration wey happen in December 2024, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) appoint am as de National Goodwill Ambassador for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Jenifa' appointed UNAIDS' goodwill ambassador for HIV prevention|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/12/04/jenifa-appointed-unaids-goodwill-ambassador-for-hiv-prevention/|access-date=2024-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fasan|first=Yewande|date=2024-12-03|title=UNAIDS appoints Funke Akindele as national goodwill ambassador for Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unaids-appoints-funke-akindele-as-national-goodwill-ambassador-for-nigeria/#google_vignette|access-date=2024-12-04|website=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> Ein work be important as she go help push for better awareness and progress in promoting HIV prevention across Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel|first=Omowumi|date=2024-12-04|title=FG urges stakeholders to scale up HIV prevention among children|url=https://von.gov.ng/fg-urges-stakeholders-to-scale-up-hiv-prevention-among-children/|access-date=2024-12-04|website=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318163635/https://von.gov.ng/fg-urges-stakeholders-to-scale-up-hiv-prevention-among-children/|archive-date=2025-03-18}}</ref> == Early life den education == Dem born Akindele for August 24, 1977, for Ikorodu insyd Lagos State, [[Nigeria]]. She be Yoruba woman. She be de second born of three kiddies (two girls plus one boy). Ein mommie be medical doctor, wey ein poppie be retired school principal.<ref name="olufunkeakindele.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bodunrin|first=Sola|date=25 August 2015|title=10 Things You Need To Know About Funke Akindele ▷ NAIJ.COM|url=https://www.naij.com/529267-10-things-need-know-funke-akindele.html|access-date=8 October 2016|website=naij.com}}</ref> She go Grace Children's School, Gbagada, Lagos State. She come get an Ordinary National Diploma (OND) in Mass Communication (Masscom) for de [[Moshood Abiola Polytechnic|Ogun State Polytechnic]], de one wey dem now dey call [[Moshood Abiola Polytechnic]]. She come get Law degree from [[University of Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2021|title=Iyabo Ojo, Funke Akindele, Toyin Abraham lifestyles|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58535058|access-date=19 March 2022|website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Career == Akindele enter spotlight after she act for one TV series wey de [[United Nations]] Population Fund (UNFPA)-sponsor, dem call am ''I Need to Know'', wey run from 1998 go 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=Funke Akindele Loses Dad|url=https://guardian.ng/life/funke-akindele-loses-dad/|access-date=2023-09-16|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> For insyd, Funke Akindele play Bisi, one curious but very sharp secondary school student. Ein big break come for 2008 when she act for de movie ''Jenifa.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akindele|first=Funke|date=11 July 2019|title=Watch: Funke Akindele – My Best Friend Can Only Call My Husband On His Birthday|url=https://guardian.ng/life/funke-akindele-says-friends-not-allowed-to-call-her-husband/|access-date=6 May 2020|website=TheGuardian}}</ref><ref name="ghanaweb1">{{Cite web|date=24 August 2016|title=Nollywood's Funke Akindele turns 40 years today|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nollywood-s-Funke-Akindele-turns-40-years-today-464762|access-date=5 April 2020|publisher=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> For 2010, she act for one gangster movie wey get two parts, dem call am Omo Ghetto. Dat movie turn cult-classic den e influence big time dat period. Since then, she continue to produce plus act for successful Yoruba pop-culture movies, wey make am turn solid household name for dat region. For 2013, Akindele fully enter de English-speaking side of de movie industry, wey make she gain plenty fans for de eastern part of de country plus across de whole nation. For one interview insyd July 2016, Funke Akindele talk say she slow down on acting for de Yoruba movie industry dat time secof piracy.<ref name="Cable2">{{Cite web |last=Awojulugbe |first=Oluseyi |date=2016-07-18 |title=Funke Akindele: I'm not producing Yoruba movies for now |url=https://www.thecable.ng/funke-akindele-im-not-producing-yoruba-movies-now/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> Akindele play de main character for de TV show ''Jenifa's Diary'', plus Fisayo Ajisola, Falz, Juliana Olayode, den Aderounmu Adejumoke. De show be soft reboot of de movie ''Jenifa''.<ref name="PulseJenifa" /> For ''2''018, she act for one comedy film, ''Moms at War'' togeda plus Omoni Oboli. Then for July 2019, Akindele start new web series ''Aiyetoro Town'',<ref>{{cite web|date=10 July 2019|title=Aiyetoro town: Funke Akindele has kicked off 'Jenifa's Diary' spinoff, and it's hilarious|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/aiyetoro-town-jenifas-diary-spinoff-from-funke-akindele-is-hilarious/19k58np|access-date=15 February 2020|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> wey be spin-off from her popular TV series Jenifa's ''Diary.''<ref name="Pulse2">24 July 2018 [https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041723/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/moms-at-war-heres-when-omoni-obolis-new-film-will-be-released-in-cinemas/mevk6zr Here's when Omoni Oboli's new film will be released in cinemas], ''Pulse Nigeria''</ref> She be de former CEO of Scene One Film Production.<ref name="TheNet2">Mosope Olumide, 14 September 2018 [http://thenet.ng/poverty-and-failure-funke-akindele-reveals-her-greatest-fears-in-life/ Poverty And Failure: Funke Akindele Reveals Her Greatest Fears In Life], ''The Net''</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |Final Whistle |Angela |Ifeanyi Ikpoenyi direct am |- |Final Whistle 2 |Angela |Alongside Bukky Ajayi, Padita Agu |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |Sharon Stone |Dupe |Adim Williams direct am |- |Sharon Stone 2 |Dupe |Alongside [[Jim Iyke]], Genevieve Nnaji |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |Egg of Life |Isioma |Andy Amenechi direct am |- |Egg of Life 2 |Isioma |Alongside Nkiruka Sylvanus |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |Kádàrá Mi |Secretary |Abiodun Olanrewaju & Yinka Quadri direct am |- |Atlanta |Kudirat |Charles Novia direct am |- |Atlanta |Kudirat | |- |Botife |Bisola | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |Agbara Ifẹ | |Bakare Adeoye direct am |- |13th Day: Ọjọ Kẹtala | |Sunday Ogunyemi direct am |- |13th Day: Ọjọ Kẹtala 2 | |Sunday Ogunyemi direct am |- | rowspan="7" |2006 |Narrow Path |Wunmi |Kunle Kelani direct am |- |Kosefowora |Folashade |Tajudeen Mobolaji Arotambo direct am |- |Oṣuwọn Ẹda | |Yomi Fash-Lanso direct am |- |Agbe Fo |Yẹmisi |Abiodun Olarenwaju direct am |- |Agbe Fo 2 |Yemisi |Abiodun Olarenwaju direct am |- |Oreke Mulero | |Bakare Adeoye direct am |- |Ọdún Nbaku |Moji |Ibrahim Chatta den Dele Ogundipe direct am |- | rowspan="8" |2007 |Maku | |Abiodun Olarenwaju den Yinka Quadri direct am |- |Ẹdujọbi |Taiye/ Kehinde |Abiodun Olanrewaju direct am |- |Ẹdujọbi 2 |Taiye/ Kehinde | |- |B'aye Ṣe Nlọ | |Alongside Toyin Abraham |- |Ọba Irawọ | | |- |Okùn Ìfẹ Yí |Bimpe | |- |Egun | |Yinka Quadri direct am |- |Akandun | | |- | rowspan="10" |2008 |Kàkàkí L'oku |Kàkàkí's wife |Anthony Ogundimu direct am |- |Kàkàkí L'oku 2 |Kàkàkí's wife | |- |Taiwo, Taiwo |T.girl | |- |Taiwo, Taiwo 2 |T.girl | |- |Ajẹ̀ Mẹtta |Molayo | |- |Ajẹ̀ Mẹtta 2 |Molayo | |- |Apoti Orogún |Bola | |- |Jenifa |Jenifa | |- |Àtànpàkò Mẹta | | |- |Ọmọ Pupa | | |- | rowspan="12" |2009 |Bolode O'ku |Funmi | |- |Farayola |Oyinkansola | |- |Jenifa 2 |Jenifa | |- |Anointed Liars |Flora |Innocent Chinagorom direct am |- |Anointed Liars 2 |Flora | |- |Iro Funfun |Tomilola |Muhydeen S. Ayinde direct am |- |Iro Funfun 2 |Tomilola | |- |Ija Ọla | | |- |Ija Ọla 2 | | |- |Ọmọ Ìyá Kan | |Daniel Ademinokan direct am |- |Apaadi | | |- |Apaadi 2 | | |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |Omo Ghetto |Ayomide & Shalewa/Lefty | |- |Omo Ghetto 2 |Ayomide & Shalewa/Lefty | |- |Sherikoko |Angelina |Amayo Uzo Philips direct am |- |White Hunters |Peggy |Afam Okereke direct am |- |Ogun Àìkú | |Muyiwa Ademola direct am |- | rowspan="8" |2011 |Maami |Maami |Tunde Kelani direct am |- |The Return of Jenifa |Jenifa | |- |Jelili |Betty |Tope Adebayo den Adebayo Salami direct am |- |The Perfect Church |Sister Angela | |- |Ladies Gang |Samantha |Afam Okereke direct am |- |Ladies Gang 2 |Samantha | |- |Kujenra |Kujenra |Adebayo Tijani direct am |- |Kujenra 2 |Kujenra | |- | rowspan="5" |2012 |Married but Living Single |Kate |Tunde Olaoye direct am |- |A Wish | |Elvis Chuks direct am |- |Dirty Diamond |Peace/Uju |Okey-Zubelu Okoh direct am |- |Wisdom of Thomas |Ihunna |Tchidi Chikere direct am |- |Emi Abata |Tinuke |Adebayo Salami direct am |- | rowspan="9" |2013 |Living Nightmares |Monica |Okey-Zubelu Okoh direct am |- |Oga On Top | |Amayo Uzo Philips direct am |- |Jujuwood |Crystal |Tchidi Chikere direct am |- |Agnetta (O'mpa) | |Amayo Uzo Philips direct am |- |Angelina |Angelina |MacCollins Chidebe direct am |- |The Fighter |Monica Lewisky |Amayo Uzo Philips direct am |- |Barren Women | |Morgan Ukaegbu direct am |- |Azonto Babes | | |- |The Return of Sherikoko | |Amayo Uzo Philips direct am |- | rowspan="6" |2014 |New Horizons |Sadie | |- |Pretty Liars |Cleo | |- |Madam Tyson | | |- |Chibundu |Chibundu | |- |Mr Potosky | | |- |Love Wahala |Katrine | |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |Fight For Peace |Aduke | |- |One Fine Day | | |- |Uncle Oyibo | | |- |2016 |A Trip to Jamaica |Bola |Robert Peters |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |Isoken |Agnes | |- |Double Trouble |Modebola |Directional debut |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Moms at War |Olaide Adetola |Omoni Oboli direct am |- |Chief Daddy |Tinu Breecroft |Niyi Akinmolayan direct am |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Unmendable |Rachael | |- |Your Excellency |Kemi Ajadi |Cinematic directorial debut |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Who's The Boss |Hauwa |Chinaza Onuzo direct am |- |Omo Ghetto: The Saga |Ayomide &Shalewa/Lefty |Funke Akindele, Abdulrasheed Bello direct am |- |2021 |Dwindle |Officer Tolani |Kayode Kasum, Dare Olaitan |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Chief Daddy 2: Going for Broke |Tinu Breecroft |Niyi Akinmolayan direct am |- |Battle on Buka Street |Yejide |Funke Akindele den Tobi Makinde direct am |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |No Way Through |Jolade Okeniyi |Chinaza Onuzo direct am |- |A Tribe Called Judah |Jedidah Judah |Funke Akindele den Adeoluwa Owu direct am |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |House of Ga'a |Ayinba |Bolanle Austen-Peters direct am |- |Everybody Loves Jenifa |Jenifa |Tunde Olaoye co-direct am |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |Reel Love |Tomide's mother |Kayode Kasum direct am |- |Finding Me<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2025-03-17 |title=Nigerians Are Loving Funke Akindele's 'Finding Me' {{!}} See Their Reactions |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2025/03/funke-akindele-finding-me-reactions/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |Tinuke Olowoporoku |Directors Funke Akindele den Isioma Osaje |} === Television === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |1998 - 2004 |''I Need To Know'' |Bisi | |- |2004 |Super Story: ''Campus Babes'' |Pat | |- |2014 |''Screen Divas'' |Einself | |- |2015 - 2022 |Jenifa's Diary |Jenifa | |- |2017 - 2019 |Industreet |Francesca | |- |2018 - 2023 |My Siblings and I |Vivian Aberuagba | |- |2019–present |Aiyetoro Town |Jenifa | |- |2021 |Jenifa on Lockdown |Jenifa | |- |2022 |Far From Home |Patricia Bello | |- |2023 |She Must Be Obeyed |She/Siyanbola Adewole | |- |} === Game === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2019 |''Jenifa's Spell'' |Jenifa | |- |} == Awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Event !Prize !Work !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2009 |Africa Movie Academy Award |Best Actress in a Leading Role | rowspan="3" |''Jenifa'' |She win | |- |2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress |She win | |- |City People Awards |Actress of the Year |She win | |- |2010 |2010 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role (Yoruba) |''Ogun Aiku'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="6" |2012 |2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress |''The Return of Jenifa'' |She win | |- |2012 Nollywood Movies Awards |Best Actress (Indigenous) |''Emi Abata'' |She win | |- |2012 Best of Nollywood Awards |Best Actress (English) |''Married but Living Single'' |Dem nominate am | |- |Zulu African Film Academy Awards |Best Actress |''Maami'' and ''The Return of Jenifa'' |She win | |- |Yoruba Movie Academy Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role | |She win | |- |Screen Nation Awards |Pan Africa Best Actress | |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="5" |2013 | rowspan="2" |2013 Nollywood Movies Awards |Best Actress (Leading Role) | rowspan="2" |''Maami'' |Dem nominate am | |- |Best Actress (Indigenous) |She win | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Best Actress (Drama) |''Maami'' |Dem nominate am | |- |Best Actress (Comedy) |''The Return of Jenifa'' |Dem nominate am | |- |Yoruba Movie Academy Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role |''Ife Gbona'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress (Leading Role) |''Agnetta O’Mpa'' |She win | |- |2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Best Actress (Comedy) |''The Return of Sheri Koko'' |She win | |- |ELOY Awards |Brand Ambassador of the Year |Omo |She win |<ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2014 |title=Omoni Oboli, Funke Akindele, Omawumi: All the winners from the 2014 ELOY awards - Lifestyle - Pulse |url=http://pulse.ng/lifestyle/omoni-oboli-funke-akindele-omawumi-all-the-winners-from-the-2014-eloy-awards-id3316786.html |access-date=17 December 2016 |publisher=Pulse.ng |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183558/http://pulse.ng/lifestyle/omoni-oboli-funke-akindele-omawumi-all-the-winners-from-the-2014-eloy-awards-id3316786.html |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> |- |2015 |[[2015 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Best Supporting Actress-English |One Fine Day |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="6" |2016 |2016 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Best Actress In Comedy Role | rowspan="4" |''Jenifa's Diary'' |She win | |- |Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Actress Series |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="2" |Naija FM Awards |Sitcom Of The Year |She win | |- |Best Actress in Comedy |She win | |- |Africa Entertainment Legend Awards |Best Actress of the Year | |She win |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners List - Ael Awards (Aela) |url=http://aelaawards.com/poll-survey/ |url-status=deviated |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813222709/http://aelaawards.com/poll-survey/ |archivedate=13 August 2018 |access-date=17 December 2016 |publisher=Aelaawards.com}}</ref> |- |2016 Ghana Movies Awards |Best Actress Africa Collaboration |''A Trip to Jamaica'' |She win |<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2016 |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2016: Funke Akindele wins best actress African collaboration - Movies - Pulse |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-movie-awards-2016-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-african-collaboration-id5895546.html |access-date=17 December 2016 |publisher=Pulse.ng |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183556/http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-movie-awards-2016-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-african-collaboration-id5895546.html |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2017 | rowspan="3" |2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Best TV Series | rowspan="2" |''Jenifa's Diary'' |She win |<ref>{{cite web |author=Adeleke Afolayan |date=4 March 2017 |title=AMVCA 2017: See the full list of winners |url=https://thenet.ng/amvca-2017-see-full-list-winners/ |publisher=The NET}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Best Actress in a Comedy Movie or TV Series |She win |<ref>{{cite web |author=Chidumga Izuzu |date=4 March 2017 |title=Funke Akindele wins Best Actress in a Comedy |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2017-funke-akindele-wins-best-actress-in-a-comedy-id6318252.html |publisher=Pulse.Ng}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |''A Trip to Jamaica'' |Dem nominate am | |- |2017 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Best Lead Actress |She win | |- |2020 |2020 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards |Best Actress in a comedy |''Moms At War'' |She win |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List Of Winners At The 7th AMVCA {{!}} Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/15/full-list-of-winners-at-the-7th-amvca/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.channelstv.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201220503/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/15/full-list-of-winners-at-the-7th-amvca/amp/ |archive-date=2022-12-01}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="2" |Net Honours |Most Popular Actress | |She win | |- |Most Searched Actress | |Dem nominate am | |- |Africa Movie Academy Awards |Best Actress in a Leading Role | rowspan="5" |''Omo Ghetto: The Saga'' |Dem nominate am | |- | rowspan="7" |2022 | rowspan="6" |Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards |Best Actress in A Comedy |She win | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021|access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Stan Nze, Osas Ighodaro win big - Full list of all di winners from 2022 AMVCA|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>'' |- |Best Costume Designer |Dem nominate am |- |Best Movie West Africa |Dem nominate am |- |Best Overall Movie |Dem nominate am |- |Best Television Series |''Jenifa's Diary'' |Dem nominate am |- |Best Africa Magic Original Comedy Series |''My Siblings & I'' |Dem nominate am |- |NET Honours |Most Popular Actress | |She win |<ref name="Abiosun 2022">{{cite web |last=Abiosun |first=Anjolaoluwa |date=1 July 2022 |title=NET Honours: Full List of Class of 2022 Winners |url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-full-list-of-class-of-2022-winners/ |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |2023 | rowspan="3" |Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards |Best Actress In A Comedy Movie/TV Series | rowspan="4" |''Battle on Buka Street'' |Dem nominate am | rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}</ref> |- |Best Writer |Dem nominate am |- |Best Overall Movie |Dem nominate am |- |Africa International Film Festival |Globe Award Honoree |She win |- | rowspan="2" |NET Honours |Most Popular Actress | |She win | |- |Most Searched Actress | |She win |- |Legit.ng's Readers' Choice Awards |Best Actress in 2023 | |She win |- | rowspan="8" |2024 |2023 Silverbird Man of The Year Award |Special Achievement Award | |She win |- | rowspan="3" |2024 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards |Best Lead Actress | rowspan="3" |''A Tribe Called Judah'' |Dem nominate am |- |Best Writing (Movie) |Dem nominate am |- |Best Movie |Dem nominate am |- |Legit.ng Entertainment Awards |Best Actress | |She win |- |Africa Cinema Summit Legacy Awards |Honorary Award |Significant Contributor to the Africa Film Industry |She win |- |Africa Choice Awards |Female Movie Star of the Year | |Dey pend | |- |National Film and Video Censors Board |Box Office Champion | |She win | |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q5509254|c=Category:Funke Akindele|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [[imdbname:2481000|Funke Akindele]] at IMDb * [https://twitter.com/funkeakindele Funke Akindele] at Twitter {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akindele, Funke}} [[Category:Best Actress Africa Movie Academy Award winners]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Lagos State]] [[Category:Yoruba actresses]] [[Category:Nigerian people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:University of Lagos alumni]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian actresses]] [[Category:Nigerian film actresses]] [[Category:Nigerian television actresses]] [[Category:Participants insyd Nigerian reality television series]] [[Category:Actresses insyd Yoruba cinema]] [[Category:Moshood Abiola Polytechnic alumni]] [[Category:Nigerian film producers]] [[Category:Nigerian film directors]] [[Category:Nigerian actor-politicians]] [[Category:Nigerian television personalities]] [[Category:Women insyd Lagos politics]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian politicians]] [[Category:Nigerian women comedians]] 3oywoowykk289a3731tx81kjeka4bo5 0 22744 115144 108621 2026-10-24T01:56:45Z ~2026-56710-96 8506 I like it 115144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''hear'''by state that I.. that I.. that I.. a group of pacemaker cells insyd de sinoatrial node. Dese generate an electric current wey dey cause de heart to contract, wey dey travel thru de atrioventricular node den along de conduction system of de heart. Insyd humans, deoxygenated blood dey enter de heart thru de right atrium from de superior den inferior venae cavae den dey pass to de right ventricle. From hie, e be pumped into pulmonary circulation to de lungs, wer e dey receive oxygen den dey give off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then return to de left atrium, de pass thru de left ventricle wey e be pumped out thru de aorta into systemic circulation, wey dey travel thru arteries, arterioles, den capillaries—wer nutrients den oda substances be exchanged between blood vessels den cells, wey dey loose oxygen den dey gain carbon dioxide—before e be returned to de heart thru venules den veins.{{sfn|Guyton & Hall|2011|pp=101, 157–158, 180}} De adult heart dey beat at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute.{{sfn|Guyton & Hall|2011|pp=105–107}} Na cardiovascular diseases be de most common cause of death globally as of 2008, wey dey account for 30% of all human deaths.<ref name="WHO CVD 20133">{{cite web |title=Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet N°317 March 2013 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020049/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ |archive-date=19 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=WHO |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Harrisons">{{cite book |last1=Longo |first1=Dan |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Fauci |first2=Anthony |last3=Kasper |first3=Dennis |last4=Hauser |first4=Stephen |last5=Jameson |first5=J. |last6=Loscalzo |first6=Joseph |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6 |edition=18th |page=1811}}</ref> Of dese more dan three-quarters are a result of coronary artery disease den [[stroke]].<ref name="WHO CVD 20133" /> Risk factors dey include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, den poorly controlled [[diabetes]], among odas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=I |last2=Atar |first2=D |last3=Borch-Johnsen |first3=K |last4=Boysen |first4=G |last5=Burell |first5=G |last6=Cifkova |first6=R |last7=Dallongeville |first7=J |last8=De Backer |first8=G |last9=Ebrahim |first9=S |last10=Gjelsvik |first10=B |last11=Herrmann-Lingen |first11=C |last12=Hoes |first12=A |last13=Humphries |first13=S |last14=Knapton |first14=M |last15=Perk |first15=J |date=Oct 2007 |title=European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/498032/European%20guidelines%20on%20cardiovascular%20disease%20prevention%20in%20clinical%20practice%20-%20executive%20summary%20-%20Eur%20Heart%20J%202007%20-%20Yarnell%20JW%20(EACPR).pdf |url-status=live |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=2375–2414 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 |pmid=17726041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427100116/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/498032/European%20guidelines%20on%20cardiovascular%20disease%20prevention%20in%20clinical%20practice%20-%20executive%20summary%20-%20Eur%20Heart%20J%202007%20-%20Yarnell%20JW%20(EACPR).pdf |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |doi-access=free |last16=Priori |first16=SG |last17=Pyorala |first17=K |last18=Reiner |first18=Z |last19=Ruilope |first19=L |last20=Sans-Menendez |first20=S |last21=Scholte op Reimer |first21=W |last22=Weissberg |first22=P |last23=Wood |first23=D |last24=Yarnell |first24=J |last25=Zamorano |first25=JL |last26=Walma |first26=E |last27=Fitzgerald |first27=T |last28=Cooney |first28=MT |last29=Dudina |first29=A |last30=European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines |first30=(CPG)}}</ref> Cardiovascular diseases no dey frequently get symptoms buh fi cause chest pain anaa shortness of breath. Dem often dey do diagnosis of heart disease by de taking of a medical history, listening to de heart-sounds plus a stethoscope, as well as plus ECG, den echocardiogram wich dey use ultrasound.<ref name="Moore's 6">{{cite book |author1=Moore, Keith L. |title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy |author2=Dalley, Arthur F. |author3=Agur, Anne M.R. |publisher=[[Wolters_Kluwer#Operations|Wolters Kluwer Health]]/[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60547-652-0 |pages=127–173 |chapter=1}}</ref> Dem dey call specialists wey dey focus on diseases of de heart are cardiologists, although chaw specialties of medicine fi be involved insyd treatment.<ref name="Harrisons" /> == Additional images == <gallery widths=180> File:Blausen 0451 Heart Anterior.png|De human heart dem view from de front File:Blausen 0456 Heart Posterior.png|De human heart dem view from behind File:Blausen 0260 CoronaryVessels Anterior.png|De coronary circulation File:2008 Internal Anatomy of the HeartN.jpg|Frontal section of de human heart File:Slide2aaaaaa.JPG|An anatomical specimen of de heart File:Human Heart and Circulatory System.png|Heart illustration plus circulatory system File:Animated Heart.gif|Animated heart 3D model dem render insyd computer </gallery> == References == <references /> ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Hall|first=John|title=Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology|year=2011|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|url=https://archive.org/details/guyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-pdfdrive.com/|ref={{harvid|Guyton & Hall|2011}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan|last2=Fauci|first2=Anthony|last3=Kasper|first3=Dennis|last4=Hauser|first4=Stephen|last5=Jameson|first5=J.|last6=Loscalzo|first6=Joseph|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6|edition=18th|ref={{harvid|Harrison's|2011}}}} * {{cite book|editor=Susan Standring |editor2=Neil R. Borley|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4 |date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=London|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|ref={{harvid|Gray's Anatomy|2008}}|display-editors=etal}} * {{cite book |editor=Nicki R. Colledge |editor2=Brian R. Walker |editor3=Stuart H. Ralston |title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/davidsonsprincip0000unse_p2i4_21ed |date=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|edition=21st |ref={{harvid|Davidson's|2010}}}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|n=no}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59944889 Transplantation of pig heart to human. BBC, 11 Jan 2022.] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeuLxMXxR40 Heart surgeon Bartley P Griffith talks about the unique transplant of pig heart to human.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207102008/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html What Is the Heart?] – NIH * [http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/index.shtml Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy] * [http://anatomyguy.com/middle-mediastinum-and-heart-review/ Dissection review of the anatomy of the Human Heart including vessels, internal and external features] * [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/thorax0/heartdev/main_fra.html Prenatal human heart development] * [http://www.biology-pages.info/A/AnimalHearts.html Animal hearts: fish, squid] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1bh The Heart], BBC Radio 4 interdisciplinary discussion with David Wootton, Fay Bound Alberti & Jonathan Sawday (''In Our Time'', 1 June 2006) * [https://humanbodypartsanatomy.com/heart-anatomy-parts-names-functions-diagram/Human Heart Anatomy] detailed guide for medical college students and medical professionals. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Heart}} [[Category:Heart| ]] [[Category:Cardiac anatomy]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Organs (anatomy)]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2guwoquzekt5399dmwqmd5gicj4a8wy 115158 115144 2026-10-24T07:36:15Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-56710-96|~2026-56710-96]] ([[User talk:~2026-56710-96|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 108621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''heart''' be a muscular organ dem find insyd humans den oda animals. Dis organ dey pump blood thru de blood vessels.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moran |first=Michael E. |title=Gray's Anatomy of Stones: Henry Vandyke Carter |date=2013-08-26 |work=Urolithiasis A Comprehensive History |pages=131–144 |place=New York, NY |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_15 |isbn=978-1-4614-8195-9}}</ref> De heart den blood vessels togeda dey make up de circulatory system.<ref name="tabers">{{cite book |author1=Taber, Clarence Wilbur |author2=Venes, Donald |title=[[Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary]] |publisher=[[F. A. Davis Company|F.A. Davis Co.]] |year=2009 |pages=1018–1023 |isbn=978-0-8036-1559-5 }}</ref> De pumped blood carry oxygen den nutrients to de tissue, while dey carry metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to de lungs.{{sfn|Guyton & Hall|2011|p=157}} Insyd humans, de heart approximately be de size of a closed fist wey e be located between de lungs, insyd de middle compartment of de chest, dem call de mediastinum.<ref name="Moore's 6">{{cite book |author1=Moore, Keith L. |title=Clinically Oriented Anatomy |author2=Dalley, Arthur F. |author3=Agur, Anne M.R. |publisher=[[Wolters_Kluwer#Operations|Wolters Kluwer Health]]/[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60547-652-0 |pages=127–173 |chapter=1}}</ref> Insyd humans, de heart be divided into four chambers: upper left den right atria den lower left den right ventricles.<ref name="StarrEvers2009">{{cite book |author1=Starr, Cecie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxC27ndpwe8C&pg=PA422 |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow With Physiology |author2=Evers, Christine |author3=Starr, Lisa |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-495-56157-6 |page=422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502095349/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxC27ndpwe8C&pg=PA422 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="K2008">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=C. Roebuck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jjMzgEACAAJ |title=CSET: California Subject Examinations for Teachers |last2=Brainerd |first2=Lee Wherry |last3=Lee |first3=Rodney |author4=Kaplan, Inc. |date=2008 |publisher=Kaplan Pub. |isbn=978-1-4195-5281-6 |edition=3rd |location=New York |page=154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504211756/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7n4Rki02EC&pg=PA154 |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Commonly, de right atrium den ventricle be referred togeda as de right heart den dema left counterparts as de left heart.{{sfn|Gray's Anatomy|2008|p=960}} Insyd a healthy heart, blood dey flow one way thru de heart secof heart valves, wich dey prevent backflow.<ref name="Moore's 6" /> De heart be enclosed insyd a protective sac, de pericardium, wich sanso dey contain a small amount of fluid. De wall of de heart be made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, den endocardium.<ref name="CNX2014">{{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=J. Gordon |url=http://cnx.org/content/m46676/latest/?collection=col11496/latest |title=Anatomy & physiology |date=2013 |publisher=OpenStax College, Rice University |isbn=978-1-938168-13-0 |pages=787–846 |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227144954/https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/19-1-heart-anatomy |archive-date=27 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De heart dey pump blood plus a rhythm wey be determined by a group of pacemaker cells insyd de sinoatrial node. Dese generate an electric current wey dey cause de heart to contract, wey dey travel thru de atrioventricular node den along de conduction system of de heart. Insyd humans, deoxygenated blood dey enter de heart thru de right atrium from de superior den inferior venae cavae den dey pass to de right ventricle. From hie, e be pumped into pulmonary circulation to de lungs, wer e dey receive oxygen den dey give off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then return to de left atrium, de pass thru de left ventricle wey e be pumped out thru de aorta into systemic circulation, wey dey travel thru arteries, arterioles, den capillaries—wer nutrients den oda substances be exchanged between blood vessels den cells, wey dey loose oxygen den dey gain carbon dioxide—before e be returned to de heart thru venules den veins.{{sfn|Guyton & Hall|2011|pp=101, 157–158, 180}} De adult heart dey beat at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute.{{sfn|Guyton & Hall|2011|pp=105–107}} Na cardiovascular diseases be de most common cause of death globally as of 2008, wey dey account for 30% of all human deaths.<ref name="WHO CVD 20133">{{cite web |title=Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet N°317 March 2013 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020049/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ |archive-date=19 September 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=WHO |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Harrisons">{{cite book |last1=Longo |first1=Dan |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Fauci |first2=Anthony |last3=Kasper |first3=Dennis |last4=Hauser |first4=Stephen |last5=Jameson |first5=J. |last6=Loscalzo |first6=Joseph |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6 |edition=18th |page=1811}}</ref> Of dese more dan three-quarters are a result of coronary artery disease den [[stroke]].<ref name="WHO CVD 20133" /> Risk factors dey include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, den poorly controlled [[diabetes]], among odas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=I |last2=Atar |first2=D |last3=Borch-Johnsen |first3=K |last4=Boysen |first4=G |last5=Burell |first5=G |last6=Cifkova |first6=R |last7=Dallongeville |first7=J |last8=De Backer |first8=G |last9=Ebrahim |first9=S |last10=Gjelsvik |first10=B |last11=Herrmann-Lingen |first11=C |last12=Hoes |first12=A |last13=Humphries |first13=S |last14=Knapton |first14=M |last15=Perk |first15=J |date=Oct 2007 |title=European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/498032/European%20guidelines%20on%20cardiovascular%20disease%20prevention%20in%20clinical%20practice%20-%20executive%20summary%20-%20Eur%20Heart%20J%202007%20-%20Yarnell%20JW%20(EACPR).pdf |url-status=live |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=2375–2414 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 |pmid=17726041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427100116/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/498032/European%20guidelines%20on%20cardiovascular%20disease%20prevention%20in%20clinical%20practice%20-%20executive%20summary%20-%20Eur%20Heart%20J%202007%20-%20Yarnell%20JW%20(EACPR).pdf |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 |doi-access=free |last16=Priori |first16=SG |last17=Pyorala |first17=K |last18=Reiner |first18=Z |last19=Ruilope |first19=L |last20=Sans-Menendez |first20=S |last21=Scholte op Reimer |first21=W |last22=Weissberg |first22=P |last23=Wood |first23=D |last24=Yarnell |first24=J |last25=Zamorano |first25=JL |last26=Walma |first26=E |last27=Fitzgerald |first27=T |last28=Cooney |first28=MT |last29=Dudina |first29=A |last30=European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines |first30=(CPG)}}</ref> Cardiovascular diseases no dey frequently get symptoms buh fi cause chest pain anaa shortness of breath. Dem often dey do diagnosis of heart disease by de taking of a medical history, listening to de heart-sounds plus a stethoscope, as well as plus ECG, den echocardiogram wich dey use ultrasound.<ref name="Moore's 6" /> Dem dey call specialists wey dey focus on diseases of de heart are cardiologists, although chaw specialties of medicine fi be involved insyd treatment.<ref name="Harrisons" /> == Additional images == <gallery widths=180> File:Blausen 0451 Heart Anterior.png|De human heart dem view from de front File:Blausen 0456 Heart Posterior.png|De human heart dem view from behind File:Blausen 0260 CoronaryVessels Anterior.png|De coronary circulation File:2008 Internal Anatomy of the HeartN.jpg|Frontal section of de human heart File:Slide2aaaaaa.JPG|An anatomical specimen of de heart File:Human Heart and Circulatory System.png|Heart illustration plus circulatory system File:Animated Heart.gif|Animated heart 3D model dem render insyd computer </gallery> == References == <references /> ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Hall|first=John|title=Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology|year=2011|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|url=https://archive.org/details/guyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-pdfdrive.com/|ref={{harvid|Guyton & Hall|2011}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan|last2=Fauci|first2=Anthony|last3=Kasper|first3=Dennis|last4=Hauser|first4=Stephen|last5=Jameson|first5=J.|last6=Loscalzo|first6=Joseph|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-174889-6|edition=18th|ref={{harvid|Harrison's|2011}}}} * {{cite book|editor=Susan Standring |editor2=Neil R. Borley|title=Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_c5d4 |date=2008|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=London|isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8|edition=40th|ref={{harvid|Gray's Anatomy|2008}}|display-editors=etal}} * {{cite book |editor=Nicki R. Colledge |editor2=Brian R. Walker |editor3=Stuart H. Ralston |title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/davidsonsprincip0000unse_p2i4_21ed |date=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|edition=21st |ref={{harvid|Davidson's|2010}}}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|n=no}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59944889 Transplantation of pig heart to human. BBC, 11 Jan 2022.] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeuLxMXxR40 Heart surgeon Bartley P Griffith talks about the unique transplant of pig heart to human.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070207102008/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html What Is the Heart?] – NIH * [http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/index.shtml Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy] * [http://anatomyguy.com/middle-mediastinum-and-heart-review/ Dissection review of the anatomy of the Human Heart including vessels, internal and external features] * [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/thorax0/heartdev/main_fra.html Prenatal human heart development] * [http://www.biology-pages.info/A/AnimalHearts.html Animal hearts: fish, squid] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1bh The Heart], BBC Radio 4 interdisciplinary discussion with David Wootton, Fay Bound Alberti & Jonathan Sawday (''In Our Time'', 1 June 2006) * [https://humanbodypartsanatomy.com/heart-anatomy-parts-names-functions-diagram/Human Heart Anatomy] detailed guide for medical college students and medical professionals. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Heart}} [[Category:Heart| ]] [[Category:Cardiac anatomy]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Organs (anatomy)]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] aznvj4fweuxy6ycpviofmeuf4nt6b2d 0 22846 115130 107505 2026-10-23T20:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium''', formerly '''Tamale Sports Stadium''', be a multipurpose stadium insyd [[Tamale, Ghana]], dem mostly use am for football matches as well as a place for hosting events such as entertainment concerts den album shows wey e dey serve as de home stadium of Real Tamale United, Tamale City FC, Northern City FC den Steadfast FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It took me 4 years of preparation to fill Tamale Sports Stadium - Fancy Gadam - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-took-me-4-years-of-preparation-to-fill-tamale-sports-stadium-fancy-gadam/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Na dem plete de stadium insyd 2008 by de Shanghai Construction Group of China. De stadium dey look similar to de Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium. Na de stadium, wich host sam matches during de 2008 African Cup of Nations, get a capacity of about 20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Stadiums - Stadiums Ghana |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/ghana.shtml |access-date=2017-12-11 |website=www.worldstadiums.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505150941/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/ghana.shtml |archive-date=2021-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alhaji Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium (Tamale Stadium) – StadiumDB.com |url=https://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/gha/tamale_stadium |access-date=2017-12-11 |website=stadiumdb.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery widths="200px" heights="120px" caption="Aliu Mahama Sports Stadium"> ALIU MAHAMA SPORT STADIUM - TAMALE..jpg|De interior </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[https://cafe.daum.net/stade/5BHw/22 Photos] at [https://cafe.daum.net/stade/ cafe.daum.net/stade] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102655/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Tamale%20Stadium&page=viewListing&lid=122&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia website - Tamale Stadium] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tamale, Ghana]] [[Category:Football venues insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Sports venues insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Dagbon]] 6wsgx4q7r4gw54x97xotwvtu9ww9dk3 0 24654 115132 91104 2026-10-23T22:21:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 115132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Betty Nah-Akuyea Mould-Iddrisu''' (dem born am 22 March 1953<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/2925/Betty_Mould-Iddrisu |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Africa-confidential |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Ghana.htm Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership: The Republic of Ghana]</ref>) be Ghanaian lawyer den politician. A member of de [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] (NDC), she be ''Minister for Education'' for Ghana insyd from 2011 to 2012,<ref name="2011 reshuffle">{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=200624|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Zita dropped, Betty for education|accessdate=2011-02-07|date=2011-01-04|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Mould Iddrisu, Republic of Ghana: Profile and Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16408967 |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref> after e serve as Attorney General den ''Minister for Justice'' from 2009 to 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First woman Attorney-General Sworn In |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/First-woman-Attorney-General-Sworn-In-158328 |access-date=2019-05-13 |website=Ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title=NDC women were pleasantly stunned with Mahama's choice of Naana Opoku-Agyeman - Betty Mould-Iddrisu - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ndc-women-were-pleasantly-stunned-with-mahamas-choice-of-naana-opoku-agyeman-betty-mould-iddrisu/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> She be de first woman wey lead de Attorney General ein Office for Ghana insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=158328|title=First woman Attorney-General Sworn In|accessdate=2009-02-28|work=General News of Thursday, 26 February 2009|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> Prior to politics, she head before as head of ''Legal and Constitutional Affairs'' at de Commonwealth Secretariat for London insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theghanaianjournal.com/2008/04/10/betty-mould-iddrissu-disappointed/|title=Betty Mould Iddrissu Disappointed|accessdate=2009-02-28|author=Emmanuel K. Dogbevi|publisher=The Ghanaian Journal}}</ref> Mould-Iddrisu be one of dem pippoe thought to be de likely nominee give Vice President of Ghana for de ticket of de National Democratic Congress (NDC) top.<ref>{{cite web |title=Betty Mould-Iddrissu ready to run with Mills |url=http://www.myzongo.com/2008/01/30/betty-mould-iddrissu-ready-to-run-with-mills/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312113241/http://www.myzongo.com/2008/01/30/betty-mould-iddrissu-ready-to-run-with-mills/ |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |accessdate=2009-02-28 |publisher=MyZongo.}}</ref> == Ein education == She get ein early education at Ghana International School den go Achimota School den Accra Academy give ein secondary education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-14 |title="I just wished he could have lived longer" - Betty Mould-Iddrisu mourns Rawlings |url=https://www.theghanareport.com/i-just-wished-he-could-have-lived-longer-betty-mould-iddrisu-mourns-rawlings/ |access-date=2020-12-26 |website=The Ghana Report |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2016 |title=Accra Academy old students launch scholarship scheme |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/accra-academy-old-students-launch-scholarship-scheme.html |access-date=2020-12-26 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> She obtain a ''bachelor's degree in law'' (L.L.B) from de [[University of Ghana|University of Ghana, Legon]] between 1973 den 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu: Ghana's first female Attorney General – Today Newspaper |url=https://www.todaygh.com/betty-mould-iddrisu-ghanas-first-female-attorney-general/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711014731/https://www.todaygh.com/betty-mould-iddrisu-ghanas-first-female-attorney-general/ |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministers |url=http://www.ghanareview.com/directory/Ministers2.htm |accessdate=18 March 2015 |website=ghanareview.com |publisher=Ghana Review}}</ref> Ein academic qualifications dey include a Master's Degree wey she gain for 1978 insyd from de London School of Economics. == Ein career == For 2003 insyd, dem appoint Mould-Iddrisu de Director of de ''Legal and Constitutional Affairs Division'' of de Commonwealth Secretariat, an inter-governmental organisation wey dey comprise 53 member states wey dey base for London insyd. Sam of de highlights of ein time at de Secretariat dey include overseeing implementation of mandates for de area of transnational crime insyd, counter terrorism den international humanitarian law. She oversee de implementation of de Secretariats programmes for anti-corruption top, asset recovery den judicial ethics. In addition, she implement diverse legal programs thru judicial reforms, legislative drafting den building capacity for de legal field insyd for de Commonwealth insyd amongst odas.<ref name="Pioneer African Women in Law">{{Cite web |title=Pioneer African Women in Law |url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Betty-Mould-Iddrisu |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=African Women in Law |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120091124/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Betty-Mould-Iddrisu |archive-date=2021-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107074106/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/ |archive-date=7 January 2023 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> She give advice to Heads of States, Ministers den dem frequently bell am upon to give high level advice to governments, politicians den civil society. She sanso dey advise member states for de areas of international law, constitutional law den human rights insyd den dey organize high level ministerial den senior officials meetings. She head de Secretariat Team of de Electoral Observer Group to de 2006 Ugandan Elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107074106/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/ |archive-date=7 January 2023 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> She act as In-house-Chief legal adviser to de Secretary General den Secretariat. For dat capacity insyd, she dey manage a team of lawyers from diverse backgrounds den be responsible give dey manage ein divisional budget den sourcing give extra budgetary resources. She sanso dey assist de Secretary General den ein two Deputies for management of de Secretariat insyd den dey represent de secretariat at Tribunals den Courts. Between 1990 den 2000, at a time she dey fulfill ein duties at de London-based Commonwealth Secretariat, she teach at de law faculty of University of Ghana, sanso dey publish various papers den articles on intellectual property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moynihan Institute of global affairs -Betty Mould-Iddrisu |url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/PersonDetail.asp?personID=269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112022714/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/PersonDetail.asp?personID=269 |archive-date=2007-11-12 |access-date=2010-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Pioneer African Women in Law" /> == Politics == === Attorney-General of Ghana === Dem swear in Mould-Iddrisu for February 2009 insyd as de ''Minister of Justice and Attorney General'' by President John Evans Atta Mills, President of de Republic of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2009 |title=First woman Attorney-General Sworn In |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/First-woman-Attorney-General-Sworn-In-158328 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> She be de first female wey dem appoint am to dat role for Ghana insyd. === Resignation === Mould-Iddrisu resign from de government for January 2012 insyd plus reasons she no tell de public. President Mills accept resignation of Mould-Iddrisu, de next day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Former A-G, Betty Mould-Iddrisu Resigns |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90518.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729132908/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90518.php |archive-date=29 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Peacefmonline - Ghana news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dogbevi |first=Emmanuel |date=2012-01-24 |title=President Mills accepts Betty Mould-Iddrisu's resignation Letter |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/01/24/president-mills-accepts-betty-mould-iddrisus-resignation-letter/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}</ref> Dis be few days after de President sack ein successor as Attorney-General.<ref>{{cite web |title=President Mills Relieves Attorney-General Of His Post |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/general-news/10433-president-mills-relieves-attorney-general-of-his-post- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422034630/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/general-news/10433-president-mills-relieves-attorney-general-of-his-post- |archive-date=22 April 2012 |accessdate=25 January 2012 |publisher=Ghana Government}}</ref> She dey under pressure for relation insyd to a case while she dey serve as de Attorney-General.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Minister Betty Mould-Iddrisu resigns |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228421 |accessdate=25 January 2012 |work=General News |publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> Dem succeed am at de Education Ministry by Enoch Teye Mensah.<ref>{{cite web |title=E.T. Mensah Takes Over Education |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228426 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070341/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228426 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |accessdate=25 January 2012 |work=General News |publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> === Opinion for State of Affairs top for Ghana insyd === For July 2023 insyd, she interrogate de importance of de Office of Special Prosecutions, wey e suggest dat dem set am up by de National Patriotic Party (NPP) government to go after people dem disagree plus politically. She sanso add dat lessens de power of de office of de Attorney General.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2023 |title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu questions relevance of OSP, says it was set up for political prosecutions |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1243491/betty-mould-iddrisu-questions-relevance-of-osp.html |website=ModernGhana}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Betty Mould-Iddrisu marry to former Minister of Defence Mahama Iddrisu den be de elder sister of Alex Mould, wey be a former chief executive officer of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-04 |title=NDC presidential race: Betty Mould, husband support me – Iddrisu |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/NDC-presidential-race-Betty-Mould-husband-support-me-Iddrisu-657388 |access-date=2021-02-17 |website=Ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When The Moulds, Re-Mould Our Lives|language=en-gb|work=Modern Ghana|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/382631/when-the-moulds-re-mould-our-lives.html|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-03-09|title=When The Moulds, Re-Mould Our Lives|language=en-US|work=News Ghana|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/when-the-moulds-re-mould-our-lives/|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_Mills_government_ministers|List of Mills government ministers]] == References == <references /> {{sister project links||d=Q850396|c=Category:Betty Mould-Iddrisu|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Political offices |- | rowspan="1" |Ambrose Dery precede am | rowspan="1" |'''Attorney General den Minister for Justice''' 2009 – 2011 | rowspan="1" |Martin Amidu succeed am |- | rowspan="1" |Alex Tettey-Enyo precede am | rowspan="1" |'''Minister for Education''' 2011 – 2012 | rowspan="1" |Enoch Teye Mensah succeed am |} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mould-Iddrisu, Betty}} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:Justice ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Ministers for education of Ghana]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Attorneys general of Ghana]] [[Category:Academic staff of de University of Ghana]] [[Category:Alumni of de London School of Economics]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Ghana]] [[Category:Alumni of de Accra Academy]] [[Category:Female justice ministers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian lawyers]] [[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]] [[Category:20th-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian women lawyers]] [[Category:Members of de Council of State (Ghana)]] gaf7xye7fuuq126je9gsrgfofax1q4u 0 25505 115138 112893 2026-10-24T00:37:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ellen Eugenia Johnson Sirleaf''' (dem born am 29 October 1938) be Liberian politician wey serve as de 24th presido of Liberia from 2006 to 2018. Sirleaf be de first dem elect am female head of state for Africa insyd.<ref>[https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u271942 "Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen Eugenia, (born 29 Oct. 1938), President of Liberia, since 2006"], Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2015, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u271942|10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u271942]], retrieved 30 March 2022</ref><ref>Hough, Lory (10 September 2006). [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/research-insights/policy-topics/public-leadership-management/ellen-johnson-sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: From HKS to the campaign trail"]. [[:en:Harvard_Kennedy_School|Harvard Kennedy School]]. Retrieved 7 September 2024.</ref> Dem born Sirleaf for Monrovia insyd to a Gola poppie den Kru-German mommie. Dem educate am for de College of West Africa. Sirleaf be Harvard-trained economist. She fini ein education for de [[United States]] insyd, wey she study at Madison Business College, de University of Colorado Boulder, den Harvard University. She return to Liberia to work for William Tolbert ein government as Deputy Minister of Finance from 1973 to 1974. Later, she work again for de West insyd, give de World Bank for de Caribbean den Latin America insyd. For 1979 insyd, she receive a cabinet appointment as Minister of Finance, wey e serve to 1980. After Samuel Doe seize power for 1980 insyd for a coup d'état insyd den execute Tolbert, Sirleaf flee to de United States. She work give Citibank den de Equator Bank. She return to Liberia to contest a senatorial seat give Montserrado County for 1985 insyd, an election dat dem dispute am. Dem arrest am as a result of ein open criticism of de military government for 1985 insyd den dem sentence am to ten years imprisonment, although dem later release am.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Biography, Nobel Peace Prize, & Facts"]. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> Sirleaf continue dey involve for politics insyd. She fini for second place insyd at de 1997 presidential election, wey Charles Taylor win am. She win de 2005 presidential election den take office for 16 January 2006 top. Dem re-elect am for 2011 insyd. She be de first woman for Africa insyd wey dem elect am as president of ein country. She win de [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for 2011 insyd, in recognition of ein efforts to bring women into de peacekeeping process. She receive numerous oda awards give ein leadership. For June 2016 insyd, dem elect Sirleaf as de Chair of de [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]], wey e make am de first woman wey hold de position since dem create am.<ref>[http://www.ghanastar.com/africa-news/liberias-president-sirleaf-elected-new-ecowas-chair/ "Liberia's President Ellen Sirleaf, Becomes First Female ECOWAS Chair"]. GhanaStar.com. 5 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> == Ein family background == Sirleaf ein poppie be Gola den ein mommie be mix Kru den [[Germany|German]] ancestry.<ref>Kramer, Reed (11 December 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190714182739/https://allafrica.com/stories/200512110034.html "Liberia: Showered With Enthusiasm, Liberia's President-Elect Receives High-Level Reception in Washington"]. All Africa.com. Retrieved 15 December 2005.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200505033400/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110053359600/Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf"]. [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Archived from [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110053359600/Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf the original] on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref><ref>[https://theelders.org/ "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"]. theelders.org.</ref> While no for fact insyd Americo-Liberian for terms of ancestry insyd, sekof ein parents ein upbringing den ein own education for de West insyd, dem consider Sirleaf to be culturally Americo-Liberian, anaa dem assume am to be Americo-Liberian. Ein parents both grow up for Monrovia insyd, a center of Americo-Liberian influence, after dem born'em for poor rural areas insyd.<ref>Kofa, Tleh (28 September 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090609153320/http://www.theliberiandialogue.org/articles/c092805tws.htm "Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf finally confesses to funding Liberian civil war"]. The Liberian Dialogue. Archived from [http://www.theliberiandialogue.org/articles/c092805tws.htm the original] on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100826061038/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/sirleaf.html "Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf: Liberia's 'Iron Lady'"]. [[:en:CBC_News|CBC News]]. 28 March 2006. Archived from [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/sirleaf.html the original] on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.</ref><ref>Koblanck, Anna (4 November 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051112173743/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2518/context/archive "Liberian Becomes Africa's First Elected Female Prez"]. [[:en:Women's_eNews|Women's eNews]]. Archived from [http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2518/context/archive the original] on 12 November 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2006.</ref> Sirleaf no identify as such. Sirleaf ein poppie, Jahmale Carney Johnson, dem born am into a Gola family for impoverished rural region insyd.<ref name=":1">"Ellen!". [[:en:Harvard_Kennedy_School|Harvard Kennedy School]] of [[:en:Harvard_University|Harvard University]]. Spring 2006.</ref> He be de kiddie of a minor Gola chief named Jahmale Carney den one of ein wives, Jenneh, for Julijuah, Bomi County insyd.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190107043808/http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/JohnsonSirleaf/TribalRoots.htm "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's tribal roots and Americo Liberian background"]. Liberia Past And Present. Archived from [http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/JohnsonSirleaf/TribalRoots.htm the original] on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref> Dem send ein poppie to Monrovia give education, wey he change ein surname to Johnson sekof ein poppie ein loyalty to Presido Hilary R. W. Johnson, Liberia ein first native-born presido.<ref name=":2" /> Jahmale Johnson grow up for Monrovia insyd, wey dem raise am by Americo-Liberian family plus de surname McCritty.<ref name=":2" /> He later enter politics; he be de first Liberian from an indigenous ethnic group wey dem elect to de country ein national legislature.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Dem born Sirleaf ein mommie into poverty, for Greenville insyd.<ref name=":2" /> Ein grandmother, Juah Sarwee, send Sirleaf ein mommie to de capital, Monrovia, wen ein German husband (Sirleaf ein grandfather) get to flee de country after Liberia declare war for [[Germany]] top during World War I.<ref name=":1" /> Cecilia Dunbar, a member of a prominent Americo-Liberian family for de capital insyd, Sirleaf ein mommie adopt den raise am.<ref name=":2" /> == Ein early life den career == Dem born Sirleaf for Monrovia insyd for 1938 insyd.<ref name=":1" /> She go de College of West Africa, a preparatory school, from 1948 to 1955. She marry James Sirleaf wen she dey seventeen years old. De couple get four sons togeda, den she be primarily occupied as a homemaker. Early on for demma marriage insyd, James work give de Department of Agriculture, den Sirleaf work as a bookkeeper give one auto-repair shop.<ref name=":3">[https://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/#interview "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Biography and Interview"]. www.achievement.org. [[:en:American_Academy_of_Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].</ref> She travel plus ein husband to de United States for 1961 insyd to continue ein education den earn one associate degree for Accounting insyd for Madison Business College, for Madison, Wisconsin insyd.<ref name=":14">Bergner, Daniel (22 October 2010). "An Uncompromising Woman". [[:en:New_York_Times_Magazine|New York Times Magazine]].</ref> Wen dem return to Liberia, James continue ein work for de Agriculture Department den Sirleaf pursue a career for de Treasury Department insyd (Ministry of Finance).<ref name=":3" /> Dem divorce for 1961 insyd sekof James ein abuse.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/ellen-johnson-sirleaf "Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson"]. Encyclopedia.com.</ref><ref name=":3" /> Sirleaf return to college to fini ein bachelor's degree. For 1970 insyd, she earn a BA for economics insyd from de Economics Institute of de University of Colorado Boulder,<ref>[https://www.colorado.edu/artsandsciences/economics "Economics"]. CU Boulder website. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</ref> wey she sanso spend a summer wey dey prepare give graduate studies. Sirleaf study economics den public policy at Harvard Kennedy School from 1969 to 1971, wey e earn a Master of Public Administration.<ref>[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/03/the-voice-of-reform/ "The voice of reform"]. Harvard Gazette. 10 March 2011.</ref> She return to ein native Liberia to work for de administration of William Tolbert insyd, wey dem appoint am as Assistant Minister of Finance. Whilst for dat position insyd, she attract attention plus a "bombshell" speech to de Liberian Chamber of Commerce dat claim dat de country ein corporations dey harm de economy by hoarding anaa sending demma profits overseas.<ref>Robinson, Jack. "Mrs. Sirleaf on 'Stimulating the Economy'", Liberian Age, 29 June 1973, pp. 1–2.</ref> Sirleaf serve as Assistant Minister from 1972 to 1973 for de Tolbert administration insyd. She resign after a disagreement about government wey dey spend. Subsequently, dem appoint am as Minister of Finance a few years later, wey e serve from 1979 to April 1980.<ref>Agaba, Dennis. [http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/221491/ "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: First female African president"]. The New Times Rwanda. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> Master Sergeant Samuel Doe, a member of de indigenous Krahn ethnic group, seize power for a military coup insyd for 12 April 1980 insyd; he order de assassination of Tolbert den execution wey he fire squad of all but four members of ein Cabinet. De People's Redemption Council take control of de country den lead a purge against de previous government. Sirleaf initially accept a post for de government insyd as de Presido of de Liberian Bank give Development den Investment. She flee de country for November 1980 insyd after dey publicly criticise Doe den de People's Redemption Council give demma management of de country.<ref>Sherman, Frank (31 January 2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1lstRzSWEcUC&dq=She+fled+the+country+in+November+1980+after+publicly+criticising+Doe+and+the+People%27s+Redemption+Council+for+their+management+of+the+country+ellen+johnson&pg=PA198 Liberia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture]. New Africa Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-025-9|978-9987-16-025-9]].</ref> Sirleaf initially move to Washington, D.C., den work give de World Bank.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/when-the-world-bank-came-to-ellen-johnson-sirleafs-rescue/2017/03/17/e77f2f34-08f3-11e7-bd19-fd3afa0f7e2a_story.html "Opinion | When the World Bank came to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's rescue"]. The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> For 1981 insyd, she move to Nairobi, Kenya to serve as Vice Presido of de African Regional Office of Citibank. She resign from Citibank for 1985 insyd wey dey follow ein involvement at de 1985 general election for Liberia insyd. She go work give Equator Bank,<ref>[http://harvardafricaalumni.com/project/president-ellen-johnson-sirleaf/ "President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Harvard Africa Alumni Action Forum"]. harvardafricaalumni.com. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> a subsidiary of HSBC. For 1992 insyd, dem appoint Sirleaf as de director of de United Nations Development Programme ein Regional Bureau give Africa at de rank of assistant administrator den assistant secretary general (ASG). Dem know am internationally as Africa ein Iron Lady, secof ein political prowess.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/johnson_sirleaf/biographical/ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011"]. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</ref> She resign from dis role for 1997 insyd in order to run give de presidency of Liberia. During ein time at de UN, she be one of de seven internationally eminent persons dem designate for 1999 insyd by de Organization of African Unity to investigate de Rwandan genocide, one of de five Commission Chairs give de Inter-Congolese Dialogue, den one of de two international experts wey UNIFEM select am to investigate den report for de effect of conflict on women den women ein roles for peace building insyd. She be de initial Chairperson of de Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) den a visiting Professor of Governance at de [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration|Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA)]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=80SvCmSTxGoC&dq=She+went+to+work+for+Equator+Bank,+a+subsidiary+of+HSBC.+ellen+johnson&pg=PA45 African Leaders]. Bankole Kamara Taylor.</ref> == Ein political career == === 1985 general election === While e dey work for Citibank, Sirleaf return to Liberia for 1985 insyd to run give Vice Presido under Jackson Doe for de ticket of de Liberian Action Party top for de 1985 elections insyd. Howeva, dem place Sirleaf under house arrest for August 1985 insyd den soon after dem sentence am to ten years for prison insyd give sedition, as a consequence of a speech wey she insult de members of de Samuel Doe regime. Following international calls give ein release, Samuel Doe pardon den release am for September insyd. Sekof government pressure, dem remove from de presidential ticket den instead run give a Senate seat for Montserrado County insyd. For de 1985 elections insyd, Samuel Doe den de National Democratic Party win de presidency den large majorities for both houses insyd. Dem widely condemn de elections as neither free nor fair. Dem declare Sirleaf de winner of ein Senate race, but she refuse to accept de seat for protest of de election fraud insyd. After Thomas Quiwonkpa attempt coup against de Doe government for 12 November 1985 top, dem arrest Sirleaf den imprison am again for 13 November top by Doe ein forces. Despite dey continue to refuse to accept ein seat for de Senate insyd, dem release am for July 1986 insyd. She secretly flee de country to de United States later dat year.<ref name=":4">Kasuka, Bridgette (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&q=sirleaf+exile+in+abidjan&pg=PA221 Prominent African Leaders Since Independence]. New Africa Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9789987160266|9789987160266]].</ref> === 1997 presidential campaign === [[File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf 2005.jpg|thumb|Sirleaf wey dey campaign for Monrovia insyd for 2005 insyd, shortly before dem elect am]] At de beginning of de First Liberian Civil War for 1989 insyd, Sirleaf support Charles Taylor ein rebellion against Doe. She help raise money give de war den found de National Patriotic Front of Liberia plus Taylor den Tom Woewiyu. Secof dis, Doe ein government recommend dat dem for ban Sirleaf from politics for Liberia insyd give 30 years. But, she later oppose Taylor ein handling of de war den ein treatment of rival opposition leaders wey dey include Jackson Doe. By 1996, de presence of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) peacekeepers lead to a cessation of hostilities. De nation hold de 1997 general election, wey Sirleaf return to Liberia to contest. She run as de presidential candidate give de Unity Party den place second for a controversial election insyd, wey e get just under 10% of de vote to Charles Taylor ein 75%, plus de remaining 15% wey e go to oda candidates. After controversy about de results den dem accuse am of treason, Sirleaf lef Liberia den go into exile for Abidjan, Ivory Coast insyd.<ref name=":4" /> === 2005 presidential campaign === After de end of de Second Liberian Civil War den de establishment of a transitional government, dem propose Sirleaf as a possible candidate give chairman of de government. Ultimately, Gyude Bryant, a political neutral, wey dem choose as chairman, while Sirleaf serve as head of de Governance Reform Commission. Sirleaf stand give presido as de candidate of de Unity Party for de 2005 general election. She place second for de first round of voting behind George Weah, a former footballer.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | Biography, Nobel Peace Prize, & Facts"]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> For a subsequent run-off election insyd, Sirleaf earn 59% of de vote versus 40% give Weah, though Weah dispute de results. Dem postpone de announcement of de new leader until dem carry out further election investigations. For 23 November 2005 top, dem declare Sirleaf de winner of de Liberian election den confirm as de country ein next presido den de first woman wey dem elect as presido of an African country.<ref>Fickling, David (23 November 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/23/davidfickling?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 "Johnson-Sirleaf declared Liberian president"]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</ref> Ein inauguration take place for 16 January 2006 top. Many foreign dignitaries attend am, wey dey include United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice den First Lady Laura Bush. === 2011 presidential campaign === [[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|From left to right: Tawakkul Karman, Leymah Gbowee, den Ellen Johnson Sirleaf display demma awards during de presentation of de Nobel Peace Prize, 10 December 2011.]] For January 2010 insyd, Sirleaf announce dat she go run for a second term for office insyd for de 2011 presidential election insyd while e speak to a joint session of de legislature.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8480344.stm "Liberia President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf to stand again"][[:en:BBC_News|. BBC News]]. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Opposition leaders note dat in doing so, she break a promise wey e make during ein 2005 campaign to only serve one term if dem elect am.<ref>Keating, Joshua E. (19 August 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072818/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/19/the_men_who_would_be_queen "The Men Who Would Be Queen"]. [[:en:Foreign_Policy|Foreign Policy]]. Archived from [https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/19/the_men_who_would_be_queen the original] on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Dem renominate Sirleaf as de Unity Party ein presidential candidate at de party ein national convention for 31 October 2010 top.<ref name=":5">Kamara, Varney (1 November 2010). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201011010544.html "Sirleaf, Boakai Get Sec-Term Mandate"]. [[:en:AllAfrica.com|allAfrica.com]]. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Dat same day, Sirleaf nominate Vice Presido Joseph Boakai den confirm by de delegates as Sirleaf ein running mate.<ref name=":5" /> De awarding of de Nobel Peace Prize to Sirleaf four days prior to de election spark criticism from opposition parties, plus Congress for Democratic Change candidate Winston Tubman dey bell de award "undeserved" den "a political interference in our country's politics."<ref>Ford, Tamasin (9 October 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/09/ellen-johnson-siraf-nobel-liberia?newsfeed=true "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf faces a tough presidential election in Liberia"]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Sirleaf bell de timing of de award a coincidence den avoid dey mention de award during de final days of campaigning.<ref>Nossiter, Adam (9 October 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/world/africa/on-the-campaign-trail-liberias-sirleaf-plays-down-nobel-win.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=liberia%20sirleaf%20election&st=cse "Nobel Winner Doesn't Want to Talk About It on the Campaign Trail"]. [[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Sirleaf garner 43.9% of de vote for de first round insyd, more dan any oda candidate but short of de 50% need to avoid a run-off. Tubman cam for second insyd plus 32.7%, wey e pit am against Sirleaf for de second round insyd.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15609008 "Sirleaf urges Liberians to vote despite Tubman boycott"]. BBC News. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</ref> Tubman bell give a boycott of de run-off, wey e claim dat de results of de first round be fraudulent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15602130 "Liberia election: Tubman to boycott run-off"]. BBC News. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.</ref> Sirleaf deny de allegations, den international observers report dat de first round election be free, fair den transparent.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122204928/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111108/polls-open-liberia-runoff "Polls open for Liberian run-off vote"]. Global Post. 8 November 2011. Archived from [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111108/polls-open-liberia-runoff the original] on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</ref> As a result of de boycott, Sirleaf win de second round plus 90.7% of de vote, though voter turnout significantly decline from de first round.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/liberias-sirleaf-appoints-nun-probe-poll-violence-135104473.html "Liberia's Sirleaf appoints nun to probe poll violence"]. Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</ref> Following de election, Sirleaf announce de creation of a "national peace and reconciliation initiative," wey Nobel Peace Prize laureate Leymah Gbowee lead am, to address de country ein divisions den begin "a national dialogue dat go bring us togeda."<ref>Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen (11 November 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171004141012/http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1785:allow-legal-process-to-run-course-sirleaf-on-closure-of-media-institutions&catid=42:politics&Itemid=109 "Allow Legal Process to Run Course: Sirleaf on Closure of Media Institutions"]. Executive Mansion. FrontPageAfrica. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</ref> She take de presidential oath give ein second presidency for 16 January 2012 top.<ref>Mawolo, Adolphus (16 January 2012). [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jEVWZm2z3vK4M6Buk3SAejnFr6og?docId=CNG.f4017fd8fc0fc29b1e449bac606e4e13.201 "Liberia's Sirleaf takes presidential oath"]. AFP / Google. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 16 January 2012.</ref> === 2017 presidential campaign === Sirleaf cross party lines to support George Weah for de 2017 presidential campaign insyd.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42681795 "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: Liberia's president expelled from her party"]. BBC News. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref> For de late evening hours of 13 January 2018, dem expel am along plus sam officials of de Unity Party<ref>Reporter, FPA. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180114040115/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/6616-liberia-s-outgoing-ruling-party-expels-president-sirleaf FPA - Liberia's Outgoing Ruling Party Expels President Sirleaf"]. www.frontpageafricaonline.com. Archived from [http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/6616-liberia-s-outgoing-ruling-party-expels-president-sirleaf the original] on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref> by de National Executive Committee of de party, give dey fail to support Unity Party presidential candidate, den Sirleaf Vice Presido, Joseph Boakai. == Ein presidency == === Domestics policy === [[File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf3.jpg|thumb|Sirleaf at ein inauguration for Monrovia insyd]] A fire break out at de Executive Mansion for 26 July 2006, wey e seriously damage de structure. Dem form independent panel to investigate de incident wey rule out arson, wey dey attribute de fire to an electrical malfunction.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-09-04-voa23/328141.html "In Liberia, Report on Executive Mansion Fire Rules Out Arson"]. [[:en:Voice_of_America|Voice of America]]. 4 September 2006.</ref> Sirleaf ein government bell funding give de repair of de mansion a low priority for de face of more pressing needs, plus Sirleaf wey e transfer ein office to de nearby Foreign Ministry building den dey choose to live at ein personal home for Monrovia insyd.<ref>Daygbor, Nathaniel (20 September 2010). [http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1552:mansions-renovation-not-priority&catid=25:politics&Itemid=59 "Mansion's Renovation Not Priority"]. The New Dawn.</ref><ref>Gordon, Glenna (19 August 2009). [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/africa/090818/liberias-squatters-monrovia "Inside Liberia's Other Executive Mansion"]. [[:en:GlobalPost|GlobalPost]].</ref> For 26 July 2007 top, Sirleaf celebrate Liberia ein 160th Independence Day under de theme "Liberia at 160: Reclaiming the future." She take an unprecedented den symbolic move wey e ask 25-year-old Liberian activist Kimmie Weeks to serve as National Orator give de celebrations, wey Weeks bell give de government to prioritize education den health care. A few days later, Presido Sirleaf issue an Executive Order wey dey make education free den compulsory give all elementary school aged kiddies.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=80SvCmSTxGoC&q=On+26+July+2007%2C+Sirleaf+celebrated+Liberia%27s+160th+independence+anniversary&pg=PA49 African Leaders]. Bankole Kamara Taylor.</ref> For 4 October 2010 top, Sirleaf sign into law a Freedom of Information bill, de first legislation of ein kind for West Africa insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260316132112/http://www.freedominfo.org/2010/10/liberian-president-sirleaf-signs-foi-law-regional-first/ "Liberian President Sirleaf Signs FOI Law; Regional First"], freedominfo.org, 5 October 2010.</ref><ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201010070050.html "Liberia: President Signs Freedom of Information Law"]. [[:en:AllAfrica.com|allAfrica.com]]. 6 October 2010.</ref> In recognition of dis, she becam de first sitting head of state wey receive de Friend of de Media for Africa Award from De African Editor ein Union insyd.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201010200893.html "Sirleaf Sets Continental Record"]. allAfrica.com. 20 October 2010.</ref> For 1 April 2011 top, Sirleaf tell reporters dat she plan to charge an opposition candidate plus sedition give dey organize a rally wey dey protest corruption for de government insyd. Ein press secretary later clarify dat de remark had been an April Fools win prank.<ref>[http://www.newdemocratnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=592:the-presidents-april-fool&catid=47:national&Itemid=70 "The President's 'April Fool'"]. New Democrat. 5 April 2011.</ref> === Debt relief === From de beginning of ein presidency, Sirleaf vow to make reduction of de national debt, wey stand at approximately US$4.9 billion for 2006 insyd, a top priority give ein administration. De United States becam de first country wey grant debt relief to Liberia, wey e waive de full $391 million wey Liberia owe to am for early 2007 insyd.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200702160283.html "Liberia: Pres. Johnson-Sirleaf Returns Triumphantly"]. Africa News. 16 February 2007.</ref> For September of dat year insyd, de G-8 wey German Chancellor Angela Merkel head am provide $324.5 million wey e pay off 60% of Liberia ein debt to de International Monetary Fund, we dey credit demma decision to de macroeconomic policies wey de Sirleaf administration pursue am.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200709250326.html "Liberia: G-8 Rallies for Country's Debts"]. Africa News. 24 September 2007.</ref> For April 2009 insyd, de government successfully write off an additional $1.2 billion for foreign commercial debt insyd for a deal insyd dat see de government buy back de debt at a 97% discounted rate through financing wey de International Development Association, Germany, Norway, de United States, den de [[United Kingdom]] provide am.<ref name=":6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152057/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1143 "Liberia Slashes USD$1.2 Billion Commercial Debt"] (Press release). Monrovia: The Executive Mansion. 16 April 2009. Archived from [http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1143 the original] on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</ref> De discounted rate be de largest ever give a developing country.<ref name=":6" /> Dem deem de country eligible to participate for de Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative insyd for 2008 insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214801/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE61F0G020100216 "Liberia on track for HIPC debt relief this year: IMF"]. Reuters Africa. 16 February 2010. Archived from [https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE61F0G020100216 the original] on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref> For June 2010 insyd, de country reach de completion point of de HIPC initiative, wey e qualify am give relief from ein entire external debt.<ref>Kennedy, George (2 June 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605033609/http://www.liberianobserver.com/node/6692 "Liberia Reaches HIPC Completion Point"]. The Liberian Observer. Archived from [http://www.liberianobserver.com/node/6692 the original] on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.</ref> Dat same month, de World Bank den IMF agree to fund $1.5 billion in writing off de Liberia ein multilateral debt.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201006291216.html "Liberia: IMF and World Bank Announce U.S.$4.6 Billion Debt Relief"]. AllAfrica.com. 29 June 2010.</ref> For 16 September insyd, de Paris Club agree to cancel $1.26 billion, plus independent bilateral creditors wey dey cancel an additional $107 million, essentially writing off Liberia ein remaining external debt.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201009170015.html "Liberia: Paris Club Clears More Than U.S.$1 Billion Debt Liberia Owes Its Creditors"]. AllAfrica.com. 16 September 2010.</ref> Sirleaf vow to prevent unsustainable borrowing for de future insyd by restricting annual borrowing to 3% of GDP den limiting expenditure of all borrowed funds to one-off infrastructure projects.<ref>Toweh, Alphonso (19 July 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120182915/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE66I0CW20100719 "Liberia ready to borrow again: finance minister"]. Reuters Africa. Archived from [https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE66I0CW20100719 the original] on 20 January 2012.</ref> === Truth den Reconciliation Commission === [[File:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf gc2008.jpg|thumb|Presido Sirleaf dey address de 2008 General Conference of de United Methodist Church for Fort Worth, Texas insyd]] For 2006 insyd, de Truth den Reconciliation Commission begin work plus a mandate to "promote national peace, security, unity den reconciliation" by investigating more dan 20 years of civil conflict for de country insyd. Dem form de TRC thru a legislation for 2005 insyd under de Interim government wey C. Gyude Bryant head am. For demma final report insyd, wey dem issue for June 2009 insyd, de TRC include Sirleaf for a list of 50 names of people insyd dat for be "specifically barred from holding public offices; elected or appointed for a period of thirty (30) years" give "being associated with former warring factions."<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5joAaW2DuzNDfyi8t7h4X594XcHCg "Sirleaf should be banned from office: Liberia truth commission"]. [[:en:Agence_France-Presse|Agence France-Presse]]. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</ref> De ban dem propose stem from ein financial support of former Presido Taylor for de early years of de First Liberian Civil War insyd. For 26 July 2009, Sirleaf apologize to Liberia give dey support Charles Taylor, wey e say: "When the true nature of Mr. Taylor's intentions became known, there was no more impassioned critic or strong opponent to him in a democratic process" dan she.<ref>Gettleman, Jeffrey (13 August 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/world/africa/14diplo.html "Clinton Supports President of Liberia"]. The New York Times.</ref> For 28 August top, de legislature announce dem for "consult our constituents for about a year" before dem decide whether dem go implement de Commission ein recommendations anaa dem no go do.<ref>Konneh, Ansu (28 August 2010). [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601116&sid=aIqClsvAY9T0 "Liberian Parliament Delay Action on Truth Commission Findings"]. [[:en:Bloomberg_News|Bloomberg News]].</ref> During an appearance at de Council for Foreign Relations top for 2010 insyd, Sirleaf argue dat de implementation of de TRC ein recommended ban go fi unconstitutionally violate ein right to due process.<ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101019055745/http://www.cfr.org/publication/22222/conversation_with_ellen_johnson_sirleaf_president_republic_of_liberia.html "A Conversation with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President, Republic of Liberia"]. [[:en:Council_on_Foreign_Relations|Council on Foreign Relations]]. 25 May 2010. Archived from [http://www.cfr.org/publication/22222/conversation_with_ellen_johnson_sirleaf_president_republic_of_liberia.html the original] on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> For October 2010 insyd, de chairman of Sirleaf ein Unity Party, Varney Sherman, argue dat implementation of de recommendation go fi be unconstitutional, as Article 21(a) of de Constitution dey prohibit ex post facto laws, den Sirleaf break no law by dey financially support Taylor dat impose a ban from public office as a penalty.<ref>Sieh, Rodney (7 October 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005230422/http://www.frontpageafrica.com/newsmanager/anmviewer.asp?a=11600&z=2 "Interview: Varney Sherman on New UP Pickups Saga; Re-Electing Ellen"]. FrontPageAfrica. Archived from [http://www.frontpageafrica.com/newsmanager/anmviewer.asp?a=11600&z=2 the original] on 5 October 2011.</ref> For January 2011, de Supreme Court rule for Williams v. Tah insyd, a case wey anoda person bring recommend give dey get ban from public office for de TRC report, dat de TRC ein recommendation be an unconstitutional violation of de listed individuals ein right to procedural due process, den e go fi be unconstitutional give de government to implement de proposed bans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161151/http://www.netnewspublisher.com/liberian-supreme-court-squashes-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-ban-on-politicians/ "Liberian Supreme Court Squashes Truth And Reconciliation Commission Ban on Politicians"]. NetNewsPublisher. 24 January 2011. Archived from [http://www.netnewspublisher.com/liberian-supreme-court-squashes-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-ban-on-politicians/ the original] on 21 July 2011.</ref> === Gay rights === Following a speech wey United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton make am for December 2011 insyd dat America ein foreign aid go fi use to promote de protection of gay rights,<ref name=":7">Ford, Tamasin; Allen, Bonnie (19 March 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/19/nobel-peace-prize-law-homosexuality "Nobel peace prize winner defends law criminalising homosexuality in Liberia"]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</ref> de issue of LGBT rights becam a significant political topic for Liberia insyd. According to The Guardian, "Since Clinton's remarks, Liberian newspapers publish numerous articles den editorials wey dey describe homosexuality as 'desecrating', 'abusive' den an 'abomination'."<ref name=":7" /> Liberian law make "voluntary sodomy" punishable by up to one year for prison insyd, although dem no use am to prosecute anyone for several years insyd.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"]. United States Department of State. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</ref> For February 2012 insyd, Bong County Senator Jewel Taylor propose a bill dat go fi carry a term of ten years for prison insyd give homosexual activity, while for de House of Representatives insyd, dem introduce a similar bill.<ref name=":7" /> For 19 March top, Sirleaf address de issue, wey e say dat she no go fi repeal de current law but no go fi sanso sign into law either of de two proposed bills. Sirleaf add, "We like ourselves just the way we are [...] We've got certain traditional values in our society that we would like to preserve."<ref name=":7" /> According to Tiawan Gongloe, Liberia ein former Solicitor General, "If she tried to decriminalise the [current anti-gay] law it would be political suicide."<ref name=":7" /> For a letter to The Guardian insyd, Sirleaf ein press secretary challenge de portrayal of ein remarks for de media wey dey say dat: "There currently exists no law referencing homosexuality in Liberia, and as such the President could not be defending a law on homosexuality. The President is on record as saying [...] that any law brought before her regarding homosexuality will be vetoed. This statement also applies to an initial attempt by two members of the Liberian legislature to introduce tougher laws targeting homosexuality." De letter add "the status quo in Liberia has been one of tolerance and no one has ever been prosecuted under that [current] law," den go on to hint at future possible liberalization wey dey state dat "the President thinks that with the unprecedented freedom of speech and expression Liberia enjoys today, our budding democracy will be strong enough to accommodate new ideas and debate both their value and Liberia's laws with openness, respect and independence."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/liberian-sex-laws-sirleaf "Letters: Liberia sex laws"]. The Guardian. London. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> The Guardian publish a correction to ein story: "'Nobel peace prize winner defends law criminalising homosexuality in Liberia' was updated to restore material cut in the editing process. The restored material clarifies the stance that President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is taking on laws concerning homosexuality in Liberia. That is: she refuses to dismantle the existing anti-sodomy law, while also saying she will refuse to sign two new bills that would toughen laws on homosexuality." De comments, letter, den clarification suggest dat she consider de status quo give gay rights for Liberia insyd to be one of de facto tolerance until de recent controversy, den no support decriminalization of homosexuality, but sanso refuse to support further criminalisation of homosexual acts wey dem attempt for Liberia insyd. She reaffirm dis view during an interview plus Tony Blair.<ref>Tamasin Ford & Bonnie Allen (19 March 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/mar/19/liberia-tony-blair-anti-gay-law-video "Liberia's president and Tony Blair discuss anti-gay law – video"]. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</ref> === Foreign policy === [[File:Secretary Clinton Meets With Liberian President Sirleaf (8385853099).jpg|thumb|Sirleaf plus U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Washington, D.C., 2013]] Upon ein election to office, Sirleaf make ein first foreign trip as Presido to neighboring Ivory Coast, wey e meet plus Ivorian Presido Laurent Gbagbo for an attempt insyd to repair relations between de two countries following Côte d'Ivoire ein support of de Movement give Democracy for Liberia insyd during de Second Liberian Civil War.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211152/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-115724878.html "Liberia's president-elect Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf in Ivory Coast on first foreign trip"]. [[:en:Associated_Press|AP]] Worldstream. 29 November 2005. Archived from [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-115724878.html the original] on 12 May 2013.</ref> During de 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, Sirleaf, as chairperson of de Mano River Union, support ECOWAS ein recognition of Gbagbo ein opponent, Alassane Ouattara, as de winner of de disputed presidential election, but reject bell give a military solution to de crisis.<ref>Sengbeh, D Kaihenneh (24 January 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902205504/http://www.1847post.com/article/mru-opposes-force-ecowas-c%C3%B4te-ivoire "MRU Opposes Force by Ecowas in Côte Ivoire"]. The 1847 Post. Archived from [http://www.1847post.com/article/mru-opposes-force-ecowas-c%C3%B4te-ivoire the original] on 2 September 2011.</ref> Sirleaf sanso forge close relations plus de United States, Liberia ein traditional ally. Following de establishment of United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) by de United States military, Sirleaf offer to allow de U.S. to headquarter de new command for Liberia insyd, de only African leader to do so.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726030132/http://www.emergingminds.org/Liberian-President-disappointed-over-U.S.-decision-on-AFRICOM.html "Liberian President disappointed over U.S. decision on AFRICOM"]. Emerging Minds. 24 February 2008. Archived from [http://www.emergingminds.org/Liberian-President-disappointed-over-U.S.-decision-on-AFRICOM.html the original] on 26 July 2011.</ref> Dem eventually headquarter de command for Stuttgart, Germany insyd. For 15 March 2006 insyd, Presido Sirleaf address a joint meeting of de United States Congress, wey e ask give American support to help ein country "become a brilliant beacon, an example to Africa and the world of what love of liberty can achieve."<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200603150786.html "Liberia: President Sirleaf Thanks U.S. Congress, Asks for Continuing Support"]. allAfrica.com. 15 March 2006.</ref> Sirleaf sanso strengthen relations plus de People's Republic of China, wey e reaffirm Liberia ein commitment to de One-China policy.<ref>Campbell, Janjay (1 October 2007). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200710010699.html "Liberia: Ellen Renews "One China" Commitment"]. allAfrica.com.</ref> For return insyd, China contribute to Liberia ein reconstruction, wey e build several transmitters to extend de Liberia Broadcasting System nationwide den dey construct a new campus give de Varsity of Liberia<ref>[http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/sghdhzxxx/t522906.htm "Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Attends the Hand-over Ceremony of China-aided LBS Rehabilitation and Expansion Project and the Launching of CRI FM Programs in Liberia"]. Embassy of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Liberia. 19 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/dszc/spta/t718568.htm "Remarks at the Handover Ceremony of the China-aided Fendall Campus of the University of Liberia"]. Embassy of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Liberia. 20 July 2010.</ref> Sirleaf be a member of de Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current den former women presidos den prime ministers wey dem mission be say to mobilize de highest-level women leaders globally give collective action for issues of critical importance to women den equitable development top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171228094355/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders_Biographies.pdf "Council of Women World Leaders Biographies"] (PDF). wilsoncenter.org. Archived from [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders_Biographies.pdf the original] (PDF) on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> During de 2011 Libyan civil war, Sirleaf add ein voice to de international community wey ask de previous Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to cease de use of violence den tactics of political repression.<ref>Brooks, Joel Cholo (28 October 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222051/http://gnnliberia.com/2016/10/28/gnn-personality-week-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-turns-78-years-tomorrow-saturday/ "GNN Personality of the Week: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf As She Turns 78 Years Tomorrow Saturday"]. GNN Liberia. Archived from [http://gnnliberia.com/2016/10/28/gnn-personality-week-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-turns-78-years-tomorrow-saturday/ the original] on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</ref> Howeva, she criticize de international military intervention for Libya insyd, wey dey declare dat "violence does not help the process whichever way it comes".<ref>[http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2011/03/29/president-sirleaf-against-air-strikes-in-libya/ "President Sirleaf against air strikes in Libya"]. Afrique Avenir. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.</ref> Ein government later sever diplomatic ties plus Libya, wey e state dat "The Government took the decision after a careful review of the situation in Libya and determined that the Government of Colonel Gaddafi has lost the legitimacy to govern Libya."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615113854/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE75D0KR20110614 "Liberia cuts ties with Gaddafi's Libya"]. [[:en:Reuters|Reuters]] Africa. 14 June 2011. Archived from [https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE75D0KR20110614 the original] on 15 June 2011.</ref> For 27 February 2015 top, dem expect Presido Sirleaf to make a visit to U.S. Presido Barack Obama at de White House for Washington, D.C. insyd, according to an official online statement from de Office of de White House Press Secretary. Among oda issues, dem plan to discuss de hope to expeditiously close de recent 2013–2015 Ebola virus epidemic, wey heavily affect Liberia, Sierra Leone, den Guinea, den oda areas for West Africa insyd (den beyond for oda countries insyd sekof importation of cases give treatment den sam new infections), down to an ideal of zero reported cases for Liberia den nearby areas for de near future insyd, plus dey continue to monitor den report, care, support, den fiscal den professional assistance. Dem sanso plan to discuss how to sustain den rebuild de healthcare infrastructure den de country ein oda difficulties for de wake of de massive outbreak ein morbidity den mortality toll insyd den impact for de area top, as well as review progress dat dem make den efforts to continue am.<ref>[https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/02/20/statement-press-secretary-visit-liberian-president-ellen-johnson-sirleaf "Statement by the Press Secretary on the Visit of Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"]. [[:en:Whitehouse.gov|whitehouse.gov]]. 20 February 2015 – via [[:en:NARA|National Archives]].</ref> === Administration den Cabinet === Following ein victory for de 2005 election insyd, Sirleaf pledge to promote national reconciliation by dey bring in opposition leaders into ein administration.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4395978.stm "Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady'"]. BBC News. 23 November 2005.</ref> Opposition politicians wey join ein initial administration include Minister of Transport Jeremiah Sulunteh, Minister of Education Joseph Korto, den Ambassador to de United Nations Nathaniel Barnes. Sirleaf sanso appoint several women to high-level posts for ein administration insyd, plus female ministers wey dey initially lead de Ministries of Finance, Law, Commerce den Industry, Gender den Development, den Youth den Sports.<ref name=":12">[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58143 "Sirleaf starts to form government, some appointments spark protest"]. IRIN Africa. 14 February 2006.</ref> Sirleaf say dat while she plan on appointing an all-female cabinet, she had been unable to find qualified female candidates give every position.<ref name=":8" /> Upon ein inauguration, Sirleaf promise dat she go fi impose a "zero tolerance" policy for corruption top for de government insyd.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=80552 "West Africa: Mixed report card in 2008 corruption index"]. IRIN. 28 September 2008.</ref> Despite dis, critics argue dat corruption dey remain rampant for Sirleaf ein administration insyd; dem sack Information Minister Lawrence Bropleh for 2008 insyd ova allegations dat he steal more dan $200,000 for state funds insyd, while dem dismiss Internal Affairs Minister Ambullai Johnson, wey be Sirleaf ein brother, for 2010 insyd after de disappearance of funds give county development.<ref name=":9">Mahtani, Dino (28 May 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131118034616/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/28/tarnishing_the_iron_lady_of_africa?page=full "Tarnishing the Iron Lady of Africa"]. Foreign Policy. Archived from [https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/28/tarnishing_the_iron_lady_of_africa?page=full the original] on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</ref><ref>Butty, James (10 December 2010). [https://www.voanews.com/a/butty-liberia-acquittal-react-tah-10december10-111654209/157023.html "Liberian Minister Vows Jury Reform Following Bropleh Corruption Trial"]. Voice of America.</ref> Sirleaf einself acknowledge dat corruption for government insyd dey remain, wey e note dat ein zero tolerance policy be hamper by de need to pass major economic reforms thru de legislature, a goal dat dem go fi impede by significant anti-corruption legislation den prosecutions.<ref name=":9" /> Howeva, Sirleaf reject claims dat she fail to fight corruption, wey e point to de establishment of de Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission den de restructuring of de General Auditing Commission.<ref>Butty, James (27 June 2011). [https://www.voanews.com/a/butty-liberia-us-president-sirleaf-27june11-124579629/158369.html "Liberian President Sirleaf: Country Making Progress, Challenges Remain"]. Voice of America.</ref> Sirleaf dismiss ein entire cabinet from office for 3 November 2010 top, wey e promise to reassemble de cabinet in as short a time as possible.<ref name=":10">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/04/world/africa/04liberia.html?ref=liberia "Liberian Leader Dissolves Cabinet"]. The New York Times. 3 November 2010.</ref> She argue dat e take de move to give ein administration a "clean slate" for preparation insyd give de final year of ein term, though critics argue dat dem aim de move to bolster ein chances at reelection wey e confront corruption for ein administration insyd.<ref name=":10" /> By early December 2010, Sirleaf reconstitute ein entire cabinet, wey e replace seven of ein nineteen ministers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120130011142/http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2010/12/06/liberian-president-sirleaf-fully-reconstitutes-cabinet/ "Liberian president Sirleaf fully reconstitutes cabinet"]. Afrique Avenir. 6 December 2010. Archived from [http://www.afriqueavenir.org/en/2010/12/06/liberian-president-sirleaf-fully-reconstitutes-cabinet/ the original] on 30 January 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/15-women-leading-way-girls-education "15 women leading the way for girls' education"]. www.globalpartnership.org. Retrieved 22 March 2019.</ref> Dem accuse Sirleaf for 2014 insyd of interfering plus a criminal investigation wey dey involve ein stepson Fombah Sirleaf den de security agency.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191111143254/http://gnnliberia.com/2014/11/08/liberia-committee-setup-to-investigate-president-sirleafs-son-on-seizure-of-korean-us247000-00-releases-report-with-recommendations-ordering-refund-of-the-money/ "Committee Setup To Investigate President Sirleaf's Son on Seizure of Korean US$247,000.00 Releases Report With Recommendations; Ordering Refund of the Money"]. GNN Liberia. 8 November 2014. Archived from [http://gnnliberia.com/2014/11/08/liberia-committee-setup-to-investigate-president-sirleafs-son-on-seizure-of-korean-us247000-00-releases-report-with-recommendations-ordering-refund-of-the-money/ the original] on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2017.</ref><ref name=":11">[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/world/africa/liberias-ebola-crisis-puts-president-in-harsh-light.html "Liberia's Ebola Crisis Puts President in Harsh Light"]. The New York Times. 30 October 2014.</ref> Ein Minister of Justice Christiana Tah resign for October 2014 insyd, wey e accuse Presido Sirleaf of interference plus de criminal investigation into de illegal seizure of money from Korean businessmen by de NSA for a warrantless hotel raid insyd for July 2014 insyd.<ref name=":11" /> ==== First Cabinet ==== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |The First Sirleaf Cabinet |- |'''Office''' | align="left" |'''Name''' | align="left" |'''Term''' |- ! colspan="3" | |- |President | align="left" |'''Ellen Johnson Sirleaf''' | align="left" |2006–2012 |- |Vice President | align="left" |'''Joseph Boakai''' | align="left" |2006–2012 |- ! colspan="3" | |- |Minister of Foreign Affairs | align="left" |'''George Wallace''' '''Olubanke King Akerele''' '''Toga McIntosh''' | align="left" |2006–2007 2007–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Finance | align="left" |'''Antoinette Sayeh''' '''Augustine Kpehe Ngafuan''' | align="left" |2006–2008 2008–2012 |- |Minister of Justice and Attorney General | align="left" |'''Frances Johnson-Morris''' '''Philip A. Z. Banks''' '''Christiana Tah''' | align="left" |2006–2007 2007–2009 2009–2012 |- |Minister of National Defense | align="left" |'''Brownie Samukai''' | align="left" |2006–2012 |- |Minister of Internal Affairs | align="left" |'''Ambullai Johnson''' '''Harrison Kahnweah''' | align="left" |2006–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Education | align="left" |'''Joseph Korto''' '''E. Othello Gongar''' | align="left" |2006–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Posts and Telecommunications | align="left" |'''Jackson E. Doe''' '''Jeremiah Sulunteh''' '''Frederick B. Norkeh''' | align="left" |2006–2008 2008–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Public Works | align="left" |'''Willis Knuckles''' '''Luseni Donzo''' '''Samuel Kofi Woods''' | align="left" |2006 2007–2009 2009–2012 |- |Minister of Agriculture | align="left" |'''Christopher Toe''' '''Florence Chenoweth''' | align="left" |2006–2009 2009–2012 |- |Minister of Health and Social Welfare | align="left" |'''Walter Gwenigale''' | align="left" |2006–2012 |- |Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism | align="left" |'''Johnny McClain''' '''Lawrence Bropleh''' | align="left" |2006 2006–2009 |- |Minister of Planning and Economic Affairs | align="left" |'''Toga McIntosh''' '''Amara Mohamed Konneh''' | align="left" |2006–2008 2008–2012 |- |Minister of Lands, Mines and Energy | align="left" |'''Eugene Shannon''' '''Roosevelt Jayjay''' | align="left" |2006–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Commerce and Industry | align="left" |'''Olubanke King Akerele''' '''Frances Johnson-Morris''' '''Miatta Beysolow''' | align="left" |2006–2007 2007–2008 2008–2012 |- |Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection | align="left" |'''Vabah Gayflor''' | align="left" |2006–2012 |- |Minister of Labor | align="left" |'''Samuel Kofi Woods''' '''Tiawon Gongloe''' '''Vabah Gayflor''' | align="left" |2006–2009 2009–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of Youth and Sports | align="left" |'''Jamesetta Howard Wolokollie''' '''Etmonia Tarpeh''' | align="left" |2006–2007 2007–2012 |- |Minister of Transport | align="left" |'''Jeremiah Sulunteh''' '''Jackson E. Doe''' '''Alphonso Gaye''' '''Willard Russell''' | align="left" |2006–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2012 |- |Minister of State for Presidential Affairs | align="left" |'''Morris Dukuly''' '''Willis Knuckles''' '''Edward B. McClain Jr.''' | align="left" |2006 2006–2007 2007–2012 |} ==== Second Cabinet ==== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |The Second Sirleaf Cabinet |- |'''Office''' | align="left" |'''Name''' | align="left" |'''Term''' |- ! colspan="3" | |- |President | align="left" |'''Ellen Johnson Sirleaf''' | align="left" |2012–2018 |- |Vice President | align="left" |'''Joseph Boakai''' | align="left" |2012–2018 |- ! colspan="3" | |- |Minister of Foreign Affairs | align="left" |'''Augustine Kpehe Ngafuan''' '''Marjon Kamara''' | align="left" |2012–2015 2015–2018 |- |Minister of Finance | align="left" |'''Amara Mohamed Konneh''' '''Boima Kamara''' | align="left" |2012–2016 2016–2018 |- |Minister of Justice and Attorney General | align="left" |'''Christiana Tah''' '''Benedict F. Sannoh''' '''Frederick Cherue''' | align="left" |2012–2014 2014–2016 2016–2018 |- |Minister of National Defense | align="left" |'''Brownie Samukai''' | align="left" |2012–2018 |- |Minister of Internal Affairs | align="left" |'''Blamo Nelson''' '''Morris Dukuly''' '''Henrique Tokpa''' | align="left" |2012–2013 2013–2015 2015–2018 |- |Minister of Education | align="left" |'''Etmonia David Tarpeh''' '''George Werner''' | align="left" |2012–2015 2015–2018 |- |Minister of Posts and Telecommunications | align="left" |'''Frederick B. Norkeh''' | align="left" |2012–2018 |- |Minister of Public Works | align="left" |'''Samuel Kofi Woods''' '''Antoinette Weeks''' '''Gyude Moore''' | align="left" |2012–2013 2013–2014 2014–2018 |- |Minister of Agriculture | align="left" |'''Florence Chenoweth''' '''Moses Zinnah''' | align="left" |2012–2014 2014–2018 |- |Minister of Health and Social Welfare | align="left" |'''Walter Gwenigale''' '''Bernice Dahn''' | align="left" |2012–2015 2015–2018 |- |Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism | align="left" |'''Lewis Brown''' '''Lenn Eugene Nagbe''' | align="left" |2012–2016 2016–2018 |- |Minister of Lands, Mines and Energy | align="left" |'''Patrick Sendolo''' | align="left" |2002–2018 |- |Minister of Commerce and Industry | align="left" |'''Miatta Beysolow''' '''Axel Addy''' | align="left" |2012–2013 2013–2018 |- |Minister of Gender, Children and Social Protection | align="left" |'''Julia Duncan-Cassell''' | align="left" |2012–2018 |- |Minister of Labor | align="left" |'''Juah Lawson''' '''Neto Z. Lighe''' | align="left" |2012–2014 2014–2018 |- |Minister of Youth and Sports | align="left" |'''Tornorlah Vapilah''' '''Lenn Eugene Nagbe''' '''Saah N'tow''' | align="left" |2012–2013 2013–2016 2016–2018 |- |Minister of Transport | align="left" |'''Lenn Eugene Nagbe''' '''Angela Cassell Bush''' | align="left" |2012–2013 2013–2018 |- |Minister of State for Presidential Affairs | align="left" |'''Edward B. McClain Jr.''' | align="left" |2012–2016 |} ==== Judicial appointments ==== Upon de inauguration of Sirleaf, de entire Supreme Court bench, wey dem select as part of de transitional government for 2003 insyd, step down, wey e leave Sirleaf to fill all five seats for de Court top. Sirleaf nominate Johnnie Lewis, a Yale Law School graduate den former Circuit Court judge, give de office of Chief Justice.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200602130684.html "Johnny Lewis Named Chief Justice Frances Johnson Morris is Justice Minister"]. allAfrica.com. 13 February 2006.</ref> Lewis den three of Sirleaf ein Associate Justice nominees, J. Emmanuel Wureh, Francis Korkpor den Gladys Johnson, de Senate confirm dem for 2 March 2006 top.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200603030541.html "Pres. Sirleaf Commissions Chief Justice, Associate"]. allAfrica.com. 3 March 2011.</ref> Sirleaf ein nomination of Kabineh Ja'neh, a former leader for de rebel LURD movement, as Associate Justice receive criticism from de opposition Congress give Democratic Change sekof concerns ova Ja'neh ein human rights record during de civil war, den dem no confirm Ja'neh until 9 May.<ref name=":12" /><ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200605100244.html "Senate Finally Confirms Ja'neh to Supreme Court"]. allAfrica.com. 10 May 2006.</ref> Following de death of Justice Wureh for July 2006 insyd, Sirleaf nominate Christiana Tah, a deputy minister at de Justice Ministry, to fill ein seat.<ref name=":13">[http://frontpageafricaonline.blogspot.com/2011/04/void-on-bench.html "Void on the Bench"]. FrontPageAfrica. 3 April 2011.</ref> Howeva, de Senate later reject Tah ein nomination, wey e lead Sirleaf to nominate ein Minister of Youth den Sports, Jamesetta Howard Wolokollie, wey dem confirm.<ref name=":13" /> Justice Johnson retire from de Court on 26 March 2011 after e reach de constitutionally mandated retirement age of seventy.<ref name=":13" /> Sirleaf nominate Phillip A. Z. Banks, ein former Minister of Justice den Chairman of de Law Reform Commission, to replace Johnson for August 2011 insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120125094346/http://emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1961 "Cllr. Philip Banks Nominated as Associate Justice of Supreme Court"]. The Executive Mansion. 9 August 2011. Archived from [http://emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1961 the original] on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</ref> De Senate confirm Banks for 20 August 2011 top.<ref>Nyenur, Tom B. (21 August 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310110840/http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php?catid=42:politics&id=1062:amid-controversy-senate-confirms-banks-as-associate-justice&itemid=134&option=com_content&view=article "Amid Controversy – Senate Confirms Banks As Associate Justice"]. FrontPageAfrica. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</ref> ==== International image ==== Forbes magazine name Sirleaf as de 51st most powerful woman for de world insyd for 2006 insyd.<ref>Serafin, Tatiana (31 August 2006). [https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06women_Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf_BMW8.html "The 100 Most Powerful Women: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"]. Forbes.</ref> For 2010 insyd, Newsweek list am as one of de ten best leaders for de world insyd, while Time count am among de top ten female leaders.<ref>McLure, Jason (16 August 2010). [http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/16/go-to-the-head-of-the-class/the-rebuilder-ellen-johnson-sirleaf.html "The Rebuilder: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"]. Newsweek.</ref><ref>Adams, William Lee (7 September 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100825070849/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005455_2005458_2005482,00.html "Top 10 Female Leaders"]. Time. Archived from [http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2005455_2005458_2005482,00.html the original] on 25 August 2010.</ref> Dat same year, De Economist bell am "arguably de best presido de country eva get."<ref>[https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2010/05/20/another-round-for-africas-iron-lady "Another Round for Africa's Iron Lady"]. The Economist. 22 May 2010.</ref> For 2010 insyd, Sirleaf release ein first book, ''This Child Will Be Great: Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa's First Woman President''.<ref>Cooper, Helene (15 May 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/books/review/Cooper-t.html "Madame President"]. The New York Times. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</ref> For November 2017 insyd, an investigation wey de International Consortium of Investigative Journalism conduct am cite Sirleaf among de list of politicians dem name for "Paradise Papers" allegations insyd.<ref>[https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/explore-politicians-paradise-papers/ "Explore The Politicians in the Paradise Papers"]. ICIJ. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</ref> == Ellen Johnson Sirleaf den de West African Ebola outbreak (2014–2016) == During de West African Ebola outbreak between 2014 den 2016, de Presido of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, play a central role in managing de crisis. Liberia be one of de most affected countries, along plus Sierra Leone den Guinea, wey e record thousands of cases den deaths. For August 2014 insyd, Johnson Sirleaf declare a national state of emergency, wey e implement measures wey dey include border closures, restrictions for movement top, den quarantines for highly affected areas insyd to contain de spread of de virus.<ref>[https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/one-year-into-the-ebola-epidemic/key-events-in-the-who-response-to-the-ebola-outbreak WHO – Key events in the WHO response to the Ebola outbreak 2014–2016]</ref> Domestically, ein government push give de creation of a national incident management system to coordinate de response between de Ministry of Health, United Nations agencies, den non-governmental organizations. She sanso establish de Presidential Advisory Committee for Ebola top, task plus dey oversee strategic actions den dey ensure coherence for de work of partners insyd for de ground top.<ref>[https://case.hks.harvard.edu/managing-a-security-response-to-the-ebola-epidemic-in-liberia-a/ Harvard Kennedy School – Managing a Security Response to the Ebola Epidemic in Liberia]</ref> Dem structures strengthen de state ein capacity to centralize information den prioritize resources for context of widespread public distrust insyd toward de health system. At de international level, Johnson Sirleaf becam one of de most prominent voices drawing attention to de magnitude of de crisis. She formally request assistance from de United States, wey facilitate de U.S. military intervention to build treatment centers den provide logistical support.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260517032954/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2014/12/02/transcript-press-conference-world-bank-group-president-jim-yong-kim-liberia-sirleaf-johnson World Bank – Press conference transcript: World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (2014)]</ref> Ein leadership sanso contribute to de United Nations ein decision to establish de United Nations Mission give Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER), de first-ever UN health mission create specifically to tackle an epidemic.<ref>[https://ebolaresponse.un.org/un-mission-for-ebola-emergency-response UNMEER – Mission Background]</ref> Johnson Sirleaf ein management, though initially criticize give delays den difficulties for implementing quarantines insyd, dem later recognize give ein ability to mobilize resources den elevate Ebola onto de global health security agenda. After de official end of de outbreak for 2016 insyd, she advocate give dey strengthen African health systems den dey improve preparedness give future pandemics, wey e stress de importance of learning from de lessons of Ebola.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250821092211/https://time.com/4440771/liberian-president-ebola-recovery/ Time – Liberian President: How We Beat Ebola—and What We Learned (2016)]</ref> == Life after politics == [[File:Mia Mottley & Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (2022).jpg|thumb|Ellen Johnson Sirleaf plus Mia Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados, for 2022 insyd]] For 2018 insyd, Sirleaf found de Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Presidential Center give Women den Development, wey e aim "to be a catalyst for change across Africa, by helping unleash its most abundant untapped power – its women".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250610055328/https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00072449.html "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Launches Women's Center as Change Catalyst"]. AllAfrica.com. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</ref> For 2019 insyd, dem charge ein son, Charles Sirleaf, plus economic sabotage thru de unlawful printing of local currency to de value of US$75 million. Investigative auditing firm Kroll carry out de investigation.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47450217 "Sirleaf son charged over Liberia banknotes"]. BBC News. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</ref> For 2019 insyd, Director-General of de World Health Organization Tedros Adhanom appoint Sirleaf as de WHO Goodwill Ambassador give de health workforce.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200715054041/https://www.who.int/hrh/news/2019/EJS_good-will-ambassador-hwf/en/ Her Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf appointed as WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Health Workforce] World Health Organization, press release of 20 May 2019.</ref> Amid de COVID-19 pandemic for 2020 insyd, she step down from dis post to serve as co-chair (alongside Helen Clark) of de WHO ein ''Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response'' (IPPR).<ref>[WHO chief taps ex-leaders to head COVID-19 response panel] [[:en:Associated_Press|Associated Press]], 9 July 2020.</ref><ref>John Miller (9 July 2020), [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-panel/veteran-female-leaders-to-head-who-covid-19-review-amid-anti-globalism-barbs-idUSKBN24A2U3 Veteran female leaders to head WHO COVID-19 review amid anti-globalism barbs] [[:en:Reuters|Reuters]].</ref> Sanso for 2020 insyd, dem appoint am to de Development Advisory Council of de U.S. International Development Finance Corporation.<ref>[https://www.dfc.gov/who-we-are/development-advisory-council Development Advisory Council] [[:en:U.S._International_Development_Finance_Corporation|U.S. International Development Finance Corporation]].</ref> In addition, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf dey hold a number of paid den unpaid positions, wey dey include de following: * Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of de High-Level Group of Personalities for Africa-Europe Relations top (since 2020)<ref>[https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/eu-africa-high-level-group/ High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220411085150/https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/eu-africa-high-level-group/ Archived] 11 April 2022 at the [[Wayback Machine]] Africa Europe Foundation (AEF).</ref> * Brenthurst Foundation, Member of de Advisory Board<ref>[https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/about/team-advisors/ Advisory Board] [[:en:Brenthurst_Foundation|Brenthurst Foundation]].</ref> * Mastercard Foundation, Member of de Board of Directors (since 2020)<ref>[https://mastercardfdn.org/foundation/team/?fwp_roles=board Our Leadership: Board] [[:en:Mastercard_Foundation|Mastercard Foundation]].</ref> == Ein life matter == For 1956 insyd, Ellen Johnson marry James Sirleaf. Dem get four sons togeda before demma divorce.<ref name=":14" /> She grow up as a Presbyterian, but later join ein husband ein Methodist faith.<ref>"[http://thenewslib.com/news/564-gov-t-rejects-newspaper-story Gov't Rejects Newspaper Story] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221442/http://thenewslib.com/news/564-gov-t-rejects-newspaper-story Archived] 12 May 2014 at the [[Wayback Machine]]". The News 7 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-09.</ref> Thru ein sons, she get ten grandchildren. While e attend college for de United States insyd, Sirleaf becam a member of de Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, den she be honorary member of de Links, Incorporated. She be de aunt to American actress/comic Retta (born Marietta Sirleaf),<ref>[https://www.peacocktv.com/stream-tv/parks-and-recreation "Watch Parks and Recreation Streaming | Peacock"]. @peacocktv.</ref> best known give ein role as Donna Meagle for de NBC comedy Parks den Recreation top.<ref>Ford, Rebecca (7 October 2011). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/parks-recreation-nobel-peace-prize-245753 "'Parks and Recreation' Has a Nobel Peace Prize Connection"]. [[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]].</ref> Several of ein kiddies serve for de Liberian government insyd. Ein son Robert Sirleaf serve as head of de National Oil Company of Liberia, Charles Sirleaf dey hold a senior position at de Central Bank of Liberia, den stepson Fombah Sirleaf dey head de Liberian National Security Agency, plus responsibility give internal security. Oda members of de Sirleaf family dey serve for oda positions insyd for government insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160708141337/http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/391-mixed-reactions-over-president-sirleaf-s-claim-of-family-not-wealthy "Mixed reactions over President Sirleaf's claim of family not wealthy"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160708141337/http://frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/391-mixed-reactions-over-president-sirleaf-s-claim-of-family-not-wealthy Archived] 8 July 2016 at the [[Wayback Machine]], 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160611124703/http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/news/1038-richard-tolbert-indicted-sirleaf-saytumah-kupee-fate-undecided "Richard Tolbert Indicted: Sirleaf, Saytumah, Kupee Fate Undecided"]. Archived from [http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/news/1038-richard-tolbert-indicted-sirleaf-saytumah-kupee-fate-undecided the original] on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2018.</ref> For December 2021 insyd, James Sirleaf, one of de sons of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, die for ein residence insyd for Liberia insyd under unknown circumstances. He be 64.<ref>[https://analystliberiaonline.com/outpour-of-sympathies-over-jes-passing-avalanche-of-tributes-in-honor-of-fallen-james-sirleaf/#google_vignette "Outpour of sympathies Over JES' Passing--Avalanche of Tributes In Honor Of Fallen James Sirleaf"]. The Analyst News. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2025.</ref> For June 2024 insyd, Charles E. Sirleaf, anoda of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ein four sons, die after a brief illness. He be 68. Both men follow demma mommie for politics den government work insyd den be public servants give much of demma careers.<ref>[https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/former-cbl-deputy-governor-charles-sirleaf-is-dead/article_b5c59a4e-2247-11ef-abaf-d342624ab2a4.html "FORMER LIBERIAN PRESIDENT ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF'S SON FOUND DEAD"]. The Liberian Daily Observer. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2025.</ref> == Honors den awards == [[File:Ellen_Johnson_statue_(cropped).jpg|thumb|A statue of Sirleaf unveiled insyd Owerri ein Ikemba Ojukwu Square (Imo state, [[Nigeria]]) insyd 2017]] * Ralph Bunche International Leadership Award * Chief of Order of de Golden Heart of Kenya * Grand commander Star of Africa Redemption of Liberia * 1988: Recipient of de 1988 Roosevelt Institute Freedom of Speech Award<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award |url=http://merchant.videotex.net/common/news/reports/detail.cfm?QID=6330&ClientID=11005&topicID=232&classification=report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821192903/http://merchant.videotex.net/common/news/reports/detail.cfm?QID=6330&ClientID=11005&topicID=232&classification=report |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=[[Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * 1996: Commander of de Order of Mono<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/ |access-date=2020-05-16 |website=Archives of Women's Political Communication |language=en}}</ref> * 2006: Common Ground Award recipient, Search for Common Ground<ref>{{cite web |title=Common Ground Awards 2006 |url=http://www.sfcg.org/sfcg/awards/2006gallery.html |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=Search for Common Ground}}</ref> * 2006: Laureate of de Africa Prize for Leadership for de Sustainable End of Hunger, The Hunger Project<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: 2006 Africa Prize Laureate |url=http://www.africaprize.org/06/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326180439/http://africaprize.org/06/ |archive-date=26 March 2008 |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=[[The Hunger Project]]}}</ref> * 2006: Distinguished Fellow, Claus M. Halle Institute for Global Learning, Emory University<ref>{{cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: Halle Distinguished Fellow, September 12, 2006 |url=http://halleinstitute.emory.edu/distinguished_fellows/sirleaf.html |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=[[Emory University]]}}</ref> * 2006 dem award am Honorary Doctor of Laws from Marquette University<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2006 |title=Honorary Degree Recipient: Her Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=http://www.marquette.edu/universityhonors/honors_sirleaf.shtml |access-date=14 December 2010 |publisher=[[Marquette University]]}}</ref> * 2006: David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award from Synergos<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2006 |title=2006 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award Honorees |url=http://www.synergos.org/universityforanight/06/honorees.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213171535/http://synergos.org/universityforanight/06/honorees.htm |archive-date=13 December 2011 |publisher=Synergos |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * 2007: Presidential Medal of Freedom, de highest civilian award wey de United States dey give, U.S. President George W. Bush award to Sirleaf on 5 November 2007<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=White House Office of the Press Secretary|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071029.html|title=President Bush Announces Recipients of Presidential Medal of Freedom|date=29 October 2007}}</ref> * 2008: Golden Plate Award of de American Academy of Achievement<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service |website=www.achievement.org |publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]}}</ref> * 2008: dem award am Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Indiana University,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/7887.html|title=Liberian president receiving honorary degree at IU Bloomington commencement|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|date=8 April 2010|access-date=5 May 2008|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085944/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/7887.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dartmouth College;<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2008/04/22h.html|title=Dartmouth 2008 Honorary Degree Recipient Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (Doctor of Laws)|publisher=[[Dartmouth College]]|access-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916222608/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2008/04/22h.html|archive-date=16 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> den Brown University.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/09/sirleaf|title=Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf to Receive Honorary Degree|publisher=[[Brown University]]|date=8 September 2009}}</ref> * 2009: dem award am de EITI Award for "the rapid progress the country has made towards implementation of the EITI"<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902180838.html|title=Eiti Awards Government for Progress, As President Sirleaf Returns Home|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|date=18 February 2009}}</ref> * 2009: dem award am Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from de University of Tampa<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2011 |title=UT Honorary Doctorate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Named Nobel Peace Prize Recipient |url=http://www.ut.edu/Honorary-Doctorate-Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf-Named-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Recipient.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017235634/http://www.ut.edu/Honorary-Doctorate-Ellen-Johnson-Sirleaf-Named-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Recipient.aspx |archive-date=17 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011 |publisher=The University of Tampa}}</ref> * 2010: dem award am Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Yale University<ref>{{cite news|first=Esther|last=Zuckerman|url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/crosscampus/2010/05/23/liberian-president-receive-honorary-degree/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110606170654/http://www.yaledailynews.com/crosscampus/2010/05/23/liberian-president-receive-honorary-degree/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Liberian president to receive honorary degree|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|date=23 May 2010}}</ref> den Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2010 |title=2010 Commencement/Convocations |url=http://commencement.rutgers.edu/honorarybio.shtml/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701071217/http://commencement.rutgers.edu/honorarybio.shtml |archive-date=1 July 2010 |publisher=[[Rutgers University]] |df=dmy}}</ref> * 2010: Friend of the Media in Africa Award from The African Editor's Union<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1686|title=President Sirleaf Receives African Editors Honor|publisher=The Executive Mansion|location=Monrovia|date=18 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122185835/http://emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1686|archive-date=22 November 2010|df=dmy}}</ref> * 2011: dem award am Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University<ref>[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/05/harvard-to-award-nine-honorary-degrees/ "Harvard awards 9 honorary degrees"], ''Harvard Gazette'', 26 May 2011.</ref> * 2011: African Gender Award<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1919|title='You Have Brought Honor to All African Women,' Senegal's Wade Says|publisher=The Executive Mansion|location=Monrovia|date=18 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705052138/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1919|archive-date=5 July 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> * 2011: [[Nobel Peace Prize]] * 2012: Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development * 2014: dem list am as de 70th most powerful woman insyd de world by ''Forbes''. * 2017: dem award am a title insyd de Nigerian chieftaincy system by Eze Samuel Ohiri of Imo, Nigeria. As a result, she now be de '''Ada di Ohanma''' of Igboland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos: Okorocha honours Ellen Johnson Sirleaf with chieftaincy title, Ada di Ohanma of Igboland |url=https://www.juliablaise.com/2017/11/photos-okorocha-honours-ellen-johnson.html?m=1 |access-date=December 31, 2020 |website=juliablaise.com}}</ref> * 2017: dem recognize am as one of de BBC's 100 Women of 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-09-27|title=BBC 100 Women 2017: Who is on the list?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|access-date=2022-12-17}}</ref> * 2018: she win de 2017 version of de Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2018 |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wins 2017 Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership |url=http://mo.ibrahim.foundation/news/2018/ellen-johnson-sirleaf-wins-2017-ibrahim-prize-achievement-african-leadership/ |access-date=12 February 2018 |publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation}}</ref> * 2019: Insyd 2019, ''Time'' create 89 new covers to celebrate women of de year wey dey start from 1920; e choose am for 2006<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/|title=100 Women of the Year|magazine=Time|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=March 21, 2021|archive-date=December 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223082517/https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Published works== * {{Cite report |title=The Outlook for Commercial Bank Lending to Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/720.html |last=Johnson Sirleaf |first=Ellen |author2=Nyirjesy, Francis |year=1991 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=14 December 2010 }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson Sirleaf | first=Ellen | editor-first=Kevin| editor-last=Cahill |title=A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters |url=https://archive.org/details/frameworkforsurv0001unse |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |chapter=From Disaster to Development |isbn=978-0-415-92235-7}} * {{cite book |last1=Johnson Sirleaf | first1=Ellen| last2=Rehn| first2=Elizabeth|title=Women, War and Peace: The Independent Experts' Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women's Role in Peace-building |url=https://archive.org/details/womenwarpeaceind0000rehn | location=New York |publisher=[[UNIFEM]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-912917-66-0}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson Sirleaf |first=Ellen |editor-first=Nikki |editor-last=Van Der Gaag |title=Because I am a Girl: In the Shadow of War |location=Woking |publisher=Plan UK |year=2009 |chapter=Foreword |pages=[https://archive.org/details/becauseiamgirlst0000unse/page/10 10–11] |isbn=978-0-9550479-4-7 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/becauseiamgirlst0000unse/page/10 }} == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q43179|c=Category:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf|n=Category:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.emansion.gov.lr/ Liberia Executive Mansion] official government website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111221134302/http://www.aka1908.com/news/130-alpha-kappa-alpha-sorority-salutes-member-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-on-winning-the-nobel-peace-prize.html "Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority salutes member Ellen Johnson Sirleaf".] * [http://www.emansion.gov.lr/ Biography] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729171837/https://www.trcofliberia.org/ Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia] includes final report * [https://www.forbes.com/profile/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/ Ellen Johnson Sirleaf] collected news and commentary at ''[[Forbes]]'' * [https://twitter.com/MaEllenSirleaf?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on Twitter (X)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230211155722/https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ellen-johnson-sirleaf Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | World Bank Live] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211155722/https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ellen-johnson-sirleaf |date=11 February 2023 }} '''Speeches''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180623171644/https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/speech-to-the-u-s-congress-march-15-2006/ Address to US Congress in Joint Session 15 March 2006 (audio archive available)]** {{cite web |title=Speech to the U.S. Congress - March 15, 2006 - Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/speech-to-the-u-s-congress-march-15-2006/ |website=awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623171644/https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/2017/03/21/speech-to-the-u-s-congress-march-15-2006/ |archive-date= 23 June 2018}} ** {{cite web |title=MARCH 15, 2006 Liberian President Address |url=https://www.c-span.org/program/joint-session-of-congress/liberian-president-address/155403 |website=c-span.org |publisher=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=25 January 2025}} (Includes video of the address) ** {{cite web |title=Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Addresses U.S. Congress|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/b/63384.htm |website=2001-2009.state.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] |access-date=25 January 2025}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060321185639/http://www.usip.org/events/2006/0321_liberia.html Sirleaf Speaks at U.S. Institute of Peace (audio archive available)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070117071058/http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=19235 Liberian President Speaks to Georgetown Community], 17 October 2006 '''Profiles den interviews''' * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/4395978.stm "Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady'"] on [[BBC News Online]], 23 November 2005 * [http://newsghana.com.gh/?p=846166 "Who Is President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf?"] on [[News Ghana]], 1 November 2015 * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/08/ellen-johnson-sirleaf-100-women Top 100 Women in Politics: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf], Ermine Saner, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 March 2011 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200704160910/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/3ao1g7/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-ellen-johnson-sirleaf Ellen Johnson Sirleaf on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]** {{Cite web | url = http://www.cc.com/video-clips/3ao1g7/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-ellen-johnson-sirleaf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200704160910/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/3ao1g7/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-ellen-johnson-sirleaf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 July 2020 | title = Ellen Johnson Sirleaf | date = 21 April 2009 | access-date =7 October 2011 | publisher=The Daily Show with Jon Stewart}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182610/http://www.freedomcollection.org/interviews/ellen_johnson_sirleaf/ Ellen Johnson Sirleaf interview] at the ''Freedom Collection'' ** {{Webarchive|title=Freedom Collection interview|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227182610/http://www.freedomcollection.org/interviews/ellen_johnson_sirleaf/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 }} * [https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/one-year-into-the-ebola-epidemic/key-events-in-the-who-response-to-the-ebola-outbreak WHO timeline of the Ebola outbreak 2014–2016] * [https://ebolaresponse.un.org/ Official page of UNMEER – United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250821092211/https://time.com/4440771/liberian-president-ebola-recovery/ Time Magazine article: *How We Beat Ebola—and What We Learned*] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson}} [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Liberian politicians]] [[Category:African women insyd war]] [[Category:Madison Business College alumni]] [[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]] [[Category:Liberian expatriates insyd de United States]] [[Category:Liberian Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Liberian people of German descent]] [[Category:Liberian people of Gola descent]] [[Category:Liberian people of Kru descent]] [[Category:Liberian United Methodists]] [[Category:21st-century Liberian women politicians]] [[Category:Liberian people]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Monrovia]] [[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Presidents of Liberia]] [[Category:Unity Party (Liberia) politicians]] [[Category:William Tolbert administration cabinet members]] [[Category:Women insyd 21st-century warfare]] [[Category:Women Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Women presidents insyd Africa]] [[Category:Ministers of finance of Liberia]] [[Category:Female finance ministers]] [[Category:College of West Africa alumni]] [[Category:People dem name insyd de Paradise Papers]] [[Category:Converts to Methodism]] [[Category:First women presidents]] [[Category:21st-century women presidents]] [[Category:The Elders (organization)]] [[Category:Members of The Links]] [[Category:Commanders of de Order of Mono]] 97318jyjb6ul3c85sozwlkac725s302 0 27309 115150 102908 2026-10-24T04:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Kouilou-Niari River'''—sanso be like '''Kwilu''', '''Kwila''', anaa '''Kwil'''—be de most important river wey dey flow to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for de [[Republic of the Congo]] coast. Moreover, ein entire drainage area dey complete for Republic of the Congo. ==Geography den environment== De river be called de Kouilou River while e dey flow insyd de coastal region of de Kouilou from de Sounda gorges. Upstream from de gorges, ein name be de Niari River wey e dey flow thru de Niari Valley. De river dey combine plus de Louessé, de Loudima den de Bouenza River den eventually dey flow into de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. E dey cover about 560&nbsp;km from ein origin insyd de Batéké Plateau of de Congo to ein mouth at de coast. De lower Kouilou basin be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lower-kouilou-basin-iba-congo |title= Lower Kouilou basin|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-04}}</ref> ===Waterfalls=== *Zrinski chutes: dey honor Nikola Zrinski den Petar Zrinski, Croatian nobles of de Zrinski family; "discover" den name am insyd 1882 by Dragutin Lerman, a Croatian member of Henry Morton Stanley ein expedition. Local names, den local knowledge in general, be unfortunately ignored insyd such naming. * Sounda gorges. De gorges be remarkable plus a small waterdrop of two metres den mountain around 120 metres high. An old iron bridge still be usable insyd 2012 to cross de river insyd Sounda. A road dey cam from de village of Mandzi south of Sounda while de road dey continue on north west toward Kakamoéka, sous-prefecture. An abandoned track on de southern bank of de river dey reach Kakamoéka wich na dem create during de exploration for de train. Na de mission Jacob<ref>{{cite web|title=French national library|url=http://Www.gallica.fr|access-date=2026-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406073720/http://www.gallica.fr/|archive-date=2008-04-06}}</ref> be conducted insyd 1896. Na dem reopen de track insyd 1954 for de evaluation of de hydro potential of de Sounda dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institut de recherche et de developpement|url=http://www.ird.com/|access-date=2013-07-13|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192359/http://congoinfos.skyrock.com/431748286-La-construction-d-un-barrage-sur-le-Kouilou-Niari-constitue-une.html Le projet de construction d'un barrage sur le Kouilou-Niari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192359/http://congoinfos.skyrock.com/431748286-La-construction-d-un-barrage-sur-le-Kouilou-Niari-constitue-une.html |date=2016-03-03 }} *[http://www.africanpowercorporation.com African Power Corporation Website] *[http://www.ird.com Institut de Recherche et Développement Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194952/https://www.ird.com/ |date=2021-04-22 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Important Bird Areas of de Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] hh7me3uqzlskxey5vzqf8rgx8h4jhh1 0 30670 115139 114285 2026-10-24T00:52:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 115139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erysipelas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|ə|l|ə|s}}) be a relatively common bacterial infection of de superficial layer of de skin ([[Skin#Dermis|upper dermis]]), wey dey extend to de superficial [[lymphatic vessels]] within de skin, wey a [[Inflammation|raised]] characterize, well-defined, tender, bright-[[erythema|red rash]], typically on de face anaa legs, buh wich fi occur anywer on de skin. E be a form of [[cellulitis]] wey e be potentially serious.<ref name="Ferri2018">{{cite book|last=O'Brian |first=Gail M.|editor=Fred F. Ferri|title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019: 5 Books in 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L5dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523|year=2019|publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-53042-2|page=523|chapter=Section 1. Diseases and Disorders; Erysipelas}}</ref><ref name=Dermnetz>{{Cite web|last1=Stanway|first1=Amy|last2=Oakley|first2=Amanda|last3=Gomez|first3=Jannet|year=2016|title=Erysipelas {{!}} DermNet NZ|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erysipelas/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=dermnetnz.org}}</ref><ref name=David2019>{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Loretta S.|date=9 November 2019|title=Erysipelas: Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1052445-overview#a4|journal=Medscape|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Erysipelas usually be caused by de bacterium ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', dem sanso know as group A, β-hemolytic streptococci, wich dey enter de body thru a break insyd de skin, such as a scratch anaa an insect bite. E be more superficial dan [[cellulitis]] wey e be typically more raised den demarcated.<ref name=CDC>{{Cite web|last1=Wanat|first1=Karolyn A.|last2=Norton|first2=Scott A.|title=Skin & Soft Tissue Infections – Chapter 11 – 2020 Yellow Book {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/posttravel-evaluation/skin-and-soft-tissue-infections|access-date=6 June 2020|publisher=Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> De term dey cam from de [[Greek language|Greek]] ἐρυσίπελας (''erysípelas''), wey dey mean red skin.<ref name=Bhat2019>{{Cite book|last=Bhat M|first=Sriram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK52DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141|title=SRB's Clinical Methods in Surgery|date=2019|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|isbn=978-93-5270-545-0|location=New Delhi|pages=141|language=en}}</ref> Insyd animals, erysipelas be a disease wey infection plus de bacterium ''[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]'' cause. Insyd animals, e be called diamond skin disease, den dey occur especially insyd pigs. Heart valves den skin be affected. ''E. rhusiopathiae'' sanso fi infect humans, buh insyd dat case, de infection be known as [[erysipeloid]] wey e be an occupational skin disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veraldi |first=S |title=Erysipeloid: a review |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03444.x |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=859–862 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03444.x |pmid=19663854 |s2cid=26805689 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Notable cases == {{columns-list|colwidth=| ''Fatal, in order of death'' * [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus]], (d. 1557), Scottish nobleman active insyd de reigns of [[James V]] den [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] * [[John of the Cross]], Spanish saint den priest (d. 1591) * [[Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain]] (d. 1644) * [[Marin Mersenne]], French theologian, philosopher, den mathematician (d. 1648): Insyd one of ein letters, R. Descartes dey wrep to Mersenne say he dey wan find sam cure for ein erysipelas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Descartes |first1=René |title=The philosophical writings of Descartes |date=1984–1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |isbn=0521403235 |page=21}}</ref> * [[Margaret Throckmorton]] (d. 1668), prioress<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Throckmorton, Margaret [name in religion Magdalen] (1591–1668), prioress of St Monica's, Louvain|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-106107|access-date=2021-01-31|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/106107|isbn = 9780198614111}}</ref> * [[Michiel de Ruyter]], Dutch admiral insyd de Anglo-Dutch wars, contract am from injuries he sustain from a cannonball (d. 1676). * [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] (d. 1689) * [[Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt|Norborne Berkeley, baron de Botetourt]], Royal Governor of Virginia (d. 1770)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Berkeley_Norborne_baron_de_Botetourt_1717-1770#start_entry | title=Berkeley, Norborne, baron de Botetourt (1717–1770)}}</ref> * [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom]], daughter of [[George III]] of de United Kingdom (1783–1810) * [[Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia]], daughter of Tsar [[Paul I of Russia]] den wifey of King [[William I of Württemberg]] (d. 1819) * [[Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet]], British art patron den amateur painter (d. 1827)<ref>Margaret Greaves, ''Regency Patron: Sir George Beaumont'' (London, UK: Methuen & Co, 1966), p. 154. [https://archive.org/details/regencypatronsir0000grea/page/n11/mode/2up Also available at Internet Archive].</ref> * [[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]], [[United States Attorney General]] den [[1832 United States presidential election#Anti-Masonic Party|U.S. presidential candidate]] (d. 1834) * [[Charles Lamb]], English writer den essayist (d. 1834) * [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]] sixth son den ninth kiddie of [[King George III]] (d. 1843) * [[Barbara Hofland]], English children's writer den novelist (d. 1844)<ref>Dennis Butts, "Hofland, Barbara (bap. 1770, d. 1844)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13457 Retrieved 20 December 2015, pay-walled].</ref> * [[Pope Gregory XVI]] (d. 1846) * [[Mary Lyon]], American women's education pioneer (d. 1849)<ref name=Alden>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Elizabeth Alden|title=Mary Lyon and Mount Holyoke|url=https://archive.org/details/marylyonmounthol0000gree|url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Hanover, New Hampshire|isbn=978-0-87451-172-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marylyonmounthol0000gree/page/310 310]}}</ref> * [[Duchess Marie of Württemberg|Marie, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] (d. 1860) * [[John Herbert White]], youngest son of [[James Springer White|James S.]] den [[Ellen G. White]], co-founders of de Seventh-day Adventist church (d. 1860) * [[Ralph Bullock (jockey)|Ralph Bullock]], English jockey (d. 1863) * [[Frederick VII of Denmark]], king of Denmark (d. 1863)<ref name="Møller">{{cite book|last=Møller|first=Jan|title=Frederik 7. En kongeskæbne|year=1994|publisher=Aschehoug Dansk Forlag|location=Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-11-22878-4|page=235}}</ref> * [[John Timon]], First Roman Catholic Bishop of Buffalo, New York, United States (d. 1867)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buffalonews.com/2017/04/14/viewpoints-remembering-buffalos-first-catholic-bishop-john-timon-great-good-man/|title=Viewpoints: Remembering Buffalo's first Catholic bishop, John Timon, 'a great and good man'|last=Castillo|first=Dennis|date=14 April 2017|website=The Buffalo News|access-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081231/http://buffalonews.com/2017/04/14/viewpoints-remembering-buffalos-first-catholic-bishop-john-timon-great-good-man/|archive-date=2017-04-18}}</ref> * [[Charles J. Helm]], American politician den diplomat (d. 1868)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hamilton-times-major-helm-26-feb-186/190545632/ |title=Major Helm... |date=1868-02-26 |newspaper=The Evening Times |page=2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=2026-02-04}}{{Open access}}</ref> * [[Nehemiah Bushnell]], American attorney, railroad president, den politician (d. 1873) * [[John Stuart Mill]], English political philosopher (d. 1873)<ref>{{cite book|author=Capaldi, Nicholas |title=John Stuart Mill: a biography |url=https://archive.org/details/johnstuartmillbi00capa |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/johnstuartmillbi00capa/page/n376 356] |isbn=978-0-521-62024-6 }}</ref> * [[Marcus Clarke]] (1846–1881), Australian journalist, poet, playwright den novelist, wey wrep "For the Term of His Natural Life", he die age 35.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marcus Clarke|date=31 July 2011 |publisher=Australian Variety Theatre Archive |url=http://ozvta.com/practitioners-other-a-l/}}</ref> * [[John Brown (servant)|John Brown]], Scottish personal servant den companion to Queen Victoria (d. 1883)<ref>{{cite book|author=Ridley, Jane |title=The Heir Apparent: a life of Edward VII, the Crown Prince |publisher=Penguin Random House LLC |location=New York, NY |year=2013|page=287}}</ref> * [[Mihai Eminescu]], Romanian poet, novelist, journalist (d. 1889) * [[Patrick Killen (boxer)|Pat Killen]], American heavyweight boxer, he die at age 29 while in hiding insyd Chicago from police after he assault two men (d. 1891). * [[Samuel Augustus Ward]], American organist, composer, teacher, businessman (d. 1903)<ref>America the Beautiful by Lynn Sherr</ref> * [[Johann Most]], German-American anarchist politician, newspaper editor, den orator (d. 1906) * [[James Anthony Bailey]], American circus ringmaster (d. 1906)<ref>Macy, Beth. Truevine. Little, Brown & Co, New York, 2016, page 151.</ref> * [[Yūjirō Motora]], prominent Japanese experimental psychologist (d. 1912) * [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]] (d. 1923), English aristocrat den financial backer of de search for den excavation of Tutankhamun ein tomb insyd de Valley of de Kings<ref>Cox, A. M. [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)13576-3/fulltext?code=lancet-site "The death of Lord Carnarvon"]; ''[[The Lancet]]''; 7 June 2003.</ref> * [[Miller Huggins]], American baseball player den manager (d. 1929)<ref name="Trachtenberg1995">{{cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Leo |title=The Wonder Team: The True Story of the Incomparable 1927 New York Yankees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6phOhlHUH8kC&pg=PA151|year=1995|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-677-6|page=151}}</ref> * [[Solanus Casey|Father Solanus Casey]], American Capuchin priest dem declare "[[Beatification|blessed]]" by de [[Roman Catholic Church]] (d. 1957)<ref>Wollenweber, Brother Leo (2002). "Meet Solanus Casey". St. Anthony Messenger Press, Cincinnati, Ohio, page 107, {{ISBN|1-56955-281-9}},</ref> ''Chronic, recurrent'' * [[Richard Wagner]], opera composer ''Acute'' * [[Jair Bolsonaro]], president of Brazil between 2019 den 2022, currently dey suffer from erysipelas. ''Recovered'' * [[John Wilkes Booth]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] ein assassin, August 1864.<ref>O’Reilly, Bill & Dugard, Martin. (2011) “Killing Lincoln”. New York: Henry Holt & Co. {{ISBN|9780805093070}} p. 27. </ref> * [[Lenin]] develop an infection insyd London, den party leadership be exercised by [[Julius Martov|Martov]] til he recover.<ref>Rice, Christopher (1990). ''Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary''. London: Cassell. {{ISBN|978-0304318148}}. pp. 77–78.</ref><ref>Service, Robert (2000). ''Lenin: A Biography''. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780333726259}}. p. 150.</ref><ref>Rappaport, Helen (2010). ''Conspirator: Lenin in Exile''. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01395-1}} pp. 85–87.</ref> * [[Ernest Hemingway]] develop an infection near ein left eye after he be hit plus an oar. He be treated at de Casa di Cura Morgagni insyd [[Padua]].<ref>Hemingway, Mary Welsh (1976). ''How It Was''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-297-77265-1}}. p. 236.</ref> ''Fictional'' * Insyd [[D. H. Lawrence]] ein novel ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'', one of de major characters insyd de novel, William Morel, die quickly from de complications of erysipelas in conjunction plus pneumonia. *Insyd [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] ein 1924 [[short story]], "[[The Adventure of the Illustrious Client]]", [[Sherlock Holmes]] be reported to develop erysipelas following an assault wey result in head injuries wey dey require stitches. * Insyd [[Anton Chekhov]] ein 1892 short story "[[Ward No. 6]]", erysipelas be among de conditions wey de patients suffer dem commit to a poorly run mental-illness facility insyd a small town insyd [[Tsarist autocracy|tsarist]] Russia. * Insyd [[J. G. Farrell]] ein novel ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]'', de Collector, Mr. Hopkins, be affected during de siege wey he recover. * [[Mark Twain]] ein ''[[Roughing It]]'' dey mention de disease secof de rarefied atmosphere (chapter 43). * Insyd [[Dashiell Hammett]] ein ''[[The Thin Man]]'', de name be used for a pun on de word "ear" (chapter 22). * Insyd [[Willa Cather]] ein ''[[One of Ours]]'', de main character, Claude, contract de disease insyd "the queerest" way, after he be dragged into wire by mules, den de next day continuing to work insyd de dust. De disease dey play a key role insyd de novel, persuading am to marry Enid after she care give am in recovery (Book II, Chapter IV, p. 138). * Insyd series one, episode four of ''[[Downton Abbey]]'', Isobel Crawley misdiagnose ein butler, Molesley, plus erysipelas wen he develop a rash on ein hands. De Dowager Countess of Grantham correctly dey identify de rash as an allergy to [[rue]].}} * Insyd [[Rodrigo Souza Leão]] ein autobiographical novel ''All Dogs are Blue'', he talk say ein erysipelas be cured by de antibiotic Benzetacil ([[benzathine benzylpenicillin]]).<ref>Souza Leão, Rodrigo (2013). ''All Dogs are Blue''. High Wycombe: And Other Stories. {{ISBN|978-1-908-27620-9}}. p. 49.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons category|Erysipelas}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] [[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3v8lze79e7n7oh2v27i38n4pxav8b8n 0 31116 115113 2026-10-23T15:46:47Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369066107|Abscess]]" 115113 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}</ref> Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery. == References == [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] 8lvont45h5bqpon7dtggswwrkokjgrn 115114 115113 2026-10-23T16:41:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}</ref> Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery. Dem usually be caused by a [[bacterial infection]].<ref name=Cox2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Cox C, Turkington JS, Birck D |title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders |date=2007 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8160-7509-6 |page=1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1 |edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Often chaw different types of bacteria be involved insyd a single infection.<ref name=El2009/> Insyd chaw areas of de world, de most common bacteria present be ''[[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses in particular be overwhelmingly caused by ''S. aureus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Ellis |first2=Michael W. |last3=Schlett |first3=Carey D. |last4=Millar |first4=Eugene V. |last5=LaBreck |first5=Patrick T. |last6=Mor |first6=Deepika |last7=Elassal |first7=Emad M. |last8=Lanier |first8=Jeffrey B. |last9=Redden |first9=Cassie L. |last10=Cui |first10=Tianyuan |last11=Teneza-Mora |first11=Nimfa |last12=Bishop |first12=Danett K. |last13=Hall |first13=Eric R. |last14=Bishop-Lilly |first14=Kimberly A. |last15=Merrell |first15=D. Scott |date=2016-10-25 |editor-last=Seleem |editor-first=Mohamed N. |title=Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0165491 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491 |doi-access=free |pmid=27780238 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5079656|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165491J }}</ref> Rarely, [[parasites]] fi cause abscesses; dis be more common insyd de [[developing world]].<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Diagnosis of a skin abscess usually be made based on wat e dey look like wey e be confirmed by cutting am open.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Ultrasound]] imaging fi be useful in cases insyd wich de diagnosis no be clear.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Insyd abscesses around de [[anus]], [[computer tomography]] (CT) fi be important to look for deeper infection.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137>{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0605-1 |pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th |chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] biss67yo95wpt1ydyh7wiyzyvdyvwui 115115 115114 2026-10-23T16:49:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}</ref> Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery. Dem usually be caused by a [[bacterial infection]].<ref name=Cox2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Cox C, Turkington JS, Birck D |title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders |date=2007 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8160-7509-6 |page=1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1 |edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Often chaw different types of bacteria be involved insyd a single infection.<ref name=El2009/> Insyd chaw areas of de world, de most common bacteria present be ''[[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses in particular be overwhelmingly caused by ''S. aureus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Ellis |first2=Michael W. |last3=Schlett |first3=Carey D. |last4=Millar |first4=Eugene V. |last5=LaBreck |first5=Patrick T. |last6=Mor |first6=Deepika |last7=Elassal |first7=Emad M. |last8=Lanier |first8=Jeffrey B. |last9=Redden |first9=Cassie L. |last10=Cui |first10=Tianyuan |last11=Teneza-Mora |first11=Nimfa |last12=Bishop |first12=Danett K. |last13=Hall |first13=Eric R. |last14=Bishop-Lilly |first14=Kimberly A. |last15=Merrell |first15=D. Scott |date=2016-10-25 |editor-last=Seleem |editor-first=Mohamed N. |title=Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0165491 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491 |doi-access=free |pmid=27780238 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5079656|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165491J }}</ref> Rarely, [[parasites]] fi cause abscesses; dis be more common insyd de [[developing world]].<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Diagnosis of a skin abscess usually be made based on wat e dey look like wey e be confirmed by cutting am open.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Ultrasound]] imaging fi be useful in cases insyd wich de diagnosis no be clear.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Insyd abscesses around de [[anus]], [[computer tomography]] (CT) fi be important to look for deeper infection.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137>{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0605-1 |pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th |chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> Standard treatment give most skin anaa soft tissue abscesses be cutting am open den drainage.<ref name="ACEPfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians |author1-link = American College of Emergency Physicians |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Emergency Physicians |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |access-date = January 24, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |archive-date = March 7, 2014 }}</ref> Der appear to be sam benefit from sanso dey use [[antibiotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vermandere M, Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, Liu C, Burgers J, Merglen A, Okwen PM, Lytvyn L, Chua S, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH, Beltran-Arroyave C, Lavergne V, Speeckaert R, Steen FE, Arteaga V, Sender R, McLeod S, Sun X, Wang W, Siemieniuk RA | display-authors = 6 | title = Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | journal = BMJ | volume = 360 | pages = k243 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29437651 | pmc = 5799894 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.k243 }}</ref> A small amount of evidence dey support no dey pack de cavity wey dey remain plus [[Gauze sponge|gauze]] after drainage.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Talan DA | title = Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 11 | pages = 1039–1047 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24620867 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1212788 | url = http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | access-date = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | archive-date = 2014-10-30 }}</ref> Closing dis cavity right after draining am rather dan leaving am open fi speed healing widout increasing de risk of de abscess returning.<ref name=Singer2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Thode HC, Chale S, Taira BR, Lee C | title = Primary closure of cutaneous abscesses: a systematic review | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–366 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 20825801 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.10.004 | url = http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722040008/http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-date = 2015-07-22 }}</ref> Sucking out de pus plus a needle often no be sufficient.<ref name=NEJM2014/> == References == <references /> ==External links== [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fveevnq3v5ookv53y0071ch6qalzfvp 115116 115115 2026-10-23T17:11:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}</ref> Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery. Dem usually be caused by a [[bacterial infection]].<ref name=Cox2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Cox C, Turkington JS, Birck D |title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders |date=2007 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8160-7509-6 |page=1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1 |edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Often chaw different types of bacteria be involved insyd a single infection.<ref name=El2009/> Insyd chaw areas of de world, de most common bacteria present be ''[[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses in particular be overwhelmingly caused by ''S. aureus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Ellis |first2=Michael W. |last3=Schlett |first3=Carey D. |last4=Millar |first4=Eugene V. |last5=LaBreck |first5=Patrick T. |last6=Mor |first6=Deepika |last7=Elassal |first7=Emad M. |last8=Lanier |first8=Jeffrey B. |last9=Redden |first9=Cassie L. |last10=Cui |first10=Tianyuan |last11=Teneza-Mora |first11=Nimfa |last12=Bishop |first12=Danett K. |last13=Hall |first13=Eric R. |last14=Bishop-Lilly |first14=Kimberly A. |last15=Merrell |first15=D. Scott |date=2016-10-25 |editor-last=Seleem |editor-first=Mohamed N. |title=Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0165491 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491 |doi-access=free |pmid=27780238 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5079656|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165491J }}</ref> Rarely, [[parasites]] fi cause abscesses; dis be more common insyd de [[developing world]].<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Diagnosis of a skin abscess usually be made based on wat e dey look like wey e be confirmed by cutting am open.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Ultrasound]] imaging fi be useful in cases insyd wich de diagnosis no be clear.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Insyd abscesses around de [[anus]], [[computer tomography]] (CT) fi be important to look for deeper infection.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137>{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0605-1 |pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th |chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> Standard treatment give most skin anaa soft tissue abscesses be cutting am open den drainage.<ref name="ACEPfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians |author1-link = American College of Emergency Physicians |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Emergency Physicians |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |access-date = January 24, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |archive-date = March 7, 2014 }}</ref> Der appear to be sam benefit from sanso dey use [[antibiotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vermandere M, Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, Liu C, Burgers J, Merglen A, Okwen PM, Lytvyn L, Chua S, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH, Beltran-Arroyave C, Lavergne V, Speeckaert R, Steen FE, Arteaga V, Sender R, McLeod S, Sun X, Wang W, Siemieniuk RA | display-authors = 6 | title = Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | journal = BMJ | volume = 360 | pages = k243 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29437651 | pmc = 5799894 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.k243 }}</ref> A small amount of evidence dey support no dey pack de cavity wey dey remain plus [[Gauze sponge|gauze]] after drainage.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Talan DA | title = Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 11 | pages = 1039–1047 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24620867 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1212788 | url = http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | access-date = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | archive-date = 2014-10-30 }}</ref> Closing dis cavity right after draining am rather dan leaving am open fi speed healing widout increasing de risk of de abscess returning.<ref name=Singer2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Thode HC, Chale S, Taira BR, Lee C | title = Primary closure of cutaneous abscesses: a systematic review | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–366 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 20825801 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.10.004 | url = http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722040008/http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-date = 2015-07-22 }}</ref> Sucking out de pus plus a needle often no be sufficient.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses be common wey sam studies suggest dem cam be more common over de past two decades<ref name="Merck2026">{{Cite web |editor-last=Tesini |editor-first=Brenda L. |editor2-last=Passarelli |editor2-first=Patrick James |title=Cutaneous Abscess - Infectious Disease |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260812174857/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess#Etiology_v111254810 |archive-date=2026-08-12 |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=Merck Manual Professional Edition |publisher=Merck & Co., Inc}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2014/> Risk factors dey include [[intravenous drug use]], plus rates dem report as high as 65% among users.<ref name=Langrod2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruiz P, Strain EC, Langrod J |title=The substance abuse handbook|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6045-4 |page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Insyd 2005, na 3.2 million people go to American emergency departments for abscesses.<ref name=Taira2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taira BR, Singer AJ, Thode HC, Lee CC | title = National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses: 1996 to 2005 | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–292 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19328372 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.027 }}</ref> Insyd [[Australia]], na around 13,000 people be hospitalized insyd 2008 plus de condition.<ref name=Vas2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaska VL, Nimmo GR, Jones M, Grimwood K, Paterson DL | title = Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations: 1999-2008 | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–96 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21553298 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-011-1281-3 | s2cid = 20376537 }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] fmv2vz48gr7m93a99xblum7qrdk7zl3 115117 115116 2026-10-23T17:25:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An '''abscess''' be a collection of pus wey build up within de tissue of de body, usually be caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[Cleveland Clinic]] |quote=An abscess is a buildup of a pus that can affect any part of your body.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Larry M. |date=Jul 2024 |title=Abscesses |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/biology-of-infectious-disease/abscesses |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=[[MSD Manual]] |quote=Abscesses are collections of pus in confined tissue spaces, usually caused by bacterial infection.}}</ref> Signs den symptoms of abscesses dey include redness, pain, warmth, den swelling.<ref name="NEJM2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, Talan DA |date=March 2014 |title=Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |url=http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=370 |issue=11 |pages=1039–1047 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1212788 |pmid=24620867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-30 |access-date=2014-09-24}}</ref> De swelling fi feel fluid-filled wen dem press.<ref name="NEJM2014" /> De area of redness often dey extend beyond de swelling.<ref name="El2009">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |title=Infectious Diseases of the Skin. |vauthors=Elston DM |date=2009 |publisher=Manson Pub. |isbn=978-1-84076-514-4 |location=London |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=esPkuOxZajYC&pg=PA12 |archive-date=2017-09-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Carbuncles den boils be types of abscess wey often involve hair follicles, plus carbuncles be larger.<ref name="Rosen2014Chp120">{{Cite book |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice |vauthors=Marx JA |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |isbn=978-1-900151-96-2 |edition=8th |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=Chapter 120 |chapter=Dermatologic Presentations}}</ref> A cyst be related to an abscess, buh e dey contain a material oda dan pus, den a cyst get a clearly defined wall. Abscesses sanso fi form internally on internal organs den after surgery. Dem usually be caused by a [[bacterial infection]].<ref name=Cox2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Cox C, Turkington JS, Birck D |title=The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders |date=2007 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-8160-7509-6 |page=1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1 |edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKVPHoIs8uIC&pg=PA1|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Often chaw different types of bacteria be involved insyd a single infection.<ref name=El2009/> Insyd chaw areas of de world, de most common bacteria present be ''[[methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses in particular be overwhelmingly caused by ''S. aureus''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Ellis |first2=Michael W. |last3=Schlett |first3=Carey D. |last4=Millar |first4=Eugene V. |last5=LaBreck |first5=Patrick T. |last6=Mor |first6=Deepika |last7=Elassal |first7=Emad M. |last8=Lanier |first8=Jeffrey B. |last9=Redden |first9=Cassie L. |last10=Cui |first10=Tianyuan |last11=Teneza-Mora |first11=Nimfa |last12=Bishop |first12=Danett K. |last13=Hall |first13=Eric R. |last14=Bishop-Lilly |first14=Kimberly A. |last15=Merrell |first15=D. Scott |date=2016-10-25 |editor-last=Seleem |editor-first=Mohamed N. |title=Bacterial Etiology and Risk Factors Associated with Cellulitis and Purulent Skin Abscesses in Military Trainees |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |article-number=e0165491 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0165491 |doi-access=free |pmid=27780238 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5079656|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1165491J }}</ref> Rarely, [[parasites]] fi cause abscesses; dis be more common insyd de [[developing world]].<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Diagnosis of a skin abscess usually be made based on wat e dey look like wey e be confirmed by cutting am open.<ref name=NEJM2014/> [[Ultrasound]] imaging fi be useful in cases insyd wich de diagnosis no be clear.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Insyd abscesses around de [[anus]], [[computer tomography]] (CT) fi be important to look for deeper infection.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137>{{cite book| vauthors = Marx JA |title=Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4557-0605-1 |pages=Chapter 137|edition=8th |chapter=Skin and Soft Tissue Infections}}</ref> Standard treatment give most skin anaa soft tissue abscesses be cutting am open den drainage.<ref name="ACEPfive">{{Citation |author1 = American College of Emergency Physicians |author1-link = American College of Emergency Physicians |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American College of Emergency Physicians |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |access-date = January 24, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307012443/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/ |archive-date = March 7, 2014 }}</ref> Der appear to be sam benefit from sanso dey use [[antibiotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vermandere M, Aertgeerts B, Agoritsas T, Liu C, Burgers J, Merglen A, Okwen PM, Lytvyn L, Chua S, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH, Beltran-Arroyave C, Lavergne V, Speeckaert R, Steen FE, Arteaga V, Sender R, McLeod S, Sun X, Wang W, Siemieniuk RA | display-authors = 6 | title = Antibiotics after incision and drainage for uncomplicated skin abscesses: a clinical practice guideline | journal = BMJ | volume = 360 | pages = k243 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29437651 | pmc = 5799894 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.k243 }}</ref> A small amount of evidence dey support no dey pack de cavity wey dey remain plus [[Gauze sponge|gauze]] after drainage.<ref name=NEJM2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Talan DA | title = Management of skin abscesses in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 370 | issue = 11 | pages = 1039–1047 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24620867 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1212788 | url = http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | access-date = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141030065311/http://enotes.us/SkinAbscess2014.pdf | archive-date = 2014-10-30 }}</ref> Closing dis cavity right after draining am rather dan leaving am open fi speed healing widout increasing de risk of de abscess returning.<ref name=Singer2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singer AJ, Thode HC, Chale S, Taira BR, Lee C | title = Primary closure of cutaneous abscesses: a systematic review | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 361–366 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 20825801 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2009.10.004 | url = http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722040008/http://www.emottawa.ca/assets_secure/journal_club/Sept%2011_2_Singer%202011%20Am%20J%20of%20Emerg%20Med%20Primary%20closure%20of%20cutaneous%20abscesses.pdf | archive-date = 2015-07-22 }}</ref> Sucking out de pus plus a needle often no be sufficient.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Skin abscesses be common wey sam studies suggest dem cam be more common over de past two decades<ref name="Merck2026">{{Cite web |editor-last=Tesini |editor-first=Brenda L. |editor2-last=Passarelli |editor2-first=Patrick James |title=Cutaneous Abscess - Infectious Disease |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260812174857/https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess#Etiology_v111254810 |archive-date=2026-08-12 |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=Merck Manual Professional Edition |publisher=Merck & Co., Inc}}</ref><ref name=NEJM2014/> Risk factors dey include [[intravenous drug use]], plus rates dem report as high as 65% among users.<ref name=Langrod2007>{{cite book| vauthors = Ruiz P, Strain EC, Langrod J |title=The substance abuse handbook|date=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6045-4 |page=373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906120647/https://books.google.com/books?id=6LkNShsAw78C&pg=PA373|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Insyd 2005, na 3.2 million people go to American emergency departments for abscesses.<ref name=Taira2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taira BR, Singer AJ, Thode HC, Lee CC | title = National epidemiology of cutaneous abscesses: 1996 to 2005 | journal = The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–292 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19328372 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.02.027 }}</ref> Insyd [[Australia]], na around 13,000 people be hospitalized insyd 2008 plus de condition.<ref name=Vas2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaska VL, Nimmo GR, Jones M, Grimwood K, Paterson DL | title = Increases in Australian cutaneous abscess hospitalisations: 1999-2008 | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–96 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21553298 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-011-1281-3 | s2cid = 20376537 }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q164655|c=Category:Abscess|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Abscess|species=no}} * {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|001353|Abscess}} * {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|000863|Skin Abscess}} * {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/abscess.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Abscess }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:General surgery]] [[Category:Cutaneous lesion]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 678crvtun4h2c08kxkh48zjjf8aauca 14 31117 115118 2026-10-23T17:25:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115118 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31118 115119 2026-10-23T18:27:48Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380799681|Dystonia]]" 115119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dystonia''' be [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] qilblqye1dntec3a1s11ubaidmf6tx8 115120 115119 2026-10-23T18:31:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> == External links == b9npmvgtw6685k69xh99uav57rxnsux 115121 115120 2026-10-23T18:35:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> E fi be [[Heredity|inherited from a persons parents]], anaa caused by [[birth injury]], [[stroke]], [[infection]], [[lead poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|CO poisoning]], den as a side effect of certain [[medication]]s such as [[antidopaminergic agents]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022>{{cite web | title=Dystonia | website=BMJ Best Practice | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | access-date=2020-05-21 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=5 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De underlying mechanism dey involve certain areas of de [[brain]], often de [[basal ganglia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022/> E fi be categorized as generalized, [[focal dystonia|focal]], multifocal, segmental, anaa hemidystonia; anaa by de part of de body affected such as [[cervical dystonia|cervical]], [[blepharospasm]], [[writer's cramp]], den [[musician's dystonia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Diagnosis fi involve [[genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], den blood tests.<ref name=BMJ2022/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] 49gaulwyxuwhzun1c7kikd7llgaxmhi 115122 115121 2026-10-23T18:36:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> E fi be [[Heredity|inherited from a persons parents]], anaa caused by [[birth injury]], [[stroke]], [[infection]], [[lead poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|CO poisoning]], den as a side effect of certain [[medication]]s such as [[antidopaminergic agents]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022>{{cite web | title=Dystonia | website=BMJ Best Practice | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | access-date=2020-05-21 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=5 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De underlying mechanism dey involve certain areas of de [[brain]], often de [[basal ganglia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022/> E fi be categorized as generalized, [[focal dystonia|focal]], multifocal, segmental, anaa hemidystonia; anaa by de part of de body affected such as [[cervical dystonia|cervical]], [[blepharospasm]], [[writer's cramp]], den [[musician's dystonia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Diagnosis fi involve [[genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], den blood tests.<ref name=BMJ2022/> Wen e occur as a result of medication, stopping de medication fi result in resolution.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Otherwise treatment fi include medication such as [[anticholinergics]], [[benzodiazepines]] anaa [[dopaminergic agents]]; [[botulinum toxin]] injections; [[physical therapy]]; anaa surgery, such as [[deep brain stimulation]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] 1hzvajxcmj6qjlpqrmxovjj89jtm77g 115123 115122 2026-10-23T18:42:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> E fi be [[Heredity|inherited from a persons parents]], anaa caused by [[birth injury]], [[stroke]], [[infection]], [[lead poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|CO poisoning]], den as a side effect of certain [[medication]]s such as [[antidopaminergic agents]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022>{{cite web | title=Dystonia | website=BMJ Best Practice | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | access-date=2020-05-21 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=5 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De underlying mechanism dey involve certain areas of de [[brain]], often de [[basal ganglia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022/> E fi be categorized as generalized, [[focal dystonia|focal]], multifocal, segmental, anaa hemidystonia; anaa by de part of de body affected such as [[cervical dystonia|cervical]], [[blepharospasm]], [[writer's cramp]], den [[musician's dystonia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Diagnosis fi involve [[genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], den blood tests.<ref name=BMJ2022/> Wen e occur as a result of medication, stopping de medication fi result in resolution.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Otherwise treatment fi include medication such as [[anticholinergics]], [[benzodiazepines]] anaa [[dopaminergic agents]]; [[botulinum toxin]] injections; [[physical therapy]]; anaa surgery, such as [[deep brain stimulation]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Dystonia dey affect up to 250,000 people insyd de United States.<ref name=AANS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonia – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatment |url=https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |website=www.aans.org |access-date=17 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216222426/https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |url-status=live }}</ref> E be less common dan de movement disorders [[essential tremor]] den [[Parkinson]].<ref name=AANS2023/> All ages fi be affected.<ref name=AANS2023/> Na dem coin de term insyd 1911.<ref name=Bal2014>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000114 |pmid=24978640 |title=Dystonia |journal=Current Opinion in Neurology |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=468–76 |year=2014 |last1=Balint |first1=Bettina |last2=Bhatia |first2=Kailash P. }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] c9ogwwvuvws7yqdkrzmase7hmxop1z6 115124 115123 2026-10-23T18:45:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dystonia''' be a [[movement disorder]] insyd wich involuntary muscle contractions result in slow repetitive movements anaa abnormal postures.<ref name=NINDS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonias Fact Sheet {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |access-date=17 January 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216230258/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/dystonias-fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Bal2018>{{cite journal |last1=Balint |first1=B |last2=Mencacci |first2=NE |last3=Valente |first3=EM |last4=Pisani |first4=A |last5=Rothwell |first5=J |last6=Jankovic |first6=J |last7=Vidailhet |first7=M |last8=Bhatia |first8=KP |title=Dystonia. |journal=Nature reviews. Disease primers |date=20 September 2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0023-6 |pmid=30237473}}</ref> Pain anaa a [[tremor]] sanso fi occur.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Insyd sam, symptoms only occur plus exercise, stress, anaa tiredness.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Complications fi include [[depression]] anaa [[anxiety]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> E fi be [[Heredity|inherited from a persons parents]], anaa caused by [[birth injury]], [[stroke]], [[infection]], [[lead poisoning]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning|CO poisoning]], den as a side effect of certain [[medication]]s such as [[antidopaminergic agents]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022>{{cite web | title=Dystonia | website=BMJ Best Practice | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | access-date=2020-05-21 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=5 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905201412/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1096/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De underlying mechanism dey involve certain areas of de [[brain]], often de [[basal ganglia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/><ref name=BMJ2022/> E fi be categorized as generalized, [[focal dystonia|focal]], multifocal, segmental, anaa hemidystonia; anaa by de part of de body affected such as [[cervical dystonia|cervical]], [[blepharospasm]], [[writer's cramp]], den [[musician's dystonia]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Diagnosis fi involve [[genetic testing]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]], den blood tests.<ref name=BMJ2022/> Wen e occur as a result of medication, stopping de medication fi result in resolution.<ref name=NINDS2023/> Otherwise treatment fi include medication such as [[anticholinergics]], [[benzodiazepines]] anaa [[dopaminergic agents]]; [[botulinum toxin]] injections; [[physical therapy]]; anaa surgery, such as [[deep brain stimulation]].<ref name=NINDS2023/> Dystonia dey affect up to 250,000 people insyd de United States.<ref name=AANS2023>{{cite web |title=Dystonia – Classifications, Symptoms and Treatment |url=https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |website=www.aans.org |access-date=17 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216222426/https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Dystonia |url-status=live }}</ref> E be less common dan de movement disorders [[essential tremor]] den [[Parkinson]].<ref name=AANS2023/> All ages fi be affected.<ref name=AANS2023/> Na dem coin de term insyd 1911.<ref name=Bal2014>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000114 |pmid=24978640 |title=Dystonia |journal=Current Opinion in Neurology |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=468–76 |year=2014 |last1=Balint |first1=Bettina |last2=Bhatia |first2=Kailash P. }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-boston-marathon-record-is-about-to-be-set--by-a-man-with-a-movement-disorder/2017/04/07/57523230-18a2-11e7-bcc2-7d1a0973e7b2_story.html A Boston Marathon record is about to be set – by a man with a movement disorder] in [[The Washington Post]] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1155/ GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Dystonia Overview] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1492/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Early-Onset Primary Dystonia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202004244/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/twisted/film.html Film on Dystonia] from [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231061329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19265007/ A story of one woman's struggle with dystonia] at MSNBC.com {{Authority control}} [[Category:Dystonia| ]] [[Category:Extrapyramidal den movement disorders]] [[Category:Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] nk0s3bev205c5kf1uulbuleqvkcjazd 14 31119 115125 2026-10-23T18:45:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115125 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31120 115126 2026-10-23T18:57:57Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375536739|MMR vaccine]]" 115126 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')<ref name="Mau2005">{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}</ref> be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles). E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.<ref name="M-M-R II FDA label" /><ref name="CDC2021">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="WHO2017Pos">{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}</ref> After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.<ref name="CDC2021" /> De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,<ref name="CDC2021" /> those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}</ref><ref name="ACIP1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=<!-- Official URL --> https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.<ref name="WHO2017Pos" /> E be given by injection.<ref name="CDCAdmin">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> == References == oykcmx01kgkz4s6na1qaexp3tavasyt 115127 115126 2026-10-23T19:06:14Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''MMR vaccine''' (dem abbreviate as ''MMR'')<ref name="Mau2005">{{Cite journal |date=July 2005 |title=Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc |journal=Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=225–226 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002 |pmid=16044396}}</ref> be a combination vaccine against [[measles]], [[mumps]], den [[rubella]] (German measles).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension STERILE DILUENT- sterile water injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0a9e384f-e717-436b-b9a0-15e53cef0862 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E dey contain de combined measles vaccine, mumps vaccine, den rubella vaccine into a single injection.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="CDC2021">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=26 January 2021 |title=Measles Vaccination |url=https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccines/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105545/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |website=Measles (Rubeola) |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="WHO2017Pos">{{Cite journal |date=April 2017 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017 |journal=Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages=205–227 |hdl=10665/255149 |pmid=28459148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=World Health Organization |date=January 2019 |title=Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations |journal=Vaccine |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=219–222 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066 |pmid=28760612 |s2cid=205605355}}</ref> After two doses, 97% of people be protected against measles, 88% against mumps, den at least 97% against rubella.<ref name="CDC2021" /> De vaccine sanso be recommended for those wey no get evidence of immunity,<ref name="CDC2021" /> those plus well-controlled [[HIV/AIDS]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults |url=https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902191739/https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/basic-primary-care/immunizations/core-concept/all |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=National HIV Curriculum}}</ref><ref name="ACIP1998">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L |date=May 1998 |title=Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |url=<!-- Official URL --> https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |url-status=live |journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports |volume=47 |issue=RR–8 |pages=1–57 |pmid=9639369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030190011/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4708.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> den within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those wey be incompletely immunized.<ref name="WHO2017Pos" /> E be given by injection.<ref name="CDCAdmin">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Administering the MMR Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228081247/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/administering-mmr.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Measles be a highly contagious viral illness wey fi lead to serious complications, wey dey include pneumonia, acute encephalitis, den, insyd rare cases, long‑term neurological disease. Pregnant women be at increased risk of severe respiratory complications den adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss den premature birth.<ref>{{cite web | author = CDC | date = 2026-03-03 | title = Clinical Overview of Measles | website = Measles (Rubeola) | publisher = he U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url = https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html | access-date = 2026-04-30 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3dkgf6ndpkr63ktxf1jwr9z7umgc6f6 0 31121 115160 2026-10-24T08:09:38Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371162433|Dermatitis]]" 115160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] c7ft0x5bbuzu9ohrss40s8v23e7s5de 115162 115160 2026-10-24T08:24:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.<ref name=NIH2013/> Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].<ref name=Ned2012/> De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.<ref name=Ned2012/> For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.<ref name=Ned2012/> Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.<ref name=Ned2012/> ==References== <references /> == External links == 7skqbhh4pqiins487n5sdrftb2olug9 115163 115162 2026-10-24T08:28:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.<ref name=NIH2013/> Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].<ref name=Ned2012/> De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.<ref name=Ned2012/> For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.<ref name=Ned2012/> Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.<ref name=Ned2012/> Prevention of atopic dermatitis typically be plus [[essential fatty acid]]s,<ref name="Andrews" /> wey fi be treated plus [[moisturizer]]s den [[steroid]] creams.<ref name=Mc2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD | title = Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | article-number = e4770 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22826585 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4770 | url = http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf | hdl = 2262/75991 | s2cid = 36038433 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 17 February 2021 | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID }}</ref> De steroid creams generally for be of mid to high strength den used for less dan two weeks at a time, as side effects fi occur.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Habif TP |title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-26607-9 |page=171 |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s fi be required if der be signs of [[skin infection]].<ref name=NIH2013/> Contact dermatitis typically be treated by avoiding de allergen anaa irritant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B | title = Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1043–1054 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27185422 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurati AR | s2cid = 40077567 | title = Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis | journal = Workplace Health & Safety | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87; quiz 88 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25881659 | doi = 10.1177/2165079914565351 }}</ref> [[Antihistamine]]s fi help plus sleep den decrease nighttime scratching.<ref name=NIH2013/> ==References== <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3o8bml77e4bg9ivnpjoq4rlr5bzvcg5 115164 115163 2026-10-24T08:35:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.<ref name=NIH2013/> Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].<ref name=Ned2012/> De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.<ref name=Ned2012/> For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.<ref name=Ned2012/> Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.<ref name=Ned2012/> Prevention of atopic dermatitis typically be plus [[essential fatty acid]]s,<ref name="Andrews2">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-323-55188-5 |page=482}}</ref> wey fi be treated plus [[moisturizer]]s den [[steroid]] creams.<ref name="Mc2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD | title = Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | article-number = e4770 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22826585 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4770 | url = http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf | hdl = 2262/75991 | s2cid = 36038433 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 17 February 2021 | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID }}</ref> De steroid creams generally for be of mid to high strength den used for less dan two weeks at a time, as side effects fi occur.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Habif TP |title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-26607-9 |page=171 |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s fi be required if der be signs of [[skin infection]].<ref name="NIH2013" /> Contact dermatitis typically be treated by avoiding de allergen anaa irritant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B | title = Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1043–1054 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27185422 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurati AR | s2cid = 40077567 | title = Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis | journal = Workplace Health & Safety | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87; quiz 88 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25881659 | doi = 10.1177/2165079914565351 }}</ref> [[Antihistamine]]s fi help plus sleep den decrease nighttime scratching.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Na dermatitis be estimated to affect 245 million people globally insyd 2015,<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> anaa 3.34% of de world population. Atopic dermatitis be de most common type den generally dey start insyd kiddie time.<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/> Insyd de United States, e dey affect about 10–30% of people.<ref name=NIH2013/> Contact dermatitis twice be as common insyd females as insyd males.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Adkinson NF |title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-08593-9|page=566 |edition=8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Allergic contact dermatitis dey affect about 7% of people at sam point insyd dema lives.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wilkinson M, Orton D |title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| isbn=978-1-118-44117-6|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=Allergic Contact Dermatitis | veditors = Barker J, Bleiker TO, Chalmers R, Creamer D |page=128.4|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> Irritant contact dermatitis be common, especially among people plus certain occupations, exact rates be unclear.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Frosch PJ |title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-03104-9 |page=42 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] mcce3h4mqspb0hufaokolovcyf4nyqn 115165 115164 2026-10-24T08:43:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dermatitis''' be a term dem use for different types of skin inflammation, typically characterized by itchiness, redness den a rash.<ref name="Ned2012">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&pg=PA1 |title=Generalized Dermatitis in Clinical Practice |vauthors=Nedorost ST |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2897-7 |pages=1–3, 9, 13–14 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815233710/https://books.google.ca/books?id=egXPtnc4lssC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd cases of short duration, der fi be small blisters, while insyd long-term cases de skin fi cam be thickened.<ref name="Ned2012" /> De area of skin wey involve fi vary from small to covering de entire body.<ref name="Ned2012" /><ref name="NIH2013">{{Cite web |date=May 2013 |title=Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis (A type of eczema) |url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530092344/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/default.asp |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 July 2016 |website=NIAMS}}</ref> Dermatitis sanso be called '''eczema''', buh "eczema" often be used for de most common type of skin inflammation, [[atopic dermatitis]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, Motala C, Ortega Martell JA, Platts-Mills TA, Ring J, Thien F, Van Cauwenberge P, Williams HC |date=May 2004 |title=Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003 |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=832–836 |bibcode=2004JACI..113..832J |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591 |pmid=15131563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De exact cause of de condition often be unclear.<ref name=NIH2013/> Cases fi involve a combination of [[allergy]] den [[venous stasis|poor venous return]].<ref name=Ned2012/> De type of dermatitis generally be determined by de person ein history den de location of de rash.<ref name=Ned2012/> For example, irritant dermatitis often dey occur on de hands of those wey frequently get dem wet.<ref name=Ned2012/> Allergic contact dermatitis dey occur upon exposure to an [[allergen]], wey dey cause a [[hypersensitivity]] reaction insyd de skin.<ref name=Ned2012/> Prevention of atopic dermatitis typically be plus [[essential fatty acid]]s,<ref name="Andrews2">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=William D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |last2=Elston |first2=Dirk |last3=Treat |first3=James R. |last4=Rosenbach |first4=Misha A. |last5=Neuhaus |first5=Isaac |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-323-55188-5 |page=482}}</ref> wey fi be treated plus [[moisturizer]]s den [[steroid]] creams.<ref name="Mc2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD | title = Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | article-number = e4770 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22826585 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e4770 | url = http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf | hdl = 2262/75991 | s2cid = 36038433 | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 17 February 2021 | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210217144954/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/75991/PMID }}</ref> De steroid creams generally for be of mid to high strength den used for less dan two weeks at a time, as side effects fi occur.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Habif TP |title=Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-26607-9 |page=171 |edition=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 |access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173537/https://books.google.it/books?id=N_D5CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA171|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> [[Antibiotic]]s fi be required if der be signs of [[skin infection]].<ref name="NIH2013" /> Contact dermatitis typically be treated by avoiding de allergen anaa irritant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mowad CM, Anderson B, Scheinman P, Pootongkam S, Nedorost S, Brod B | title = Allergic contact dermatitis: Patient management and education | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 74 | issue = 6 | pages = 1043–1054 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27185422 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.02.1144 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lurati AR | s2cid = 40077567 | title = Occupational risk assessment and irritant contact dermatitis | journal = Workplace Health & Safety | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–87; quiz 88 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25881659 | doi = 10.1177/2165079914565351 }}</ref> [[Antihistamine]]s fi help plus sleep den decrease nighttime scratching.<ref name="NIH2013" /> Na dermatitis be estimated to affect 245 million people globally insyd 2015,<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref> anaa 3.34% of de world population. Atopic dermatitis be de most common type den generally dey start insyd kiddie time.<ref name=Ned2012/><ref name=NIH2013/> Insyd de United States, e dey affect about 10–30% of people.<ref name=NIH2013/> Contact dermatitis twice be as common insyd females as insyd males.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Adkinson NF |title=Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-08593-9|page=566 |edition=8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222715/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vT9YAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566 |archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Allergic contact dermatitis dey affect about 7% of people at sam point insyd dema lives.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wilkinson M, Orton D |title=Rook's Textbook of Dermatology|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| isbn=978-1-118-44117-6|edition=9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868|access-date=29 July 2016|chapter=Allergic Contact Dermatitis | veditors = Barker J, Bleiker TO, Chalmers R, Creamer D |page=128.4|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815214618/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA99-PA868 |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> Irritant contact dermatitis be common, especially among people plus certain occupations, exact rates be unclear.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Frosch PJ |title=Textbook of Contact Dermatitis|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-03104-9 |page=42 |edition=2nd |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816002717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hgXtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |archive-date=16 August 2016 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q229256|c=Category:Dermatitis|n=no|b=no|v=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Dermatitis|species=no}} * [https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema Eczema Resource Center]. American Academy of Dermatology. <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS --> <!-- If you think that your link might be useful, instead of placing it here, put --> <!-- it on this article's discussion page first. Links that have not been verified --> <!-- WILL BE DELETED --> <!-- ============================================================================= -->{{Authority control}} [[Category:Dermatitis| ]] [[Category:Autoimmune diseases]] [[Category:Eczema| ]] [[Category:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d1rcfbg1nal85zhkys31f11egx8cdsw 14 31122 115166 2026-10-24T08:43:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115166 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31123 115168 2026-10-24T08:52:44Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379660431|Hydroxychloroquine]]" 115168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] d737osl990xzcfrsr4jzj2rnyv3e7uq 115170 115168 2026-10-24T09:03:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common side effects fi include [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[blurred vision]], den [[muscle weakness]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Severe side effects fi include [[allergic reactions]], [[retinopathy]], den [[irregular heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2020/><ref name="mayoclinic12">{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/ |website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Although all risk no fi be excluded, e dey remain a treatment give [[rheumatic disease]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I | title = BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids | journal = Rheumatology | location = Oxford, England | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 1693–1697 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26750124 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kev404 | doi-access = free | collaboration = BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group }}</ref> Hydroxychloroquine dey insyd de [[antimalarial]] den [[4-aminoquinoline]] families of medication.<ref name=AHFS2020/> ==References== [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> == External links == 0nruph9fuie1xbkp9odvbctmomxsec0 115172 115170 2026-10-24T09:10:38Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common side effects fi include [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[blurred vision]], den [[muscle weakness]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Severe side effects fi include [[allergic reactions]], [[retinopathy]], den [[irregular heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2020/><ref name="mayoclinic12">{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/ |website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Although all risk no fi be excluded, e dey remain a treatment give [[rheumatic disease]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I | title = BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids | journal = Rheumatology | location = Oxford, England | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 1693–1697 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26750124 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kev404 | doi-access = free | collaboration = BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group }}</ref> Hydroxychloroquine dey insyd de [[antimalarial]] den [[4-aminoquinoline]] families of medication.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Na dem approve hydroxychloroquine for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1955.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 131st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | access-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = Hydroxychloroquine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydroxychloroquine | access-date = 25 August 2025 }}</ref> ==References== <references /> [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cioqn1ofqrnbi2ixq3m9guv7d1g08ee 115175 115172 2026-10-24T09:14:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common side effects fi include [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[blurred vision]], den [[muscle weakness]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Severe side effects fi include [[allergic reactions]], [[retinopathy]], den [[irregular heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2020/><ref name="mayoclinic12">{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/ |website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Although all risk no fi be excluded, e dey remain a treatment give [[rheumatic disease]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I | title = BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids | journal = Rheumatology | location = Oxford, England | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 1693–1697 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26750124 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kev404 | doi-access = free | collaboration = BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group }}</ref> Hydroxychloroquine dey insyd de [[antimalarial]] den [[4-aminoquinoline]] families of medication.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Na dem approve hydroxychloroquine for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1955.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 131st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | access-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = Hydroxychloroquine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydroxychloroquine | access-date = 25 August 2025 }}</ref> Na hydroxychloroquine be studied for an ability to prevent den treat [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19), buh na [[clinical trial]]s find am ineffective for dis purpose den a possible risk of dangerous [[side effect]]s.<ref name=nih>{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|access-date=14 February 2021|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among studies wey deem hydroxychloroquine intake to cause harmful side effects, na a publication by ''[[The Lancet]]'' be retracted secof data flaws.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Edwards E | date = 4 June 2020 | title = The Lancet retracts large study on hydroxychloroquine | website = NBC News | publisher = NBC News | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/lancet-retracts-large-study-hydroxychloroquine-n1225091 | access-date = 4 January 2021 }}</ref> De speculative use of hydroxychloroquine give COVID-19 dey threaten ein availability for people plus established indications.<ref name="Juurlink20202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juurlink DN |date=April 2020 |title=Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection |journal=CMAJ |volume=192 |issue=17 |pages=E450–E453 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.200528 |pmc=7207200 |pmid=32269021}}</ref> ==References== <references /> [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r4s2eofehcuwe9c5u38ym5863jcwqyz 115176 115175 2026-10-24T09:22:52Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hydroxychloroquine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plaquenil''' among odas, be a medication dem use to prevent den treat [[malaria]] insyd areas wer malaria remain sensitive to chloroquine. Oda uses dey include treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[lupus]], den porphyria cutanea tarda. Dem dey take am by mouth, often insyd de form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate.<ref name="AHFS2020">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320234847/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref> Common side effects fi include [[vomiting]], [[headache]], [[blurred vision]], den [[muscle weakness]].<ref name=AHFS2020/> Severe side effects fi include [[allergic reactions]], [[retinopathy]], den [[irregular heart rate]].<ref name=AHFS2020/><ref name="mayoclinic12">{{cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Guidance on patients at risk of drug-induced sudden cardiac death from off-label COVID-19 treatments |url=https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-provides-urgent-guidance-approach-to-identify-patients-at-risk-of-drug-induced-sudden-cardiac-death-from-use-of-off-label-covid-19-treatments/ |website=newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> Although all risk no fi be excluded, e dey remain a treatment give [[rheumatic disease]] during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Flint J, Panchal S, Hurrell A, van de Venne M, Gayed M, Schreiber K, Arthanari S, Cunningham J, Flanders L, Moore L, Crossley A, Purushotham N, Desai A, Piper M, Nisar M, Khamashta M, Williams D, Gordon C, Giles I | title = BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids | journal = Rheumatology | location = Oxford, England | volume = 55 | issue = 9 | pages = 1693–1697 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26750124 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/kev404 | doi-access = free | collaboration = BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group }}</ref> Hydroxychloroquine dey insyd de [[antimalarial]] den [[4-aminoquinoline]] families of medication.<ref name=AHFS2020/> Na dem approve hydroxychloroquine for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1955.<ref name=AHFS2020/> E dey on de [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 131st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 4{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | access-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-date = 12 August 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Kane SP | title = Hydroxychloroquine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydroxychloroquine | access-date = 25 August 2025 }}</ref> Na hydroxychloroquine be studied for an ability to prevent den treat coronavirus disease 2019 ([[COVID-19]]), buh na [[clinical trial]]s find am ineffective for dis purpose den a possible risk of dangerous [[side effect]]s.<ref name="nih">{{Cite web|title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|access-date=14 February 2021|website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|archive-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among studies wey deem hydroxychloroquine intake to cause harmful side effects, na a publication by ''[[The Lancet]]'' be retracted secof data flaws.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Edwards E | date = 4 June 2020 | title = The Lancet retracts large study on hydroxychloroquine | website = NBC News | publisher = NBC News | url = https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/lancet-retracts-large-study-hydroxychloroquine-n1225091 | access-date = 4 January 2021 }}</ref> De speculative use of hydroxychloroquine give COVID-19 dey threaten ein availability for people plus established indications.<ref name="Juurlink20202">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juurlink DN |date=April 2020 |title=Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection |journal=CMAJ |volume=192 |issue=17 |pages=E450–E453 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.200528 |pmc=7207200 |pmid=32269021}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q421094|c=Category:Hydroxychloroquine|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Antimalarial agents]] [[Category:Antirheumatic products]] [[Category:Chloroarenes]] [[Category:HERG blockers]] [[Category:Hydroxyethyl compounds]] [[Category:Quinolines]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] tpvclru7cd8e12ic02mff5arv96subo 14 31124 115177 2026-10-24T09:23:18Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115177 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 31125 115178 2026-10-24T09:23:34Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115178 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 31126 115181 2026-10-24T09:31:34Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379670721|Exploding head syndrome]]" 115181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Exploding head syndrome''' ('''EHS''') be classified as a [[sleep disorder]] anaa headache disorder. E dey occur wen someone falls asleep anaa wakes up to loud auditory hallucinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Alkhateeb |first=Wasef |last2=Krishnaraj |first2=Abhinaya |last3=Saini |first3=Vishal |date=August 2023 |title=Single Patient Multiple Explosions: A Case Report on Exploding Head Syndrome |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543998/ |journal=Cureus |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.7759/cureus.44437 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10543998 |pmid=37791153 |doi-access=free |article-number=e44437}}</ref> Dese noises fi sound like explosions anaa thunder wey e no dey tend to last long, buh dem still fi be frightening den fi make am harder to sleep. Der typically be no pain associated plus EHS, wey e no dey lead to oda conditions, so e be considered harmless.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCDR - Auditory hallucinations, Parasomnias, Psychological stress, Temporal lobe seizures, Sleep disorders, Sleep-wake transition |url=https://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2025&month=March&volume=19&issue=3&page=VE01-VE04&id=20723 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.jcdr.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsovoosed |first=Uyanga |last2=Sumi |first2=Yukiyoshi |last3=Ozeki |first3=Yuji |last4=Harada |first4=Akiko |last5=Kadotani |first5=Hiroshi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prevalence and impact of exploding head syndrome in a Japanese working population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12068057/ |journal=Sleep |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/sleep/zsaf007 |issn=1550-9109 |pmc=12068057 |pmid=39792308 |article-number=zsaf007}}</ref> While in general EHS be a rare occurrence, sam people dey hear de loud noises multiple times a night. Oda symptoms of EHS dey include seeing a flash of light, feeling a tingling sensation run thru de body, anaa suddenly feeling hot.<ref name=":2" /> [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] pnbzads85y6mcvxrnmm0ipfdsqusp46 115182 115181 2026-10-24T09:38:25Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Exploding head syndrome''' ('''EHS''') be classified as a [[sleep disorder]] anaa headache disorder. E dey occur wen someone falls asleep anaa wakes up to loud auditory hallucinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Alkhateeb |first=Wasef |last2=Krishnaraj |first2=Abhinaya |last3=Saini |first3=Vishal |date=August 2023 |title=Single Patient Multiple Explosions: A Case Report on Exploding Head Syndrome |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543998/ |journal=Cureus |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.7759/cureus.44437 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10543998 |pmid=37791153 |doi-access=free |article-number=e44437}}</ref> Dese noises fi sound like explosions anaa thunder wey e no dey tend to last long, buh dem still fi be frightening den fi make am harder to sleep. Der typically be no pain associated plus EHS, wey e no dey lead to oda conditions, so e be considered harmless.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCDR - Auditory hallucinations, Parasomnias, Psychological stress, Temporal lobe seizures, Sleep disorders, Sleep-wake transition |url=https://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2025&month=March&volume=19&issue=3&page=VE01-VE04&id=20723 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.jcdr.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsovoosed |first=Uyanga |last2=Sumi |first2=Yukiyoshi |last3=Ozeki |first3=Yuji |last4=Harada |first4=Akiko |last5=Kadotani |first5=Hiroshi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prevalence and impact of exploding head syndrome in a Japanese working population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12068057/ |journal=Sleep |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/sleep/zsaf007 |issn=1550-9109 |pmc=12068057 |pmid=39792308 |article-number=zsaf007}}</ref> While in general EHS be a rare occurrence, sam people dey hear de loud noises multiple times a night. Oda symptoms of EHS dey include seeing a flash of light, feeling a tingling sensation run thru de body, anaa suddenly feeling hot.<ref name=":2" /> Der currently no be known cause of EHS.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Wróbel-Knybel |first=Paulina |last2=Kister |first2=Klaudia |date=2025-10-02 |title=Exploding Head Syndrome – A puzzling parasomnia: A literature review |url=https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3145 |journal=Current Problems of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=26 |pages=85–99 |doi=10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0008 |issn=2353-8627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lack of sleep, anxiety, stress, den medication wey dey affect de central nervous system be shown to trigger episodes insyd people plus EHS.<ref name=":52" /> E sanso be possible say drinking caffeinated anaa alcoholic beverages at night fi cause EHS.<ref name=":4" /> [[Hypnic jerk]]s be anoda possibility, buh de most commonly proposed cause of EHS be say de part of de brain wich be responsible for de transition between awake den asleep be malfunctional.<ref name=":4" /> Oda links between ear problems, [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|temporal lobe seizures]], nerve dysfunction, [[sleep position]], supernatural beliefs, specific [[Mutation|genetic changes]], den EHS be investigated, though dem no establish correlation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=Brian A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Exploding head syndrome |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214000227 |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=489–493 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.001 |issn=1087-0792|url-access=subscription }}</ref> People often dey go undiagnosed anaa misdiagnosed.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== <references /> == External links == i5bcmdkzwv4xmic83r92zc16iqxdwvt 115183 115182 2026-10-24T09:53:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Exploding head syndrome''' ('''EHS''') be classified as a [[sleep disorder]] anaa headache disorder. E dey occur wen someone falls asleep anaa wakes up to loud auditory hallucinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Alkhateeb |first=Wasef |last2=Krishnaraj |first2=Abhinaya |last3=Saini |first3=Vishal |date=August 2023 |title=Single Patient Multiple Explosions: A Case Report on Exploding Head Syndrome |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543998/ |journal=Cureus |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.7759/cureus.44437 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10543998 |pmid=37791153 |doi-access=free |article-number=e44437}}</ref> Dese noises fi sound like explosions anaa thunder wey e no dey tend to last long, buh dem still fi be frightening den fi make am harder to sleep. Der typically be no pain associated plus EHS, wey e no dey lead to oda conditions, so e be considered harmless.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCDR - Auditory hallucinations, Parasomnias, Psychological stress, Temporal lobe seizures, Sleep disorders, Sleep-wake transition |url=https://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2025&month=March&volume=19&issue=3&page=VE01-VE04&id=20723 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.jcdr.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsovoosed |first=Uyanga |last2=Sumi |first2=Yukiyoshi |last3=Ozeki |first3=Yuji |last4=Harada |first4=Akiko |last5=Kadotani |first5=Hiroshi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prevalence and impact of exploding head syndrome in a Japanese working population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12068057/ |journal=Sleep |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/sleep/zsaf007 |issn=1550-9109 |pmc=12068057 |pmid=39792308 |article-number=zsaf007}}</ref> While in general EHS be a rare occurrence, sam people dey hear de loud noises multiple times a night. Oda symptoms of EHS dey include seeing a flash of light, feeling a tingling sensation run thru de body, anaa suddenly feeling hot.<ref name=":2" /> Der currently no be known cause of EHS.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Wróbel-Knybel |first=Paulina |last2=Kister |first2=Klaudia |date=2025-10-02 |title=Exploding Head Syndrome – A puzzling parasomnia: A literature review |url=https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3145 |journal=Current Problems of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=26 |pages=85–99 |doi=10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0008 |issn=2353-8627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lack of sleep, anxiety, stress, den medication wey dey affect de central nervous system be shown to trigger episodes insyd people plus EHS.<ref name=":52" /> E sanso be possible say drinking caffeinated anaa alcoholic beverages at night fi cause EHS.<ref name=":4" /> [[Hypnic jerk]]s be anoda possibility, buh de most commonly proposed cause of EHS be say de part of de brain wich be responsible for de transition between awake den asleep be malfunctional.<ref name=":4" /> Oda links between ear problems, [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|temporal lobe seizures]], nerve dysfunction, [[sleep position]], supernatural beliefs, specific [[Mutation|genetic changes]], den EHS be investigated, though dem no establish correlation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=Brian A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Exploding head syndrome |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214000227 |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=489–493 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.001 |issn=1087-0792|url-access=subscription }}</ref> People often dey go undiagnosed anaa misdiagnosed.<ref name=":0" /> Cutting caffeine intake dEN screen time sometimes FI help to reduce EHS episode frequency. Improving [[sleep hygiene]] like setting a sleep schedule anaa working on calming your body fi help.<ref name=":4" /> Several oda treatment methods be studied. Na dem try [[Clomipramine]], [[calcium channel blockers]] den [[anticonvulsant]]s as a method to alleviate EHS symptoms. Insyd sam cases, dese treatments see positive results, buh those results fi be secof something else.<ref name=":0" /> Anoda possibility for reducing de occurrence of EHS be treating oda sleep problems before treating EHS. A non-medical treatment route fi be making sure EHS patients know de condition generally no be medically concerning.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== <references /> == External links == iuo8ge0xj4r5czfrg73fqgnea7xqw0b 115184 115183 2026-10-24T09:57:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 115184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Exploding head syndrome''' ('''EHS''') be classified as a [[sleep disorder]] anaa headache disorder. E dey occur wen someone falls asleep anaa wakes up to loud auditory hallucinations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Alkhateeb |first=Wasef |last2=Krishnaraj |first2=Abhinaya |last3=Saini |first3=Vishal |date=August 2023 |title=Single Patient Multiple Explosions: A Case Report on Exploding Head Syndrome |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10543998/ |journal=Cureus |volume=15 |issue=8 |doi=10.7759/cureus.44437 |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=10543998 |pmid=37791153 |doi-access=free |article-number=e44437}}</ref> Dese noises fi sound like explosions anaa thunder wey e no dey tend to last long, buh dem still fi be frightening den fi make am harder to sleep. Der typically be no pain associated plus EHS, wey e no dey lead to oda conditions, so e be considered harmless.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=JCDR - Auditory hallucinations, Parasomnias, Psychological stress, Temporal lobe seizures, Sleep disorders, Sleep-wake transition |url=https://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2025&month=March&volume=19&issue=3&page=VE01-VE04&id=20723 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.jcdr.net}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tsovoosed |first=Uyanga |last2=Sumi |first2=Yukiyoshi |last3=Ozeki |first3=Yuji |last4=Harada |first4=Akiko |last5=Kadotani |first5=Hiroshi |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prevalence and impact of exploding head syndrome in a Japanese working population |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12068057/ |journal=Sleep |volume=48 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/sleep/zsaf007 |issn=1550-9109 |pmc=12068057 |pmid=39792308 |article-number=zsaf007}}</ref> While in general EHS be a rare occurrence, sam people dey hear de loud noises multiple times a night. Oda symptoms of EHS dey include seeing a flash of light, feeling a tingling sensation run thru de body, anaa suddenly feeling hot.<ref name=":2" /> Der currently no be known cause of EHS.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Wróbel-Knybel |first=Paulina |last2=Kister |first2=Klaudia |date=2025-10-02 |title=Exploding Head Syndrome – A puzzling parasomnia: A literature review |url=https://czasopisma.umlub.pl/cpp/article/view/3145 |journal=Current Problems of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=26 |pages=85–99 |doi=10.12923/2353-8627/2025-0008 |issn=2353-8627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lack of sleep, anxiety, stress, den medication wey dey affect de central nervous system be shown to trigger episodes insyd people plus EHS.<ref name=":52" /> E sanso be possible say drinking caffeinated anaa alcoholic beverages at night fi cause EHS.<ref name=":4" /> [[Hypnic jerk]]s be anoda possibility, buh de most commonly proposed cause of EHS be say de part of de brain wich be responsible for de transition between awake den asleep be malfunctional.<ref name=":4" /> Oda links between ear problems, [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|temporal lobe seizures]], nerve dysfunction, [[sleep position]], supernatural beliefs, specific [[Mutation|genetic changes]], den EHS be investigated, though dem no establish correlation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=Brian A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Exploding head syndrome |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214000227 |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=489–493 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.001 |issn=1087-0792|url-access=subscription }}</ref> People often dey go undiagnosed anaa misdiagnosed.<ref name=":0" /> Cutting caffeine intake dEN screen time sometimes FI help to reduce EHS episode frequency. Improving [[sleep hygiene]] like setting a sleep schedule anaa working on calming your body fi help.<ref name=":4" /> Several oda treatment methods be studied. Na dem try [[Clomipramine]], [[calcium channel blockers]] den [[anticonvulsant]]s as a method to alleviate EHS symptoms. Insyd sam cases, dese treatments see positive results, buh those results fi be secof something else.<ref name=":0" /> Anoda possibility for reducing de occurrence of EHS be treating oda sleep problems before treating EHS. A non-medical treatment route fi be making sure EHS patients know de condition generally no be medically concerning.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Exploding Head Syndrome}} [[Category:Sleep disorders]] [[Category:Sleep physiology]] [[Category:Lucid dreams]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Hallucinations]] [[Category:Syndromes of unknown causes]] [[Category:Parasomnias]] [[Category:Syndromes wey dey affect de nervous system]] 8gfr9s54f76oe060qsmttv4y6p2bl4f 14 31127 115185 2026-10-24T09:57:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 115185 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1